Q1 a.

Shrinkage is not considered

In spread sheet for the calculation of volume of material on composting pad

V t = Total volume of Material x M R T

365

Change in total area

Original design = 6546 cubic meters

No shrinkage design = 8728 cubic meters

The change in total area requirement lies in the expected range. This is because, usually there is typically
a 25% volume reduction which gives shrinkage factor default value of 0.75.

Determine the volume of material on the composting pad:

a. Enter the material retention time (MRT) for the composting operation.
b. Enter a windrow shrinkage factor, typically a 25% volume reduction so default value is 0.75.
c. Record the MRT, the shrinkage factor, & the material volume.

Enter the MRT = 90 days

Enter the shrinkage factor (Not
considered) = 0
The resulting material volume on the composting pad (Vt) is = 8728 cubic metres

Q1b. It is assumed to use a bucket loader for turning. The target pile height ranges from 1.8m to 3.6m.
When the composting pile height increased to 3.5 from 2.5 meters with a default height to width ratio
of 2, the area of windrow doubled to 16.33m2 from 8.33m2, Volume of windrows also jumped to
1563.90m3 from 808.03m3 which is almost double, thereby resulting number of windrows reduced
almost half to 4.18 from 8.10.

Q1C.

Step 6: Determine the number of windrows required:

a. Enter the length of windrow, l, that the site allows. This is usually controlled by the existing site conditions.
b. Assuming a bucket loader is used for the turning, enter the target pile height, h. Normal
pile
heights range from 1.8 m (6 feet) to 3.6 m (12 feet).
c. Enter the windrow height to width ratio (default = 2):
d. Record the length, height, base width (w), & the required number of windrows.
e. Vol of each windrow (Vw) = V1 + V2; Ac = windrow sectional area.
Enter the windrow length = 100 metres Ac=2/3w*h= 16.33 m2
Enter the target pile height = 3.5 metres V1=Ac*(l-w)= 1519.00 m3
Enter the hieght:width (default = 2): 2 V2=1/3*h*pi*(w/2)2= 44.90 m3
The resulting pile base width is = 7.00 metres Vw= 1563.90 m3
The resulting number of windrows are = 4.185836 windrows
Problem 2

Assuming Wood chips value from Table I of assignment question 4 (UofA)

Material %MC %N C:N Wet bulk

(wb) (db) (wt:wt) Density
(kg/m3)

a. sso 75 14 3 700
b. wood chips 42 0.12 426.2 319.4

The required recipe:

wet
mass dry mass
Enter the amount of material a: 65.0 % 45.9 %
Enter the amount of material b: 35.0 % 54.1 %
Enter the amount of material c: 0.0 % 0.0 %
Enter the amount of material d: 0.0 % 0.0 %
Total = 100 % 100.0 %
Must = 100.
The resulting MC = 63.5 %
The resulting C:N Ratio = 64.3 18.12

The resulting volume of material to be composted:

Amount of primary material composted annually: 10000 wet tonnes per year
2500.0 dry tonnes per year
Amount of each material required:
a. sso 10000.0 wet t/yr 2500.0 dry t/yr 14285.7 m3 / year
b. wood chips 5384.6 wet t/yr 3123.1 dry t/yr 16858.5 m3 / year
c. Other. 0.0 wet t/yr 0.0 dry t/yr 0.0 m3 / year
d. Recycle. 0.0 wet t/yr 0.0 dry t/yr 0.0 m3 / year
TOTALS 15384.6 wet t/yr 5623.1 dry t/yr 31144.2 m3 / year

The volume of material to be composted, bulk density, & air space (AS) at start-up:

