ASHRAE Testing-Adjusting-Balancing-HVAC-Systems PDF

ERRATA SHEET FOR
ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988
January 9, 1997
Introduction
The correction listed in this errata sheet applies to all copies of ANSUASHUE Standard 111-1988 with a blank outside back
cover (i.e., no printer’s symbol).
Errata
On page 64, Figure D-10, values in table column headed “Position Relative to Inner Wall,” in row for 5 points or traverse
lines, change the second value:
From: 0.238
To: 0.288
so that the values in the 5-point row read as:
0.074,0.288,0.500,0.712,0.926
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ASHRAE Standard 111-1988
Practices for
Measurement, Testing,
Adjusting, and
Balancing of BuiIding
Heating, Vent ilation,
Air-Conditioning, and
Refrigeration Systems
Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on Oc-
tober 17,1987,and by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on
February 4,1988.
ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a

five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is
the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The
latest copies may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer
Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.
E-mail: oráers@ashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Tele-
phone: 404-636-8400(worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-
4723 (for orders in U.S. and Canada).
@ C o p y r i g h t 1988 American S o c i e t y o f Heating,

Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ISSN 1041-2336
When addenda or interpretations to this standard have

been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge
from the ASHRAE web site at
http://xp20.ashrae.org/standards/addenda.htm or
http://xp20.ashrae.org/standards/intpstd. htm.
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CONTENTS
Sections Page
1. Purpose ................................................................. 2
2. Scope .................................................................... 2
3. Definitions & Symbols ...................................................... .2
4. Compliance ............................................................... 4
5. Instrumentation ............................................................ 5
6. BalancingStations ......................................................... 14
7. SystemEffect ............................................................. 17
8. AirMeasurements ......................................................... 22
9. HydronicMeasurernent ..................................................... 34
10. Air Testing, Adjusting and Balancing ......................................... .38
11. Hydronic Testing and Balancing ............................................. .44
12. RefrigeratingTesting ...................................................... .45
13. Reporting Procedures and Forms ............................................ .46
14. References ............................................................... 51
Appendices
A ..............................................................
Bibliography 52
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B Sample Specification .52
C SystemEffects ............................................................ 53
D AirMeasurements ......................................................... 53
E Pumps ................................................................... 62
This Forword is not part of this Standard but is included

for information purposes only.
FOREWORD
Technical Committee 9.7 recommended a standard be writ- be obtained to satisfy a given set of design conditions within
ten for testing and balancing in order to unify procedures a reasonable set of limitations.
for the industry and to aid design engineers in writing a Testing, adjusting, and balancing are the means used
testing and balancing specification that would encompass to determine and monitor system performance and may be
the ramifications of HVAC system test and adjustment. utilized again and again well after the project is completed.
Field test results are considered essential to designers, Testing and balancing reports should be used:
manufacturers, and installers t,o better enable them to a. to assist personnel responsibile for the efficient
evaluate the results of their design, equipment perfor- operation of the HVAC systems,
mance, and installation techniques under actual operating b. as a record of existing conditions,
conditions. c. to compare periodic tests to original conditions for
To improve on the quality of field testing and report- determining deteriaration or reduced efficiency if any exist,
ing, instrumentation and testing techniques are considered d. for conditions when modifications or changes are
in this Standard. made in the HVAC system,
The Standard does cover causes that can affect a e. in energy conservation programs as existing condi-
system’s performance. tions for base energy level calculations,
It is the intent of this Standard to convey the message f. for procedures and reports that can be used to verify
“not all is perfect in HVAC systems”, so that one should not energy conservation results,
expect explicit perfection under the present “state of the g. for comparison of design versus actual field
art”. However, with good engineering practice, realistic performance.
ratings and craftsmanship installation, adequate results can

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1. Purpose
1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to:
a. Provide uniform and systematic procedures for ’TERMINAL
making measurements in testing, adjusting, balancing and

reporting the perfor mance of building heating, ventilation,
air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems in the field.
b. Provide means of evaluating the validity of col-
lected data considering system effects.
c. Establish methods ,procedures, and recommen-
BRANCH {I
dations for providing field collected data to designers,
users, manufacturers, and installers of system.
2. Scope SUBBRANCH SUBBRANCH
2.1 This Standard describes methods for evaluating

building heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrig-
eration systems. SUBBRANCH
2.1.1 It applies to air moving and hydronic systems, in-

cluding associated air moving, circulating heat transfer
fluid systems, refrigeration, electrical power, and control
systems. RUNOUT
RUNOU’T
2.1.2 The Standard includes methods for determining
temperature, enthalpy, velocity flow rate, pressure, pressure MAIN ~ CARRIES TOTAL FLOW
differential, voltage, amperage, wattage, and power factor. SUBMAIN I CARRIES F L O W OF TWO OR M O R E B R A N C H E S PLUS R U N O U T S
BRANCH - CARRIES F L O W OF TWO OR M O R E S U B B R A N C H E S OR TWO OR MORE R U N O U T S
2.2 This Standard establishes: SUBBRANCH - CARRIES FLOW OF T W O OR MORE R U N O U T S F R O M OR TO A B R A N C H
a. Minimum system configuration requirements to RUNOUT .CARRIES F L O W OF SINGLE TERMINAL

assure that the system can be field tested and balanced. Fig. 1 Duct definition criteria by reason of flow values
b. Minimum instrumentation required fol field
measurements. barometer: Instrument for measuring atmospheric
c. Procedures for field measurements used in testing pressure. Standard atmosphere is the equivalent of 14.696
and in balancing. psia (101.325 kPa) or 29.92 in. (760 mm) of mercury at 32 OF (
d. A format of recording and reporting test results (O OC).
for use in evaluating conformance with design require-
ments. blast area ratio: the fan blast area divided by the fan outlet
area. See Fig. D-6.
3. Definitions & Symbols cavitation: the formation of vapor bubbles due to the am-
accepted contract documents: design plans and specifica- bient pressure being equal to or less than the vapor pressure
tions which are the basis for an installed mechanical system. of the liquid being pumped. Cavitation results in a loss of
air duct: a passageway made of sheet metal or other pump total head and output capacity. Cavitation is
suitable material not necessarily leaktight, used for convey- characterized by a “crackling” noise near the pump suction.
ing air or other gases at low pIessures. It can, be designated design airjlow: required airflow when the system is
according to the function shown in Fig. 1. operating under assumed maximum conditions of design,
air terminal device: A device (e.g., grille) placed in an including diversity.
opening to a room, through which control led ai1 enters or differential pressure: the difference in pressure between
leaves. any two points in a system.
a, factor: the effective area of an air terminal, equal to diversityfacfor: the ratio, or percentage, obtained when
the measured air flow rate divided by the velocity reading the total output capacity of a system is divided by the total
of a particular instIument used in a prescribed manner. capacity of all terminal devices connected to the system.
uneroidbarometer: a barorneter in which a change of at- The term is commonly used to express the ratio of VAV
mospheric pressure relative to a vacuum bends a metallic supply air fan capacity to the total capacity of the VAV ter-
surface which moves a pointer. minal devices as a percentage.
balancing station: an assembly to measure and control dry air: air that does not contain water vapor.
fluid flow. It is composed of a measuring device, a volume fan power: power input at the fan shaft, or the total of the
control device and recornmended lengths of straight duct- power input to the fan shaft and the power loss attributable
work or pipe into and out of the measurement location. to the power transmission device. j
balancer: a commonly used term for the person or firm jan static pressure: the difference between the fan total
that performs testing, adjusting and balancing work. pressure and the fan discharge velocity pressure.
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fan totalpressure: arithmetic diffference between the fan snubber (pulsation suppressor): a restrictor placed in a
outlet total pressure and the fan inlet total pressure. liquid or vapor line to suppress pulsating or fluctuating
,fan velocity pressure: velocity pressure corresponding to pressures.
the average velocity through the fan outlet. static discharge head: the static pressure of a fluid at the
outlet of the pumping device, expressed in terms of the
HVACsystetns: heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
height of a column of the fluid, or of some manometric
systems.
fluid which it would support.
impact pressure: velocity pressure plus static pressure,
equals total pressure. staticpressure: the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest. In
a dynamic system. the difference between total and velocity
inspection authorities: person(s) designated by governing pressures.
codes to inspect installed systems for compliance with
regulations. staticsuction head: the same as static discharge head but
measured at the inlet to the pumping device. It is a positive
tneniscus: the curved surface of a liquid column in a value. (See static suction lift).
manometer tube.
static suction lift: the same as static suction liead but a
t?iixingsection: a section for the mixing of two air streams negative value, and measured at the inlet to the pumping
at differing temperatures or humidities, or both. device.
net positive suction head (NPSH) /available): a pressure stratified airflow: layers of air at different temperatures
at the pump inlet greater than the vapor pressure, at the or (different) velocities, flowing through a duct or plenum.
operating temperature, of the liquid being pumped.
sysletn effects conditions in the distribution system that
nonziriifortnflow: a fluid flow varying in velocity across affect fan or pump performance and related testing, ad-
the plane perpendicular to flow. justing, and balancing work.
operating loadpoint: actual system operating capacity at
TAB: abbreviation for testing, adjusting, and balancing.
the time an instrument reading is taken.
TAB technician: the person who measures and adjusts the
outlet area: gross overall discharge area of a given com-
system.
ponent in an air distribution system.
TD: abbreviation for Temperature Difference and delta T.
owner's representative: person(s) authorized to function
in the owner's interests in matters pertaining to the execu- thermal transferfluids: fluids circulated through closed
tion of a testing, adjusting and balancing contract. circuits to transfer heat from one location to another.
parallax: an inaccurate reading of a meter due to line of thermometer - electric resistance: a temperature-mea-
vision between the scale and the indicator being misaligned suring and display instrument in which an electric resis-
or angled. tance varies as a function of temperature.
totalpressure (head): in fluid flow, the sum of the static
power factor (PF): a factor, equal to the cosine of the
phase angle between current and voltage, by which the pro- pressure (head) and the velocity pressure (head).
duct of voltage and current is multiplied to convert volt- turbulent,flow: fluid flow in which the velocity varies in
amperes to power in watts. magnitude and direction in an irregular manner throughout
the mass.
(PLI): abbreviation for pressure difference and delta P.
pressure dependent: the flow rate through a flow control zinifortn velocity: a smooth, straightline motion of a gas
device varies in response to changes in system pressure. or a liquid across the area of flow.
pressure independent: the flow rate through a flow con- vapor content ratio of the amount of vapor present com-
trol device is not affected by changes in system pressure. pared to the amount present at saturated conditions.
retrofit projects: modifications of existing equipment or vaporpressure: the pressure exerted by a vapor. If a vapor
systems to incorporate improved performance or operation is kept in confinement over its liquid so that the vapor can
change or both. accumulate above the liquid with the temperature constant,
the vapor pressure reaches a maximum called the saturated
saturated air: moist air in which the partial pressure of the vapor pressure.
water vapor is equal to the vapor pressure of water at ex-
isting temperature. velocity head: in a moving fluid, the height of the fluid,
SCFM(Standard Cubic Feet Per Minute): the volumetric or of some manometric fluid, equivalent to its velocity
rate of flow of air that is at standard conditions, standard pressure.
conditions (standard air) being dry air at 70°F (20OC) and velocitypressttre: the pressure that exists due to the veloci-
14.696 psia (101.32S)KPa. Under these conditions, air has ty and the density of the fluid; i e., it is a measure of the
a mass density of 0.075 lb/ft3 (1.204 kg/m3). kinetic energy that exists in a fluid system.
sensitiviry (instrument): a measure of the smallest incre- velocity pressure: in a moving fluid, the pressure that
mental change to which an instrument can respond. would induce an equivalent velocity if applied to move the
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same fluid through an orifice, so that all pressure energy is 5.3 Air Measuring Instruments
converted into kinetic energy. The minimum instruments necessary for air balance
are:
volume/pressurecontrol assembly (box): a factory-made
a. Inclined manometer with expanded scale, cali-
assembly intended for air distribution purposes which,
brated in no greater than 0.005 in. of water (1.0 Pa)divisions.
without altering the composition of the txeated air from the
b. Combination inclined and vertical manometer I
distribution system, either manually or automatically con-
[O-lO in. of water (0-2500 Pa)].
trols velocity or pressure of the air, or mixes air streams of
c. Pitot-static tubes: 18-in. (460 mm) and 48-in.
different temperatures and humidities, or both.
(1220 mm) long tubes cover most requirements.
4. Compliance d. A tachometer which should be of direct contact,
self-timing type. (Chronometric).
4.1 Requirements e. Clamp-on volt-ammeter.
This section sets forth the requirements for com- f. Swinging vane anemometer.
pliance with this Standard for the following:
g. Rotating vane anemometer of one of the follow-
a. Air and Hydronic Measurement
ing types:
b. Air and Hydronic Testing and Balancing 1. Mechanical, with timing device.
c. Reporting of Results 2. Electronic, direct reading.
4.2 Air and Hydronic Measurement h. Thermal-type (hot wire) anemometer.
In order to comply with this Standard, air and i. Glass tube and digital electronic thermometers.
hydronic measurements shall be in accordance with Sec- Note: Refer to 5.5 for other measuring instruments.
tions 8.0 and 9.0 of this Standard. 5.3.1 Inclined Manometer
4.3 Air and Hydronic Testing and Balancing a. Description: The inclined manometer is made
~
In order to comply with this Standard, air a n d of a single tube, inclined (usually 10:l slope), thus enlarg-
hydronic testing and balancing shall be performed in accor- ing the reading. Alcohol or special oils are normally used
dance with Sections 10.0 and 11.0 of this Standard. in place of water. Such oils have a lower specific gravity than
4.4 Reporting of Results water, which serves to still further enlarge the reading.
In order to comply with this Standard, a final report Manometers using such fluids have scales calibrated in in-
shall be submitted to the specifying authority. This report ches of water (millimeters of Hg) corresponding to the
shall be structured in accordance with Section 13.0 of this pressure indicated on the oil of a known specific gravity.
Standard and shall include all applicable data prescribed by In use, the manometer must be carefully leveled and
this section. held in a rigid position, so that with no pressure being
registered, the end of the meniscus arc of the fluid exactly
5. Instrumentation bisects the center of the zero line.
5.1 Scope b. Recommended uses: Use with Pitot-static tube or
This section covers the instruments required or recom- static probe. Recheck level and zero reading during use.
mended to make the measurements called for in this c. Limitations: When air velocities are below 600
Standard. fpm (3.0 m/s), a micromanometer, hook gauge, or some
Included for each instrument will be a description, other more sensitive instrument should be used for accep-
recommended uses, limitations, accuracy to be expected in table accuracy.
the field, and calibration requirements. d. Calibration required: None. Clean fluid, zero ad-
5.2 General justment, and leveling are required.
This section will describe the minimum instruments 5.3.2 Manometer, Vertical-inclined
necessary for air balancing, necessary for hydronic bal- a. Description: The combination inclined/vertical
ancing and other air or hydronic instruments which are manometer is constructed of an inclined fluid column with
useful or necessary in special situations; respectively in 5.3, scale of 0 to 1.0 in. (25 mm) or 0 to 2.0 in. (50 mm) and is
5.4, and 5.5. Some instruments are required for both air and connected to a vertical fluid column with scales to 5 in. (125
hydronic balancing. mm) or 10 in. (250 mm). The scales behind the inclined and
For detailed instructions on the use, limitations ,and ve1 tical legs of the manometer read in inches (millimeters)
accuracy of the instruments under field conditions, see Sec- of water. The gage oil recommended by the manufacturer
tions 7 thru 11 on system effects, measurements, and testing shall be used.
and balancing. A bubble level is located at the top ofthe manometer
Great care should be taken to follow the manufac- for leveling the instrument, and the bottom has an ad-
turer’s instructions and the instructions herein regarding justable foot fulcrum base and an adjustable leveling screw.
safety in the use of these instruments for field measure- Also at the bottom is a horizontal fluid chamber with an
ments. adjustable leveling screw for making “zero reading” ad-
This Standard does not preclude the use of new in- justments. Models may have magnets included for attach- (
strumennts as they are developed and proven to be as ac- ment to duct walls in lieu of base support.
curate or more accurate than the instruments described b. Recommended Uses: Use with Pitot-static tube or
herein. static probe. Recheck level and zero reading during use.
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c. Limitations: When air velocities are below 600 tions. A reasonably large space is required adjacent to the
fpm (3.0 m/s), a micromanometer, hook gage, or some duct penetrations for maneuvering the instrument. Care
other more sensitive instrument should be used for accep- must be taken to avoid pinching instrument tubing. Because
table accuracy. o f the distance between the impact and static holes, it can-
d. Calibration Required: None. Clean fluid, zero ad- not be used to measure flow thru orifice-type openings. It
justment, and leveling are required; check for air leaks. is susceptible to plugging in airstreams with heavy dust or
moisture loadings.
5.3.3 Pitot-static Tube
Manipulation of the standard Pitot-static tube rests its
a. Description: A Pitot-static tube, which is used in
accuracy on the correct determination of the static pressure.
conjunction with a suitable manometer, provides a basic
The total pressure is not affected by yaw or angularity up
method of determining the air velocity in a duct. The
t o about 8 O on either side of parallel flow. The static
typical Pitot-static tube is of double concentric tube con-
pressure, however, is extremely sensitive to direction of flow.
struction, consisting of an 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) O.D. inner tube
The Pitot-static tube and manometer combination, un-
which is concentrically located inside of a 5/16 in. (7.9mm)
less specially constructed, is not accurate below 6OOfpm (3.0
O.D. outer tube. The outer static tube has S equally spaced,
m/s) or about 0.02 in. ( O S O mm) Hg. Readings below this
0.04 in. (1.02 mm) diameter holes around the circumference
point are possible in laboratory work by the use of microm-
of the outer tube, located 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) back from the
anometers, but are not generally applicable to field testing.
nose or open end of the Pitot tube tip. At the base end, or
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Accuracy expec-
tube connection end, the inner tube is open ended as at the tations for field use are discussed in S.6.2.4.
head, and the outer tube has a side outlet tube connector
e. Calibration Required: None required. However,
perpendicular to the outer tube, directly parallel with and in
the instrument must be maintained in clean condition.
the same direction as the head end of the Pitot-static tube.
Both tubes have a 90 degree radius bend in them 5.3.4 Tachometer, Chronometric
located near the measuring end to allow the open end of the a. Description: The chronometer tachometer is a
inner “impact” tube to be positioned so that it faces directly hand-held instrument that combines an accurate timer and
into the airstream when the mainshaft of the Pitot-static a revolution counter into one instrument. After the instru-
tube is perpendicular to the duct and the static pressure tube ment tip is placed on the rotating shaft, the stop watch but-
outlet connector is facing upstream in a parallel direction ton is depressed which activates simultaneously the counter
with airflow. (See also 5.5.10 for the double reverse tube). and the stop watch. After the timer has run for an accur-
b. Recommended Uses: ately timed interval of 3 or 6 s, the instrument stops ac-
1. Measurement of airstream “total pressure” by cumulating revolutions even though it is still in contact with
connecting the inner tube outlet connector to one side of the rotating shaft. The scale is calibrated so that with the
a manometer or draft gage. 3 or 6 s stop watch mechanism used in the instrument the
2. Measurement of airstream “static pressure” by readings are read directly in RPM. Instrument accuracy
connecting the outer tube side outlet connect or to one side shall be within 10.5% of the scale range.
of nanometer or draft gage. There are hand tachometers capable of producing in-
3. Measurement of airstream “velocity pressure” stantaneous rpm measurement readings, such as, dial face
by connecting both the inner and the outer tube connectors (Eddy-current) type or, solid state instruments with digital
to opposite sides of a manometer or draft gage. readout. Instrument accuracy shall be within & I % of full
4. This instrument when used with a manometer dial scale or range.
or micromanometer is a most reliable and rugged instru- b. Recommended Uses: For determining the speed of
ment and its use is preferred over any other method for the any shaft having a countersunk end.
field measurement of air velocity, system total air, c. Limitations: The shaft end must be accessible and
minimum outdoor air and maximum return air quantities, countersunk.
fan static pressure, fan total pressure and fan outlet velocity d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half
pressures where such measured quantities may be required. of a scale division mark.
5. The following instruments may be used with the e. Calibration Required: Check against readings
Pitot tube: made with a revolution counter on each project. If the
a. Micromanometer; very low pressure differen- reading is not within 22Vo of the revolution counter indica-
tial; O to 6 in. (150 mm) range; tion, have the instrument tested for calibration. Frequen-
b. Inclined manometer-moderate pressure dif- cy of calibration test should be dependent on the usage.
ferential; O to 10 in. (250 mm) range; 5.3.5 Clamp-on Volt-Ammeter
c. U-tube manometer-medium pressure dif- a. Description: The clamp-on type volt-ammeter has
ferential; 1 to 100 in. (25 to 2500 mm) range; trigger operated, clamp on transformer jaws which permit
d. Diaphragm type pressure gage - O to S in. current readings without interrupting electrical service.
(12.5 mni), O to 1.0 in. (25 mm) range. See limitations in Most normally have several scale ranges in amperes and
5.5.4. volts. Two voltage test leads are furnished which may be
c. Limitations: The accuracy depends on uniformity quick-connected into the bottom of the volt-ammeter op-
of flow and completeness of traverse. Several shapes and posite the end used for measuring amperage. Some of the
sizes of Pitot-static tubes are available for different applica- volt-ammeter models are also furnished with a built-in
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ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 5

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ohmmeter. Instrument accuracy is within I 30, of full scale used in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommenda-
used. tions. The instrument should not be used for critical
b. Recommended Uses: Measurement of operating measurements of system capacity.
voltages and currents of electric motors and of electric e. Calibration Required: A calibration test should
resistance heating coils. occur dependent upon the usage. Check against recently
c. Limitations: calibrated instrument on each project.
1. The proper range shall be selected. When in
doubt begin with the highest range for both voltage and 5.3.7 Anemometer-Rotating Vane or Propeller
amperage scales. It is desirable for readings to occur about
mid-scale, and accuracy of reading low currents can be im- 5.3.7.1. Mechanical Type
proved by looping the conductor wire around the jaw once a. Description: The propeller or rotating vane
and dividing the current read by 2. anemometer consists of a light wind driven wheel con-
2. Depending on the conditions at the point of nected through a gear train to a set of recording dials that
measurement, and the size of the volt-ammeter, access for read the linear feet of air passing through the wheel in a
measurements may be restrictive. Caution is required, par- measured length of time. The instrument is made in various
ticularly when taking measurements under confined sizes : 3 in., 4 in. and 5 in. (75 mm, 100 mm, and 125 mm)
conditions. sizes being the most common. Each instrument requires in-
3. Distortion of ampere readings by other fields in dividual calibration.
the starter may occur: move meter along wire and see if At low velocities, the friction drag of the mechanism
reading remains constant. is considerable. In order to compensate for this, a gear train
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: + 3 % of full that overspeeds is commonly used. For this reason, the cor-
scale. rection is often additive at the lower range and subtractive
e. Calibration Required: A calibration test should at the upper range, with the least correction in the middle
occur dependent upon the usage. Check against recently of the range. Most of these instruments are not sensitive
calibrated instrument on each project. enough for use bclow 200 fpm (1.0 m/s) although ball bear-
5.3.6 Anemometer - Swinging Vane ing models claim ranges down to 30 fpm (0.15 m/s). Their
a. Description: The swinging vane anemometer con- useful range is from 200 to 2000 fpm (1.0 to 10.0 m/s). The
sists of a pivoted vane enclosed in a case. Air exerts a required instrument accuracy of calibration is 1-3’70 of scale
pressure upon the vane as it passes through the instrument (using a corrective chart).
from an upstream to a downstream opening. The move- b. Recommended Uses:
ment of the vane is resisted by a hairspring. The instrument
1. Measurement of supply, return, and exhaust
gives instantaneous readings of directional velocities on an
air quantities at registers and grilles.
i
indicating scale. The instrument is supplied with various
types of remote and direct connected measuring tips, or 2. Measurement of air quantities at the faces of
jets. return air dampers or openings, total air across the filter or
b. Recommended Uses: coil face areas, etc.
1. This instrument may be used for proportioning
o f air quantities through both supply and return air ter- 3. Continuously moving the instrument across
a coil or opening to obtain an “average” reading is not ac-
minals using the proper jet and the proper air terminal A“
curate. Each time-averaged reading shall be taken with in-
factor (effective area) for the airflow calculation.
strument in one position. Readings for several positions
2. The instrument may al so be used for indicating
some lower velocities (100-300fpm, 0.5-1.5 m/s) where the shall be averaged to determine air velocity.
instrument case itself with appropriate probe attached is c. Limitations:
placed in the airstream as for a hood or booth. 1. Each reading from this instrument must be
c. Limitations: Instrument should not be used in ex- corrected by its calibration chart.
tremely hot, cold, or contaminated air. The instrument is
affected by static electricity, and is only applicable to total 2. The air terminal manufacturer’s specified
A, factor (effective area)for this instrument must be used
pressure readings (where TP =VP -tSP, not in housings)
The instrument has a 50 to 10,000 fpm (0.25 to SO m/s) in computing air quantities.
range. The instrument’s duct probe is sensitive to the 3. Total inlet area of instrument must be in
presence and proximity of duct walls, and tends to read high measured air stream.
on the suction side and low on the discharge side of a fan. 4. It is unsuited for measurement in ducts as it
Accuracy is affected by position. has too large a finite area.
Noter Terminal A, factors are a function of duct and
damper conditions and velocity immediately before the ter- 5. It is fragile and cannot be used in dusty or
minal. Using this instrument with A, factor conditions, corrosive air.
not identical to manufacturers tests, produces measurement 6. Since the instrument has a turbine type wheel
error. of very low inertia, caution is advised as to reliability of
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Accuracy is readings in nonuniform, turbulent, or stratified airstreams.
within + 10% when the instrument is in calibration and is This is likely to occur downstream of dampers, face and
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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bypass coils, or any device which causes turbulence in the Some instruments are also provided with temperature
airstream being measured. scales that can be utilized simply by setting the proper selec-
tor button. Static pressures can be measured if the proper
7. Instrument is not direct reading and must be
cap is placed over the probe.
timed manually.
b. Recommended Uses:
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement:
Used to measure very low air velocities, such as
1.
Smooth flow 2 5 % of reading above 200 fpm 1.
room air currents and airflow in hoods (10 to 600 fpm, 0.05
(1.0 m/s). Not recommended for velocities below 200 fpm
(1.0 m/s). to 3.0 m/s).
2. It is used for measurements a t grilles and
2. Nonuniform flow 230%.
diffusers.
e. Calibration Required: By the manufacturer or
3. Range is 10 to 8000 fpm (0.05 to 40 m/s).
other agency every six (6) months depending on usage.
Check against recently calibrated instrument on each c. 1,imitations:
pro.ject . 1. The probe that is used with this instrument is
5.3.7.2 EIecironic Type - Direct Reading very directional for velocity readings and must be located
a. Description: This instrument is the same as the at the exact point on the diffuser or grille as specified by the
mechanical in most respects except that it uses a powered manufacturer.
electronic circuit to convert a pulse generated by the rotating 2. Probes subject to fouling by dust and corrosive
vane (without drag) into a small electric current to give a air.
meter reading calibrated directly in air velocity units.
3. The instrument probe must be used in the direc-
b. Recommended Uses: tion of calibration.
1. Measurement of supply, return, and exhaust 4. Shall not be used in flammable or explosive
air quantities at registers and grilles. atmosphere.
2. Measurement of air quantities at the faces of d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Accuracy is
return air dampers or openings, total air across the filter or + 10% above 100 fprn (0.5 m/s).
coil face areas, etc.
e. Calibration Required: By the manufacturer QI
3 Continuously moving the instrument across other agency every 6 months. Check against recently
a coil or opening to obtain an ?average? reading is not ac- calibrated instrument on each project. When in use, fre-
curate. Each time-averaged reading shall be taken with in- quently check zero or the calibration point setting.
strument in one position. Readings for several positions
shall be averaged to determine air velocity. 5.3.9 Thermometer, Glass Tube, Etched Stem Type
c. Limitations: Same as mechanical type except a. Description: Mercury-filled glass thermometers
timing is automatic. have a useful temperature range of from - 3 P F to 950?F
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: ( - 3 6 T to 510?C). They are available in a variety of stan-
dard temperature ranges, scale graduations, and lengths.
1. Smooth Flow l r 5 % of reading above 200
The required instrument test accuracy minimum must be
fpm (1.0 m/s). Smooth Flow +IO% below 200 fpm (1.0
within a scale division mark.
m/s).
b. Recommended Uses:
2. Nonuniform flow f 3OOio.
1. The complete stem immersion calibrated ther-
e. Calibration Required: By the manufacturer or
mometer, as the name implies, must be used with the stem
other agency every six (6) months depending on usage.
completely immersed in the fluid in which the temperature
Check against recently calibrated instrument on each
is to be measured.
pr0.ject .
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.3.8 Anemometer-Hot Wire 2. Thermometers calibrated for partial stem im-

mersion are more commonly used. They are used in con-
a. Description: The operation of this instrument junction with thermometer test wells designed specifical-
depends on the fact that the resistance of a heated wire will ly to receive them. No emergent stem correction is required
change with its temperature. Incorporated with the instru- for the partial stem immersion type.
ment is a probe which is provided with a special type of wire
element which is energized by batteries contained in the in- c. Limitations:
strument case. As air flows over the element in the probe, 1. Radiation effects-when the temperatures of
the temperature of the element is changed from that which the surrounding surfaces are substantially different from
exists in still air, and the resistance change is indicated as a the measured fluid, there is considerable radiation effect
velocity on the indicating scale of the instrument. Similar upon the thermometer reading, if left unshielded or other-
instruments are available using a heated thermocouple or wise unprotected from these radiation effects. Proper
heated thermistor instead of a hot wire. They have similar shielding or aspiration of the thermometer bulb and stem
characteristics regarding uses, limitations, and accuracy. can minimize these radiation effects.

7
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2. 'Time is required for the thermometer to reach to 30 psi (210 kPa), and compound-30 in. Hg (100 kPa) to
the temperature of the fluid being measured. 60 psi (420 kPa)
3. Mercury may separate in the tube. d. Differential pressure gages
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half e. Chronometric tachometer (See 5.3.4)
of a scale division mark. f . Clamp-on ampere meter with voltage scales (See
e. Calibration Required: None 5.3.5)
5.3.10 Thermometer, Digital Electronic g. Digital and glass stem thermometers (See 5-35)),
Electronic ïhermometers (See 5.3.10)
a. Description: There are three basic types of elec-
tronic thermometers. These are thermocouple, thermistor, h. Electronic Tachometer (Stroboscope & Photo Elec-
and RTD (resistance temperature detector). They consist of tric) (See 5.5.2)
a portable, hand-held, battery powered, digital ther- Note: Refer to 5.5 for other measuring instruments.
mometer connected by a short cable to a variety of inter-
changeable probes. The probes are designed for sensing the 5.4.1 Pyrometers
temperature of air or other gases, immersion in liquids, or a. Description: Pyrometers normally used i n
contact with a solid surface. Some instruments have a measurements of surface temperatures in heating and air
calibration reference which allows calibrating out offsets in- conditioning applications, use a t hermocouple as a sensing
troduced by mechanical shocks, ambient temperature device and a millivoltmeter (or potentiometer) with a scale
variations or component drift. Some instruments have calibrated for reading temperatures directly. A variety of
"F/"C switching and 0.1 "/l.Oo resolution switching. types, shapes and scale ranges are available. The required
Response times are 1 to 10 seconds for liquids and solids instrument test accuracy minimum is + 1% of full scale
and 5 to 50 seconds for gases. Instrument accuracy shall be range.
-r 5 "F (0.3 OC) where range is below 700 "F (350 O C ) and b. R-ecommended LJses:
-r 1.5 O F (0.8 OC) for broader ranges. The lower range instru-
ment shall be used for all measurements within its range. 1. In balancing water circuits thermally when
balancing by flow measurements is not practical.
b. Recommended Uses: All TAB temperature
measurements including air and other gases, liquids, and 2. For evaluation of certain types of boilers, fur-
surfaces of pipes and other components with the ap- naces, ovens, etc. where temperatures are over 100°F
propriate probe. The manufacturer's directions must be (40 OC).
followed regarding proper use of probe and maximum c. Limitations: In piping applications, it should be
allowable temperature for the probe/thermometer com- remembered that surface temperature of'the conduit is not
bination. Equipment is available to measure from - 380 "F equal to the fluid temperature and that a relat.ive com-
to + 2250 O F ( - 230 "C to 1230 OC). Common ranges used parison is more reliable than an absolute reliance on
are +14"F to +248"F (-10°C to 120°C). readings at a single circuit or terminal unit.
c.Limitations: d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half
Batteries must be recharged or changed when
1. of a scale division mark.
required.
e. Calibration Required: Every 12 months.
2. In piping applications, it should be remembered
that the surface temperature of the pipe is not equal to the 5.4.2 Manometer, U-tube or Well Type (High Density
fluid temperature and that a relative comparison is more Fluid)
reliable than an absolute reliance on readings at a single cir-
cuit or terminal unit. a. Description: The manometer is a simple and
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
useful means of measuring partial vacuum and pressure,
3. Be sure measurement is taken at least as long as both for air and hydronic systems. It is so universally used
response time. that both the inch of water and the inch of mercury have
d. Accuracy of Field Measurements: When proper- become accepted units of pressure measurements. In its
ly used, the instrument accuracy should be attainable in the simplest form, the manometer consists of a U-shaped glass
field. tube partially filled with liquid. A difference in height of
e. Calibration Required: Every 12 months-check the two fluid columns denotes a difference in pressure in the
with laboratory grade mercury thermometer or electric two legs.
characteristic tables before each use. b. Recommended Uses: Hydronics (with mercury or
5.4 Hydronic Measuring Instruments other high density fluids in instrument):
a. Contact Pyrometer, Thermocouple Type 1. Measuring pressure changes through coils ,heat
b. U-tube Manometer, 36 in. (900 mm) or Well-Type exchangers, and orifices.
Manometer, 18 in. (450 mm) (High Density Fluid) 2. Measuring pressure changes across water
c. Calibrated Test Gages-O to 30 psi (210 kPa) ,O to 60 circulators.
psi (420 kPa) ,O to 200 psi, compound-30 in. Hg (100 kPa) 3. Measuring gas pressures.

Copyright ASHRAE 8 Document provided by IHS Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100, 05/04/2004 23:32:06 MDT
at 303-397-2295.
c. Limitations: (millimeters) of mercury, or inches (millimeters) of water,
1. Manometer tubes should be chemically clean to can be used with water hose flexible connectors for water
be accurate and should be filled with the coriect fluid. distribution balancing in much the same manner that the
mercury IJ-tube manometer is used.
2. Use collecting safety reservoirs on each side of
a mercury manometer to prevent blowing out mercury in- 2. This instrument, when furnished in one of the
to the water system, which can cause rapid deterioration of higher differential pressure ranges can be used in lieu of the
any copper it touches in the system. two combination type high pressure gages mounted on the
3. Mercury shall not be used for readings less than mercury U-tube manometer board.
one inch (25 mm) of water. Correction to direct readings are c. Limitations: Some applications require use of a
necessary to allow for the weight of the column of system snubber or needle valve. A three-valve cluster for shutoff
fluid equal in height to the distance between manometer leg and bypass is necessary to prevent overpressure damage
readings. when used as a portable test gauge.
4. Mercury shall not be used where it may become d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half
a contaminant if instrumentation becomes damaged. of a scale division mark.
d. Calibration Required: None e. Calibration Required: By an approved test agency
5.4.3 Pressure Gage, Calibrated every 24 months. Check against recently calibrated gage on
a. Description: Test gage shall be of a minimum each project.
“GRADE A” quality, have Bourdon tube assemblies made 5.5 Other Measuring Instruments for Certain Situations,
of stainless steel, alloy steel, monel, or bronze, and a Air or Hydronic
nonreflecting white face with black letter graduations con-
a. Revolution Counter and Timing Device
’
forming to ANSMASME Standard B40.1-1985. Test gages
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
are usually 3.5 in. to 6 in. (90 mm to 150 mm) diameter with b. Electronic Tachometers (Stroboscope and Photo
Electric)
bottom or back connections Many dials are available with
pressure, vacuum, or compound ranges. Instrument min- C. IJ-tube Manometer (Low Density Fluid)
imum accuracy shall be within 1% of full scale. d. Diaphragm Type Differential Pressure Gages
b. Recommended Uses: Primarily for checking e. Smoke Devices
pump pressures, coil, chiller, and condenser pressure drops f. Smoke Generators-Aspirating Tlrpe
and pressure drops across orifice plates, venturis, and other g. Sling Psychrometer
flow calibrated devices. h. Flow Measuring Hoods
c.Limitations: 1. Micromanometer (Hook Gage)
Pressure ranges shall be such that anticipated
1. j. Double Reverse Tube
working pressure range is in the middle two-thirds of the k. Clamp-on AC Power Meter (Wattmeter)
scale range, and the gage should not be exposed to pressures 1. Recording Instruments
greater than the maximum dial reading. Similarly, where
m. Humidity Measuring Devices
there is exposure to vacuum, use compound gage.
n. Barometer
2. Reduce or eliminate pressure pulsations by in- O. Electronic Digital Flow and Differential Pressure
stalling a snubber or needle valve in waterline. Meter
3. Eliminate vibration by avoiding mounting on 5.5.1 Revolution Counter (Odometer) and Timing
vibrating equipment or piping. Wall mounting preferred. Device
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half a. Description: The revolution counter is a small
of a scale division mark. hand-held counting device that is pressed to the center of
e. Calibration Required: Should be calibrated a rotating shaft for a timed period of 30 to 60 s. Reasonable
against a dead weight tester every 24 months. Check against accuracy can be obtained by using a good watch with a
a recently calibrated test gage on each project. sweep second hand or a digital watch where a stop watch
5.4.4 Pressure Gage, Differential is not available. This instrument cannot normally be reset
a. Description: The differential pressure gage is a to zero, so that shaft speed measured is the difference bet-
dual inlet, “GRADE A” dual Bourdon tube pressure gage ween the initial and final instrument readings divided by the
with a single indicating pointer on the dial face which in- time interval.
dicates the pressure differential existing between the two b. Recommended Uses: For determining shaft
measured pressures. It can be calibrated in psi (kPa) ,inches speed on any shaft having an accessible shaft end with a
(millimeters) wg or mercury. The required instrument test countersink.
accuracy minimum is +I 1070 of full scale. c. Limitations:
b. Recommended Uses : 1. Not to be used on shafts with flat ends without
1. This instrument when furnished in one of the the correct adaptor. (Slip and inaccurate readings are
lower differential pressure ranges, calibrated in inches inevitable.)

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2. Certain types feature a clutch engagement in mm wg) across filters, coils, eliminators, fans, grilles and
which a certain amount of force is required to activate the duct sections.
recording mechanism. 2. Measuring low manifold gas pressures.
3. Must be used and coordinated with an accurate c. Limitations:
t imepiece.
i. Manometer tubes should be chemically clean to ,
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: $2% when used be accurate and filled with the correct fluid.
properly.
2. U-tube should not be used for readings under
e. Calibration Required: None. 1 in. (25 mm) of water.
5.5.2 Electronic Tachometers (Stroboscope and Photo 3. The accuracy of the reading is dependent upon
Electric) the ability of the eye to gauge the level in each tube simul-
taneously. Specially troublesome if surges occur in the flow
a. Description: The stroboscope has a controlled
being measured.
high speed electronic flashing light. The frequency of the
flashing light is electronically controlled and adjustable. d. Calibration Required: None
When frequency of the flashing light is adjusted to equal
the frequency of the rotating machine, the machine will ap- 5.5.4 Diaphragm Type Differential Pressure Gage
pear to stand still. This unit is moderately expensive but a. Description: A dry type diaphragm-operated dif-
need not be in contact with the machine when it is being us- ferential pressure gage which employs a calibrated spring
ed. Instrument accuracy is generally within 1.5% of the in- loaded horseshoe magnet lever operated from the differen-
dicated value and within 1% if a magnetic pickup is used. tial pressure on the diaphragm, causing rotation of a highly
The solid state photo electric tachometer is an optional in- magnetic permeable helix which positions a pointer on the
strument that is pointed at the device to be measured and pressure scale. The pressure gage is operated by magnetic
the rpm directly read on the dial face. The instruments field linkage only, hence it is extremely sensitive and ac-
usually have several ranges, and no electrical or physical curate, its construction design makes it resistant to shock
contact with the device is necessary. Accuracy is within and vibration. The helix rotates on anti-shock mounted
$ 1% of the dial scale reading when properly calibrated. saphire bearings. Zero calibration screw located on plastic
b. Recommended Uses: For measurement of rota- cover. Common ranges in inches (millimeters) of water are:
tional speeds when instrument contact with the rotating O to 0.5 in. (12.5 mm); O to 1.0 in. (25 mm); and O to 5.0 in.
equipment is not feasible. (125 mrn). There are approximately 30 available pressure
c. Limitations: Care must be taken to avoid reading ranges in this instrument. The instrument minimum ac-
multiples of the actual rpm. Readings must be started at the curacy is $2070 of full dial range.
lower end of the scale. b. Recommended Uses:
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half 1. Use with Pitot-static tube or static probe.
of a scale division mark. 2. Use with specially constructed induction unit
e. Calibration Required: Instrument is self- primary air total pressure measuring tip for primary air
calibrating to an extent but should be checked every 24 distribution balancing on high pressure induction systems.
months. c. Limitations: Should not be used in preference to
5.5.3 Manometer, U-tube, (Low Density Fluid) liquid or electronic manometer.
a. Description: The manometer is a simple and 1. Readings should be made in midrange of scale.
useful means of measuring partial vacuum and pressure, 2. Should not be mounted on a vibrating surface.
both for air and hydronic systems. It is so universally used
that both the inch of water and the inch of‘mercury have 3. Should be held in same position as “zeroed”.
become accepted units of pressure measurements. In its 4. Should be checked against a known pressure
simplest form, the manometer consists of a U-shaped glass source with each use.
tube partially filled with liquid, a difference in height of the d. Calibration Required: None. Check against an in-
two fluid columns denotes a pressure difference in the two clined manometer frequently.
legs.
For most purposes, the following figures may be used 5.5.5 Smoke Devices
for converting manometer readings into other pressure a. Description: These devices are generally used in
units. special studies of airflow and in leak detection.
Atmosphere =14.7 psi (101.352 kPa) = 29.9 in. (760 1. Candles are available in various sizes and dura-
mm) Hg = 34.0 ft (10.37 m) or 408 in. (1036.3 cm) water tions of burning time. The chemical element in the smoke
column. is zinc chloride.
b. Recommended Uses: Air and gas (with water or 2. Sticks are activated by crushing the end of the i
oil in instrument): device, thereby releasing a smokestream approximately
1. Measuring pressure drops above 1 in. wg (25.4 double that of a cigarette.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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3. Guns generally use a chemical which readily 5.5.7 Flow Measuring Hoods
combines with atmospheric moisture. Each cartridge will a. Description: A conical or pyramid shaped hood
produce 500 to 1000 puffs of smoke or will release the same may be used to collect all the air from a terminal and guide
quantity in a steady stream. it over a flow measuring system which reads directly in cfm.
4. Borazine Gun emits dense white clouds of The instrument can be a swinging vane anemometer,
smoke which tend to remain suspended in the air for differential air pressure gage (diaphragm type), o r a
sometime. A valve adjustment regulates the discharge. manometer. The balancing cone should be tailored for the
particular job. The large end of the cone should be sized to
b. Recommended IJses:
fit over the complete diffuser and should have a sponge rub-
1. For determining the direction and observing the ber seal to eliminate air leakage. The cone should terminate
velocity and pattern of airflow in room studies, hoods, in a straight section with factory designed and calibrated
filters, etc. pressure grids, straighteners, and instruments.
2 . Discharge patterns from exhaust systems, b. Recommended Uses: To proportion air distribu-
driers, hoods, and stacks can be made. tion devices directly in cfm ( L E ) .
c. L.imitations: Some smoke devices may be toxic, so c. Limitations:
avoid breathing when possible. After extreme use, special 1. Should not be used where discharge velocities
removal efforts may be necessary. Smoke devices may ac- exceed 2,000 fpm (10 m/s).
tivate fire/smoke alarms in ductwork, computer rooms,
etc., or cause panic if people are not notified. 2. It should be recognized that the device generally
redirects the normal pattern of air discharge and that it con-
5.5.6 Sling Psychrometer tributes a slight, artificially imposed, pressure drop in the
branch of air terminal being measured. This will result in
a. Description: The sling psychrometer consists of a a slight decrease in the delivered air flow of the outlet.
matched pair of mercury filled thermometers, one of which
has a cloth wick or sock around its bulb. The two ther- d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: If the hood is
mometers are mounted side by side on a frame fitted with properly shaped and positioned at the air terminal, ac-
a handle by which the device can be whirled with a steady curacy of field measurements will be within the limitations
motion through the surrounding air. The whirling motion of the flow reading instrument.
is periodically stopped to take readings of the wet- and dry- e. Calibration Required: The flow measuring instru-
bulb thermometers (in that order) until such time as con- ment used with the hood shall be calibrated periodically by
secutive readings become steady. Due to evaporation, the the manufacturer or an approved agency and field checked
wet-bulb thermometer will indicate a lower temperature with a velocity traverse.
than the dry-bulb thermometer, and the difference is known 5.5.8 Micromanometer (Hook Gage)
as the wet-bulb depression. The required instrument test ac-
curacy minimum is F 1OF ( + O S OC). a. Description: These instruments are designed to
read small differences in air pressure accurately and usually
b. Recommended Uses: The sling psychrometer can have a wide scale range. Most scales read from O to 4.0 in.
be used in determining the psychrometic properties of the (100 mm) water column in hundredths of an inch on the ver-
conditioned spaces, return air, outdoor air, mixed air, and tical scale and in thousandths of an inch on a vernier scale
conditioned supply air. The readings taken from the sling and are readable to 0.001 in. (0.10 mm). There is more than
psychrometer can be plotted on a standard psychrometic one variation of this instrument. The most common type
chart from which all other psychrometric properties of the contains two glass vials about 2 or 3 in. (50 or 75 mm) in
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
air so measured can be determined. diameter. A pointed needle or hook is positioned by a

micrometer adjustment until the point dimples the water
c. Limitations: surface but does not break the surface tension. The dif-
1. Accurate wet bulb reading require an air velocity ference in level is determined in micrometer readings.
of between 1000 to 1500 fpm (5.0 to 7.5 m/s) across the Another variation of this instrument has a single vial
wick, or a correction must be made. or well and an inclined scale. The well is positioned by a
2. Significant errors will result if the wick becomes micrometer or vernier adjustment. It is very important that
dirty ar dry.
all micromanometers ,including the electronic units, be ac-
curately leveled before and after each reading.
3. For an 18 in. (450 mm) radius, the instrument The solid state electronic hook gage will measure
should be whirled at a rate of at least two revolutions per positive, negative, or differential pressures to rt0.00025 in.
second. I( 0.0064 mm) water column over a O to 2 in. (50 mm) W.C.
4. Evaporation must reach equilibrium to be range. It can also be used with a Pitot tube for accurate
accurate. measurement of low air velocities.
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within one-half b. Recommended Uses:
of the scale division markings. 1. These instruments are particularly well suited
e. Calibration Required: None. for readings at hoods, perforated ceilings, etc.

at 303-397-2295.
2. Used to cal ibrate other instruments. b. Recommended Uses: The instrument will measure
single, split-phase and three-phase power sources. Given
3. For measurements of velocities below 600 fpm
motor efficiency, powei draw can be related to motor brake
(3.0 m/s) or vacuum readings.
power as described on a fan o r pump curve and the
c. Limitations: operating point determined.
1. Difficult to use with pulsating pressures. c. Limitations: Caution is required, particularly
2. Stability and leveling requirements make the in- when taking measurements under confined conditions.
strument difficult to use in the field. Readings below 10070of input range are not recommended.
Batteries must be checked before use.
3. Generally not as sensitive as thermoanemom-
eters below 600 fpm (3 m/s) when used with a standard d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Within il% of
pitot-static probe. reading plus 0.5% of range.
d. Calibration Required: None. e. Calibration: A calibration test should occur
dependent upon t h e usage. Check against a recently
5.5.9 Double Reverse Tube calibrated instrument o n each project. Check battery
a. Description: The double reverse tube has also been strength.
referred to as an impact reverse tube, combined Ieverse tube,
and a type S tube. It consists of two stainless steel tubes ap- 5.5.11 Recording Instruments
proximately 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) O.D. permanently joined a. Description: 'There is a wide variety of recording
lengthwise. The tubes open facing opposite directions at the instruments. They are available to record dry bulb
probe end with open ends at the base end for connection to temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity and
a manometer. Refer to Fig. 2. operating periods of cycling electrical equipment. The
recording charts may be either continuous strip; or circular
b. Recommended Uses: The instrument is intended
with chart rotating once every 24 hours or 7 days. Some in-
for use in dirty or wet air streams where the amount of par-
struments are available with one or more remote bulbs.
ticulate matter in the air stream impairs the use of the Pitot-
static tube. The tube can be used to rneasure total pressure b. Recornmended Uses: Recording instruments are
and static pressure, and obtain velocity pressure. useful for obtaining round-the-clock data on the operation
or performance of equipment. They are particularly useful
c. Limitations :
for studying and diagnosing questionable operation in
1. Requires a large (0.75 in. minimum, 19 mm) refrigerators, greenhouses, processing rooms, ovens, and
duct hole for insertion. comfort air conditioning systems.
2. The tube requires calibration and must be used c. Limitations: Some judgement must be used in the
in the same orientation as calibrated. The flow direction application of recording instruments. There are great dif-
should be marked on the tube. ferences in quality, accuracy, and cost of these instruments.
3. The tube cannot be used to measure static Care must be used to start the instrument at the correct time
pressure directly. It must be connected to two manometers of day, and on the right day when a seven day chart is used.
(see Fig. I) and static pressure must be calculated d. Accuracy of Field Measurements: Carefully study
4. 'Tube ends must be kept smooth and clean, and the manufacturer's catalog data for instrument accuracy.
free of burrs. It is important to read and observe the manufacturer's
operating instructions for that specific instrument to ob-
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement: Accuracy for
tain the claimed accuracy.
field use is i5070 for thecornbination of the double reverse
tube and the manometers. e. Calibration: Check the accuracy of the instrument
with a mercury-in-glass thermometer over the range of ex-
e. Calibration Required : A one time calibration
pected use.
must be made to determine the instrument's calibration fac-
tor (CF).
5.5.12 Humidity Measuring Devices
5.5.10 Clamp-on AC Power Meter (Wattmeter) a. Description: In addition to the sling psychrometer,
a. Description: The clamp-on type power meter has there is a variety of instruments available to measure the
trigger operated, clamp-on transformer jaws like the volt- moisture in air that can be more accurate and do not require
ammeter. The instrument will measure true rms voltage and swinging or a manually wetted wick. These instruments
current, in addition to power in single-phase or balanced include:
three-phase circuits. Compared with mean value measure- 1. Battery powered hygrometers
, ment, true rms measurement is especially valuable for 2. Powered dew point indicators
distorted waves, such as, noise and multiplexed signals. 3. Powered psychrometers with built-in pump and
Typical ranges are 20 to 600 V rms, 2 to 200 A rms and 2 to fan
200 KU; or 20 to 600 V rms, 0.2 to 20 A rms and 0.2 to 20 4. Digital psychrometer with built-in reservoir and
KW. fan
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AIR FLOW -=+
1 1 TUBE ENDS MUST BE SMOOTH
IMPACT TUBE”
STAINLESS STEEL
TUBING PREFERRED SECTION VIEW
APPROX. Q.375 in. (95mm) O.D. NOTES:
0 For ilse in Dirty or Wet Gas Streams.
e The Double Reverse Tube Must be Cali-
brated and Used in the Same Orientation
as Used in its Calibration.
*Also Referred to as Impact Reverse Tube,
Combined Reverse Tube and Type S Tube
FLEXIBLE TUBING
READING A
Pt = Reading A
Pv = CF x (Reading 6 )
Ps = Pt - Pv
WHERE:
Pt is the Total Pressure at a Point in a Gas Stream,
Pv is the Velocity Pressure at a Point in a Gas Stream,
Ps is the Static Pressure at a Point in a Gas Stream, and
CF is the Calibration Factor for the Double Reverse Tube.
Fig. 2 Pressure relationships for use of the double reverse tube
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at 303-397-2295.
b. Recommended Uses: ï hese instruments do not re- ment can also be combined with a flow hood. Many in-
quire hand swinging, and thus may be more convenient to struments have memories, averaging capabilities and
use. The hygrometers give direct, rapid RH readings; the PI inters to aid the balancer.
digital psychrometer gives dry-bulb and wet-bulb depres- c. Limitations:
sion in about 30 s.
(Hydronic): Computing feature is limited to com-
c. Accuracy of Field Measurement: The hygrometers patable balance valves.
have an accuracy of ir2070 to 3% R.H. in the 20% to 95%
R.H. range. The psychrometers have an accuracy of ir 0.5 O F (Air): When air velocities are below 600 fpm (3.0m/s),
for the thermometer readings over their ranges. a micromanometer or hook gage should be used. Some in-
struments of this type have micromanometer accurancies.
d. Calibration Required: Calibration of the These instruments are battery powered and require
hydrometers is required with a screw adjustment or as cheching batteries and replacing or recharging them.
otherwise instructed. The psychrometer thermometers Some instruments should riot be stored below 15 “F
should be checked against another mercury thermometer (- 10OC) or operated below 32 O F (O O C ) .
before use.
d. Accuracy of Field Measurement
5.5.13 Barometer Pressure
(Hydronic): Differential pressure within 1 ft wg or 2%
a. Description: A barometer measures atmospheric of valve read out (whichever is highe1). Flow same as ciif-
pressure which is required to correct all airflow readings to ferential pressure via computing feature.
standard conditions. The instrument maybe either a Mer-
cury type or Bourdon tube type with accuracy of 1% of Full (Air): Instrument accuracy can be as good as ir2% of
Scale. reading 2 5 fpm (0.025 m/s) with Pitot-static tube and
2 1% of reading ir.005 in. wf from O to 1 in. of water (1 Pa
b. Recornmended Uses: Primarly to correct actual from O to 250 Pa) for air measurements; and ir 1% of scale
airflow to standard conditions. range for hydronic measurements.
c. Baroïïietiic pressure may also bc obtained from See Section 8.6.2.4 for additional discussion of ac-
Weather Radio Stations in the immediate vicinity or air- curacy expectations in the field.
ports. Confirm whether the presure is actual for the local e. Calibration Required
elevation or referrenced to sea level
(Hydronic and Air): Manufacturers instructions
5.5.14 Hydronic and Air Electronic Differential should be followed for calibration. Some instruments are
Pressure Meters-Digital “continuously self-calibrated”, but should be checked
a. Description against a liquid manometer or calibrated pressure gage
í
(Hydronic): This instrument measures the differential before each use.
pressure across an element in a system when flow is present.
The digital reading can be in a pressure range of 0.3 to 50 6. BALANCING STATIONS
ft. wg (1 to 150 kPa) Some products provide a temperature 6.1 Scope
probe for a range of 32 to 248 O F (O to 120°C) , hoses with This section sets forth the requirements for design, in-
snap on fittings and automatic air purging. A computer is stallation, and measurement techniques of permanently
available for calculating the flow in a range of 0.2 to 4750 installed balancing stations.
gpm (0.01 to 300 l/s) and computing the handwheel setting
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of compatable valve by proportional balancing procedures. 6.2 General
Maximum working pressures can be up to 280 psig (1900 A balancing station is composed of a measuring
kPa). device, a balancing device, arid straight sections of duct or
(Air): ?his instrument is a harid-held (or belt worn) pipe.
device which measures differential pressure and gives a
digital read out directly in pressure or velocity. Some in-
1 EOUIV
struments are available with adaptors and probes to DIA 5 EOUIVALEN’I D I A M E l E R S
measure flow and temperature. Typical ranges reach O to 100

in. (250 cm) water column for low density fluids; and O to
200 ft (60 m) water column or O to 100 psi (700 kPa) for high
density fluids. Temperatures can be measured from 55 OF to
250°F (-54°C to 12OOC).
b. Recornmended Uses
(Hydronic): For measurement of fluid flow, temper-
,
ature, and differential pressure. For computing the setting
of compatable balance valves by proportional balance
procedures.
‘TEMPERATURE
HOLE
I
U
I ‘
(Air): Use with Pitot-static tube, static probe, flow
grid, oriface plate, or special balancing valve. The instru- Fig. 3 Typical air balancing station

at 303-397-2295.
6.3 Air Balancing Stations (Fig. 3) 6.4.1 Description. Air balancing devices, commonly
6.3.1 Description called volume control dampers , are installed in air duct
systems to control the airflow and to achieve a balanced
a. The measuring device to obtain velocity pressure distribution of the available total airflow.
measurements shall be a pitot tube and manometer. Refer
to Section 8.0, Air Measurements. 6.4.2 Applications. Damper type used depends on
pressure drop across a throttled damper:
b. The balancing device to control flow rate shall be
a n opposed blade damper, or venturi plug type damper, or a. O to 0.3 in. (75 Pa) wg
a n air valve. 1. Single blade with end bearing, square drive and
c. The straight sections shall be five (5) minimum to locking quadrant.
ten (10) preferred diameters upstream and one (1) minimum 2 . Multiple single blade composed of separate
to three (3) preferred diameters downstream of the measiir- single blade dampers set in one plane with no blade inter-
ing device. The required length of straight sections depend connecting linkage, but operated separately and set in an
on velocity and airflow effects of the nearest obstruction. opposed blade fashion by locking quadrants on each blade.
For rectangular duct use equivalent diameters. No control
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sensing probes regardless of size should be in the upstream 3. A single blade damper is sufficient up to a blade
straight section. area of 1.5 ft' (0.140 m2) or up to a length of 24 in. (0.61
m). Single blades used in a multiple blade damper, when
6.3.2 Recommended Uses. A balancing station should blades are not interconnected, have similar limitations.
be located in the main duct to measure the fan total airflow
and in other ducts to measure and adjust the distribution b. 0.3 to 2 in. wg (75 to 500 Pa). Multiple blade with
of the air. Other usefiil locations for measurement and ad- blade interconnecting linkages arranged for opposed blade
justment are outside air ducts and relief ducts expelling operation, integral perimeter frame with shaft bearings, ex-
return air to outdoors. See Fig. 4. tended drive shaft with operating handle and locking
quadrant.
6.3.3 Requirements
c. 2 to 4in. wg (500 to 1000 Pa). Venturi plug centered
a. Pressure drop required across a balancing device on a matching bellmouth opening with a locking device.
when in a throttling position will determine the type used.
d. 4 to 6 in. wg (1000 to 1500 Pa). Air valve with
b. A balancing station must have turbulent-free, multiple adjustable slot openings varied by mechanical
airflow at the traverse. Temperature, dust, moisture, or gas movement or pneumatic inflation of numerous separate
products may limit the use of a standard pitot tube and bellows.
other methods should be used which are not included in this
Standard. e. Above 6 in. wg (1500 Pa). A specially designed
device is required.
6.3.4 Accuracy. A balancing station should produce ac-
curacy of ~fr5% of the actual flow rate. 6.4.3 Damper types not recommended:
6.4 Air Balancing Devices (Fig. 4) a. Splitter dampers shall not be used as a balancing
device because they are relatively ineffective for raising
branch pressure by more than 0.2 in. wg (50 Pa) and can add
resistance and turbulence to duct airflow when in a full
open position.
b. Adjustable turning vanes with parallel blades
(extractors).
c. Combination damper and straightening grid with
operating wire coil adjusting rod through the center. These
are usually installed at the top end of a vertical duct drop
to a terminal. These are a special configuration of a split-
ter damper.
6.4.4 Noise. Terminal conditions which can affect noise
and distribution are as follows:
a. When dampers are installed as part of a n air ter-
minal device, they should be opposed blade or multiblade
A RUNOUT DUCT butterfly type and be used ONLY for trim balancing and
B MULTI-ZONE DUCTS AT THE AIR HANDLING UNITS
C
D
MAIN CROSS CONNECT DUCTS OR BYPASS DUCTS
SUB MAIN DUCTS
when throttled result in 0.1 in. wg (25 Pa) or less pressure
E OUTSIDE AIR DUCT AT MIXING CHAMBER IN ADDITION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL DAMPERS
F RETURN AIR DUCT AT MIXING CHAMBER I N ADDITION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL DAMPERS drop across the damper Pressure drops in excess of the
G EXHAUST AIR DUCT AT DISCHARGE LOUVER I N ADDITION TO AUTOMATIC CONTROL DAMPER
H BRANCH DUCTS WHICH CONNECT TO SEVERAL SUBBRANCH DUCTS above will generate noise.
TYPICAL MANUAL DAMPER LOCATIONS IA TO H I
TYPICAL AIR BALANCING STATIONS ISTI b. The damper normally supplied with an air ter-
minal device should not be installed if an accessible air
Fig. 4 Typical air balancing device locations balancing device can be located in the terminal runout duct.