Enter the amount of volume reduction expected (default = 0.8) = 0.8

The resulting volume of mixture at start-up
is = 24915 cubic metres per year
The resulting bulk density at start-up is = 617 wet kg / cubic metre
226 dry kg / cubic metre
AS
(%)= 40.7
 a. Assuming no recycle and using Fresh wood chips as bulking agent, to achieve FAS>40% wood
chips required will be 5384.6 say 5385 wet t/yr

b. M.C. = 63.5%

As the moisture content value lies between the optimum moisture content range of 40 to 65%,
the recipe becomes suitable. The

C : N ratio = 18.12

C: N = 45.9 x 1.4/100 x 25.7 x (1-75/100) + 54.1 x 0.12/100 x (1-42/100)

The C: N ratio is 18.12 which is below the target range of 25 to 30. This may lead high ammonia
due to high nitrogen value. High ammonia level may cause odor problems

c. Volume of rector
Bulk Density = 700Kg/M3
Total weight = 10000 tonnes

Volume = 10000 / 700 * 1000 (Kg)

= 14286 m3

Problem 3

a. Calgary Facility

Area = 521000 sq ft = 48402.8 sq m

Specific Loading Rates

Bio solids = 45000/48402.8 = 0.92 t m-2 y-1

Total = 14500/48402.48 = 0.29 t m-2 y-1

Specific Loading Rates

Material Loading Rate

Calgary Edmonton

Bio solids (t m-2 y-1) 0.92 0.57 (0.46+0.11)

Total (t m-2 y-1) 0.29 0.99 (0.71+0.28)

PROBLEM 4

Feedstock Characteristics
Wet
Material %MC %N C:N
bulk
(wb) (db) (wt:wt) Density
(kg/m3)

a. Food waste 70 2.5 19 500

b. LYW 50 3.4 14 450

the resulting volume of material to be composted:

wet dry
mass mass
Enter the amount of material a: 100.0 % 91.4 %
Enter the amount of material b: 0.0 % 8.6 %
Enter the amount of material c: 0.0 % 0.0 %
Enter the amount of material d: 0.0 % 0.0 %
Total = 100 % 100.0 %
Must = 100.
The resulting MC = 70.0 %
The resulting C:N
Ratio = 19.0

Amount of primary material composted

annually: 1350 wet tonnes per year
405.0 dry tonnes per year
Amount of each material required:
a. Food waste 1350.0 wet t/yr 405.0 dry t/yr 2700.0 m3 / year
b. LYW 115.0 wet t/yr 57.5 dry t/yr 255.6 m3 / year
c. Other. 0.0 wet t/yr 0.0 dry t/yr 0.0 m3 / year
d. Recycle. 0.0 wet t/yr 0.0 dry t/yr 0.0 m3 / year
TOTALS 1465.0 wet t/yr 462.5 dry t/yr 2955.6 m3 / year

Enter the amount of volume reduction expected (default = 0.8) = 0.8

The resulting volume of mixture at start-up
is = 2364 cubic metres per year
The resulting bulk density at start-up is = 620 wet kg / cubic metre
196 dry kg / cubic metre

AS
(%)= 40.5
Problem 5

Total Wet Tonnes /year = 14500

Wet Bulk Density = 500Kg/m3

Number of Vessels = 17

a. Total vessel Volume

No of cycles = 365 /12 = 17.3 say 18

Bulk Density = Mass / Volume

500 x 17 = 14500 x 17 / volume

Volume = 246500/8500 x 1000

=29000m3

b. Total Active Volume

Each Vessel Weight = 500T

Bulk Density = 500Kgm-3

Volume = 500 / 500 x 1000

= 1000m3

c. Total Volume of facility

Volume of each Vessel = 7.5 x 10 x 55 m = 4125m3

Total Volume of Facility = 4125 x 17 = 70125m3

 Comparing the total vessel volume and the active volume needed with total volume of the facility,
the Active volume vessel is very low 1000m3 compared to the total volume of the facility as we
need to provide space between piles and also allocate space at the edges. There should be space
for air circulation to maintain aerobic / anerobic conditions. Also space has to be provided for
moving equipments like front-loader to move around safely without disturbing the pile.