Copyright ASHRAE Document provided by IHS Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100, 05/04/2004 23:32:06 MDT 15
at 303-397-2295.
Throttling noise arid turbulence will then be farther from 8. Valve C,-install pressure taps or use integral
the air terminal. taps for differential pressure measurement across a control
c. Equalizing grids with fixed bars should be in- valve with a stated C , factor. (See 9.6.3)
stalled at the upstream end of the vertical duct drop supply- 9. Velocity impact meter-impact velocity moves
ing air tc a terminal. Grid bars should be installed at right a calibrated spring to read flow on an integral scale.
angles to the approachirig air stream. Pressure loss must be iriciucled in pzmp head. I
6.5 Hydronic Balancing Stations (Fig. is) d. Specifically designed hydronic balancing valves
shall be installed in the pipeline to achieve a balanced
6.5.1 Description distribution of the availilble total liquid flow.
a. A balancing station of the venturi type with e. The straight seaions shall be five ( 5 ) minimum to
pressure recovery provides the most accurate hydronic flow ten (IO) preferred diameters upstream and three (3) mini-
measurement when properly installed with recommended mum to five ( 5 ) preferred diameters downstream of the
unobstructed straight sections before and after the venturi measuring device. The required length depends on velocity,
b. Accurate temperature measurements can be made the fluid flow effects of the nearest obstruction and the
with a quality thermometer of the liquid type that has heat recommendations of the manufacturer. No control sensing
transfer fluia or paste in the thermometer well. probes, Iegardless of size, should be in the upstream straight
c. Principal types of liquid flow measurement section (Fig. 5).
devices are: 6.5.2. Recommended Locations of a hydronic bal-
I. Venturi-an in-line fitting with calibration ancing station (Fig. 6) are:
chart and pressure taps for differential pressure measure- a Pump discharge piping
ment. Pressure loss must be included in pump head.
b. Return branch piping circuits from a series of
2. Electronic-placed upon the external straight several terminal units, such as, reheat coils, radiation, fan
surface of piping with direct meter readout, coils, unit ventilators, unit heaters, cabinet heaters, induc-
3. Calibrated elbow probe-inserted via a pipe fit- tion unit coils.
ting at a 90-deg elbow. Contains pressure taps for differen- c. Air handling unit coils
tial pressure measurement. Threaded elbows have integral
pressure taps. A calibration chart is required. d. Chillers, convertors, cooling towers, boilers
4. Variable area meter-inserted via a companion e. Crossover pipe between supply and return primary
fitting. A ball in a vertical tapered tube directly reads flow loop mains. Secondary circuit supply and return pipes are f
on an integral scale.
TERMINAL
5. Orifice plate-an in-line fitting installed bet- r i I I
UNIT
I
ween flanges in a straight pipeline with calibration chart
D D
and pressure taps for differential pressure measurement.
Pressure loss must be included in pump head. H
6. Calibrated balancing valve-an in-line fitting
installed in straight piping with pressure taps for differen-
tial pressure measurement.
7. Pitot tube-inserted via a cornpanion fitting
with calibration chart and pressure taps for velocity
pressure measurement. Averaging annular total pressure TAPS ,CHEMICAL FEEDER
ports and one static port connect to taps. \

I I E
MIXING
G
V
1
+
THERMOMEïER
PUMP
HYDRONIC
BOILER
Ilr
LIOUID
TYPICAL BALANCING VALVE LOCATIONS ( A
TYPICAL HYDRONIC BALANCING STATIONS (sr)
ro H)
FLOW
Fig. 5 Typical hydronic balancing station Fig. 6 'Typical hydronic balancing device locations
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
16 ASHRAE STANDARD 111,-1988

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connected to this crossover pipe, and in close proximity to 7. SYSTEM EFFECT
each other. 7.1 Scope
f. Equipment requiring liquid flow measurement This section identifies conditions that have adverse ef-
fects on system performance and the related testing, ad-
g. Steam mains justing and balance.
h. Steam equipment requiring flow measurement 7.2 General
i. Process piping and equipment requiring flow A phenomenon known as “system effect” can create
measurement undesirable conditions and cause reduced capacities within
6.5.3 Requirenients imposed by capacity and space are: all or part of a system. Recognition of “system effect” can
a. Range of the balancing station will be determined help in the evaluation of systems, in solving equipment per-
by the design, size, and flow rate of the device for the formance problems, and/or in obtaining accurate testing
specified accuracy and balancing reports.
b. A balancing station should not be installed adja- 7.3 Air Systems
cent to elbows, valves, piping transitions, pump suction, 7.3.1 “System Effect Factors”. Allowances called
pump discharge or in turbulent flow that would affect the “System Effect Factors’’ should be used to reduce the per-
measurement accuracy. Note manufacturer’s recommended formance ratings of a fan when it is installed under condi-
straight unobstructed lengths between such objects and the tions that are different from those presented when the fan
flow measurement device. See Section 6.5.1.e. was performance tested. These effects on performance can-
c. The size of a hydronic balancing device should not always be measured in the field, but they can be
always be selected with regard to the head loss effect on estimated by using the tables and charts found in the AM-
pump capacity. If practical the device should be at least one CA Publication 210, “Fans and Systems”,? or in Sections
size smaller than the pipeline in which it is installed in order V and VI1 of the SMACNA “HVAC Systems-Duct Design”
to provide more throttling effect at the start of closing. man~al.~
6.5.4 Accuracy available is as follows: 7.3.1.1 Fan Inlet Conditions. Fan inlet swirl, non-
a. A balancing station of the venturi type shoiild per- uniform flow, a restricted fan inlet, or restrictions caused
form within I 2% of the actual flow rate, providing the by a plenum or cabinet will decrease the usable perfor-
readout instrument used is of similar accuracy. mance of a fan and must be considered as a System Effect
when determining system characteristics.
b. Balancing stations using other principal types of
liquid flow measurement devices are suitable as long as the a. Inlet Ducts. Flow into a fan inlet without a
accuracy is stated and acceptable. smooth entry causes a loss which should be considered as
a System Effect. This loss can be largely eliminated by pro-
6.6 Hydronic Balancing Devices (Fig. 6) viding the duct inlet with a rounded entry or a converging
The principal valve types to be used as hydronic balan- taper.
cing devices are recommended as follows, in decreasing AMCA Standard 210’ limits an inlet duct to a
order of preferred throttling characteristics: crosssectional area not greater than 112.5% nor less than
a. Needle valve used for small flows 92.5% of the fan inlet area. The included angle of transi-
b. Calibrated balance valves over a wide range of tion elements is limited to 15 converging and 7 O diverging.
O
flows and pipe sizes. b. Inlet Elbows. A n elbow, or a 90” duct turn,
c. Ball valves have near linear characteristics, sen- located at the fan inlet will not allow the air to enter
sitivity and resistance to sediment plugging. uniformly and will result in uneven flow distribution at the
fan wheel.
d. Plug valves (or cocks) for general usage. Brass When a suitable length of duct is used (three to eight
plug in smaller sizes and iron plug lubricated in larger sizes. diameters long, depending on velocities) between the fan in-
e. Butterfly valves with gear operators for large main let and the elbow with turning vanes, the System Effect Fac-
pipelines. tor is not as great. This configuration improves the airflow
f. Globe type valves with disc type plugs should not into the fan inlet. Most fan manufacturers can furnish
be used for balancing since the throttling characteristics are design information for entry conditions.
very nonlinear. Also, the small aperture between plug and c. Obstructed Inlets. Inlet vanes, belt guards, in-
seat is subject to plugging with sediment. The reduced flow let dampers, structural members, columns, butterfly valves,
upsets the hydronic balance. Use globe valves only when blast gates, and pipes are examples of more common inlet
fitted with V-port plug or other modified nonstandard obstructions. All affect the performance rating of the fan
configuration. and the duct system.
g. Gate valves and diaphragm valves are suitable only 7.3.1.2 Fan Discharge Conditions. Fans intended
for shutoff usage and should not be used for throttling pur- primarily for use with duct systems are tested with an outlet
poses. Throttling characteristics are acceptable, but seating duct, but this should be confirmed by the system designer.
surfaces deteriorate due to high velocity erosion which If information is not available, assume that the fans were
prevents 100% shutoff when needed in future. rated with only an outlet duct.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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a. Fan Outlet Ducts. AMCA standard 210?speci- creased losses in other system components downstream of
fies an outlet duct that is between 105% and 95% of the fan the elbow.
outlet area. It also requires that the included angles of the
transition elements should not be greater than 15 O for con- 7.3.2 Ductwork System Losses. Turbulence brought
verging elements nor greater than 7 o for diverging elements. about by a change in airflow direction or velocity, creates
The fan outlet duct including the transition, should a pressure loss which is added to the friction loss that oc-
extend at least two and one half to six equivalent duct diam- curs in a steady flow through a similar length of straight
eters, depending on the fan outlet velocities, or a System duct having a uniform cross-section. This loss is termed
Effect Factor must be added to the system resistance losses. dynamic loss. Dynamic losses are divided into two general
In many systems, an outlet duct which is considerably uses for convenience: (1) those caused by changes in direc-
larger than the fan outlet can increase the static pressure tion of the duct, and (2) those caused by changes in
available to overcome system resistance by converting some crosssectional area of the duct.
of the fan outlet velocity to static pressure.
b. Fan Outlet Elbows. Because of the non- 7.3.2.1 ‘TurningVanes (Figs. 7 and 8). Turning vanes
uniform velocity profile at the outlet of a fan, an elbow and concentric splitter vanes may be used in mitered elbows
located at or near the fan outlet will develop a pressure loss or radius elbows to reduce the dynamic pressure loss and to
greater than its “fitting loss coefficient table” values. This provide a more uniform velocity distribution downstream
may result in such uneven flow in the duct that branch from the bend.
takeoffs near the elbow will not deliver their design airflow 7.3.2.2 Branches. Whenever part of the airflow is
and accurate measurements will not be possible. diverted to a branch, there will be a reduction in the airflow
The longest possible length of straight duct should be velocity in the straight-through section immediately follow-
installed between the fan outlet and an elbow. A radius ing the branch. If the dynamic loss that occurs at the junc-
elbow should have a minimurn radius-to-duct-diameter tion was less than the change in velocity pressure, this
ratio of 1.5, and the turn should be in the same direction as pressure difference would be completely converted into
the fan rotation. static pressure. This rise in static pressure is known as “static
Turning vanes used iri mitered elbows can reduce the regain”.
pressure loss through an elbow, but may serve to continue It has been found by test that the regain coefficient
the nonuniform profile beyond the elbow resulting in in- across a takeoff can be as high as 0.90 for well-designed and
constructed round ducts with no reducing section im-
mediately after the takeoff.
Under less ideal conditions, such as, in rectangular
ducts with a high aspect ratio or takeoffs closely following i
an upstream disturbance, the regain coefficient can be as
low as 0.50. A static pressure regain Of0.75 normally is us-
ed. Where static regain occurs at a branch fitting, it is in-
cluded in the ASHRAE’Oand SNACNAj duct fitting loss
coefficient tables. (See ‘Tl)
D U C T FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENT C
LIH RATIO o5 10 15 2
SINGLE BLADE T U R N I N G VANES - 086 083 077

DOUBLE BLADE T U R N I N G VANES - 185 284 291
S T Y P E S P L I T T E R VANES 061 065 - -

Fig. 7 ïurbulence caused by improper mounting N O VANES- U P T O 1200 Ipm O 88 5 26 6 92 7 56
and use of turning vanes N O VANES - OVER 1200 Ipm 1 26 6 22 8 82 9 24
N O ï E : THIS IS A H I G H RESISTANCE FITTING ANO SHOULD N O T BE U S E D UNLESS

T H E PROPERLY INSTALLED 1 U R N I N G VANES ARE U S E 0
101030
- 12 to24
Fig. 8 Proper installation of turnin,0 vanes Fig. 9 Four-elbow fitting loss coeffients
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at 303-397-2295.
Table 1 Branch Fitting Loss Coefficient C
Qb/Q, 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
45 Enir) o 7s o 9s 0 S5 o 79 o 74
Rectangular 148 112 141 124 121
Tap with
Extractor
Round Tap 130 138 I 20 12.3 126
Rectangular 13s 140 130 136 I27
Tap without
Extractor
- Table 2 Ductwork Pressure-Velocity Classification

I-P Operating SI
Static Static Static
Pressure Pressure Pressure Velocities
Class (in. wg) Class I-P Units SI Pressure
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
O 5 in. wg up to 0.5 125 Pa 2000 fpm Down 10 m/s Down Pos. or Neg.
1.0 in wg over OJ, 250 Pa 2500 fpm Down i7 5 m/s Down Pos. or Neg.
up to 1 o
2.0 in. wg over 1.0, 500 Pa 2500 íprn Down 12.5 m/s Dorm Pos. or Nez.
up to 2.0
3.0 in. wg over 2 0, 750 Pa 4000 fpm Down 20 rn/s Down Pos or Nec
up to 3.0
4.0 in. wg over .3 O, 1000 Pa 2000 fprn Up i0 m/s Up Pos
upto40
6.0 in. wg over 4 O, 1500 Pa 7000 fprn Up 10 m/s Up Pos
up ta 6.0
10.0 in. wg over 6.0, 2500 Pa 2000 fpm lip 10 m/s IJp Pos.
up to I O o
Now 4 hard conbersion IS used from L S units [ o SI uni15
7.3.2.3. Area Changes. Energy losses due to enlarge- be seen by noting the loss coefficients in Fig. 8. Refer to Ap-
ment of the airstream are high relative to losses due to con- pendix C for example.
traction. Typical fitting loss coefficients include static 7.3.3 Ductwork Construction
regain or loss and are in terms of “total pressure”.
In determining the proportions of a specific transi- All ductwork should be fabricated and installed in ac-
tional fitting, the total pressure loss is influenced far more cordance with the provisions of Chapter 1, “Duct Con-
by the airflow velocity than by the loss coefficient of a par- struction”, of the 1983 ASHRAE Equipment Handbook’
ticular geometry. The small losses associated with low and the following SMACNA Standards:
velocity applications may not justify the additional cost of “HVAC Duct Construction Standards-Metal & Flexible”,
fittings which have low loss coefficients. 1st Edition, 198j5
7.3.2.4 Extractors. Fitting loss coefficient data from “Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standard”, 5th Edition.
the ASHRAEl” and SMACNA3tables show that a 45 en- 197g6
try branch from a rectangular main is a far more efficient Ali ductwork static pressure classification changes
fitting to use than a rectangular branch with an extractor.
should be indicated on the drawings. For clear interpreta-
Using a V,/V, ratio (branch common) of 1.0, the data in
tion of the requirements for ductwork and economical at-
Table 1 can be extracted from the tables for comparison.
tainment of performance objectives, it is essential that the
If a commonly-used plain round tap or rectangular tap
contract plans depict the portion of each duct system to be
is added to the comparison, one can see that the use of ex-
constructed for a particular static pressure classification
tractors should be limited, or eliminated, as they can create
(see Table 2). These static pressure rating changes should be
other airflow problems immediately downstream in the
shown by “flags” at each point where the duct static
main duct.
pressure classification changes, with the number of the
7.3.2.5 Obstruction Avoidance. When there is a deep “flag” indicating the pressure class of the ductwork on each
beam or other obstruction surrounded by many types of side of the dividing line.
pipes and conduits (such as above a dropped ceiling), a fit- Special consideration must be given to the pressure
ting such as that found in Fig. 9 (taken from the SMACNA classes of ductwork used for some variable air volume
L,oss Coefficient Tables ) j can be used. Unfortunately, systems. It is possible for these supply duct systems to ex-
many of these fittings have been installed without turning perience the total fan pressure at the end of the most dis-
vanes. tant duct run under minimum airflow conditions. Under
This type of fitting, when installed without turning these conditions, the duct construction classification
vanes, can totally destroy the airflow in a duct system as can should remain the same throughout the supply duct system.

at 303-397-2295.
ïable 3 Leakage Class, Applicable for Construction Class
Using Seal Class C B A
Construction Class WG 1/2" 1 2" 3'I 4" 6" 10"
(Pa) (123) (250) (500) (750) (1000) (1300) (2300)
Round Metal
Leak Class 12 12 12 6 3 3 3
Rectanzular Metal
Leak Class 23 21 24 12 6 6 6
Fibrous Glass
Leak Class 3 3 3
Table 4 Duct Sealing Reauirements

Seal Class Sealing Rewired Construction Pressure Class
A All transverse joints, longitudinal seams 4" wg and up (1000 Pa)
and duct wall penetrations
B All transverse joints and longitudinal seams. 3 " wg ('150 Pa)
C Transverse joints 2 " wg (500 Pa)
7.3.4 Duct Leakage If the average low pressure duct system is not sealed,
It is recommended that all ductwork be sealed in ac- it will be in Leakage Class 48. Therefore, larger duct sizes
cordance with the minimum seal classifications as listed in and extra fan power are required for the extravolume of air.
SMACNA "HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal & Unsealed duct can be expected to leak at or in excess
Flexible", 1st Edition, 1985,5 and "Fibrous Glass Duct of Leakage Class 48 (see Fig. 10 for Duct Leakage Classi-
Construction Standards", 5th Edition, 1979.6The sealing fication).
o f ducts, as described in detail in these construction
manuals, should result in a leakage rate selected by the 7.3.5 Duct System Devices & Balancing (Fig. 11) The
system designer or shown in Table 3. Leakage rates are designer should give special consideration to the balancing
achieved by following guidelines shown in Table 4. Leakage and adjusting process during the design so that it can be
testing procedures can be found in the SMACNA "HVAC balanced properly. Therefore, it is necessary that the balan-
Duct Leakage Test Manual", 1st Edition, 198.5.' Ductwork cing capability be designed into the system, and the follow-
sealed in accordance with the SMACNA manuals may not ing are some considerations to use:
require testing. If verification of performance in the field
is required, use the above referred procedures.
1 I
(4 ' minimum)
MBD
A
SMALL BRANCH DUCT TAKEOFF FROM MAIN

DUCT WITH VELOCI'IIES UP TO 1500 FPM
m
TURNING VANES
POOR ELBOW & SPLIT DESIGN

RESULTING IN UNADJUSTABLE
AIR BUILDUP IN RIGHT PREFERRED ELBOW & SPLIT DESIGN
BRANCHDUCT PERMITTING FULL ADJUSTING
AT BRANCH D U C T AIRFLOW
i
".'$------ POOR DISTRIBUTION
& NEGATIVE AIRFLOW
SHORT REGISTER BOOT CONNECTION

WILL CREATE AIR NOISE AND CAUSE
EXTREMELY BAD AIR FLOW ACROSS
REGISTER FACE
SEE 'IABLE 3 FOR ASSOCIATED D U C I CONSTRUCTION CLASS

Fig. 11 Duct designs considerations for suggested balancing
Fig. 10 Duct leakage classification damper locations
20
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
a. Diictwork to and from air-conditioning equip- b. Reduced boiler output can be caused by water side
ment should be designed so that stratified air will be mix- scale, fire side soot deposits, inefficient combustion due to
ed properly before entering branch ducts or equipment. clogged fuel passages and stack downdraft.
b. Splitter-type dampers offer little or no control of c. Unsteady water lines in gauge glasses (possibly
air volume in ducts and should be used as air diverters only. causing intermittent safety shutdown of the burner by the
c. Manually operated volume dampers should be in- water level control) can be caused b) priming due to grease
stalled in each branch supply, return, or exhaust duct or dirt in the boiler, erratic return of condensate (excessive
takeoff near the main duct. boiler pressure or low pump head), or the bottom of water
column being connected to a waterway carrying water at
d. Turning vanes should be used in all rectangular high velocity.
mitred elbows (return systems as well as supply and exhaust
systems-see Fig 7). 7.4.2 Chillers. Chiller performance is affected by the
e. Manual volume dampers should be provided in following:
runout duct takeoff to control the total air to the face a. A reduction in flow rate through either the con-
dampers of the registers or diffusers. The use of extractors denser or evaporator sections can cause short cycling and
is not recommended because of the turbulence created in possible mechanical damage.
the trunk duct which increases the system total pressure and b. Load-temperature shock of the chiller can occur
which could affect the performance of other takeoffs lo- due to “line size” control valves (which should have been
cated downstream. The use of register or diffuser dampers sized for the controlled flow rate) which allow large flows
to reduce high air volumes might introduce objectionable of liquid at seasonal changeover.
air noise levels.
c. Condenser water flow rates less than design or at
f. Single-blade volume dampers used immediately temperatures above design can cause high head and auto-
behind diffusers and grilles may prevent uniform airflow matic safety shutdown of the compressor.
across the outlet.
7.4.3 Cooling Towers and Air-Cooled Condensers
g. To minimize generated duct noises at volume
dampers, indicate damper locations at least two diameters 7.4.3.1 Cooling tower capacities are adversely ef-
from a fitting and as far as possible from an outlet. fected by:
h. Avoid placing a return air opening directly in or a. A centrifugal fan running backwards (the fan
adjacent to the return air plenum. Lining of the duct behind motor will draw near full load amps).
the inlet normally will not reduce the transmitted noise to b. Sump outlet clogged with airborne debris.
acceptable levels.
c. Pipeline strainer dirty or with a strainer basket
i. Mixing boxes should have mixing sections to of too fine a mesh.
minimize air stratification.
d. Low net positive suction head (NPSH) on con-
j. Provide the necessary space around system com- denser water pump causing cavitation and reduced flow.
ponents to allow the technician to take proper readings.
Straight duct sections of 7.5 duct diameters from fan out- e. Propeller fan rotating in reverse (low airflow).
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
lets, elbows, or open duct ends are necessary for accurate f. Insufficient makeup water.
traverse readings. g. Obstructed air inlet.
k. Adequately sized access doors should be installed h“ Diverting valve piped to pump suction pipe in-
within normal working distance of all duct components, stead of to above sump. This can result in sump overflow
such as, volume dampers, fire dampers, pressure reducing and air suction at pump on startup.
valves, etc., that require adjustments.
7.4.3.2 Air-cooled condenser capacities are adversely
1. Sensors located in inlet ducts to mixing boxes and
affected by:
VAV boxes should be in a straight duct 5 to 10 diameters
long. a. Low airflow from fans rotating in reverse.
m. Avoid locating diffusers on the bottom of main b. Dirty coils causing compressor high head
supply ducts or where the total pressure of the ducts exceed pressure and automatic shutdown.
the recommended diffuser pressure drop.
c. Dampers or damper controls inoperative.
7.4 Hydronic Systems
7.4.4 Pumps. The flow produced by a centrifugal pump
7.4.1 Boilers. Conditions that could affect boiler per- will be different from design when:
formance are:
a. Pump rotation is backwards
a. Flow switch size and settings are critical on instan-
taneous hot water boilers to shut down the gas burner b. Inlet piping conditions create high pressure losses
before, liquid flow rates decrease to the point where the (five diameters of straight pipe preferred).
water could turn to steam or where the tubes might overheat c. Net positive suction head (NPSH) is less than the
and distort. manufacturer’s stated requirements (cavitation may occur).

at 303-397-2295.
d. System resistance to flow is different than that us- e. A system shutoff valve has been partially
ed to select the pump. (For pumps with a flat curve, a small closed.
change in head results in a large change in flow rate and 7.4.5.5 Coil heat transfer efficiencies can be affected
motor load.) by:
e. The pump impeller size is the wrong diamete1. a. Coil circuitry being other than the specified and
7.4.5 Piping approved coil configuration.
7.4.5.1 On all larger hydronic systems, the pipe which b. Air binding when supply connection is made
connects the elevated expansion tank to the liquid circula- above the return connection or were not properly vented.
tion main should be connected on the suction side of and c. Air and fluid flow in the same direction through
close to the circulating pump. the coil. Fluid normally should enter on the air leaving side
Since the expansion tank pressure remains constant and leave on the air entering side (known as reverse flow).
whether the pump is on or off, then the pump suction head
will remain positive at all times. Head pressures to provide 7.4.5.6 Pump motor overloading can occur at start-
the design flow will be generated as a positive pressure on up when:
the discharge side of the pump. a. The system is not properly balanced and has ex-
When this pipe connection is made on the discharge cess flow.
side of the pump, all of the head would occur on the suc- b. The pump head far exceeds t h e system
tion inlet and the following diverse effects could occur: resistance.
a. Cavitation in the pump and erosion of the im- c. Incorrect motor installed on pump.
peller due to a low net positive suction head (NPSH).
d. Wrong impeller.
b. Suction of air into the system at the pump shaft
packing and at automatic air vents (AAV). 7.4.5.7 A situation known as ?cold leg startup? can
occur in a hot water heating system when a distribution
c. Air entrained in system will nor be expelled at main in a ceiling space supplies terminals on the floor level
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the AAV due to low pressure. below as well as the floor level above. With balance valves
d. Reduced or no heat transfer at heat exchangers in normal positions the pressure difference between supp-
due to air entrained at the high points of the piping systems ly and return mains is not sufficient to lift the weight of the
or apparatus. cold water leg. (Temporary closure of the balance valves on
7.4.5.2 When the pressure regulator o n the most of the upper floor level terminals will initiate flow
automatic make-up water supply is set too low the through the terminals on the lower floor level.)
automatic air vents at the system?s highest elevations will 7.4.5.8. Three-way bypass valves controlling flow can
not expel1air and may induce air into the system which cari short circuit or rob flow from other terminals in the system
cause circulation and cor rosion problems. especially when the bypass circuit pressure drop is less than
7.4.5.3 The pressure relief valve will discharge fre- the coil circuit pressure drop. The three-way valve should
quently (with possible scalding effects on unwary persons) be provided with equal percentage flow characteristics on
when: the coil port and linear flow characteristics on the bypass
port. A balancing valve should be installed in the bypass
a. The expansion tank(s) is flooded (no air present piping.
and water expands with increased temperature) or the
tank(s) is too small. 7.4.5.9 Flow meters particularly of the types reading
effective velocity head, can give erroneous low values when
b. The liquid flow switch on an instantaneous the total pressure ports are dirty, or high readings when the
boiler is not set properly to close the main gas valve when static pressure points are dirty.
a reduced liquid flow occurs. This causes some fluid to tuIn
to steam, an increased pressure, and the relief valve to open.
c. Relief valve@)has wrong setting. 8. AIR MEASUREMENTS
7.4.5.4 Reduced liquid flow rates can occur when: 8.1 Scope
a. Strainers are dirty or the strainer mesh is too This section sets forth techniques for:
fine. a. ?Thefield measurement of air temperature, air densi-
b. The pump has a near flat curve and an abnor- ty, air pressure, air velocity, and motor input power.
mal restriction develops in the flow circuit. b. Calculating airflow rate, pressure differentials , fan
c. Entrained air or poor piping connections at the power, heat content, humidity and density.
pump inlet, reduces pump efficiency. c. Determining the influence of system effects on perfor-
d. Balancing valves are almost closed, dirt can mance characteristics.
obstruct the remaining opening. Balancing valves usually The minimum requirements of Section 5 , Instrumen-
should be sized smaller than line size to permit balancing tation, must be met or exceeded to comply with the criteria
near full open position. for measurement accuracy.

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8.2 General d. There shall be no “liquid” moisture in the air-
The recommendations in this section will apply to both stream, at the point where the DB reading is obtained.
new and existing HVAC systems. Certain characteristics e. The sensor shall be shielded if thermal radiation is
describing the system performance can be measured directly; a factor that could influence the reading.
others must be calculated from the measured data. The f. Consideration shall be given to appropriate immer-
methods for determining each are covered in this section. sion of the sensing device into the airstream, and correction
The actual air performance determined from field factors applied if necessary.
measurement may differ from design conditions. These dif-
ferences can often be explained by considering system effects g. Temperature measurements must be made over a
that cause changes to design performance as a result of sufficient length of time to insure that a steady state value
adverse or unexpected system conditions. Refer to Section is being recorded or, if there are oscillations in the values, that
7, System Effects. representative average values can he determined.
The accuracy that can be expected under field condi- h. Air temperature measurements shall be made at the
tions for each of the performance characteristics is discuss- same time as the air pressure measurements are being made
ed in the subsections below. Certain system characteristics to determine flow rate and component pressure losses.
can be measured by several alternate methods. Many times
8.3.4 Wet-Bulb Measurements. The considerations
the system configuration will not allow the most accurate noted in 8.3.3 also apply to wet-bulb temperature measure-
method to be used. Alternate methods are presented in this
ments, plus the following:
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
section with a discussion of the expected accuracy.

a. Distilled water shall be used to wet the sock of the
wet-bulb sensing device.
8.3 Temperatures
b. The sock covering the sensor must be clean and re-
8.3.1 General. Air temperatures consist of the dry-bulb main wet while the measurement is being made.
temperature (DB) and the wet-bulb temperature (WB).
These are required to determine density, humidity (moisture c. The time over which the measurement is made must
content), and heat content of the air handled by the system. be sufficient for equilibrium to be achieved.
8.3.2 Instruments d. The air velocity across the sensor is to be between
700 and 2000 fpm (3.5 and 10 m/s), preferrably 1000 fpm (5
a. Temperature measurements shall be made using
m/s), for minimum error. If the temperature is outside the
one or more of the following: comfort air-conditioning range, the correction factor as
1. Mercury-in-glass thermometer determined from Fig. 12 is to be applied.
2. Thermocouples with appropriate read-out e. The sling psychrometer is recommended for obtain-
device ing wet-bulb temperatures in ambient air.
3. Electric resistance thermometer ,including ther- 8.3.5 System Effects. System conditions can produce
mistors effects that cause temperature measurement errors. The
b. The instruments are to conform to the require- following are the most commonly encountered:
ments of Section 5, Instrumentation, of this Standard. a. Stratification
8.3.3 Dry-Bulb Measurements. The following shall be 1. Velocity
considered to insure that temperature measurements are 2. Temperature
representative of the airstream being tested at the plane of
interest:
a. If temperature stratification exists, a sufficient
number of readings must be obtained to insure that the
average value represents the true value.
b. If non-uniformity of velocity accompanies
temperature stratification, a velocity traverse as well as a
temperature traverse shall be made, and the temperature
values appropriately weighted prior to determining the
average temperature.
c. When determining wet-bulb depression, the two
temperature measuring devices shall be calibrated against
each other to obtain best accuracy. When DB and WB
temperatures are being obtained simultaneously, the DB
VELOCITY FPM (M/S)
measuring device shall be upstream from the WB measur- ASHRAE STANDARD d l 1 74
ing device to ensure that the DB reading is not influenced by Fig. 12 The effect of the air stream velocity on the wet bulb
the effects that the WB device may have on that portion of psychrometer
the airstream that flows over the DB device. (for conventional size thermometer bulb)

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b. Contamination Referring static pressure measurements to a common at-
1. Dust (WB) mosphere is the usual practice. In the event that the static
pressures cannot be referred to a common atmosphere, the
2. Contaminated H.0 (WB) absolute pressure for each plane is calculated by using the
3. Free moisture (DB) static pressure measurement at the plane and the
8.3.6 Accuracj. Under good field conditions and for a barometric pressure for the atmosphere to which the static
normal HVAC environment, the following temperature pressure measurement is referred. However, for purposes of
measurement accuracies are attainable: accuracy, static pressure measurements that are used in the
determination of fan static pressure must be referred to a
Dry bulb i 0.5 O
common atmosphere.
Wet bulb i 1.5 O; (for ambient temperatures between 50" 8.4.4 Density Determination: General Case. The pro-
and 80°F [lo" and 27"CI) cedures of this subsection are applicable for dry air, air that
8.4 Density is saturated with water vapor and air that is partially
8.4.1 General. Most methods for determining flow rate saturated with water vapor. The density of the airstream
require that the air density be known. Density is also re- may be determined by using the Psychrometric Density
quired when calculating , or estimating, pressure changes Chart, Fig. D-1, the Psychrometric Density Table, Fig. D-3,
(losses or gains) across system components. shown in Appendix D, or a calculation using the perfect gas
relationships and the modified Apjohn equation for par-
8.4.2 Data Required. The pressure and temperature of tial vapor pressure. Each of the procedures requires that the
the airstream must be obtained at each plane where it is following data at the plane of interest be known.
desired to make a density determination. The absolute
pressure is required arid is dete1 mined by adding the a. Barometric Pressure, Fig. D-2.
measured static pressure value at the plane t o the b. Static Pressure
barometric pressure as determined for the atmosphere to c. Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperature
which the static pIessure measurement is referred. The dry-
bulb temperature is always required. The wet-bulb tem- The procedures for determining air density are il-
perature is also required unless it is known that the air is lustrated in Appendix D ,Examples D.l.l, D.1.2, and D.1.3.
saturated with water vapor or that the water vapor content 8.4.5 Density Determination: Special Cases. This sec-
of the air is insignificant. It should be noted that incorrect tion contains alternate procedures for cases in which it is
assumptions as to whether the air is dry or saturated can known that the air is either dry or saturated. Knowledge
result in substantial errors in determining the air density. that the air is either dry or saturated eliminates the usual re-
8.4.3 Density Values quirement for the wet-bulb temperature determination;
however, it should be noted that an incorrect assumption
a. Density values for the gas stream can be deter- regarding either of these conditions can result in a signifi-
mined using the procedures of 8.4.4 for all cases or 8.4.5 for cant error in the density determination. The procedures are
the special cases of a dry airstream or a saturated airstream. illustrated in Appendix D, Examples D.2.1 and D.2.2.
b. Although the pressure and dry-bulb temperature 8.5 Pressure
of the air stream must be obtained in each plane at which
a density value is required, the wet-bulb temperature is re- 8.5.1 General
quired for only one plane if the air stream does not gain or a. The pressures involved with air measurements are
lose water vapor between planes. The density at the plane barometric pressure, static pressure, velocity pressure, total
for which the wet-bulb temperature is not obtained can be pressure and differential pressure. One or more of these
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
calculated based on the density being directly proportional pressures is required to determine air density, airflow rate,
to absolute pressure and inversely proportional t o absolute resistance to airflow of system components, fan perfor-
temperat Ure. mance, and to make certain system component adjust-
c. Example, the density at plane 1 (dens,) can be ments. In general, all measurements discussed are some var-
established based on the test determination of barometric iation of static pressures or velocity pressures in the system.
pressure (Pb),static pressure (P,,), dry-bulb (tdl)and wet- b. Experience must be used in selecting a pressure
bulb (t,,]) temperatules. The density at plane 2 can be measurement plane. Even the best location available in the
calculated knowing the static pIessure temperature (td7)at field must be evaluated for system effects that influence the
plane 2. accuracy of the measurement. An example is the measure-
The density at plane 2 (dens?) is calculated: ment of fan total pressure. Rarely, if ever, can the fan
pressure be measured in strict accordance with AMCA
specified methods. Therefore, experienced engineers are to
use this field measurement method as a guide only.
where: P,? is in inches of water 8.5.2 Instruments. Instruments used for air pressure
Pb is in inches of Hg measurements in general are the Pitot-static tube, side wall
In the example, P, is determined for the atmosphere pressure taps , and manometers of various types. Refer to
to which the measurements of P,, and P,. are referred. Section 5, Instrumentation, for details.

at 303-397-2295.
8.5.3 Barometric Pressure tions at the plane. Regions immediately downstream from
a. A barometric pressure measurement is required in elbows, obstructionsand abrupt changes in airway area are
the field for a reference in determining air density. The generally unsuitable locations. Regions where unacceptable
determination of density is covered in 8.4. airflow irregularities are present should be avoided.
b. Barometric pressure can be measured directly or e. If in any fan-system installation, the prospective
obtained from the nearest airport. Direct measurements in locations for static pressure measurement planes lack one
the field are best obtained using a portable aneroid or more desirable qualities, the alternatives are to accept thc
barometer. Several measurements at the beginning and end best qualified locations and evaluate the effects of the
of a test period should be averaged. If the test value of- undesirable aspects of the conditions on the accuracy of the
barometric pressure is to be based on information from the test results or provide suitable locations by modifying the
nearest airport, both the barometric pressure and the eleva- system.
tion at which the pressure was measured must be obtained. f. There are times when the static pressure is desired
This pressure must then be corrected to the elevation at a plane where it is not possible to obtain a measurement,
of the testing site. Barometric pressure decreases approx- or a representative measurement. In such a case, measure-
imately 0.1 in. of Hg for every 100 ft (0.34 kPa for every 30 merits can be taken at a different plane, as close to the plane
m) increase in elevation. of interest as possible, and corrected to the plane of interest.
8.5.4 Static Pressure System components between the measurement plane and
the plane of interest should be avoided. If such cannot be
a. When testing, adjusting and otherwise evaluating
avoided, the total pressure loss across the component must
a system, all values of static pressure (design values and test
be determined and utilized when calculating the static
values) must be referenced to the same value of atmospheric
pressure at the plane of interest. The pressure loss should
(barometric) pressure. (Static pressure measurements can
be based on the manufacturer's performance ratings.
be either positive or negative. Positive values are those
greater than atmospheric pressure. Negative values are g. If there is a change in area between the measure-
those less than atmospheric pressure.) ment plane and the plane of interest, the calculation of the
b. The Pitot-static tube with manometer, or pressure static pressure at the plane of interest must account for
taps with manometer, can be used t o measure static velocity pressure conversion and include any associated
pressure. When the Pitot-static tube is used, a traverse pressure loss. In cases where the change in area is moderate
should be made of the plane where it is desired to determine and gradual, the conversiori of velocity pressure is con-
the static pressure. The number of measurement points sidered to occur without loss, and the static pressure is
within the plane should be sufficient to insure that a calculated on the basis of no change in total pressure bet-
representative value of static pressure is obtained. When ween the measurement plane and the plane of interest.
This assumes that the duct friction loss between the
pressure taps are used, it is recommended that no less than
two planes is neglibible. In instances in which the change
four taps be utilized, located 90" apart around the duct. In
in area is an abrupt and sizable enlargement, as in a duct
rectangular ducts a pressure tap should be located near the
center of each wall. It is important that the inner duct sur- leading into a large plenum, the loss is considered to be
face be smooth and free from irregularities and that the equivalent to the velocity pressure in the small area, and the
static pressure at the plane of interest is considered to be the
velocity of the gas stream does not influence the pressure
same as the static pressure at the measurement plane. This
measurements. A U-tube or inclined manometer can be
used to measure thestatic pressure. The manometer is to be assumes that the velocity pressure in the larger area and the
calibrated and should be selected for the quality, range, duct friction loss are negligible. Any change in area that is
slope, scale graduations, and indicating fluid necessary to neither moderate and gradual nor abrupt and sizable
minimize reading resolution errors. should be avoided because the loss associated with the con-
version of velocity pressure cannot be accurately deter-
c. The qualifications for a plane well suited for the mined in most cases.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
measurement of static pressure are the same as those for the

h. Special considerations should be given to measur-
measurement of velocity pressure, as described in 8.6.2.1
ing static pressures for use in determining fan static pressure
and 8.6.2.2:
(see 8.5.7 for definition of fan static pressure). It is recom-
1. The velocity distribution should be uniform
mended that the measurements be made at locations near
throughout the traverse plane.
the fan inlet and near the fan outlet, and that the duct het-
2. The flowstreams should be at right angles to the ween the measurement plane and the plane of interest be
plane. straight and without change in cross-sectional area. In this
3. The cross-sectional shape of the airway in manner, the duct friction loss between the measurement
which the plane is located should not be irregular. plane and the plane of interest is usually insignificant, and
4. The cross-sectional shape and area of the air- considerations of velocity pressure conversions and calciila-
way should be uniform throughout the length of the airway tions of pressure losses for duct fitting and other system
in the vicinity of the plane. components can be avoided.
d. A long, straight run of duct upstream of the i. In the event the fan is ducted on the outlet side, the
measurement plane will usually provide acceptable condi- static pressure measurement plane downstream of the fan
25
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should be determined as described in 8.6.2.2. In general, Rearranging:
pressure taps should be used if it is necessary to measure
p,, = [Pl, - p,21 - PI,
static pressure in the imrnediate vicinity of the fan outlet.
since [P12- P,2] = P,, (outlet)
The static pressure at this location is difficult to measure ac-
curately with a Pitot-static tube due to the existance of tur- p,, = p,2 - Pl,
bulence. If the surface conditions or the velocities at the Thus, in taking field measurements where an inlet duct
duct walls are unsuited for the use of pressure taps, then a exists, care must be taken to measure the total pressure
Pitot-static tube must be used with extreme care, particular-
ly in aligning the nose of the tube with the lines of the IMPACT
TUBE
flowstreams.
j. The location of the static pressure measurement
plane upstream of the fan should not be less than 0.5
equivalent diameter from the fan inlet. Iri the event static
pressure measurements must be obtained in an inlet box,
the measurement plane should be located as indicated in
Appendix D, Fig. D-7. In the case of double inlet fans, static
pressure measurements must be made in both inlet boxes in
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
order to determine the average static pressure on the inlet

side of the fan. The qualifications for a well suited measur- TOTAL PRESSURE
ing plane are the same as noted above.
8.5.5 Velocity Pressure. The velocity pressure is the
pressure that is created due to the velocity and density of the
fluid: i.e., it is a measure of the kinetic energy that exists in
Fig. 13 (1) Fan total pressure (Ptf)
a moving airstream. Velocity pressure is measured as
covered in 8.6.2.1 and 8.6.2.2.
PITOT
8.5.6 Total Pressure. Total pressure is the sum of the TUBE
\
static pressure and the velocity pressure at a given plane.

Total pressure is measured using a Pitot-static tube or an im-
pact tube properly connected to an inclined manorneter.
The criteria for selecting an appropriate measurement
plane is the same as that for the measuring of velocity
pressure. See 8.6.2.2.
8.5.7 Fan Pressures
8.5.7.1 Definitions
a. Fan Total Pressure (P,,) is the algebraic dif-
ference between the fan outlet total pressure (P,,) and the
fan inlet total ( P , , ) . It is the measure of the total
mechanical energy added to the air by the fan, and is
measured as illustrated in Fig. 13. VELOCITY PRESSURE = TOTAL PRESSURE - STATIC PRESSURE
PI, = Pl2 - PI, Fig. 14 (2) Fan velocity pressure (Pvf)

b. Fan Velocity Pressure (P,?)is the velocity
pressure corresponding to the average velocity through the
fan outlet. It is the kinetic energy per unit volume of air
exiting the fan, and is measured as illustrated in Fig. 14.
c. Fan Static Pressure (Psr) is the difference be-

tween the fan total ressure and fan velocity pressure. It can
be calculated by subtracting the total pressure at the fan in-
let from the static pressure at the fan outlet. This is a source
of some confusion, but, by definition:
P7r =: Ptr - P,r
Pl, = P,? (outlet) - Pl, (inlet)
P,, = P,? (outlet)
Therefore:
P,, = Pl2(outlet) - PI, (inlet) - Pi:(outlet) Fig. 15 (3) Fan static pressure (P,f)

at 303-397-2295.
(Pli)at the inlet rather than just static pressure (Psi)”Fan research disallows their use for certification of system
static pressure is measured as illustrated in Fig. 15. performance.
Flow rate is determined by using the area, and the
d. Static Pressure Rise is equal to the algebraic dif- average velocity at a traverse plane. Location and definition
ference between the static pressure at the fan outlet (P,J of the area used with a velocity is explained in each subsec-
and the static pressure at the fan inlet (PSI).When the total tion; where
pressure at the inlet (Pli)and the static pressure at the in-
let (PSI)
are equal (no flow, blocked discharge), fan static Q = VA
pressure and static pressure rise are equal. Q = Flow rate = cfrn (m3/s)
As noted above, the various fan pressures are in- A = Cross sectional area at the traverse plane = ft’ (rn’)
terdependent. When measuring performance of a fan, it is V = Average velocity = fprn (m/s)
important that there be a clear understanding of the rela- Instrumentation is reviewed in each subsection and is detail-
tionship of P,, and Psf.Fan total pressure is the actual in- ed in Section 5.
dication of fan energy added to the airsteam. Fan static
pressure is commonly used in fan performance catalog 8.6.2 Flow in Ducts
data. If the data aiso gives outlet velocity, fan total pressure 8.6.2.1 instruments. The instruments recommended
may be derived from catalog data. for use in measuring velocity pressure are a Pitot-static tube
8.5.7.2 Meas u rem en t s. I deal 1y, f a n press u re and an inclined manometer or electronic instruments of
measurements should be made near the fan inlet and outlet comparable accuracy. These are described in Section 5. The
in a lang straight duct of uniform cross section. In practice velocity pressure at a point in an air stream is numerically
this condition seldom exists, and the readings may be highly equal to the total pressure less the static pressure, and is
influenced by irregular airflow patterns. The interpretation measured with the Pitot-static tube connected to the inclined
of measurements under less than ideal conditions requires manometer as shown in Fig. 14. The accuracy of the
a complete understanding of fan system effect factors. manometer used in the measurement of velocity pressures
8.5.8 Differential Pressures. Differential pressure is the is of prime importance. The Considerations involved in
difference in static or total pressure across a device mounted selecting a manometer that will provide a n acceptable
in an air stream. The differential pressure is a measure of degree of accuracy include the range, slope, quality, scale
the device’s resistance to airflow. Criteria for obtaining the graduations, and indicating fluid of the instrument, and the
pressure measurements should be in accordance with 8.5.4 range of the velocity pressures to be measured.
Due to practical limitations in length, a manometer is
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and 8.5.6.
8.5.9 System Effects on Measurements. System effects inaccurate for measurements where the velocities are less
result from conditions that cause pressure measurement er- than 0.023 in. wg (5.5 Pa). This corresponds to a velocity of
rors. The poor selection of a measurement plane and ex- approximately 600 fpm (3 m/sec) for air of standard den-
cessive turbulance are the most common causes of field sity. This in not normally a restricting limitation in the use
measurement errors. of a Pitot-static tube and manometer in field tests, because
velocities encountered in field test situations are well in ex-
8.5.10 Accuracy cess of 600 fpm (3 m/sec). When velocities between 200 fpm
a. Field test measurement accuracy for air (1 m/sec) and 800 fpm (4 m/sec) are encountered in ducts,
pressures can range from 5% to 10% for ideal conditions. the following options can be considered with satisfactory
Much greater error can be expected when the available results:
measurement plane(s) involve irregular airflow patterns.
a. Use a special inclined manometer with expanded
b. Fan pressure measurement locations in the field scale or electronic manometer of comparable accuracy with
usually have less than ideal conditions. When locations a standard Pitot-static tube.
other than the fan inlet or outlet are used, pressure losses b. Use a state-of-the-art hot wire anemometer in-
in ducts, fittings, and other devices must be accounted. stead of the Pitot-static tube and manometer.
System effect factors for fan pressure losses must also be 8.6.2.2 Location of Traverse Plane (Ref. 8). The
understood and accounted. qualifications for a Pitot traverse plane that is considered
8.6 Flow Rate suitable for the measurements used in determining flow rate
8.6.1 General. The recommendations in this systeni will are as follows:
apply to new and existing HVAC systems. It is assumed that a. The velocity distribution should be uniform
an HVAC system will contain airways (ducts) suitable for throughout the traverse plane. An ideal distribution would
flow measurement. Present research and state-of-art allow have 80 to 90% of the measurements greater than 10% of
only the traversing of ducts as a field method for fan or the maximum velocity. The worst distribution that could
system performance measurement with defined accuracy still be considered is when no less than 75% of the veloc-
(see 8.6.2.4). Other methods of flow measurement are ity pressure measurements are greater than 10% of the max-
covered with the intent that they are useful for estimating imum velocity. See Appendix D, Fig. D-8. However, when
and proportioning flows within a system, but present less than ideal distribution is encountered, traverse points

at 303-397-2295.
must be maximized, and accuIacy will be adversely cone. In the case of double inlet fans, traverses must be con-
affected ducted in both inlet boxes in order to determine the total
b. The flowstreams should be at right angles to the flow rate.
traveIse plane. It is recommended that variations from this Regions immediately downstream from elbows,
flow conditions as a result of swirl or other mass turbulence obstructions, and abrupt changes in airway area are not
be considered acceptable when the angle between the flow suitable traverse plane locations. Regions where unaccep-
stream and the traverse plane is within 10 deg of this right table levels of swirl are usually present should be avoided,
angle. such as the region downstream from an axial flow fan that
c. The angle of the flowstream in any specific loca- is not equipped with straightening vanes.
tion is indicated by the orientation of the nose of the Pitot- On occasion, an undesirable traverse plane location
static tube that produces the maximum velocity pressure may not be avoidable, or each of a limited number of pro-
reading. However, when making aduct traverse, the nose of spective locations may lack one or more desirable qualities.
the Pitot tube is held parallel to the side walls of the duct In such cases, the alternatives are:
and pointing into the airflow. a. Accept the most nearly suitable location and
d. 'I he cIoss-sectional shape of the duct in which evaluate the effects of the undesirable aspects of the loca-
the traverse plane is located should not be irregular. Proper tion on the accuracy of the test results. In some instances,
distribution of traverse points and accurate determination the estimated accuracy may indicate that the results of the
of the area of the traverse plane is difficult to achieve when test would be meaningless, particularly in Types D, E and
the airway in which the traverse plane is located does not F pressure measurement planes. (Refer Appendix D, Fig.
conform closely to a regular shape. D-8).
e. The cross-sectional shape and area of the duct b. Provide a suitable location by modifying the
should be uniform throughout the length of the duct in the system. The modifications may be temporary, permanent,
vicinity of the traverse plane. I n instances where the minor or extensive, depending on the specific conditions
divergence or convergence of the duct is irregular or more encountered.
than moderate in degree, significantly nonuniform flow Once a suitable location for the traverse plane has been
conditions may exist. established, the area of the traverse plane must be accurate-
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
f. The traverse plane should be located t o ly determined. Measurement should be made by probing
minimize the effects of leaks in the portion of the system for the inside duct dimensions, and special care should be
that is located between the traverse plane and the fan. used when measuring lined duct. It is important to note,
particularly in any case in which it is necessary to locate the
A location in a long, straight run of duct of uniform traverse plane in a converging or diverging airway, that the
cross section will usually provide acceptable conditions for traverse plane is located at the tip of the Pitot-static tube.
the Pitot traverse plane. In locating the tlaverse plane close
8.6.2.3 The TraverseTo determine the velocity in the
to a fan, as is often done to minimize the effect of leakage,
traverse plane, a straight average of individual point
flow conditions upstream of the fan are usually more
velocities will give satisfactory results when point velocities
suitable. In some installations, more than one traverse plane
are determined by the following rule:
may be required in order to account for the total flow. Also
more than one traverse location per system may be used to a. The Log-Tchebycheff rule (IS0/3966)9 pro-
substantiate accuracy of the system performance vides the greatest accuracy because its location of traverse
points accounts for the effect of wall friction and the fall-
In any installation in which a field test is anticipated, off of velocity near the duct walls. For circular ducts the
particularly when the requirement for a field test is an item log-Tchebycheffand log-linear traverse methods are similar.
in the specifications, provision should be included in the LogTchebycheff is now recommended for rectangular ducts
system for a suitable traverse plane location. as well. It minimizes the positive error (measured greater
In any instance in which the fan is ducted on the outlet than actual) caused by not accounting for losses at the duct
side and the traverse plane is to be located downstream from wall. This error can occur when using the older method of
the fan, the traverse plane should be situated a sufficient equal sub-areas to traverse rectangular ducts. See Appen-
distance downstream from the fan to allow the flow to dif- dix D, Fig. D-8, Case A, and Fig. D-10A.
fuse to a more uniform velocity distribution and to allow b. Appendix D, Fig. D-lOA, shows the measuring
the conversion of velocity pressure to static pressure. The points for a rectangular duct traverse using the Log-
information presented in Appendix D provides guidance Tchebycheff rule. The minimum recommendation is 25
for the location of the traverse plane in these cases. See Figs. points. For a duct side less than 18 in. (450 mm), locate the
D-6 and D-7. The location of the traverse plane on the in- points at the center of equal areas not more than 6 in. (150
let side of the fan should be more than 0.5 equivalent mm) apart and use a minimurn of 2 points per side.
diameter from the fan inlet. In any case in which the traverse
plane must be located within an inlet box, the plane should For a duct side greater than 56 in. (1400 mm), the max-
be located a minimum of 12 in. downstream from the leav- imum distance between points is 8 in. (LOO mm).
ing edges of the damper blades and more t h a n 0.5 c. Appendix D, Fig. D-IOB, shows the measuring
equivalent diameter upstream fIom the edge of the inlet points for a circular duct traverse using the log linear rule

at 303-397-2295.
and three symmetrically disposed diameters. Points on two (SI Units)
perpendicular diameters may be used where access is
Nm'/s = standard flow rate
limited.
Am'/s = actual flow rate = (measured)
d. Appendix D, Fig. D-IOC, shows the measuring 293
points for a commonly accepted flat-oval duct traverse. Nm'ís = Am'ís 273 (
T3CT +
Since field-measured airflows are rarely steady and TACT= measured DB temperature of airstream, "C
uniform, accuracy can be improved by increasing the PaCT= absolute pressure of the airstream, kPa
number of measuring points.
When velocities at a traverse plane are fluctuating, the 8.6.3 Airflow Rate at Coils, After Dampers and After
manometer readings should be averaged on a time-weighted Conditions that Cause irregular Flow
basis. Two traverse readings in short succession will also
8.6.3.1 TAB personnel are often faced with having to
help to average out velocity variations that occur with time.
measure airflow rates when no suitable ductwork exists for
If negative velocity pressure readings are encountered, they
Pitot traversing (i.e., coil banks of walk-in fan rooms, out-
are considered a measurement value of zero and calculated side air inlets with louvers or dampers, ceiling return
in the average velocity pressure.
plenums with buckframe dampers, etc.). The instrument
8.6.2.4 Accuracy. Certification of airflow rates to usually chosen for these measurements is the rotating vane
specifications is the most difficult field measurement that anemometer. However, the validity of measurements made
the TAB engineer has to perform. Most TAB procedures re- in irregular airflows is doubtful. Measurements using
quire measurements in the ducts as the most accurate rotating vane anemometers under irregular airflow condi-
documentation of system performance. These measure- tions are severly limited in accuracy and the corrections
ments are at one plane; therefore proper analysis of losses necessary to account for these limitations are complex and
(duct leakage) must be considered. The duct traverse as well beyond field use. Field experience with these types of
outlined in this section is the only accepted method for field measurements shows that errors of 10% to 30% are com-
testing flow rate performance of fans by AMCA 210?and mon when compared to suitable duct traverses.
HEVAC Fan Application Guides. Research regarding the use of the rotating vane
Rigorous error analysis shows that flow rate deter- anemometer in turbulent airstreams, similar to those en-
minations by this method can range from 5% to 10070error. countered after dampers and coils, substantiates these field
Experience shows that qualified technicians can obtain res u It s.
measurements that range within 5% and 10% accuracy of 8.6.3.3 Flow Rate Approximation by Temperature
actual flow under good field conditions. It can also be Ratio
determined by experienced technicians that suitable traverse Some components of system airflow are virtually im-
conditions do not always exist, and the measurement can possible to measure with an anemometer or Pitot tube. For
then exceed i 10% error. example, outside air measurements; these are affected by
When the design engineer deems it necessary to field lack of ductwork and unpredictable turbulence (Le., after
measure performance to a greater accuracy; installation of louvers). However, this component is important in most
orifice plates or venturi tubes in the ducts must be con- design or TAB work. Outside airflow rate can be determin-
sidered as part of the job. ed if the total supply volume is known from a duct traverse.
Note 1: The method involves temperature measurements of the out-
side air, the return air, and the supply air (mixed air), where:
A common pitfall that drastically effects measurement
error is ignoring changes when measuring nonstandard a* Ts = [(Qr X Tr) + (Qo x To)] /' Q,
conditions. This consideration is important when SCFM Q = airflow rate
must be used for performance criteria of equipment. Ex- b- Q, = Q, - Q,
ample: If 100°F air were measured at 5000 ft. altitude, there
is a 13% difference in actual cfm versus standard cfm, in ad- c. Assume: Q,, T,, T,, and To can be measured
dition to any measurement error. with accuracy.
The following relationships can be used for correcting d. Then: T, = C(Q, - Qo)/Q,I Tr + (Qo/Q,) To
measured airflows to SCFM. e. Solve for O70 (percent) outside air.
Note 2: f. T, Tr - (Qo/Q,) Tr + (Qo/Q,) To
(I-P Units) g* Qo/Q, (To - Tr)
= (T, - Tr)
SCFM = standard flow rate h. QJQ, x 100 = percent outside air
ACFM = actual flow rate = (measured airflow)
This equation can be further generalized and solved
such that any two volumetric components of a three-
component mixed air stream can be determined if the air
T,, =measured DB temperature of the airstream, O F
streams differ in temperature and the volume of one air
P,, = absolute pressure of the actual airstream, in. Hg stream can be measured.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 29
at 303-397-2295.
8.6.3.2.1 Accuracy. Accuracy of the temperature designated area. For field measurements the true average
ratio method depends on the turbulence present to cause a velocity is obtained as the product of the application fac-
well mixed airstream resulting ir1 a more accurate tor and the average velocity by instrument. Designated
temperature determination. Accuracy also depends on the Area: (a) for air intake openings, the designated area is the
relative temperature differences between the streams to be core area, or the total area within a rectangle drawn through
mixed. Too low a difference w i l l magnify a small the outer edges of the outer openings; (b) for air discharge
temperature error and too large a difference will introduce or outlet openings, the designated area is the arithmetical
error due to the density difference (Le", temperature dif- average of the core area and the total free-open area at the
ference of 15 O to 50" acceptable). Overall, the accuracy of plane of the near face, as in Fig. D-I.
the flow rate being determined is dependent on the accuracy d. Application Factor: The application factor is
of the duct traverse, and the temperature measurements of the factor by which the average velocity by instrument is to
the three airstreams. Under good field conditions, the flow be multiplied to obtain the true average velocity.
rate determination of the unknown airstreams should be
within 10% of the actual condition. Equations:
8.6.4 Flow Rate at Intake and Discharge Openings and Average Velocity by Instrument x Application Factor =
Grilles True Average Velocity

8.6.4.1 General. These measurements are limited to True Average Velocity x Designated Area = ?rue Flow
the use of the rotating vane anemometer, since research in- Rate
dicates it is reliable, accurate and repeatable for field use ij' 8.6.4.3 Accuracy. The general conclusions from Refs.
properly applied, which involves the use of appropriate cor- 11 and 12 were that the rotating vane anemometer can be
rection factors. More research is needed to determine the relied upon for air volume measurements with an accuracy
limitations of instantaneous type devices, such as, swing- i: 5 percent, if the measurements are made at a free-open
ing vane anemometers and hot-wire devices. The rotating intake (with flange) or at a free-open discharge from a long
vane anemometer is now available as an electronic instan- duct. When the opening is covered with a grille or screen the
taneous reading device of high accuracy. results are not as reliable, but an accuracy of 5 % could be
8.6.4.2 Procedures. To obtain the air velocity from expected, both for flanged intakes and for discharge or
the readings of an air velocity meter, an application factor supply openings which have an approach duct at least 2
must be applied in addition to the corrections for instru- diameters in length. The instrument factor is little affected
ment Calibration. by the area or the shape of the opening, by the instrument
For rotating vane anemometers, the recommended ap- size or by the air velocity above 500 fpm (2.5 m/s). For com-
plication factors for most conditions are 0.85 for air inlet parative measurements the anemometer is highly accurate, i
openings, and 1.03 for air discharge openings. The limita- within 2 % or less.
tions of these factors are given in Tables D-1 and D-2. 8.6.4.4 System Effects. Perhaps the most important
The following statements and definitions are in accord result of these tests has been to demonstrate that errors as
with the general practices of many test engineers, and will great as 15% to 30% may be caused by neglecting the ef-
be used for the purposes of this Standard. fect of approach conditions. The anemometer factor for an
air intake may change from 0.85 to 0.72 if the flange is omit-
a. Location of Instrument: If the opening is ted. The factor for an anemometer, when applied to an air
covered with a grille, the instrument should touch the grille discharage grille, may be reduced 15 to 30% if the grille is
face, but should not be pushed in between the bars. For a moved from a location at the end of a long duct to a loca-
free opening without a grille, guidewires should be stretched tion in the wall of a plenum chamber.
across the plane of the opening and the instrument held in
such a manner that the airflow through the instrument is 8.6.5 Flow at Air Diffusion Devices
in the same direction as was used for calibration (usually a. The purpose ofthis Standard in addressing flow
from the back toward the dial face). An instrument should measurement at supply diffusion devices is to caution its
be held in place by means of a thin handle and the hands use as a method of certifying system Performance. TAB
and body of the observer should be entirely outside the area organizations measure outlet performance routinely, and
of flow. this can be a repeatable measurement for proportioning
b. Average Velocityby Instrument: The total rec- airflows. However, searches of available research literature
tangular opening or core area is to be divided into squares (see Refs. 13 and 14) and the apparent lack of research,
or rectangles 3 in. (7.5 cm) to 5 in. (12.5 cm) on a side, and combined with professional opinion based on field ex-
the average velocity by instrument will be the arithmetical perience, consider most diffuser measurement as not
average of the readings in these squares. reliable for certifiable accuracy.
Totalizing instruments may be moved from one square b. In practice most measurements at these devices in-
to another, a time of at least 10 s in each square is volve determination of two factors: (1) the device's effective
recommended. area, and (2) average outlet velocity or average outlet jet i
c. True Average Velocity: The true average velocity velocity. The product ofthe effective area multiplied by the
is obtained by dividing the true flow rate of air by the average velocity equals the diffuser flow rate.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at 303-397-2295.
c. Various manufacturers and organizations publish ahead of supply air diffusers, between the diffuser and the
information on effective areas for use with a particular branch ducts of the system.
measuring instrument, and method. In absence of available Manufacturers typically label these devices with tables
data, effective area could also be determined by measuring that give various pressure, velocity, and flow rate specifica-
the actual flow rate to the diffuser by duct traverse, and tions. The device may al so be factory calibrated for max-
dividing this flow rate by the average velocity measurement imum and for minimum airflow rates. The specification
from the outlet. table applies only to the device and does not include effects
d. Measurement accuracy of the average jet velocity of downstream ductwork.
at the vena contracta of a diffuser can be affected by the The TAB technician must be cautioned about using
following: the device specification to determine field flow rates. If
1. Entrance condition to the diffuser, Le., straight ductkork entrance and exit conditions do not approximate
duct, elbow, duct mounting, etc. the same situation as the manufacturer’s test Set-up, the
2. Dampers in the inlet neck. specification flow rate can be seriously altered.
3. Position of the diffusers outlet vanes. Field certification of the flow rate must be establish-
4. Obstructions in the outlets flow pattern, Le., ed by acceptable duct traverses in line with the device when
walls, etc. the device is itself short coupled to elbows, flex connections,
5. Probe location and orientation not in accor- and transitions which are less than 4 to 7 duct diameters
darice with manufacturer’s test procedure. upstream or downstream or not i n accordance with
The effect of these conditions on the accuracy of deter- manufacturer’s recommendations.
mining jet velocity is usually beyond field judgement.
Research literature shows variations in velocity measurement 8.6.8 System Fan/Flow Rate Equations
as high as 50070 when ideal conditions are not present. 8.6.8.1 Fan Equations (I-P Units)
e. Hoods are also a common measurement method at cfm2/cfm, = rpm,/rpm,
diffusers. They can give repeatable readings for proportion- P 2 / P , = (rpm,/rpm,)’ (d2/d,)
ing airflow. The same cautions described above disallow its
bhp2/bhp, = (rpm2/rpm,)j(dJd,)
use for certification of airflow. Its potential application in
the field is very diverse, and each application can alter the rpni (fan) - Pitch diam. motor pulley
rpm (motor) - Pitch diam. fan pulley
diffuser performance with a system effect. For porportion-
ing flows it is advisable to field calibrate the hood against a where:
duct traverse for each typical situation. cfm = cubic feet per minute
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8.6.6 Flow Rate at Exhaust Inlets rpm = revolutions per minute

P = static or total pressure (in. wg)
a. A purpose of this Standard is to point out that all
types of inlet measurements have the same problems as bhp = brake horsepower
supply readings; refer to 8.6.4 and 8.6.5. d = density (Ib/cu ft)
Most measurements at inlet or exhaust grills require Fan Equations (SI Units)
correction factors. See Ref. 11. ,
(ils2)/(11sI ) = (mj/s2)/(m3/s ) = (rad/s2)/(rad/sI )
b. Estimation of airflow by throat suction methods P,/P, = [(re~/s~)/(rev/s,)]~
(d2/d,)
can be a meaningful measurement within about -t 10%. Siic- kW,/kW, = [(rev/s,)/(rev/s,)] (d,/d,)
tion static pressure should be made one to three diameters
rev/s (fan) Pitch diam. motor pulle):
downstream from the throat of the exhaust inlet. A coeffi- _.
rev/s (motor) - Pitch diam. fan pulley

cient of entry must also be determined. Considerable reliable
where:
information exists on entry coefficients. See Refs. 8 and 15.
I/s = litres per second
By calculation:
mj/s = cubic meters per second
Q = 4005AC,(SP,) (IP)
rev/s = revolutions per second
Q = 1.391ACc (P,) (SI)
P = static or total pressure (Pa)
where:
kW = kilowatts
Q = airflow
C, = coefficient of entry (see Ref. 15) 8.6.8.2 Flow Rate Equations (I-P Units)
A = area
Q = V x A
SP, = suction static pressure (in. wg)
V = velocity (fpm)
P, = suction static pressure (Pa) -
v = 1096, p‘/d
8.6.7 Flow Rate at Volurne/Pressure Control Assemblies P, = velocity pressure (in. wg)
These devices have many functions, such as, constant d = density (Ib/ft3)
volume boxes, VAV boxes, constant pressure boxes, blen- (for Standard Air, d = 0.075 Ib/ft3)
ding or mixing boxes, etc. The device is typically located A = area (ftj)
ASHRAE, STANDARD 111-1988 31

at 303-397-2295.
Flow Rate Equations (SI Units)
Q = V x A
V = velocity (m/s)
~
V = 1.414, p,/d
P, = velocity pressure (Pa)
d = density(kg/m3)
(for Standard .4ir, d = 1.2 kg/mj)
A = area(m’)
8.7 Heat Content
8.7.1 General
a. This subsection presents method(c) for determin-
ing the heat content of an airstream.
b. The performance of system components that add WET BULB TEMPERATURE - .F
heat to or extract heat from the airstream can be determined
Fig. 16 Barometric enthalpy corrections
by calculating the difference in the heat content of the
airstream entering and leaving the component.
HZ9 = enthalpy of air obtained from psychrometric chart
c. The heat content of an airstream consists of sen- drawn for 29 92 in. Hg.
sible heat and latent heat. ‘Thesum of these two equals the f, = correction factor from Fig. 16.
total heat content of the airstream. 1. An alternate method for obtaining a corrected
8.7.2 Instruments value of enthalpy is to utilize two psychrometric charts,
each drawn for a different barometer, and interpolate to
a. Thermometers for measuring dry-bulb and wet-
bulb temperatures. determine the enthalpy for the test site barometer. The
ASHRAE psychrometric charts for sea level 29.92 in. Hg,
b. Psychrometric Chart(s). (101.33 kPa), 5000 ft (1524 m), and7500 ft (2286 m) eleva-
8.7.3 Data Required tion could be used in this manner.
ï h e heat content of the airstream, enthalpy, is usual-
ly expressed as Btu/lb of dry air. Heat content cannot be 8.8 Humidity
measured directly, but can be determined from the dry-bulb 8.8.1 General. The state of an air-water vapor mixture
is completely defined by specifying the pressure, tem- i
and wet-bulb temperatures ofthe airstream using a psych-
rometric chart. perature, and humidity.
8.7.4 Test Method Humidity refers to the amount of wate: vapor present
a. Obtain the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures of in an air-water vapor mixture.
the airstream at the point where it is desired to determine The two principal measures of humidity are relative
the heat content. Find the intersection ofthe constant dry- humidity and humidity ratio.
bulb and wet-bulb lines for the temperatures measured, on 8.8.2 Definitions
the psychrometric chart. Determine the value o f t h e en-
thalpy line that passes through this intersection. The value a. Relative Humidity
of this enthalpy line is a measure of the heat content of the Relative humidity (rh) is the ratio of the vapor pressure
airstream in Btu/lb of dry air at the desired point. existing (pw) compared to the vapor pressure at saturation
(ps) for the same dry-bulb temperature (and is usually ex-
b. It should be noted that a psychrometric chart is pressed in “Yo”).
applicable for a given barometric pressure. If the baro- rh = pw/ps
metric pressure at the test site is appreciably different thari b. Humidity Ratio
that of the psychrometric chart being used, an appropriate
Humidity ratio (W) is the actual weight of water vapor
correction should be made to the enthalpy value obtained
existing (W,) per unit weight of dry air (W, ). Most
from the chart. The barometric correction can be deter-
psychrometric charts express this as pounds of water vapor
mined for any psychrometric chart drawn for 29.92 in. Hg
per pound of dry air or grains of water vapor per pound of
barometer using Fig. 16, Barometric Enthalpy Corrections.
dry air.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Find the intersection of the wet-bulb temperature and the

value of barometer for the test site on Fig. 16. Determine W = (W,/W,,) = (O 622) [(p,) (rh)l 1 [Pb - (P,) (rWl
the value of the curve for Btu/lb d.a. that passes through P, = barometric pressure (in Hg.)
P$ = (in Hg.)
the intersection. This correction factor is to be added to the
value of enthalpy obtained from the psychrometric chart The right side of the equation holds for air within the
based on 29.92 in. Hg barometric pressure. normal temperature ranges for HVAC systems. I
Ha = HZ992 + f‘,
8.8.3 Instruments
H a = enthalpy of air at test site barometer. a. Sling psychrometer

at 303-397-2295.
b. Battery powered hygrometer w = 0.622 [(P,) (rh)1 1 [Pb - (pJ(rh)I
C. Powered dew point indicator rearranging terms
d. Powered electrical and/or electronic psychrom- rh = WPb/[(0.622 + W)(ps)]

eters W = corrected valiie of humidity ratio (determined as noted
above).
8.8.4 Humidity Determinations
P b = barometer at test site
a. The hygrometer is the only device that produces a ps = vapor pressure for water (at saturation) at the dry-biilb
direct reading of humidity; relative humidity. The other temperature.
devices produce dry-bulb or wet-bulb temperature values,
or both, that are then used in conjunction with a psych 8.9 Fan Power Determination
rometric chart to obtain values of humidity. 8.9.1 General
b. When using a psychrometer, the same procedure Fan power is defined as either:
is used as in 8.7.4.a. to obtain the intersection of the wet and a. Power input to the fan shaft, or
dry bulb lines on the psychrometric chart. Humidity can
b. The total of the power input to the fan shaft and
then be determined by finding the relative humidity and/or
the power transmission loss.
humidity ratio line that passes through this intersection.
When comparing fan power data from field tests to the
c. To determine the humidity when using a dew point
fan manufacturer’s rated performance characteristics, the
indicator, find the dew point indicator value on the satura-
values of fan power determined from field tests should be
tion line of the psychrometric chart. The humidity ratio line
obtained on the same basis as that used by the manufac-
that intersects the saturation line at this point yields the
turer in determining the fan power rating. The basis for the
value of humidity ratio. To determine relative humidity, the
fan power should accompany the rated fan power informa-
airstream dry-bulb temperature (at the location where
tion. If it does not, it should be obtained from the fan
relative humidity is desired) must be measured. Using the
manufacturer. Rated fan power for belt driven fans may or
psychrometric chart, the intersection of the dry-bulb line
may not include belt drive losses. In most instances where
and the humidity ratio line, as determined previously, will
a power transmission loss occurs, the loss will have to be
yield the relative humidity.
determined and subtracted from the motor power output
d. When using the psychrometric chart, the same to obtain power input to the fan shaft.
conditions as described in 8.7.4.b exist for humidity as for
8.9.2 Instruments
enthalpy; i.e., a correction is required if the test site
barometer is different from the barometer for which the For the higher levels of accuracy, measurements of cur-
psychrometric chart is drawn. The humidity ratio correc- rent, voltage, watts and power factor can be obtained by us-
tion can be determined for any psychrometric chart drawn ing an industrial type power analyzer of good quality. Such
for 29.92 in Hg. by using Fig. 17, Barometric Humidity instruments are available with accuracies of 1% full scale
Ratio Corrections. for volts, amps, and power factor and 2 % full scale for
watts. In many cases accuracy level requirements will per-
The intersection of the wet-bulb temperature line and
mit the use of a clamp-on type volt-amp-meter. Instruments
the value of the test site barometer will yield a humidity
with accuracies of 3% full scale are available.
ratio correction value to be added to the value of humidi-
ty ratia obtained from the psychrometric chart for 29.92 in. 8.9.3 Test Methods
Hg. Corrected values of relative humidity can then be deter- In view of the fact that accuracy requirements for field
mined using the equation of 8.8.2.b. test determinations of fan power input vary considerably,
a number of test methods are recommended. These
30 O g
FROM FAN ENGINEERING, BUFFALO FORGE CO. methods are intended to provide economical and practical
alternatives for dealing with the various levels of accuracy
requirements.
a. Phase Current Method
This is a method for estimating the power output of
three phase motors, based on the relationship of motor cur-
rent and motor power output. The method, described in
Appendix D, Example D-3 and Fig. D-11, requires
measurements of the phase currents and voltages supplied
to the motor while driving the fan. Depending on the
operating load point of the motor, it may also involve the
measurements of the no-load phase currents.
This method is convenient and sufficiently accurate
for most field tests where motor operates near full load; the
WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F
closer the actual phase current is to the motor nameplate
Fig. 17 Barometric humidity ratio corrections value of full load amps, the greater the accuracy. Since fan
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
33
ASHRAE, STANDARD 111-1988
at 303-397-2295.
motors are normally selected for operation at or near the 8.9.4 Power Transmission Losses
full load point, this method provides a reasonably accurate Several types of power transmission equipment are used
estimate of the power output of the fan motor. Fan power in driving fans. Those in which power transmission losses
input is determined by using the motor power output and, should be considered in the determination of fan power in-
where applicable, the power transmission loss. For motors put include belt drives, gear boxes, fluid drives, and elec-
that are not operating near full load, this method can lead tromechanical couplings.
to gross inaccuracies. See Appendix D.3 for further
explanation. Information as to whether the fan power input ratings
include power transmission losses is included in the published
b. Typical Motor Performance Data fan performance ratings or is otherwise available from the
Typical motor performance data may be used in the fan manufacturer. It is important that this be established
determination of fan power input. and that the fan power input be determined accordingly in
order to provide a valid comparison of field test results to
These data, which are referred to as typical in that the
the fan performance ratings. In most cases, fan power in-
data and the actual performance of the motor are expected
put ratings do not include power transmission losses.
to correspond closely, can usually be obtained from the
motor manufacturer. The data provided can be in a varie- In view of the lack of published information available
ty of forms, but are sufficient to determine motor power for use in calculating belt drive losses, a graph is included
output based on electrical input measurements. It is impor- in Appendix Il,Fig. D-12 for this purpose. As indicated in
tant that the power supplied to the motor during the field the graph, belt drive loss, expressed as a percentage of
test be consistent with that used as the basis for the motor motor power output, decreases with increasing motor
performance data. The phase voltage should be stable and power output and increases with increasing speed. This
balanced, and the average should be within 2% of the graph is based on experience and a limited amount of test
voltage indicated in the performance data. data, and some departure from this graph may be expected.
However, it serves as a reasonable guide in evaluating belt
Depending on the form of the typical motor pcrfor- drive losses.
mance data, motor power output is determined by one of For other types of power transmission equipment, it
the following methods: is suggested that the fan manufacturer be consulted to
1. The motor power output, HP, is the value in the establish whether transmission losses are included in the fan
typical motor performance data that corresponds to the ratings, and if so, the magnitudes of the losses allowed in
field test measurement of watts input to the motor. the ratings. Otherwise, it will be necessary to consult the
manufacturer of the power transmission equipment for the
2. Using the field test measurement of watts input
and the corresponding typical motor performance data information regarding transmission losses. (
values of torque output and speed, the motor power out- 9. HYDRONIC MEASUREMENTS
put is calculated as:
9.1 Scope
bhp = (T x rpm) / 63025
9.1.1 For purposes of this section, ‘‘hydronic systems”
where T is the torque output in b i n . , and rpm is the motor speed. include piping systems that carry water, oil, antifreeze solu-
3. Using the field test measurement of watts input tions, steam and steam condensate.
and the corresponding typical motor performance data
9.1.2 This section sets forth standard techniques for
value of motor efficiency, the motor power output is
field measurement of temperatures, pressures and related
calculated as:
electrical data of hydronic systems.
bhp = (watts input x motor eff) / 746
9.1.3 This section sets forth standard techniques for
4. Using the field test measurements of amps in- calculation of fluid flow rates, velocity pressure, heat con-
put and volts and the typical motor performance data tent and pump performance in hydronic systems.
values of power factor (pf) and motor efficiency, correspon-
ding to the measured amps input ,the motor power output 9.1.4 The minimum requirements of Section 5 , In-
is calculated as: strumentation, must be met or exceeded to comply with the
criteria for measurement.
bhp = (amps x volts x pf x m o t o r e f f ) / 7 4 6
9.2 General
for single-phase motors, or
9.2.1 The recommendations in this section will apply
bhp = (1.73 x amps x volts x pf x motor eff) / 746
to both new and existing HVAC systems. Certain char-
for three-phase motors. acteristics describing the system performance can be
In both equations, amps and volts are the field test measured directly, others must be calculated from the
measurement values and, in the case of three phase motors, measured data. The methods for determining each are
are the averages of the measured phase values. covered in this section.
The fan power input is determined by using the motor 9.2.2 The actual hydronic performance determined
power output and, where applicable, the power transmis- from field measurement may differ from design conditions.
sion loss. These differences can often be explained by reviewing for
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at 303-397-2295.
system effects that cause changes as a result of adverse or k (Hg) OF = 1,00009
unexpected conditions. Refer to Section 7, System Effect. n = number of degrees emergent liquid column
9.2.3 Certain system characteristics can be measured by t b = temperatuie of bath
several alternate methods. Many times the system config- t, = temperature of stem
uration will not allow the most accurate method to be used. Thermometers calibrated for partial stem immersion
Alternate methods are presented in this section with a are more commonly used. They are used in conjunction
discussion of the expected accuracy with thermometer test wells designed to receive them. No
9.2.4 The accuracy that can be expected under field emergent stem correction is required for the partial stem im-
conditions for each of the performance characteristics al so mersion type.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
is discussed. 9.3.4 Surface Measurements
9.3 Temperatures a. The surface of the pipe or conduit, where the
9.3.1 General measurements are to be made with a thermocouple device,
a. Temperatures of fluids, such as, water, oil, anti- must be clean and free of scale, rust, insulation, etc.
freeze solutions, heat-transfer fluids, etc., will be used to b. The surface temperature of the conduit is not
determine the intensity of the heat content, using either the equal to the fluid temperature so that a relative comparison
Fahrenheit (OF) scale [or the Celsius ( O C ) scale]. For HVAC is more reliable than an absolute reliance o n readin,os at a
work, the normal operating range is from 40°F ( 5 OC) to single point.
210°F (99OC), 350°F (176°C) maximum for steam. 9.3.5 Accuracy. Under reasonable conditions and with
b. The quantity or amount of heat in a fluid is properly calibrated equipment, the accuracy of field
measured in British Thermal Units (Btu) [or in kilojoules measurements should be within one-half of a scale division
(k.J)]. Heat flow is measured in Btu per hour (Btuh) [or mark.
watts (W)]. 9.4 Fluid Properties
c. Steam temperatures vary above 212°F (100°C) 9.4.1 Specific Gravit!
under pressure to below 212 O F (100°C) when in a partial a. Specijic gravity is "the ratio of the mass of a given
vacuum. volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of
9.3.2 instruments water usually at an equal 40 "F (4 OC)?
a. Temperature measurements of fluid shall be made b. The density of 68 "F (20 O C ) water at atmospheric
using the following instruments: pressure of 29.9 in. Hg (101 kPa) is 62.3 lb/ft3 (998.2
kg/m') standard conditions). Specific gravity under the
1. Mercury-filled glass thermometer same conditions is 1.0.
2. Dial thermometer with bimetallic helix coil
3. Thermocouple with millivoltmeter or poten- c. Speclfïc volume is the reciprocal of density and is
tiometer read-out device used to determine cubic feet of volume if the pounds of
4. Electric resistance thermometer weight are known. Water specific volume is 0.016 ft'/ib at
(0.001 m3/kg) standard conditions.
9.3.3 Fluid Immersion
9.4.2 Viscosity
a. Wells. Thermometer test wells installed at the
a. Viscosityis the property of a fluid to resist flow or
desired loctions permit accurate readings without removal
change of shape. The viscosity of some fluids can change
or loss of the system fluid. A good heat transfer fluid or
with a change in temperature. Several measurement
mastic should be used to ensure a good thermal contact bet-
methods are used for viscosity.
ween the thermometer and test well.
b. As viscosity increases, pump efficiency and
b. Radiation effects. When the temperatures of the
capacity are reduced while the pump horsepower and the
surrounding surfaces are substantially different from the
system friction loss are increased.
measured fluid, there is considerable radiation effect upon
the thermometer reading if left unprotected. Proper 9.4.3 Vapor Pressure
shielding or aspiration of the thermometer bulb and stem a. The vapor pressure of a fluid can limit the suction
can minimize these radiation effects. lift of a hydronic pump. Vapor pressure denotes the lowest
absolute pressure witnessed with a given liquid at a given
c. Emergent stem correction. The "complete stem
temperature. If the pressure in a pump system is not equal
immersion" calibrated thermometer must be used with the
to or greater than the vapor pressure of the liquid, the liquid
stem completely immersed in the fluid in which the
will flash into agas. It is for this same reason that pressure
temperature is to be measured. If complete immersion of
must be available on the suction side of the pump when
the thermometer stem is not possible or practical, then a
handling hot water or volatile liquids, such as gasoline.
correction must be made for the amount of emergent liquid
Without sufficient pressure, the liquid will flash into a gas
column. The correct equation is:
and become unpumpable.
Stem Correction = kn (tb - t,)
Where:
b, Many process applications use pressurized vessels
k (Hg), "C = 0.00016 on the suction side to overcome vapor pressure of some li-

at 303-397-2295.
quids. The amount of pressure needed depends on the li- d. Staticpressure in a system at any point is exerted
quid and liquid temperature. The higher the temperature, in all directions and is a measure of the potential energy
the higher the vapor pressure. Vapor pressure is rneasured available to produce flow and to maintain flow against
in pounds per square inch (kPa) absolute. resistance.
9.4.4 ‘ThermalTransfer Fluids. Water and steam are the e. Total pressure in a fluid of a system at any one
corrimonly used heat transfer fluids with a usable range of point and is the sum of velocity pressure and static pressure: /
32 O F to 350 OF (O - 177 OC). Below 32 O F (O OC), air,
O
P, = P, + P,
refrigerants, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, ammonia,
f. Differentialpressureis the pressure difference ex-
brines and/or solutions of glycol and water are used in the
isting between two measured pressures. The same gage
HVAC industry.
should be used if possible to take both readings.
Above 350 O F (177 OC) oils or organic compounds that
have vapor pressures lower than those of water must be us- 9.5.5 Gauge Connections. Valved connections should
ed. Toxicity, corrosiveness, and flammability often limit the be provided at the desired locations to permit accurate
use of some of these in HVAC environments. readings of pressures or vacuums. Pressures should be ap-
plied slowly to the gage and also released slowly by gradual-
9.5 Pressure ly turning the cock or valve handle.
9.5.1 General Reduce or eliminate pressure pulsations by installing
a needle valve or a pulsation dampener (or snubber) bet-
a. both air and water are fluids. In testirigand balan-
ween the gauge and the system. Steam gages should have
cing work it is assumed that water cannot be compressed,
a “pig-tail” installed at the gage inlet.
but air can be; and that the weight of air is insignificant in
calculations. In an open hydronic system, the weight of 9.5.6 Accuracy
water or system fluid must be included in the calculations. Under reasonable conditions and with properly
b. Pressure measurements, in lieu of 01 iii addition calibrated equipment, the accuracy should be within one-
to, temperature measurements of fluids are necessary to half of a scale division marh.
establish proper system operation and balance. 9.6 Flow Rates
9.5.2 Instruments 9.6.1 General
a. Pressure and/or vacuum measurements of fluids
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a. The amount of heat being transferred in a system
shall be made using the following instruments: is directly dependent on the fluid flow rate, and although
1. U-tube manometer the flow rate can be determined with reasonable accuracy (
2. Dial type pressure gauge by indirect methods, it is more expedient to be able to take
3. Dial type differential pressure gauge flow Iate readings directly from the desired locations.
4. Electronic sensor with read-out device b. In hydIonic work, velocity usually is in terms of
9.5.3 Gauge/Absolute Pressure inches per second (ips) or feet per second (fps) [metres per
second (m/s)]. Volumeflow rates are in terms of gallons per
The pressure of most hydronic systems is measuied in
minute (gpm) [litres pe1 second (Vs) or cubic metres pe1 se-
terms of pounds per squareinch (psi) [kPa] or feet of water
cond (m3/s)].
(ft wg) [Pa]. This indicated pressure is known as the gage
pressure (psig) and the measuring device should indicate a 9.6.2 Using Instruments. Permanent flow measuring
zero reading when not connected. devices should be installed in the proper locations when the
system is being installed. (See 6.5 and 6.6.)
For HVAC work, atmospheric pressure can be as-
sumed to be 14.7 psi (101.3 kPa) at sea level even though 9.6.3 Using System Components. Any system compo-
barorriet1 ic conditions constantly change. Absolute pres- nent which is C, rated or which has an accurate cataloged
sure (psia) equals the gage pressure plus the 14.7 psi (101.3 flow-pressure drop relationship generally can be used as a
kPa) of atmospheric pressure. flow-indicating device.
9.5.4 Definitions The flow-pressure drop information may be presented
as only a single cataloged rating point which can be used
a. Staticheadis the pressuredue to the weight of the
to establish a C, rating for the system component. The C,
fluid above the point of measurement. In a closed system,
relationship then can be used to adapt any component for
the pump capacity is not affected as the static head is equal
use as a flow indicator.
on both sides of the pump.
PD = (Q/C,)’
b. Suction head is the height of fluid surface above
the centerline of the pump on the suction side. This value where:
usually is subtracted from the static head of the pump Q =Flow rate
discharge piping. PD = Pressure differential
1
c. Velocitypressure in a system at any point is exerted C, = Constant
in the direction of the flow only and is a measure of the b. Cataloged statements of flow and pressure drop
kinetic energy resulting from the flow of fluid. should be established by flow test for maximum accuracy.
Copyright ASHRAE
36 Document provided by IHS Licensee=Aramco HQ/9980755100, 05/04/2004 23:32:06 MDT
at 303-397-2295.
Unfortunately, however, many components are rated only Q = Heat flow (Btu/hr)
to a calculated pressure drop which may or may not con- At =Temperature diff. (OF)
form to reality. A P = Pressure diff. (psi)
c. The pump also can be used as an indicator of flow. C, = Valve constant (dimensionless)
Differential head readings across a pump can be correlated
whp = (gpm x H x Sp. Gr.) / 3960
with the pump curve to establish the pump flow rate. The
order of flow accuracy will be dependent upon: (1) accuracy bph = (gpm x H x Sp. GI.) / (3960 x E,, (decimal) = whp/E,,
of readout; (2) pump curve shape; (3) actual conformance E, = (whp x 100) / bhp (in percent)
of pump to its published curve; (4) pump operation without
where:
cavitation; (5) air-free operation; and (6) velocity head
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
correction. whp = Water Horsepower

Power readings can be used as a check for the gpm = Gallons Per Minute
operating point when the pump is flat curved or as a
bhp = Brake Horsepower
reference check when the pump is suspected of cavitating
or providing false readings because of air. The power draw H = Head (ft wg)
reading should be a wattage draw. Ampere readings cannot Sp. Gr. = Specific Gravity (use 1.0 for water)
be trusted because of unknown motor efficiency and power
E, = Efficiency of Pump
factor.
9.6.4 System Pump/Fiow Rate Equations N P S H A = Pa +r P, + (V?/Zg) -P,,,
9.6.4.1 Pump Equations (I-P Units) h = f (L/D) (V?/2g)
gpm,/gpm, = rPmz/rPm, where:
gpm,gpm, = DdD, NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head available
H J H , = (rpm,/rpm,)-
P, = Atm. Press (use 33 ft wg)
H I / H , = (DI/Di)?
P, = Pressure at Pump Centerline (ft wg)
bhpI/bhp, = (rpm,/rpm,)?
bhp,/bhp, = ( D z / D i ) j V2/2g = Velocity Head at Paint P, (ft wg)
where: P,, = Absolute Vapor Pressure (ft wg)
gpm = Gallons Per Minute g = Gravity Acceleration (32.2 ft/sec?)
rpm = Revolutions Per Minute h = Head L.oss (ft)
D = Impeller Diameter (in.) f = Friction Factor (dimensionless)
H = Head (ft wg)
L = Length of Pipe (ft)
bhp = Brake Horsepower
D = Internal Diameter (ft)
Pump Equations (SI Units) V = Velocity (ftísec)
(L,/s,)/(L/s ) = (m3/sz)/(m3/s,) = (rad/s2)/(rad/s ,) , Hydronic Flow Rate Equations (SI Units)
(m3/sz)/(m3/s,) = D2/D,
Q = 4190 x m3/s x At (or)
H 2 / H , = [(rad/s,)/(rad/s,)]? Q = 4.19 x L/s x At
H,/H, = (DJD,)? AP,/AP, = [(m3/s,)/(ni?/s,)l2 = [(L/s,)/(L/s,)12
BP2/BP, = [(rad/s,)/(rad/s,)]? P = [(rn3/s)/C,]? = [(L/s)/C,]?
BP2/BP, = (DJD,)? where:
where: Q = Heat Flow, kilowatts
L/s = Liters Per Second At = Temperature difference, O C :
m,/s = Cubic Meters Per Second m3/s = (used for larger volumes) = cubic meters per second
rad/s = Radian Per Second L/s = liters per second
D = Impeller Diameter A P = Pressure Difference, Pa or kPa
H = Head (kPa) or (Pa) C, = Valve Constant (dimensionless)
BP = BrakePower
W P (kW) = 9.81 x m3/s x H (m) x Sp. Gr.
9.6.4.2 Hydronic Flow Rate Equations (I-P Units) W P (W) = [L/s x H (Pa) x Sp. Gr.] / 1002
Q = 500 x gpm x At B P ( W ) = WP/E,(or)
A P J A P , = (gprn,/gpm,)? [L/s x H (Pa) x Sp. Gr.] / 1002 x E, (decimal)
AP = (gpm/C,)I E,, = ( W P x IOû)/BP (in percent)
where: where:
gpm = Gallons per minute W P = Water Power, kW or W

37
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M3/s = cubic meters per second 9.8 Pump Test Procedure
L/s = liters per second The following pump test proceciure will be given as an
Sp. Gr. = specific gravity (use 1.0 for water) example problem, using pump performance curves as Fig.
BP = brake power, W 18. Assume a design condition, as marked at point A on the
E, = efficiency of pump curve, of 125 gpm (7.89 L/s) at 240 ft head (718 kPa). This
H = head, Pa or metres requires a 7.75 in. (197 mm) diameter impeller, in between (
two standard sizes.

NPSHA = P, i P, + (V'/2g) - P,,
9.8.1 Verif) Impeller Size. With pump running, close
h = f x (L/D) x (V2/2g)
pump discharge valve and read pressure differential across
where: pump. Convert psi gauge differential pressure to ft of water
NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head Available (kPa); be sure to correct for any difference in gauge heights.
Pa = atmospheric pressure, Pa Note the point on the pump curve at zero flow (point B).
(Std. Atm. Press. = 101.325 Pa) This is shut-off head, and in this example, it should be 117
V2/2g = velocity head at point P,, m psi (806 kPa), or 270 ft (82 m ) and would prove the c u v e
P,, = absolute vapor pressure, Pa for the 7.75 in. (197-mm) impeller and that the pump has
g = gravity acceleration, 9.807 m/s2
the intended size impeller. (Verify with manufacturer that
this will not damage pump.)
h = head loss, m
9.8.2 Check System Resistance. With all valves open
f = friction factor (dimensionless)
throughout the system, read pressure differential across
L = length of pipe, m
pump and so mark on head-capacity curve (point C).
D = internal diameter, m Assume, for example, that a differential of 82 psi (565 kPa)
V = velocity, m/s is obtained. This is equal to 190 ft wg (568 kPa). The curve
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9.7 Pump Tests for the 7.75 in. (197-mm) impeller intersects the line of 190
ft (56R kPa) head at 170 gpm (10.7 L/s) (point D) , which
a. Field tests of an installed pump should include three is in excess of design flow. By slowly closing the discharge
phases or steps: balancing valve until reaching a pressure differential of 104
1. Check size of impeller. psi (716 kPa) (equal to design head of 240 ft) (73 m), the
2. With pressure gauge, measure actual pump head, pump will he regulated for design flow.
and determine gpm by use of head-capacity curve for the 9.8.3 Check of Brake Horsepower. Calculate what the
pump. brake horsepower should be, based on pump performance i
3. Measure motor voltage and amperes; calculate ac- data. Assuming the pump discharge valve to have been set
tual brake horsepower and compare with that indicated on to obtain design head and flow rate, proceed as follows:
the pump performance curve. Refer to pump performance curve, and at operating
b. Pressure gauges must be properly connected or they point, find efficiency of approximately 56%.
will give incorrect readings. If there are no pump gauge tap- Using equation:
pings, then the gauges must be connected to suction and Brake hp = (125 x 240) / (3960 x 0.56) = 13.5 hp
discharge pipes. Such connections should be placed as close
to the pump as possible and there must be no fittings be- (Using equation):
tween the pump and the gauge connections. Brake Power = (7.89 x 73) / (102 x 0.56) = 10.08 kW
c. There should always be a cock directly ahead of each 9.8.4 Actual Conditions. Next, read motor nameplate
gauge. This will not only permit removal of the gauge, but voltage, ampeIes, and horsepower Measure motor voltage
it is usually desirable to partially close the cock to dampen and amperage; correct and calculate horsepower. Actual
pulsations and so obtain a steadier and therefore more ac- amperage should not exceed motor nameplate amperes,
curate gauge reading. and if horsepowers as obtained by the two methods com-
d. The gauges should be mounted so they are both at pare favorably, it can be assumed that test data is sufficient-
the same level. If mounted on different levels, the readings ly accurate and that the pump is operating safely and
must be corrected for the head difference between the gauge satisfactorily. Also, check for some possible problems of
readings. It is, therefore, recommended that after taking a either excessive or of very low current draw.
set of readings, the gauges be interchanged and read again
for comparison with the first set of readings unless one 10. AIR TESTING, ADJUSTING AND BALANCING
gauge is a compound type. 10.1 Scope
e. An alternate method is to mount a pressure gauge on This section sets forth requirements for:
piping which connects the factory pressure test holes, usual- a. System Preparation and Obtaining Data
ly located in the suction and discharge flanges. A shut off
valve is located on each side of the gauge tee fitting. A por- Obtain all approved performance data and verify iri-
stallation and condition of all equipment and systems.
table hose assembly valved and with an added air bleed
valve at the gauge is a useful porable test assembly. b. System Testing and Adjusting
i
I
ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 I
38
at 303-397-2295.
CURVE FOR 7-3/4"(197mm) DESIGN OPERATING
IMPELLER POINT
I 1 i I I I I I I
25 50 75 1O0 125 150 175 200 225
(1.58) (3.16) (4.73) (6.31) (7.89) (9.47) (11.04) (12.62) (14.2) (15.78)
CAPACITY - G.P.M. (L/S)
Fig. 18 Pump performance curve as typically furnished by pump manufacturers
Procedures to test equipment and systems perfor- d. Verify that fans are installed, rotating correctly,
mance, and adjust equipment. controlled to supply the required airflow rate, and that all
c. System Balancing installation, lubrication, and safety requirements have been
met.
Procedures for various types of systems and equipment.
e. Check for clean filters.
10.2 General Requirements f. Fire, smoke, automatic, and volume control
The requirements set forth in this section shall apply dampers are operable, accessible, and are in an open or nor-
to both new and existing HVAC supply, return, and exhaust mal position.
systems. The requirements of Sections 5 , Instrumentation,
g. Controls are operable and calibrated.
and 8, Air Measurement, shall apply as a minimum to
system testing adjusting and balancing. h. Boxes are installed, operable, and accessible.
10.3 System Preparation i. Terminal devices are installed and accessible.
10.3.1 Prior to the air system testing, adjusting, and j. Access doors are installed and secured.
balancing obtain and verify the following: 10.3.2 A technician shall perform the following before
a. Obtain updatpd construction drawings, specifica- beginning air system testing, adjusting, and balancing:
tions, approved shop drawings, addenda, bulletins and a. Verify that all dampers are in an open position and
change orders related to air systems. all boxes or automatic air volume control devices are in an
b. Prepare field data forms to record testing and acceptable mode.
balancing process. b. Verify that all air terminal deflectors are in the
c. Obtain system leakage rate data where duct leak position indicated by the manufacturer when using A, fac-
testing is specified. tors to determine airflow rate.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
39
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c. Verify that all automatic controls in the system are 2. Adjust the main volume control dampers to
set in the testing node. provide the required flow through each sub-main air duct.
b. Balancing Branch Air Ducts. Balance the airflow
10.4 System Testing and Adjusting
in each branch duct by the following procedure:
A technician shall perform the following tests and ad-
1. Beginning at the sub-main duct closest to the
justments before beginning the air system balancing.
fan, or with the highest percentage of required flow, per-
a. Record nameplate data on fan, motor, and air form a pitot tube velocity traverse of each branch on that
handling cabinet. Also record sizes of sheaves, belts, and sub-main duct run.
shafts.
2. Proceeding from the branch with the highest
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b. Test and record the fan RPM to confirm rated percentage of required flow, adjust the branch volume con-
speed. trol dampers to provide the required flow through each
c. Measure and record motor running amperes and branch duct.
voltages. 3. Proceed to the sub-main duct with the next
d. Set system in the minimum outdoor air mode, highest percentage of required flow, traverse, and adjust
then perform a pitot tube velocity traverse of main ducts each branch per previous steps 1 and 2.
and adjust fan speeds for total design supply and return 4. Continue until all branches are balanced.
airflow rates. Total design flow must include estimated duct
c. Balancing Air Terminal Flow Rates. After obtain-
leakage previously determined by procedures referred to in
ing the required airflow rates in sub-main and branch ducts,
7.3.4 plus 5% of system total to allow for balancing effects.
then balance each air terminal by the following procedure.
Minimum outdoor air quantities must be maintained dur-
ing all system modes. 1 . Beginning with the branch nearest the fan or
with the highest percentage of required flori, measure the
e. For special systems in 10.6 that use VAV or CV airflow at each termirial on the branch.
pressure independent boxes, proceed to test and balance all
of the boxes and their downstream terminals (see 10.5), be- 2 . Starting at the air terminal with the highest
ing sure the box inlet pressure is in the correct range. Box percentage of design flow and ending with the air terminal
adjustments must be done per manufacturers literature. having the lowest percentage of design flow, adjust the
The following steps f through i occur after all boxes and runout or terminal volume control damper to provide an
related terminals are balanced. airflow rate within 10% of design.
f. Measure and record the static pressure resistance Note: If balance without excess pressure has been at-
of the duct system and the static pressure drop across coils, tained, then at least one air terminal on each branch should
filters, etc., in the cabinet or out in the duct system. have the volume control damper full open. Branch dampers
may require readjustment.
g. Measure and record the pressures at fan suction
and discharge per the pressure rating required, either static 3 . Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the branch that has the
or total. next highest percentage of required airflow.
h. ?est the system i n the maximum outdoor air 4. Continue until all air terminals are balanced to
mode. If motor overloads or airflow rates are excessive, ad- within 10% of design.
just fan RPM to suit. d. Final Adjusting and Balancing
i. Measure and record outdoor, return, and supply 1. Upon completion of procedures obtain final
air temperatures with the system set at minimum outdoor measurements as follows:
air mode. a. Measure and record the final airflow rates at
10.5 System Balancing each air terminal. If it is necessary to adjust the airflow rate
through a terminal by 5% or less, in order to achieve the
Balance the air system by the procedure outlined in final setting within 10% of design, then it is not necessary
either 10.5.1 or 10.5.2. to adjust nearby terminals which have been final measured.
Note: It is not the purpose of this Standard to discuss Otherwise, nearby terminals should be remeasured and ad-
the merit of either procedure. justed accordingly if required.
10.5.1 Traverse Procedure. After the air system has b. Secure, mark, seal, and record the final set-
been prepared according to 10.3 and 10.4, balance by the ting position of all volume control dampers installed in sub-
.procedures set forth in the following subsections: main or branch ducts.
Note: When system characteristics prevent design flow c. Measure and record the final airflow rate at
rates, balance the system components to equal percentages velocity traverses in main, sub-main and branch ducts. Do
of design. not adjust related volume control dampers.
a. Balancing Sub-Main Air Ducts d. Measure and record the data required in 10.4
1. Perform a Pitot tube velocity traverse of each b, c, f, g, and i.
sub-main duct to determine flow rate through each. e. Reset all controls for normal operations.
40 I ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

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10.5.2 Proportional Procedure. After all air systems duct, always comparing to the first sub-main which is not
have been prepared for balancing according to 10.3 through readjusted.
10.4, perform the balance on the supply air system by the d. Final Adjusting and Balancing
procedures set forth in the following subsections:
1. IJpon completion of above procedures obtain
a. Proportioning of Airflow to Outlets final measurements as follows:
1. Beginning with the outlets on the branch fed by the a. Perform a final check of airflows in each
main air duct estimated to have the highest resistance to branch beginning with the sub-main duct with the lowest
design flow measure the airflow to each outlet by the techni- measured-to-design f l o ~ .If. the ratio for any branch of a
ques prescribed in 8.6. sub-main system is greater than 10% higher than the ratio
2. Determine and compare the ratio of the measured of the lowest branch, the highest branch shall be adjusted
flow to design flow for each outlet. until this tolerance (10%) is met.
3. Adjust the outlet damper for the outlet where the b. Repeat the operations of step a. above for all
measured-to-design flow ratio is second lowest until the sub-main ducts and adjust accordingly.
ratio for this outlet equals that of the first outlet with the c. Adjust the fan speed or volume control to ob-
lowest ratio. (Do not adjust first outlet with lowest ratio of tain the total design airflow in the system. This shall be
measured-to-design flow.) measured by Pitot tube traverse of the main duct.
4. Measure the airflow to the outlet with the lowest
ratio again and recalculate the ratio for this outlet. Readjust d. Measure and record the data required in 10.4
the outlet with the second lowest ratio again until these b, c, f, g, and i.
ratios are equal. e. Reset all controls for normal operations.
5. Proceed to the outlet with the next (third) lowest 10.6 Special Systems
ratio, and repeat the procedure outlined in steps 3 and 4 In addition to the applicable procedures set forth in
above, always comparing to the first outlet. Do not adjust 10.3, 10.4, and 10.5, the following special systems require
the outlets which have previously been adjusted. Continue additional procedures as indicated in 10.6.1 through 10.6.4.
repeating these steps until all outlets on this branch have
been adjusted to their proper proportion of airflow. Actual a. Dual duct system with constant volume boxes (CV).
airflow of the lowest ratio outlet and subsequent balanced b. Dual duct system with variable air volume boxes
outlets will increase as each additional outlet is balanced. (VAV).
6. Repeat steps 1 through 5 using the next lowest c. Variable air volume system both pressure dependent
ratio until the outlets on all branches of each main duct run and independent.
have been proportioned. d. Induction system Nith constant volume.
b. Proportioning of Air to Branch Ducts e. Induction systems with VAV and fan powered secon-
1. Set all thermostats for full cooling airflow on all dary air units.
branches of the sub-main being balanced. Make sure space f. Constant volume system with bypass boxes.
temperatures allow demand for full cooling. (See 10.6.2 for
VAV Systems.) Note: For systems using fan volume controls, balance
at less than wide open volume setting to allow for future
2. Using methods prescribed in 8.6, determine the pressure loss of wet coils, damper movement or dirty filters.
airflow through each branch duct off the sub-main duct be-
ing tested. 10.6.1 Dual Duct Systems (CV and VAV). Additional
procedures required for balancing dual duct systems are:
3. Beginning at the far end of the siib-main duct
with the lowest measured-to-design flow, adjust all branch a. If all of the boxes are constant volume then set
dampers until the ratio of measured-to-design flow for each thermostats to obtain all the airflow through the cold ducts.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
branch on that main duct system is the same, always com- Traverse the main hot duct. If more than 10% of the rated
paring to the first branch which is not readjusted. fan airflow is measured in the hot duct then, during balan-
4. Beginning with the next sub-main duct, with the cing process, find and have hot valve leakage or crossed box
lowest measured-to-design flow next, repeat steps 1,2, and supplies corrected.
3 for each sub-main duct. b. If boxes have a variable volume featuïe, then ad-
c. Proportioning Airflow to Sub-Main Ducts just to full flow via thermostats so the sum total airflow rate
1. Make a Pitot tube traverse of all sub-main ducts of boxes equals the fan design flow rate diiring the balan-
to determine airflow through each. This shall be ac- cing procedures.
complished by the employment of techniques outlined in c. Test the inlet static pressure at several of the most
8.6.
difficult to supply boxes and make system adjustments for
2. Adjust all sub-main dampers to proportion adequate pressure at the box inlet (CV or VAV) to provide
flow into each sub-main duct such that the ratio of the the required flow rate through the box and downstream
measured-to-design airflow is the same of each sub-main ductwork.

41
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d. With the box (VC or VAV) set for 100% cold air e. Proceed to balance one at a time, all of the
delivery and with the hot duct temperature at least 20°F boxes which were set on minimum for diversity, by steps b,
(10OC) warmer than the cold duct, test the box for hot valve c, and d.
leakage. Measure the temperature of the cold inlet duct air f. With all boxes except diversity group set at mas-
and the supply air temperature at two terminals. If the duct imum flow, measure and record the total supply and return
splits at the discharge, measure the temperature at a ter- airflow rates, the data required in 10.4 b, c, f, g, h, and i, and
minal on each branch. If the average temperature at the also the supply system constant control led static pressure.
supply air terminals is higher than the cold inlet duct
temperature by more than STOof the difference between g. Repeat step f above with all boxes set for rriirii-
cold duct and hot duct temperatures then request the in- mum flow.
staller to correct the deficiency. Also test for, report, and h. Reset all controls for normal operation.
have corrected any air mixing deficiencies which result in 10.6.2.2 VAV Systems with Pressure Independent
3 O F (2 OC) or more difference between terminai supply Volume Control Assemblies (Boxes)
terriperatures supplied by a box. Retest after correction.
a. Set selected thermostats for box maximum
e. When using a dual duct VAV box set for minimum airflow, and the remainder for minimum airflow, such that
airflow, determine the total minimum flow by calculations the sum total airflow rate of assemblies equals the fan
based on change of static pressure in the box discharge duct design flow rate. (Determined by diversity factor). System
or by the sum of air terminal flows. If adjustments are re- pressure controls may have to be reset so supply fan volume
quired proceed per manufacturer’s literature. controller delivers design airflow rate.
f. Measure and record the final total airflow rate at b. Test the inlet static pressure at several of the
velocity traverses in the hot and cold ducts with system set most difficult to supply boxes and make system adjust-
for maximum cold duct airflow. ments for adequate pressure at the inlet of all assemblies to
g. Measure and record the data required in 10.4 b, c, provide the required airlflow rate.
f, g, and i, plus the duct static pressure sensed by the static c. Proceed to balance the maximum airflow boxes
pressure probe for automatic control of supply duct and related downstrearn terminals according to the pro-
pressure exsisting when fan is at design flow rate. cedure selected under 10.5.
h. Reset all controls for normal operation. d. Put one maximum airflow box at a time on
minimum flow. Test the minimum flow by calculations
10.6.2 Variable Air Volume Systems (VAV). Additional based on change of static pressure in the assembly discharge
procedures required for balancing VAV systems are as duct or by the sum of air terminal flows.
follows, depending on whether the VAV controller is i
pressure dependent or pressure independent. e. Some controllers may require adjustment of
maximum flow before minimum flow adjustment.
10.6.2.1 VAV System with Pressure Dependent VAV
Volume Control Assemblies (Boxes). The balance of this f. Proceed to balance, one at a time, all of the
type system is constantly changing with loading changes; boxes which were set at minimum for diversity by steps c,
therefore, any balancing procedure wiI1 not produce à, and e above.
repeatable data unless system load, configuration, supply g. With selected assemblies set at maximurn flow,
pressure, and thermostat settings are the same as recorded and the remainder for minimum flow to suit diversity fac-
and tested. tor, measure and record the total supply and return airflow
a. Set selected thermostats for box-maximum rates, the data required in 10.4 b, c, f, g, and i and also the
airflow, such that the sum total airflow rate of assemblies supply system constant control led static pressure.
equals the fan design flow rate during the balancing pro- h. Repeat g above with all assemblies set for
cedure. (Determined by diversity factor). System pressure minimum flow.
controls may have to be reset so supply fan volume con- i. Reset all controls for normal operation.
troller delivers design airflow rate.
10.6.3 Induction Systems. Additional procedures re-
b. Proceed to balance the maximum airflow boxes quired for balancing induction systems are:
and related downstream terminals according to the pro-
cedure selected under 103, Air System Balancing. Treat the 10.6.3.1 Induction Systems Constant Primary Air
assembly automatic damper the same as a volume control a. Use the primary air box pressure at the induc-
damper on a branch duct. tion unit referred in the manufacturers literature to get
c. Put one maximum airflow box at a time on primary airflow rate at each unit.
minimum by setting the thermostat. Adjust box controls b. Use procedures in 10.5 to balance the system us-
for minimum airflow. Continue until all maximum airflow ing the damper at the induction unit.
boxes have been adjusted for minimum airflow then return- 10.6.3.2 Induction Systems with Variable Primary
ed to maximum. Air. The following procedures are required for balancing in-
i
d. Adjust assembly motorized damper only as duction systems with variable primary airflow (excepting
recommended by the manufacturer” fan powered):
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a. Perform steps outlined in 10.3 through 10.4 for 10.7 Verification of Control Operation
apparatus and main trunk capacities. Perform the checks outlined in the following Subsec-
b. Measure static pressure at several units esti- tions for all applicable air system controls:
mated to be the most critical. If the static pressure at any 10.7.1 Thermostats. Verify calibration and operation
of these units is not meeting the minimum static pressure of all thermostats. Any deficiencies shall be reported for
required, a fan speed or volume control adjustment should correction. Recheck after correction. Record thermostat set
be made. point and output signal, space temperature and assembly
c. Determine primary airflows at each induction outlet temperature.
unit. These can be determined by methods prescribed by the 10.7.2 Damper Operation. Verify operation and posi-
unit manufacturer. tion for all dampers. Any deficiencies shall be reported for
d. Determine if downstream air pressure is within correction. Recheck after correction.
manufacturer’s recommended limits at design flow rates. 10.7.3 Other Controls. Simulate control operation with
I f pressure is too high, request correction. control contractor or in accordance with design require-
e. Set thermostat for minimum cooling. ments and manufacturer’s recommendations. Any defi-
f. Measure outlet airflows to verify that proper in- ciencies shall be reported for correction. Recheck after
duction is being accomplished at reduced primary flow. correction.
g. Reset all controls for normal operation. 10.8 Two Stage Balancing
When a building is constructed at one stage and out-
10.6.3.3 Fan Powered Induction Units. Additional
procedures required for balancing fan powered induction fitted for tenant work at another stage, the original core
system shall be adjusted to design requirements by the same
units are:
procedures as specified in this Standard with the following
a. Verify that volume control damper or solid state differences:
speed control has been provided for adjusting the secon-
10.8.1 Air Systems - First Stage
dary fan mounted in the induction unit. Verify the correct
rotation of the secondary fan. With no primary air and the a. The installing contractor shall provide a balanc-
secondary fan operating, measure and adjust the flow rate ing device to control total fan airflow and also where the
to design. Check secondary fan motor load and set controls first stage ductwork terminates.
to prevent amperage overload. b. A technician shall adjust these balancing devices
b. With primary air now active, proceed to air so the static pressure and flow rate are in accordance with
balance VAV part of the induction units using the pro- present design requirements.
cedures in 10.4 and 10.6.2 for pressure independent VAV c. Record the airflow rate and static pressure before
systems. each balancing device.
c. When applicable set unit controls for a mixed 10.82 Air Systems - Second Stage
flow of primary and secondary fan air, then check down-
a. Where first stage ductwork terminates, adjust
stream duct branches for temperature stratification. Report
balancing device to design airflow as areas are finished. As
for correction. Recheck afterwards.
ductwork is added and resistance changes, devices can be
d. Reset all controls for normal operation. adjusted to offset this change in resistance.
10.6.4 Single Duct Bypass Assemblies (Boxes). Addi- b. As areas are completed, make a test at a previous
tional procedures required for balancing bypass boxes are: balanced station, adjust as required, and record final data.
a. Set the thermostats SO airflow through all the c. Outside air dampers shall be set as required.
boxes is discharging into the downstream ductwork supply-
ing air to the rooms, nct to the ceiling space. d. Return air and supply air volumes shall be set to
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
provide necessary building pressure(s).
b. Proceed to balance the system according to the
procedure selected under 10.5, Air System Balancing. e. Temperatures shall be measured and recorded for
return air, outside air, and mixed air.
c. At the conclusion of the air distribution balanc-
f. DB and WB temperatures shall be measured in air
ing and with all assemblies still set for 100% airflow to
room, measure and record the inlet static pressure at a box. flows both entering and leaving cooling coils, and DB air
Set the thermostat for design bypass airflow. Set the bypass temperatures entering and leaving heating coils.
outlet damper so the assembly inlet static pressure equals 10.9 Thermal Performance Verification
or slightly exceeds the inlet pressure when the airflow was After performing all previous procedures prescribed
100% to room. Reset the thermostat for 100% airflow to by 10.3 through 10.7 of this Standard, a technician shall set
room and proceed to the next assembly. the system to simulate design conditions. Measure and
d. Set the bypass damper on all assemblies in a similar record a complete set of DB and WB temperatures for air
manner. Record the inlet pressure for each assembly when entering and leaving coils and heat exchangers, air leaving
set for the design bypass airflow. terminal devices (diffusers), and air in conditioned rooms
43
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or spaces. If conditions cannot be simulated and this effects i. Check motor load. I f motor is overloaded throt-
verification it shall be docurnented in testing and balanc- tle main flow balancing device so motor nameplate rating
ing report. is not exceeded.
11. HYDRONIC TESTING AND BALANCING j. Check all air vents for positive pressure. A forceful
liquid flow should exit from all vents when manually
11.1 Scope operated.
11.1.1 This section sets forth standard procedures for
11.4 'Test and Balance Procedures
testing and balancing hydroriic systems which include:
water, thermal transfer fluids, steam and condensate. 11.4.1 Flow. Determine flow at pump by methods
described in Section 9 and also by the more accurate
11.1.2 Section 5 , Instrumentation, and Section 9,
readings at the main hydronic balancing station.
Hydronic Measurements, apply to this section.
a. I f flow is not within 5% of design, then consult
11.2 General Requirements
with client to arrange a change of impellar, approval to
The techniques set forth ir1 this section shall apply to throttle, or change of design flow rate.
both new and existing systems. Unless otherwise noted,
b. I f deficiency cannot be corrected, proceed to
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
each subsection listed under Section 11 shall apply to all

balance proportionally.
hydronic systems. Any deviation from the procedure set
forth, due to unusual circumstances, shall be documented c. Set calibrated balancing valves, i f installed, at
and included as part of the final balancing report. calculated presetting.
d. Take readings at all flow stations and throttle
11.3 Sequence of Procedures where necessary to obtain first balance.
11.3.1 Contract Documents. Obtain a set of contract e. Determine flow at main balancing station and set
documents with all applicable addenda including a set of main balancing device for 5% greater than design.
specifications, complete set of approved equipment and
control submittals, and manufacturer's catalogs. f. Starting at the balancing station with the highest
percentage over design flow proceed to adjust flows down
11.3.2 Data Sheets. Prepare field balancing data sheets to the balancing statiori with the lowest percentage over
or report forms with all pertinent design data and number design flow rate, until flows are within specified tolerances
in sequence starting at pump to end of system. Check sum and all adjustments at balancing devices are finished. Mark
of branch circuit flows against approved pump flow rate. and record setting of all balancing devices. One or more
I f variation exceeds 5010, obtain approval to correct. balancing devices should be full open at conclusion of
11.3.3 Schematics. Prepare sketches of system to be balancing procedures.
balanced and show number on sketch that will correspond g. An alternative proportional method is to measure
to number on appropriate balancing sheet in report. the flow rate at all flow stations. Start at the branch with the
11.3.4 Inspection. Field check system to insure it can loest measured-to-design flow. Within the branch adjust
be balanced and has the proper balancing stations (see 6.0) the terminal with the second lowest measured-to-design
including flow measuring device, temperature well, pressure flow until it has the same measured-to-design flow ratio as
taps and balancing devices. the first lowest. Proceed to adjust the third lowest to the
same ratio as the first lowest. Progressively adjust all re-
11.3.5 Preparation. The installed system shall be
prepared for balancing. All of the following must provide maining terminals in this branch to have the same ratio as
the first. Do not adjust the first lowest outlet. 'The actual
satisfactory results before balancing procedures commence.
flow of the first lowest ratio terminal and subsequent
a. Open manual valves for maximum flow. balanced terminals will increase as each additional outlet
b. Check strainers and see that they are clean and is balanced. Proceed with next lowest ratio branch as per
have the correct mesh for system fluid. preceding procedure.
c. Check pump rotation. h. Measure pump flow rate and take final readings
Check expansion tank for liquid level. of amperage, voltage, RPM, pump heads, and required
d.
system pressures and temperatures including outdoor air.
e. Check make-up station pressure gauge for ade-
quate pressure for highest vent. i. Record the differential pressure control valve set-
ting existing at the conclusion of balancing.
f. Check flow control valves for specified sequence
of operation and set for design flow condition. 11.5 Pump Impeller Size. To determine the size of the
pump impeller close off the discharge valve on the purnp
g. Set the differential pressure control valve at the and measure pressure at pump inlet and discharge. See Sec-
specified differential pressure. Do not set at a fully closed tion 9 for details. With this information the pump curve fit-
position when pump is a positive displacement type unless ting this data at no flow represents the impeller size. Verify
several terrninal valves are kept open. with manufacturer if this procedure is applicable to his
h. Set system controls to put automatic valves wide equipment. Note: Never use this technique on positive
open to heat exchangers. displacement pumps, or damage may result.

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11.6 Variable Flow Systems in the outlet and inlet piping close to the machine. Also,
Balance variable flow systems (i~e.,systems with temperature wells should be installed close to the cooling
automatic two-position or three-way valves) by setting tower. Proceed as follows, after balancing of chilled water
system to maximum flow through heat exchange terminals distribution.
and proceed in accordance with 11.4. If diversity in flom a. Measure and record flow. Measure temperature
design exists a prorating of maximum flow is required to difference (TD) between the inlet and outlet water flow to
obtain design flow. the chiller and cooling tower with a thermometer graduated
11.7 Primary - Secondary Flow Systems in one-tenth degree increments 0.1 O F (0.05 O C ) .
Balance the primary system cross over flows first, the b. Calculate capacity by:
balance the secondary system. Hydronic balancing stations 1. Chilled Water Flow:
are required for accurate balancing of both primary and Water Flow x (Density x Specific Heat x Time)
secondary circuits. Note the difference between available x Temp. Diff.
and design flow if any, and balance proportionally in ac- = Cap.
Rate
cordance with 11.4. Rate = 13000 Btuh (3.517 kW)
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
11.8 Verification of Control Operation 2. Condenser Water Flow:

11.8.1 Sensing Devices. Pressure, temperature and flow Water Flow x (Density x Specific Heat x Time) x Temp. Diff.
sensing devices should be operated through their full scale = Btuh heat of rejection
range. Observe operation of controlled device. Device Btuh/Rate = tons of cooling
should travel full open to full closed. Malfunctions are to
Rate = 1.5000 Btuhhon (4.396 kW)
be reported for correction. Retest after corrections.
Note: The above measurements can be used for part-load
11.8.2 Control Valves. Inspect control valve at close off
condition determination but are not to be used for pro-
to determine leakage. Normally, plug can be adjusted to
rating t o f u l l load without specific data from t h e
seat properly. Report for correction. Retest after correction.
manufacturer.
11.8.3 Pressure Differential Controller Valve. Before
c. Measure electric power with a k W meter. On large
balancing inspect to assure bypass control valves are closed
systems a kW meter should be built into the control panel.
except where positive displacement pumps are involved.
kW/ton is often used in Performance rating data.
After balancing set control to open on system increase in
pressure and close on a decrease in pressure at final kW x 3412 = Btuhinput
operating pressure. Verify sequence of operation with in-
staller or manufacturer of controls. 12.3.2 Direct Expansion Refrigeration
11.8.4 Thermostats. Use same procedure as 10.9. a. These systems are more difficult to measure and
performance testing for ratings is not recommended.
11.8.5 Other Controls
b. Capacities can be measured by obtaining accurate
Simulate operation in presence of or with approval of airflow and accurate wet- and dry-bulb measurements of
control contractor, in accordance with design requirements
the airflow across the evaporator coil. Refer to Section 9 for
and manufacturer's recommendations. Report any mal-
measurement procedures.
functions for correction.
c. Calculate capacity by:
12. REFRIGERATING TESTING 1. Air Flow x Specific Heat x Density x Time
12.1 Scope x Temp. Diff. = Sensible Heat Removal
The tests in this section are limited to capacity tests. 2. (Air Flow x Density x Time) x (H entering
Energy consumption measurements, rating performance coil minus H leaving coil) is total heat removed. H = en-
tests and part loading performance tests are not within the thalpy from the psychrometric chart corresponding to the
scope of this Standard. All tests should be taken at design wet-bulb temperature readings.
conditions for greatest accuracy but may be performed Air Flow x Density x Time x Enthalpy Difference =
within 10°F (5 OC) of design conditions and pro-rated using Btuh total heat
manufacturer's performance test data.
Formula 2 minus formula 1 equals latent heat removal.
12.2 General
Formula 2 divided by 12,000 (3.5 kW) equals tons of
Refrigeration, in this section, includes all sources of refrigeration effect.
mechanical cooling, related condensers and cooling towers.
It does not include pumps or water piping. 3. A complete traverse to obtain temperature
measurements as well as airflow measurements is required
12.3 Electrical Refrigeration because of possible air stratification across the evaporator
12.3.1 Chillers. Chilled and condenser water systems DX coil. Temperature measurements must be made at the
shall have a hydronic balancing station in the main flow cir- coil for greatest accuracy. Design of the system should in-
cuit. Temperature wells and pressure gauges shall be installed clude provisions for obtaining these measurements.

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4. Measure kW at compressor starter and record. 1. Chilled water
Calculate performance rating (kW/Ton) as described in Water Flow x Specific H e a t x Mass x Time x Temp.
Subsection 12.3.1 c. Dif f./Rate/ T ime = Capacity/Time
5. Measure and record suction pressure a n d Rate = 12000 Btuh (3.5 kW)
related temperature for the type of refrigerant used. 2. Condenser water
6. Measure and record head or discharge pressure Water Flow x Specific H e a t x Mass x T i m e x Temp
and related temperature for the type of refrigerant used. Diff./Rate/Time = Capacity/Time
7. Record compressor condition, such as, fully Rate = 28000 Btuh (8 21 kW)
loaded, partly loaded, or cycling. Note: Heat rejection of a n absorption unit is much greater
12.3.4 Air-Cooled Condensers than an electric compressor unit. Verify heat of rejection
a. Airflow through air-cooled condensers is difficult with manufacturers.
to measure due to the configuration of the machines. 3. Calculate efficiency
However, the manufacturer's flow rates can be assumed as [Output (Btuh)/Input (Btuh)] x 100 = percent efficiency
accurate and calculations can be based on these flow rates.
13. REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS
b. Measure dry-bulb temperature entering the con-
denser and dry-bulb leaving the condenser and record. Ob- 13.1 Scope
tain temperature readings by traversing and calculate This section sets forth an outline for the reporting pro-
average value. Calculate heat of rejection by: cedures and forms which make up the final report of
Air Flow x (Specific Heat X Density x Time) X 'Temp. Diff. = operating conditions.
Sensible Heat removal. 13.2 Reporting
c. Measure gas pressure entering and leaving the con- 13.2.1 Procedures. The supervising personnel should
denser and record. For the gas to become liquid it must be use a logical approach in preparing forms and recording
cooled below its condensing temperature which may be ob- data. This section will list form titles and entries commonly
tained from the manufacturer. If the unit is condensing all used, and enable the forms to be designed to suit each par-
the gas at design flow it is performing its function. ticular job. All entries will not be required in every situation.
d. Tests should be made at design conditions for best Many excellent forms have been developed by various
evaluation of performance. associations but are available for use by their members only.
e. Take kW readings of condenser fan motors and Accuracy in preparing the final report forms is impor-
record. Compare with manufacturer's rating to determine tant for several reasons:
air flow and efficiency. Obtain heat of rejection from a. They provide a permanent record of system oper-
manufacturer, or use 15,000 Btuh per ton of cooling for ating conditions after the last adjustments have been made.
electric systems. Record all data.
b. They confirm that prescribed procedures have
12.4 Absorption Refrigeration been followed.
12.4.1 These systems use a heat source for the refrig- c. They will serve as a reference that can be used by
erant cycle and normally will use some electricity for the owner for maintenance.
pumping the refrigerant within the cycle. 'Total energy in-
put must include both heat and electricity. d. They provide the designer with a system opera-
tional check and could serve as an aid in diagnosing
a. For chiller capacity measure the same as an elec- problems.
tric by water flow and temperature differential across the
evaporator. Use balancing station per Section 6 for flow All forms shall include identification of project,
measurement and regulation. Temperature measurements systemhnit, location, date, technician, page number, and
shall be taken at the chiller connections in thermometer remarks.
wells. 13.2.2 General Items. In addition to the Form Titles
b. For condenser capacity (water cooled) rneasure and Entries, Section 13.3, the report should contain the
the same as for the electric chiller but make certain the following, as applicable:
measurements include total condenser water in and out of a. ïitle page -
the chiller. Use balancing station per Section 6 for flow Name and address of TAB firm
measurement and flow regulation. Project name
c. Temperature measurements shall be taken at con- Location
nection to condenser in thermometer wells.
Architect
d. All thermometers shall be graduated in tenths of
a degree and readings taken consecutively within a short a Engineer
time span as possible (Le., 60 seconds). Contractor
e. Calculate capacity by: Report date
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
46
at 303-397-2295.
Signature of TAB firm person who approved Unit Data Motor Data
report
Make/Type Make/Frame
b. Summary comments - Model No./Size H.P./RPM
Design versus Final performance Serial No. Volts/Phase/Hertz
Arrangement /Class EL.. Amps/S.F“
Notable characteristics of system
Discharge Sheave Make
Decription of systems operation sequence Sheave Make Sheave Size/Bore
Summary of outdoor and exhaust flows to Sheave Size/Bore Sheave C-C & Adjustment
indicate amount of building pressurization No. Belts/Make/Size
c . Nomenclature sheet - No. Filters/Type/Size
Codes for boxes, reheat coils, terminals, etc., Test Data

with data on manufacturer, type, size, (List Design & Actual for each)
fittings, etc. Total Airflow Rate
Notes which explain in detail why certain final Total System Static Pressure
data in the body of the report varies from Fan RPM
design values Motor Volts, TI-T2, T2-T3, T3-T1
Motor Amps, Al, A2, A3
d. Test conditions -
Discharge Static Pressure
To be stated on the fan or pump performance form Filter Differential Static Pressure
and indicate: Preheat Coil Differential Static Pressure
Setting of outdoor, return, and exhaust Cooling Coil Differential Static Pressure
dampers Heating Coil Differential Static Pressure
Outside Airflow Rate
Condition of Filters
Return Airflow Rate
Cooling coil - wet or dry Outside Air Damper Position
Face and bypass damper setting at coil Return Air Damper Position
Vortex Damper Position
Fan drive setting (indicate setting - percentage
of maximum pitch diameter) 13.3.3 Apparatus Coil Test Report. This form is to be
used for recording performance of chilled water, hot water,
Inlet vane setting on VAV systems
steam, or DX coils, and for “run-around’’ heat recovery
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Setting of supply air static pressure controller systems.
Other systems operating which affect Coil Data Test Data
performances
System No. (List Design & Actual for each)
13.3 Form Titles and Entries L,ocation Airflow Rate
Coil Type Air Velocity
13.3.1 System Diagram. This form is to be used for a No. Rows/Fins Air Pressure Drop
schematic layout of air distribution systems, and hydronic Make/Model Out. Air DB/WB
systems. A single line system diagram is highly recommended Face Area Ret. Air DB/WB
to insure systematic and efficient procedures. Be sure to Tube Size Ent. Air DB/WB
show quantitites of outside air, return air and relief air, sizes Tube/Fin Material Lvg. Air DB/WB
and airflow rates for main ducts, sizes and airflow rates for Circuiting Air T D
all air terminal devices, all dampers, and other regulating Water Flow Rate
devices. All air terminals should be numbered before fill- Water Pressure Differential
ing out the Air Terminal Device Report. While diagrams are Ent. Water Temp.
suggested, the use of this form is not mandatory. Lvg. Water Temp.
13.3.2 Air Apparatus Test Report. The performance of Water TD
air handling apparatus with coils is to be reported on this Exp. Valve/Refrig.
form. Motor voltage and amperage for three-phase motors Refrig. Suct. Press.
should be reported for all three legs (Tl, T2, T3). If the Refrig. Suct. Temp.
design engineer did not specify a design quantity for any Inlet Steam Press.
item in the test data section, place an X in the space for the
design quantity and record the actual quantity. However, 13.3.4 Gas/Oil-Fired Heat Apparatus Test Report.
if the equipment manufacturer furnished ratings, enter Data for gas or oil-fired devices, such as unit heaters, duct
them in the design columns. furnaces, etc., will be recorded on this form. This report is
If motor ratings differ from design, provide an explanation not intended to be used in lieu of a factory startup equip-
at the bottom of the page. If there are split coils, record data ment report, but could be used as a supplement. All
for each airstream. available design data should be reported. The “HP/RPM,
Y I
at 303-397-2295.
F.L. AMP9S.F. (Service Factor), Drive Data” information 13.3.7 Duct ïmverse Report (Rectangular). This form
could apply to the burner motor, burner fan motor, unit air is to be used as a worksheet for recording the results of a
fan motor, etc., depending on the application or equipment. Pitot tube traverse ir1 a rectangular duct. Make a grid
Therefore, designate the motor of the recorded data. representing the duct cross section with a box for each test
Unit Data Test Data point and its dirnensions from sides of duct. It is recom-
mended that the velocity pressures be recorded in one-half
System No. (List Design & Actual for each) of each box provided and converted to velocities in the other í
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Location Airflow Rate half of box at a later tirne. The velocities shall be averaged.
Make/Type Ent./Lvg. Air Temperatures Do not average the velocity pressures.
Model No./Size Air Temperature Differential
Data Reported
Serial No. Entering/Leaving Air Press.
Type Fuel/Input Air Pressure Differential System/Unit No. Design Velocity
Output/Btuh Low Fire Input Location/Zone Design Flow Rate
Ignition Type High Fire Input Traverse Air Temp. Actual Average Velocity
Burner Control Manifold Pressure/CFH Duct Static Press. Actual Flow Rate
Volts/Phase/Hertz High Limit Setting Duct Size Barometric Pressure
H. P. / R PM Operating Set Point Duct Area
F.L. Amps/S.F. Voltage, Tí-T2, T2-T3, T3-Tl
Sheave Data Amps, Al, A2, A3 13.3.8 Duct Traverse Report (Round). Record the
Heating Valu:: of the Fuel results of a Pitot tube traverse in a round duct on this work
sheet type form. Make a circle representing the duct cross
section. Make columns with a number for each test point,
13.3.5 Electric CoiVDuct Heater Test Report. This its dimension from side of duct, and for velocity pressures
form is to be used for electric furnaces, or for electric coils
or velocities taken at points across two diameters at a right
installed in built-up units or in ducts. “Min. Air Vel? is the
angle to each other.
manufacturer’s recommended minimum airflow velocity.
Data Reported
Unit Data Test Data
System/Unit No. Design Velocity
System/Location kW
Locat ion/Zone Design Flow Rate
Coil No. Air Velocity
Traverse Air Temp. Actual Average Velocity
kW Airflow Rate
Duct Static Press. Actual Flow Rate
Stages Ent. Air Temp.
Duct Size Barometric Pressure
Volts/Phase/Hertz Lvg. Air Temp.
Duct Area
Amps Voltage, T1-TZ, T2-1’3, ‘13-TI
Airflow Rate Amps, Al, A2, A3 13.3.9 Duct Iraverse Report (Flat Oval). Record the
Face Area results of a Pitot tube traverse in a flat oval duct on this
Min. Air Velocity worksheet type form. Make a flat oval shape representing
the duct cross section. Make columns with a number for
13.3.6 Fan Test Report. This form is to be used with each test point, its dimension along the major and minor
supply, return, or exhaust fans. axis, and are for velocity pressures or velocities taken at
points across the two axis of the duct.
Fan Data Motor Data
Data Reported
System No. Make/Frame
Location H.P./RPM (w/Rad/s) System/Uriit No. Design Velocity
Make/Type Volt s/Phase/Hertz Location/Zone Design Flow Rate
Model No./Size F.L. Amps/S.F. Traverse Air Temp. Actual Average Velocity
Serial No. Sheave Make Duct Static Press. Actual Flow Rate
Arrangement/Class Sheave Size/Bore Duct Size Barometric Pressure
Sheave Make No. Belts/Make/Size Duct Area
Sheave Size/Bore Sheave Center Line Distance
13.3.10 Air Terminal Device Report. As this form can
& Adjustment
be used as both a worksheet and a final report form, techni-
Test Data cians are encouraged to record all readings on this test
(List Design & Actual for each) reprot form. However, it is n o t necessary to record
Airflow Rate preliminary velocity readings.
Total System Static Pressure If the final adjusted flow rate of any air terminal varies
Fan RPM by more than +. 10% from the design flow rate, a note
Discharge Static Pressure should be placed in the remarks column indicating the
Suction Static Pressure amount of variance. The “remarks” section at the bottom I
Voltage, TI-T2, T2-T3, T3-ïl of the sheet should be used to provide known or potential
Amps, Al, A2, A3 reasons for such deviation.

at 303-397-2295.
Entries such as A,, and velocity are not needed when Evaporator Data
using a direct reading flow hood to measure the airflow rate.
Data Reported Evaporator Press./Temp.
Ent./L,vg. Water Pressure
System/Unit No. Design Flow Rate Water PD
Location/Z,one Design Velocity Ent./Lvg. Water Temp.
Test Apparatus Preliminary Velocity Water TD
Area Served (as needed) Water Flow Rate
Air Terminal Device Make Preliminary Flow Rate Compressor Data Refrigeration Data
Air Terminal Device No. (as needed)
(From System Diagram) Final Velocity MakeIModel Oil L.evel Checked
Air Terminal Device Final Volume Serial Number Oil Failure Sw. Diff.
TypeIModel Space Temp. Suction Press./Temp. Refrig. Level Checked
Air Terminal Device Size Dischg. PressJTemp. Relief Valve Setting
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Air Terminal Device Oil Press./Temp. [inloader Set Points

A,/Effective Area Voltage Tl-T2, T2-T3, T.3-T1 '?'o Cylinders Unloaded
Amps Al, A2, A3 Purge Operation Checked
13.3.11 System Coil Report. This form is used as a
kW Inpiit Bearing Temperature
worksheet to report on reheat coils or on the water coil of
Crankcase Htr. Amps Vane Position
terminal units. Any of the three alternate methods for
Ch. W. Control Setting Demand Limit
determining water flow rate or heat transfer rate indicated
Cand. W. Control Setting L,ow Temp. Cutout Setting
on the test report form may be used.
L,.P. Cutout Setting
Equipment Data Test Data H.P. Cutout Setting
System/Unit No. Flow Meter Reading: Flawrate 13.3.13 Package Rooftop/Heat Pump A/C Unit Test
LocatiodZone Alternative 1: Design PD Report. Test Data from package units of all types is to be
Room No./Riser No. Ent. Water Press. recorded on this form. If the unit has components other
Coil Make Lvg. Water Press. than the evaporator fan, DX coil, compressor and con-
Madel/Size Actual PD denser fan(s), use the appropriate test report form for:
Design Flow Rate Alternative 2: Design Water TD water or steam coils, direct fired heaters, electric coils, or
Design Water Siipply Ent. Water Temp. return air fans.
Temp. Lxg. Water Temp.
Flow Meter TypeíSize Actual Water T D Unit Data Motor Data
Alternative 3: Design Air TD Make/Model Number Make/Frame
Ent. Air Temp. Type/Size H.P./RPM (w/Rad/s)
Lvg. Air Temp. Serial Number Volts/Phase/ Hertz
Actual Air T D Type Filters/Size F.L. Amps/S.F.
13.3.12 Packaged Chiller Test Report. This form may Fan Sheave Make Sheave Make
be used to record the control settings and the entering and Fan Sheave DiamJBore Sheave Diam./Bore
leaving conditions at the chiller. It does not attempt to in- No. Belts/Make/Size Sheave Centerline Distance
dicate the performance or efficiency of the machine except Type Heating Section * and Adjustment
as may be determined by the design engineer from the data * use other appropriate form
contained therein.
Evaporator Test Data Condenser Test Data
This form, or the manufacturer's form, should be
substantially completed and verified by the manufacturer's (List Design & Actual) (List Design & Actual)
representatives and/or the equipment owner or installing Total Airflow Rate RefrigeranUWeight
contractor before the HVAC distribution systems are Total Static Pressure Compr. Mfr./Number
balanced. Temperature and pressure differential readings Discharge Static Press. Compr. ModeMer. No.
of the chiller unit evaporator and condenser should be Suction Static Pressure Low Amb. Control
recorded during the TAB procedures. Describe flow Out. Airflow Rate Suction Press./Temp.
measuring device when used. Out. Air DR/WB Cond. Press./Temp.
(List design and actual quantitites where appropriate.) Ret. Airflow Rate Crankcase Ntr. Amps.
Ret. Air DB/WB Compr. Volts Tl-T2,
Unit Data Condenser Data
Ent. Air DB/WB T2-T3, T3-TI
Make/Type Condenser Press./Temp. Lvg. Air DB/WB Compr. Amps Al, A2, A3
Model No./Size Ent./Lvg. Water Pressure Fan RPM L..P./H.P Cutout Setting
Serial No. Water PD Voltage Tl-T2, T2-T3, No. of FandFan RPM
Capacity Refrigerant Ent / Lvg . Water Temp.
I T3-T1 Cond. Fan HP/Airflow
Refrigerant Water TD Amps Al, A2, A3 Rate
Starter Water TD Cond. Fan Volts/Amps/
Heater Size Phase

at 303-397-2295.
13.3.14 Compressor and/or Condenser Test Report. Mot or H. P./RPM (w/ Rad/s)
This form may be used to record the control settings, and Volts/Phase/Hertz
the entering and leaving conditions at the unit. Since the Motor Sheave Diam./Bore
balancing firm is not necessarily responsible for start-up or Fan Sheave Diam./Bore
the proper operation of the machine, this form does not at- Sheave Centerline Distance
tempt to indicate the performance or efficiency of the No. Belts/Make/Size
machine except as may be determined by the design Water Data
engineer from the data contained therein.
(List Design & Actual for each)
This form or the manufacturer’s form should be
Ent./Lvg. Water Press.
substantially completed and verified by the manufacturer’s Water P D
representatives and/or the equipment owner or installing
Ent./Lvg. Water ‘Temp.
contractor before the HVAC distribution systems are Water T D
balanced. Temperature and pressure differential readings
Water Flow Rate
of the unit should be recorded during the TAB procedures. Bleed Water Flow Rate
‘This form may also be used to record data for the Voltage Tl-T2, T2-T3, T3-Tl
refrigerant side of unitary systems, “bare” compressors, Amps Al, A2, A3
separate air-cooled condensers or separate water-cooled
Air Data
condensers.
Unit Data lest Data (List Design & Actual for each)
Duct Airflow Rate
Unit Make (List Design & Actual for Duct Inlet Static Pressure
Unit Model/Ser. No. each) Duct Outlet Static Pressure
Compressor Make Duct Inlet/Outlet Static Avg. Ent. WB
Compr. Model/Ser. No. Pressure Avg. Lvg. WR
Refrigerant Weight EntJLvg. Air DB Ambient WB
Low. Anib. Control Cond. Wtr. Temp. In/Out Fan RPM
Corid. Wtr. Press In/Out Voltage T1-TL, TL-T3, T3-T1
Control Setting Amps Al, A2, A3
Unloader Set Points
L.P./H.P. Cutout Setting
Suction PressJTemp. 13.3.16 Heat Exchanger/Converter Test Report. This
form is designed to record final conditions for steam or hot i
Cond. Press. Temp.
Oil Press./Temp. water heat exchangers.
Voltage T1-T2, TL-T3, T 3 J 1
Amps Al, AL, A3 Unit Data Steam Test Data
KW Input
Location (List Design & Actual for each)
Crankcase Htr. Amps
Service Pressure
No. of FandFan RPM/
Make/Type Flow Rate
Airflow Rate
Model No./Size
Fan Motor Make/Frame/HP
Serial No.
Fan Motor Volts/Amps
Rating
13.3.15 Cooling Tower or Condenser Test Report. This
Primary Water Test Data
form should be substantially completed and verified before
the system is balanced. The “purnp data’’ section is to be (List Design & Actual for each)
used for the recirculating pump in evaporative condensers, Ent./Lvg. ‘Temps.
not the system used with cooling towers (use Pump Test TI)
Report). Ent./Lvg. Press.
Unit Data Pump Data PD
Water Flow Rate
Make/Type Make/Model
Secondary Water Test Data
Model No./Size Pump Serial No.
Serial No. Motor Make/Frame (List Design & Actual for each)
Nominal Capacity Motor H.P./RPM (w/Rad/s) Ent./Lvg. ’Temps.
Refrigerant Volts/Phase/Hertz TD
Water Treatment Water Flow Rate Erit./Lvg. Press
PD
-
Fan-
Data Water Flow Rate
No. of Fan Motors Control Set Point
Mot or Ma ke/Frame Circuiting Type
50 --`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
13.3.17 Pump Test Report. This report form may be us- 13.3.19 Instrument Calibration Report. This form is to
ed as a work sheet. The final data on each pump is also be used for recording the application and date of the most
recorded on this form. The actual impeller diameter entry recent calibration test or calibration for each instrument used
is that indicated by plotting the head curve based on a no in the testing, adjusting, and balancing work covered by the
flow head test o r by actual field measurement where repor t.
possible. Data Reported
Net positive suction head (NPSH) is important for
Instrunent/Make
pumps in open circuits and for pumps handling fluids at
Serial No.
elevated temperatures. NPSH defines the required pressure
Application
in excess of the liquid vapor pressure at the pump inlet.
Dates of use
Design Data Actual Test Data Date(s) of Calibration
Service/Location Pump Off P D 13.3.20 Component Failure Report. This form is in-
Make No Flow Head tended to provide sufficient information to determine cause
Model Number Act. Impeller Diam. of failure and provide feedback to the manufacturer,
Serial Number Full Open Head designer or installer. This form should be used as soon as
Water Flow Rate/Head Full Open Flow Rate a problem has occurred, and its inclusion in the final report
Req. NPSH Final Dischg. Press. would he at the judgement of the balancer. It should be
Pump RPM Final Suction Press. noted a n the report, if appropriate, that the analysis and
Impeller Diam. Final Head recommendations are not to be considered final or made
Motor Make/Frame Final Flow Rate by an expert on the sub,ject.
Motor HP/RPM (w/Rad/s) Voltage Tl-T2, T2-T3, T3-Tl Data Reported
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Volts/Phase/Hertz Amps Al, A2, A3

F.L. Amps/S.F. Project Architect/En,‘uineer
Seal Tlrpe System Contractor
Component Submittal Data
Manufacturer Description and Problem
13.3.18 Boiler Test Report. This form may be used as Serial No. Field Test Results
a check sheet to record the control settings and the enter- Model No. Probable Cause
ing and leaving conditions at the boiler. Since the balanc- Date Recommendations
ing firm is not necessarily responsible for start-up or the
proper operation of the machine, this form does not at-
tempt to indicate the performance or efficiency of the boiler
except as may be determined by the design engineer from 14. REFERENCES
the data contained therein. I ANSUASME, 1985. ANSI/ASME Standard B40.1-1985,
This form o r the manufacturer’s form should be Gauges - Pressure Indicating Dial Tvpe - Elastic Element,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street,
substantially completed and verified by the manufacturer’s New York, NY 10017.
representatives and/or the installing contractor before the AMCAJ985. A M C A Standard 210-1985, Laboratory
HVAC distribution systems are balanced. Temperature Methods of Testing Fan.s,forRating, Air Movement and Control
and/or pressure readings of the boiler should be entered Association, 30 West University Drive, Arlington Heights, IL
during the TAB procedures. 60004.
SMACNA, 1981. SMACNA/HVAC Duct Systen?Design
A flue gas analysis normally is not in the scope of TAB Tables and Charts, Sheet Metal and Air-conditioning Contrac-
procedures, but data could be added in the “remarks” sec- tors’ National Association, 8224 Old Courthouse Road, Tysons
tion if available and required by the engineer/owner. Corner, Vienna, VA 22180.
ASHRAE, 1988. A S H R A E Handbook - 1988 Equip-
Unit Data Test Data nient, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Location/Service (List Design & Actual for each) conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
30329.
Ma ke/Type Operating Press./Temp. SMACNA, 1985. SMACNA/HVAC Duct Construction
Model Nunber/Siz,e Ent./Lvg. Temp. Standards - Metal and Flexible, Sheet Metal and Air-
Serial Number No. Safety Valves/Size conditioning Contractors’ National Association, 8224 Old
FueMnput Safety Valve Settings Courthouse Road, Tysons Corner, Vienna, VA 22180.
No. of Passes High Limit Setting SMACNA, 1979. SMACNA Standard 1979-2, Fibrous
Glass Duct Construction Standards, Sheet Metal and Air-
Ignition Type Operating Contr. Setting Conditioning Contractors National Association, 8224 Old Court-
Burner Control High Fire Set Point house Road, Tysons Corner, Vienna, VA 22180.
Volts/Phase/Hertz Low Fire Set Point i SMACNA, 1965. S M A C N A / H V A C Air Duct Leak-
Voltage Tl-T2, T2-T3, T3-TI age Test Manual, Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Con-
Amps Al, A2, A3 tractors National Association, 8224 Old Courthause Road,
Tysons Corner, Vienna, VA 22180.
Draft Fan Volts/Amps HEVAC, 1981. HEVACFan Application Guide, Heating,
Manifold Press. Ventilating, and Air-conditioning ìvlaniifacturers Association,
Safety Controls-Check Ltd., Pheonix House, Middlesex, London TW159NL..
51
at 303-397-2295.
ISO, 1977. IS0 Standard 3966-1977, Measurement ofFluid Wilson, A.C., 1981. Instriiinents and Proceduresfor Measuring
Flow in Closed Conduits - Velocity Area Method Using Pitot Air Flow by the Velocity TraverseMethod, London: McGraw-
Static ïïibes, International organization for Standardization, 1 rue Hill, Air Flow Developments, Ltd.
de Varembe, Case postale 56, CH-1211 Gerieve 20, Switzerland.
l o ASHRAE, 1983. A S H R A E Handbook - 1985 Futz- 'This Appendix is not part of the Standard but is included for in-
dametztals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- formation purposes only.
conditioning Engineers, inc. 1791 'TullieCircle, NE, Atlanta, GA APPENDIX B i
30329.
I' Hayes, F.C. and Stoecker, W.F:, 1966. The effect of the in-
SAMPLE SPECIFICATION
let conditions on flow measurement of ceiling diffusers. ASHRAE The following sections are provided as a sample from which
Transactions, Vol. 72, Pt. 2, 1966. the user can derive a format for a specification pertaining to most
I?'Tuve, G.L. and Wright, D. K. , 1940. Air flow measure- testing and balancing projects.
ments at intake and discharge openings and grill es^ A S H R A E B.l SCHEDULING AND READINESS OF PROJECT
Journal Section of Heating, Piping, and Air-Conditioning,
B.1.1 Plans and specifications shall be reviewed prior to the
August, 1940.
installation or retrofit of any affected systems. A written report
'I Davies, L.E., Measurement of the flow of air through
shall be submitted indicating any deficiencies in the system that
registers and grilles, ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 36, 1930; Vol.
would preclude the proper testing, adjusting, and balancing of
37, 1931; Vol. 39, 1933.
systems and equipnent to attain specified performance"The report
I4Hayes,FC. and Stoecker, W.F:, Velocity patterns at return-
should include proposed corrective modifications.
air inlets and their effect on flow measurement. A S H R A E Tran-
sactions, Vol. 71, Pt. 1, 1966. B.1.2 Access shall be provided to all work which will be con-
ACGIH, 1986. Industrial Ventilation, 19th Edition, cealed a n d which will require testing, balancing and future
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, maintenance.
6500 Glenway Avenue, Bldg. D-7, Cincinnati, OH. B.2 PROJECT OPERATIONAL STATUS INCLUDING
I6Jorgensen, Robert, 1983. Fan Engineering, 8th Edition, START-UP AND/OR READINESS FOR TESTING AID
Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, NY. BALANCING
Notification shall be made when the project is ready for the
This Appendix is not part of this Standard but is included for testing and balancing work. Project readiness shall include:
information purposes only. a. Systems are started and operating.
APPENDIX A 'o. Permanent electrical power wiring is complete.
BIBLIOGRAPHY c. Verify that ductwork is fabricated and installed as specified.
AABC, 1982. A A B C National Standardsfor Total System d. Ceilings are installed in critical areas where air pattern ad-
Balance, Associated Air Balance Council, 1318 K Street, NW, justment may be required. Access to balancing devices is provided.
Washington, DC.
ADC, 1977. A D C Est Codefor Grilles, Registers, and Diyfusers, e. All equipment and ductwork access doors are securely
Air Diffusion Council, 230 North Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, closed. i
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Chicago, IL 60601. f . All balancing, smoke, and fire dampers are open.
ASHRAE, 1987. ASHRAE Handbook - 1987Systeins/AppIica- g. All isolation and balancing valves are open and control
tions, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- valves are operational.
Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, h. System installation is complete Controls and instrumerita-
GA 30329. tion are installed and operational.
ASHRAE, 1986. A S H R A E Handbook - 1986 Refrigeration,
American Society o f Heating, Refrigerating, a n d Air- B.3 INSTRUMEN'IATION REQUIREMENTS
Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 'Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, The minirrium instrumentation requirements for the testing,
GA 30329. adjusting and balancing shall be those which provide the most ac-
ASHRAE, 1986. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-1986. "Standard curacy as prescribed in ASHRAE Standard 111-1988, Section 5.
Method for Temperature Measurement;' American Society of B.4 INSTALLED FLOW METERS AND MEASURING AND
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, inc. BALANCING DEVICES
1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.
MCAA, 1976. MCAA Start, Test, and Balance. Mechanical Con- Criteria for installed flow meters and measuring and balan-
tractors Association of America, 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Suite cing devices shall be as prescribed in ASHRAE Standard 111-1988,
120, Bethesda, MD. Section 6.
NEBB, 1984. NEBB Environmental System Technology, Na- B.5 AIR MEASUREMENTS
tional Environmental Balancing Bureau, 8224 Old Courthouse Criteria and accuracy requirements pertaining to air and
Road, Vienna, VA 22180. hydronic measurements shall be as prescribed in ASHRAE Stan-
NEBB, 1984. NEBB Procedural Standardsfor Testing,Adjusting, dard 111-1988, Sections 8 and 9.
Balancing of Environmental Sys.tetns, National Environmental
Balancing Bureau, 8224 Old Courthouse Road, Vienna, VA B.6 AIR AND HYDROLIC BALANCING
22180. Criteria and accuracy requirements pertaining to air and
SMACNA, 1982. SMACNA Retrofit of Building Energy Systems hydronic balancing shall be as prescribed in ASHRAE Standard
and Processes, Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Contractors' 111-1988, Sections 10 and 11.
National Association, 8224 Old Courthouse Road, Tysons
Corner, Vienna, VA 22180.. B.7 REFRIGERATION TESTING
SMACNA, 1983. SMACNA HVACSystetns Testing, Adjusting, Criteria and accuracy requirements pertaining to refrigera-
and Balancing, Sheet Metal and Air-Conditioning Contrac- tion testing shall be as described in ASHRAE Standard 111-1988,
tors' National Association, 8224 Old Courthouse Road, Section 12.
Tysons Corner, Vienna, VA 22180. i
Wilson, A.C., 1981. "Comments on ISO/DiS 5219, Air Distribu- B.8 REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS
tion and Air Diffusion:' Laboratory Aerodynainics Testing and All testing and balancing data as described in Section13 shall
Rating o f A i r Erininal Devices, London: McGraw-Hill. be prepared and submitted on applicable forms. Unless otherwise

at 303-397-2295.
directed, four (4) copies of the testing and balancing report shall In the example illustrated in Fig. C-1, the point of intersec-
be submitted. tion between the fan performance curve and the actual system
B.9 VARIANCE FROM BALANCING CRITERIA AND curve is Point 4. The actual flow volume will, therefore, be defi-
RECOMMENDATIONS cient by the difference from 1-4. To achieve design flow volume,
a System Effect Factor equal to the pressure difference between
The construction documents shall include any variances or dele- Point 1 and 2 should have been added to the calculated system
tions from this Standard Practice which would affect the testing pressure losses and the fan selected to operate at Point 2. Note, that
and balancing work, and any addenda that would change design because the System Effect is velocity related, the difference
conditions from original contract drawings. represented between Points 1 and 2 is greater than the difference
B.10 VERIFICATION OF CONTROL OPERATION between Points 3 and 4.
The correct function and sequence of controls per ASHRAE C2 Example (High Fitting Loss Coefficient)
Standard 111-1988, Sections 10 and 11, shall be verified. (22.1 U.S. Units
B.ll VERIFICATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE An average low pressure duct system might be designed to
T h e system shall be simulated for seasonal conditions. develop a velocity of 2000 fpm at 2.5 in. wg total pressure in the
Pressure differential and temperature differential tests shall be main supply duct leaving the fan. Find the pressure loss of the fit-
made and recorded upon completion of flow tests. ting found in Fig. 9 (the beamíduct height ratio (L/H) is 2) with
and without single blade turning vanes.
8.12 OPPOSITE SEASON THERMAL PERFORMANCE
VERIFICATION TEST (OPTIONAL) P, = 0.25 for 2000 fpm
If opposite season operating conditions cannot be simulated, C = 0.77 for single blade turning vanes (Fig. 8)
testing of systems and equipment shall be scheduled for the earliest C = 9.24 without turning vanes (Fig. 8)
convenient date during the opposite season, and a supplemental
report of results issued. Solution With Turning Vanes
Fitting loss = C x P, = 0.77 x 0.25 = 0.19in. wg
This Appendix is not part of the Standard but is included for in- Solution Without Turning Vanes
formation purposes only.
Fitting loss = (3 x P, 9.24 x 0.25 = 2.31 in. wg
APPENDIX C (almost equal to the pressure rating of the fan)
SYSTEM EFFECT c 2 . 2 SI Units
C.1. Example (System Effect Factor) A n average low pressure duct system might be designed to
Fig. C-1 illustrates deficient f a d s y s t e m performance develop a velocity of 10.8 m/s at 750 Pa total pressure in the main
resulting from undesirable flow conditions. I t is assumed that the supply duct leaving the fan. Find the pressure loss of the fitting
system pressure losses have been accurately determined (Point 1, found in Fig. 9 (the beam/duct height ratio (L./H) is 2) with and
Curve A) and a suitable fan selected for operation at that point. without single blade turning vanes.
However, no allowance has been made for the effect of the system P, = 70 Pa for 10.8 m/s
connections to the performance of the fan. To compensate for this
System Effect it will be necessary to add a System Effect Factor Solution With Turning Vanes
to the calculated system pressure losses to determine the actual Fitting loss = C x P, = 0.77 x 70 = 53.9Pa
system curve. The System Effect Factor for any given configura- Solution Without Turning Vanes
tion is velocity dependent and will, therefore, vary across the range
of flow volumes of the fan. Fitting loss = C x P, = 9.24 x 70 = 646.8 Pa
C3 Example (Duct Leakage)

ACTUALOUCT
l
SYSTEM CURVE 1
I / The brake horsepower increase of a fan is proportional to the
CALCULATEDDUCT cube of the airflow change (fan law) , so that increasing leakage
CURVE WITH NO
ALLOWANCE FOR percentages also increase the bhp as follows:
I SYSTEM EFFECT
I
I
To Leakage bhp Ratio
I 0 To 1.00
-:- I (
I
I
i\
1070
5 To
10%
1.03
1.16
1.33
/
7 15%
20 070
Therefore, if 1.5% leakage is allowed for unsealed ductwork,
about 50% could be added to the cost of energy to run the fan
1.52
1.73
y> compared to a totally sealed duct system.

Y
IL
z
2
! This Appendix is not part of the Standard but it is included for
Y
information purposes only.
i -DESIGN VOLUME -
APPENDIX D
AIR MEASUREMENTS
D . l DETERMINATION OF T H E DENSITY OF AIR,
GENERAL, CASE
D . l . l Example: Theconditions that exist at the inlet of a fan
Fig. C-1 Deficient duct system performance because of that is not ducted on the inlet side are t,, = 78 OF and t,,, = 62°F.
system effect Since the inlet of the fan is not ducted, P,, = 0 and P l (absolute
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at 303-397-2295.
pressure) = Pb. The barometric pressure, Pb, measured in the The density of air is directly proportional to absolute pressure
vicinity of the fan is 28.60 in. Hg. and inversely proportional to absolute temperature. The density
Since PSI= 0,P, = P b = 28.60 in. Hg. of the air at the fan inlet is:
The wet-bulb depression is: d , = 0.075 (P,/29.92) [(70" + 460")/(t,, + 460")l
td, - t,,, = 78°F - 62°F 16°F. = 0.075 (27.09129.92) [530/(95 + 460")l
For wet-bulb depression of 16 "F, dry-bulb temperature of d , = 0.0648 Ib,/fti
78 "F and absolute pressure of 28.60 in. Hg. obtain p i = 0.0701 D.2.2 Example: Saturated air is entering a fan inlet, located
Ibm/ft3 by using the Psychrometric Density Chart in Fig. D-1.. at a n elevation of 1500 f t above sea level. ï h e pressure and
D.1.2 Example: 'The conditions at a fan inlet, located at an temperature at the inlet are P,, = -6.75 in. wg and t,, = 103OF.
elevation of 1000 ft above sea level are PSI= - 3.45 in. wg. tdi = Barometric pressure data, obtained from a nearby airport are
85 "F and t,,, = 75 "F. Barometric pressure data, obtained from a 29.66 in. Hg at sea level.
nearby airport are 29.82 in. Hg. at sea level. Using the data in Fig. D-2 the barometric pressure at 1500 ft
Using the data in Fig" D-2, the barometric pressure at 1,000 above sea level is:
ft above sea level is: P, = 29.66 x 0.947 = 28.09 in. Hg.
P, = 29.82 x 0.964 = 28.75 in. Hg. 'The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is:
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is: P, = P, + (P,,/13.6) = 28.09 - (6.75A3.6) = 27.59in Hg.
P = P, i- (P,,/13.6) = 28.75 - (3.45A3.6) = 28.50in. Hg. Referring to Fig. D-5 obtain saturated air density of 0.06868
The wet-bulb depression is: at 103 OF and 29.92 in. Hg.
t,, - t,,, = 85°F = 75°F = 10°F:

Assuming the density of saturated air is directly proportional
to absolute pressure, the density at the fan inlet is calculated as
For dry-bulb temperature of 85 "F, absolute pressure of 28.50 follows:
in. Hg and wet-bulb depression of IOOF, use the Psychrometric
Density Table in Fig. D-3 to obtain: d , = 0.06868 (PLl9.92)
= 0.06868 (27.59/29.92)
P l = 0.06829 + (10 x 0.000041) = 0.0687 Ibm/ft3.
d , = 0.0633 Ib,/ft3
D.13 Example: It is recomiilended that the use of thc calcula-
tion procedure that is based on perfect gas relationships and il- Assuming the density of saturated air to be directly propor-
lustrated in this example be limited to instances ¡ri which the dry- tional to absolute pressure is an approximation. The error in the
bulb temperature is 180°F or less. Accurate wet-bulb temperature density determination as a result of this approximation increases
measurements are difficult to obtain when the dry-bulb tem- with increasing temperature and increases with increasing varia-
perature exceeds 180 OF. tion between the actual absolute pressure and 29.92 in. Hg, which
'The conditions at a fan inlet are P,, = - 8.75 in. wg. td, = is the stated pressure for the data in Fig, D-5. The error will be ap-
146°F and T 93 "F: ï h e barometric pressure, P, , measured for proximately 1% or less under the following conditions:
the atmosphere to which P,, is referred is 28.15 in. Hg.
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is: At 120O F and at an absolute pressure within 2OVo of 29.92 in Hg .
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
P , = P b + (P,,/13.6) = 28.15 - (8.75/13.6) = 27.51 in. Hg. At 150°F and at an absolute pressure within 10070of29.92 in.
Hg.
Using Fig. D-4 obtain saturated vapor pressure, p,, of 1.561
in. Hg for the wet-bulb temperature of 93 "E At 1 8 0 O F arid at an absolute pressure within 4% of29.92 in. Hg.
Using the modified Apjohn equation for partial vapor D.3 PHASE CURRENT METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE
pressure, p,, , obtain: POWER OUTPUT OF THREE PHASE FAN MOTORS
P,, = P, - Pl [(hi, - t,,,)/27001 D.3.1 Example: 'The power output of three phase motors can
be estimated based on the relationship of motor current and motor
= 1.561 - 27.51 [(146" - 93")/2700]
power output. The riatureof this relationship is illustrated for a
= 1.021 in. H g number of motors, covering a wide range of horsepower ratings
d , is calculated by using perfect gas relationships: in the graph in Fig.. D-11. As indicated in the graph, the phase cur-
rent is not proportional to the motor power output over the motor
d , = 11.3257 ( P l - 0.378 p:,)] / (td, + 460") operating range. However, the error in assuming proportionality
= [1.3257 (27.51 - 0.378 X 1.021)J / (146" i-
460") for motor operation at or near the full load point is small. For ex-
ample, for motors of five horsepower and greater, operating at
d , = 0.0593 Ib,/ft'.
90% or more of full load amps (FLA), the error in assuming that
D.2 DETERMINATION OF' THE DENSI'T'Y OF AIR, the measured amps are proportional to motor power output will
SPECIAL CASES be less than 5070, and Equation A applied.
D.2.1 Example: Dry air is entering a fan inlet located at an Equation A:
elevation of 1,000 ft above sea level. The pressure and temperature - nameplate
at the inlet are P,, = -15 in. wg and tdl = 95°F. Barometric
pressure data, obtained from a nearby airport are 29.24 in. Hg at
Hmo - horsepower ( measured
FLA
amps measured volts
) ( nameplatevoitc )
sea level. Where H,, is the motor power output, FLA is the motor
nameplate value of full load amps, and measured amps arid
Using the data in Fig. D-2 the barometric pressure at 1000 ft measured volts are the averages of the measured phase values.
above sea level is:
Generally, for motors operating at less than 90% of full load
P, = 29.24 x 0.964 = 28.19 in. Hg. amps, the motor power output can be estimated by using the
The absolute pressure at the fan inlet is: average of the results of Equation A and Equation B.
P l = P, + (P,,/13.6) = 28.19 - (15í13.6) = 27.09in. Hg. Equation B:
Dry air at 29.92 in Hg. and 70°F has a density of 0.075 nameplate measured amps - NLA measured volts
1b,/ft3. H m = horsepower ( FLA - NLA ) ( nameplate volts )
at 303-397-2295.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

55
at 303-397-2295.
RELATIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AIR AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES?
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF STANDARD AIR AT SEA LEVEL AND 2 9 9 2 in Hcj = 1 00
AL'T'IT'UDE SP E Ci FI C PRESSURE ALTITUDE SPECIFIC PRESSURE
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ft GRAVITY in Hg 11 GRAVITY ¡ri Hg
O 1 O0 29 92 3000 O 896 26 82
1O0 0 996 29 81 320'3 o 890 26 62
200 o 993 29 70 3400 o 883 26 4 2
300 o 982 29 60 3600 o 877 26 23
400 O 986 29 49 3833 O 870 26 03
50,s 0 9Ei 29 38 4000 O 864 25 84
SOP o 979 29 28 4200 0.857 25 65
70C o 975 29 1 7 4400 o 851 25 46
800 O 971 29 07 4600 o 845 25 27
909 O 966 28 96 4800 o 838 25 O8
1O00 O 964 28 86 5000 O 832 24 90
1100 O 961 28 75 5200 O 826 24 71
1200 o 957 28 65 5400 o 820 24 52
1303 0.954 28 54 5600 O 814 24 34
1400 O 950 28 44 5800 O 807 24 16
.150G o 947 28 33 6000 0.801 23 96

1600 o 944 20 23 6500 O 786 23 53
1700 o 940 28 1 3 7000 O 772 2 3 O9
1800 o 937 28 02 7500 o 757 22 65
1900 o 933 27 92 8000 o 743 22 22
2000 O 930 27.82 8500 O 729 21.80

21 O0 O 926 27.72 9000 O 715 21.39
2200 O 923 27 62 9500 O 701 20 98
2300 0.920 27.52 1O000 O 688 20.58
2400 0.91 6 27.42 15000 O564 16,89
2500 0.91 3 27.32 20000 O 460 13 75

2600 0.909 27.21 25000 0.371 11.10
2700 0.906 27.1 1 30000 0.297 8 89
2800 0.903 27.01 35000 0.235 7.04
290~ 0.899 26.91 40000 O 185 5.54
2 Jorpensen op CIL, p33 Reprinted b y Permission
Fig. D-2
56 ASHRAE SïANDARD 111-1988

at 303-397-2295.
PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY TABLE
IDENSITY OF SATURATED AjR FOR VARIOUS PRESSURES APPROX

AND HYGROMETRIC CONDITIONS-lbm/tt' AVERAGE
DRY-BUL I NCREASE
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
TEMP ABSOLUTE PRESSURE N DENSIT
INCREASE
'F in Hg N DENSIT PER "F
PER O 1 in WET-BULE
I RISE If DEPR ES-
28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.O SION
38ESSüRi
30 07703 07839 07974 .O8110 .O8245 08380 ,00027 O00017
31 07687 07822 07957 08093 08228 08363 00027 .o00017
32 07671 07806 07940 08075 0821o 08345 "00027 O00017
33 07654 07789 07924 08058 .O8193 08327 ,00027 O00018
34 07638 07772 07907 0804 1 .O8175 .O8310 00027 O00018
35 07621 07756 07890 08024 08i58 08292 ,00027 O00018
36 07605 07739 "07873 08007 08141 08274 .O0027 O00018
37 07589 07723 07856 07990 08123 08257 .O0027 00001 9
38 07573 07706 07840 07973 08106 08239 "00027 000019
39 07557 07690 07823 "07956 .O8089 .o8222 .O0027 "O00019
40 07541 07674 07806 07939 .O8072 08205 .O0027 O00019
41 07525 07657 07790 07922 08055 08187 "00026 000020
42 07509 07641 07773 07905 08038 08170 .O0026 000020
43 07493 07625 07757 07889 08021 08153 .O0026 000020
44 07477 07609 07740 07872 .O8004 O81 35 ,00025 000020
45 07461 07592 07724 07855 07986 o8118 .O0026 000020
46 07445 07576 07707 07838 ,07970 08101 "00026 000021
47 07429 07560 07691 07822 07953 08084 00026 000021
48 074 13 07544 07674 07805 07936 08066 00026 000021
49 07397 07528 07658 07788 07919 08049 "00026 000022
50 07381 07512 07642 07772 07902 08032 "00026 000022
51 07366 07496 07625 07755 07885 .O8015 "00026 000022
52 07350 ,07479 07609 07739 07868 07998 .O0025 000023
53 07334 07464 07593 07722 07852 07981 00026 000023
54 07318 07447 07576 ,07706 07835 07964 .O0026 000023
55 07302 07431 07560 07689 .O7818 .O7947 ,00026 000024
56 07287 07415 07544 07673 ,07801 07930 ,00026 000024
57 07271 07399 07528 07656 "07784 07913 .O0026 OC0025
58 07255 07383 07512 07640 07768 07896 .O0026 000025
59 07240 07367 07495 07623 07751 ,07879 ,00026 000025
60 07224 07352 ,07479 07607 ,07734 07862 .O0026 000026
61 07208 07336 07463 "07590 07718 07845 ,00026 000026
62 07193 07320 07447 07574 "07701 07828 ,00026 000027
63 07177 .O7304 07430 07557 .O7684 0783 1 ,00026 000027
64 07161 07288 074 14 07541 ,07668 07794 ,00026 000028
Note Approx average decrease in density per O 1°F rise in dry-bulb temperature equals 000017
Ibm/ft'
Fig. D-3
Pg. 1 of 2

at 303-397-2295.
PSYCHROMETRIC DENSITY TABLE
DENSIlY OF SATURATED AIR FOR VARIOUS PRESSURES APPROX

A N D HYGROM ETFi IC CON DIT ION S-I bm/ f t ' AVERAGE
INCREASE
DRY -BULE
AB COL UT E PR E SSUR E INCREASE N DENSIT
TEN? PER " F
F in Hg IN DENSIT'
PER O1 in WET-BULE
H RISE IF DEPRES-
28.5 29.0 29.5 30.0 30.5 31.O P8ESS"RE SION
65 07145 07272 "07398 .O7525 07651 07777 ,00026 00002e

66 071 30 07256 07382 07508 07634 07760 00026 000020
67 071 1 4 07241) 07366 01492 07618 07744 ,00026 009v2c
68 07090 07224 07350 07475 07601 07727 00026 0001,35
69 07083 07208 07333 07459 07584 07710 ,00026 O00039
70 0706' 071 92 ,07317 07442 .O7568 07693 .O0026 ODD?? 1
71 07051 071 76 07301 07426 07551 07676 .O0325 0'3""".
r.,3
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
72 07035 07166 07285 .O74 1O 075% 07659 .O0025 000C32

73 0702Y 07144 07268 07393 0751 7 07642 .O0023 00'3723
74 07004 07128 07252 0737 7 .O7501 07625 "00025 000033
75 O6988 071 12 07236 07360 07484 07608 .O0025 000334
76 06972 07096 07220 07343 07467 07591 "00025 0001)3=
77 06956 07080 07203 07327 07451 .O7574 "00025 000'335
78 0694 O 07064 07187 0731 O 07434 07557 "00025 003036
79 06925 07046 071 71 07294 07417 07540 .O0025 000036
80 06905 07032 071 55 07277 07400 07523 .O0025 000037
81 06893 07015 071 38 07261 07383 07506 .O0025 OOOC3I?
82 06877 0700C 07122 07244 07366 07489 "00024 000333
83 06861 069¿?3 O7105 07227 .O7349 07472 "00024 003'34
84 06845 06967 07089 0721 1 07333 07454 .O0024 oooo~c
85 06829 0695C 07072 .O7194 0731 6 07437 "O0024 0 0 0 0 1~
86 0681 2 06934 07056 071 77 07299 07420 00024 000042
87 06796 06917 07039 .O71 60 07281 .O7403 ,00024 O0004 3
88 06780 06901 07022 07143 .O7264 07385 .o0024 OOOû43
09 06764 06885 07005 071 26 .O7247 01368 .o0024 000044
90 06748 06868 06989 .O71O9 07230 .O7351 .o0024 00004 5
91 .O6731 06852 06972 07092 ,0721 3 .O7333 00024 000046
92 0671 5 06835 06955 "07075 .O7195 .O7316 "00024 000047
93 06698 068 18 06938 .O7058 .O7178 07298 .O0024 000048
94 06682 06801 06921 07041 .O7161 07280 .O0024 00004 9
95 .O6665 06785 .O6904 "07024 "07143 07263 "00024 .O00059
96 0664 8 06768 "06887 .O7006 .O7126 07245 .O0024 000051
97 06632 06751 .O6870 .o6989 071 O8 "07227 ,00024 000052
98 O661 5 'o6734 .m53 .O6972 "07091 .O7209 "00024 .O00053
99 06598 ,06717 ,06835 .o6954 "07073 .o7191 "00024 000054
1O0 06581 06700 .o6818 ,06937 .O7055 .O7174 .O0024 000055
Note Approx average decrease in density per O 1'F rise in dry-bulb temperature equals ,000017
Ibmift'.
Fig. D-3
Pg. 2 of 2

at 303-397-2295.
VAPOR PRESSURES OF WATER'
- - -
TEMP 'RESSURt TEMP PRESSURt TEMP DRESSURE TEMP PRESSURI TEMP PRESSURE
'F in Hg "F in Hg 'F in Hg 'F i n Hg 'F in Hg
- - 7 -
35 .2035 65 ,6222 95 1.660 125 3.954 155 8 557
36 -2118 66 .6442 96 1.71 2 126 4.063 156 8 767
37 .2203 67 .6669 97 1.765 127 4.1 74 157 8.981
38 2292 68 .69D3 98 1.819 128 4.289 158 9.200
39 ,2383 69 "7144 99 1875 129 4 406 159 9 424
40 2478 70 7392 1o0 1 932 130 4.525 160 9 652
41 "2576 71 .7648 1o1 1992 131 4.647 161 9 885
42 .2677 72 "7912 102 2.052 132 4 772 162 1 0 12
43 2782 73 "8183 103 2 114 133 4 900 163 10 36
44 2891 74 .ô462 104 2 178 134 5.031 164 10 61
45 .3004 75 ,8750 105 2 243 135 5 165 165 10 86
46 .3120 76 .go46 106 2 310 136 5.302 166 11 12
47 "3240 77 9352 7 07 2 379 137 5 442 167 11 38
48 "3364 78 .9666 108 2 449 138 5 585 168 11 65
49 .3493 79 .9989 1o9 2 521 139 5.732 169 11 92
50 ,3626 80 1 .O32 110 2 596 140 5 881 170 12 20
51 .3764 81 1 066 111 2 672 141 6 034 171 1 2 48
52 .3W6 82 l"102 112 2 749 142 6 190 172 12 77
53 "4052 83 1.138 113 2 829 143 6 350 173 13 07
54 .4203 84 1.1 75 7 14 2 911 144 6 513 174 1 3 37
55 4359 85 1.213 115 2 995 145 6 680 175 13 67
56 4520 86 1.253 116 3 081 146 6 850 176 13 98
57 "4686 87 1.293 117 3 169 147 7 024
I 177 14 30
58 4858 88 1.335 118 3 259 148 7.202 178 14 62
59 SO35 89 1.378 119 3 351 149 7.384 179 14 96
60 2521 8 90 1422 120 3 446 150 7.569 180 15 29
61
62
,5407
SO1
91
92
1.467
1513
121
122
3 543
3 642
151
152
7.759 -
7.952
63 SO2 93 1S 6 1 123 3 744 153 8 150
64 .6009 94 1.610 124 3.848 154 8 351
- - -
1 A o b e r i Jorgensen, ed Fan Engineering. 7th ed R e p r i n i e d by Perrniss*oP
í B i J f f ä i 0 . N Y Buffalo Forge C o , 19701, P 8
Fig. D-4
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
59
ACHRAE, STANDARD 111-1988
at 303-397-2295.
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED AIR3
WEIGHTS OF AIR, WATER VAPOR AND SATURATED MIXTURE OF AIR AND WATER VAPOR AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES A N D 2992 IN. Hg
E l G d T IN A WEIGH1 IN A
WEIGHT OF
- --
WEIGHT OF
-
U B I C FOOT
-
VOLUME THE V A P O R CUBIC FOOT
F MIXÏURE OF M I I I U R E VOLUME THE V A P O R
I
T EM
, fllllb T E.M P tt'llb '
F OF f
3 R Y AIF TOTAL DRY A I F Ibllb ibllb
J R Y AIF VAPOR TOTAL OF
DRY A I R 'gib Ibllt
-- --- - - --
lb ViE/bHÏ OF OF WEIGHT
-2!
Ib
o9134 10 95
DRY A l i
00020
MIIIURE
00020 46
Ib
07766
Ib
000509
lb
07819
DRY A I R
- OF
MIXTURE
1287 00655 00651

-2t
-l!
-1 c
- !
09025
08922
08820
08723
000024
000031
000'94
000053
' II 09027
U8925
OE624
08728
11 07
11 21
11 34
11 46
00027
00035
00046
00061
00027
00035
00046
00061
47
48
49
50
07750
07731
07714
07694
000527
000545
000567
000587
07803
07785
07771
07753
1290
1293
1296
12 99
00680
00705
00734
00762
00675
00:0c
0072E
00756
5
1c
C 08625
08529
08434
000068
000087
000110 I 08632
08538
08445
11 59
1 1 72
11 85
00080
00102
O0130
00080
00102
00130
51
52
53
07676
07657
07637
000608
000632
000651
07737
07720
07702
1302
1306
1309
00792
00E23
OOE54
0078E
00819
00845
I
15 08340 000140 08354 1 1 99 00168 001 68 54 07620 000675 07687 1312 00884 0057:
20 0824 7 000176 08264 12 12 0021 3 0021 3 55 07600 000700 07670 13 15 00921 00913
21 08230 000185 08248 12 15 00225 00224 56 07582 000723 07654 13 19 00952 00943
22 0821 o 12 18 00235 00234 57 07562 000749 07637 1322 O0989 00980
23 08193 12 20 00246 00245 58 a7544 000775 07622 1325 01026 01016
24
25
08173
08156
000213
000222
I O8194
08178
12 23
12 26
00260
00272
00259
00271
59
60
07524
07506
O00801
000829
07604
07589
1329
1332
01063
01103
01052
01091
26
27
28
29
30
O8136
08117
O8099
08083
08063
000233
000243
000254
000264
000277
I 08159
08141
08124
O8109
O8090
12 29
12 32
12 34
12 37
12 40
00285
00300
00314
00328
00345
00284
00299
0031 3
00327
00344
61
62
63
64
65
07486
07468
07447
07429
07408
000857
000886
O009 16
000947
000979
07572
07557
07539
07524
07506
1335
1339
1342
1346
1349
01143
01185
01229
01273
01320
01 130
O1 171
01214
o1 25:
O 1 303
31 Oar343 000290 08072 12 43 00362 0036 1 66 07390 001012 07491 1353 01368 01349
32 08025 000303 08055 12 46 00378 00376 67 07369 001045 07473 1357 01417 0139'
33 08006 000315 08038 12 49 00393 00392 66 07350 O01O80 07458 1360 01468 01447
34 07989 000327 08022 12 51 00409 004 O8 69 07330 001115 07441 1364 01520 0149:
35 07970 000339( o8004 12 54 00426 00425 70 07310 001 152 07425 1368 01576 01551
36 07952 000353 07987 12 57 00444 00442 71 07290 O01 189 07409 1371 01630 01604
37 07933 OU0364 07969 12 60 00460 00458 72 07270 001229 07393 1375 01651 01662
38 0791 6 000380 07954 1¿ 63 00480 004 78 73 07250 O01268 07377 i 3 79 0174@ 01717
39 07897 000394 0793E 12 66 00499 00496 74 07229 001310 07360 1383 01812 O 1 780
40 07880 000409 07921 12 69 00519 00516 75 07208 O01352 07343 1387 01876 01841
41 07860 000425 07902 12 72 0054 1 00538 76 O7188 001395 07328 1391 O1941 o1 904
42
43
44
Is
07843
07825
07805
07788
o00440
000456
000473
000491
om7
07871
07852
07837
12 75
12 78
12 81
12 84
00561
00583
00606
00630
00558
00579
00602
-
00626
-
77
70
79
80
07166
O? 144
07124
07104
-
001439
001485
001532
001579
0731 O
07293
07277
07262
1395
13 99
1403
1 4 O8
I 02008
. _ . ~01968
.
02079 02ci3E
02150 021 06
-
02223 021 7 4
3 Jorgcrnen. op o r , pp 1517 Reprinied b y Permlssion
Fig. D-5
Pg. 1 of 2
60 --`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED AIR3
WEIGHTS OF AIR, WATER VAPOR AND SATURATED MIXTURE OF AIR A N D WATER VAPOR AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND 2 9 9 2 in Hg
EIGHT I h :IGHT I N
WEIGHT OF
---
T E.U
F -- )Rï All
UüiC FC
ir M I X T U
VAPOR TOTAL
JOLUUE
I1"lC
OF
JRY A l l
THE V A P O R
I3Ilb toiin
TE-MP
F
- -- JBIC FOI
F UIXTL'I
--
TOTAL
VOLUUE
ft'llb
OF Ib'lb It i t
)RI A l l VAPOR DRY AIR
- --- - -
WEIGHT
--
Ib OF OF WEIGHT OF
Ib
--- -
Ib Ib OF
Ib DRY AIR MIXTURE I3 )RI AIF U'ELJRE
81 0708' 001625 07244 14 12 02301 02249 116 06186 004427 06629 16 16 07157 06678
82 07059 00168: 07227 14 16 02383 02325 117 061 54 004548 06609 16 24 0739: 0we2
83 07038 001 73: 0721 1 14 21 02462 02403 118 061 24 004669 06591 16 32 07625 07%:
84 0701 5 00: 785 O7193 14 26 02545 02462 119 06092 004794 06571 16 41 07869 0729E
85 06933 00184l 071 77 14 3@ 02631 02566 120 06060 004921 06552 16 50 08121 0751 1
86 06970 OO189E 07160 14 34 02723 02651 121 06027 IN5049 06532 16 58 08376 07725
87 06947 O01954 07 142 14 39 02613 02736 122 05995 005183 0651 3 16 68 08646 07955
88 06925 0320 14 07126 14 44 02908 O2826 123 05960 005319 Oô492 16 77 08925 081 5 r
89 069CZ 002072 07109 14 48 03032 02915 124 05927 005456 06473 16 87 09204 08428
90 06881) 002139 07094 14 53 03109 0301 5 125 05892 005598 06452 16 96 09532 08677
91 06855 002201 07075 14 58 0321 1 O31 11 130 O5713 006355 06349 17 49 11125 100lc:
92 06832 002267 07055
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
14 63 03318 0321 2 135 05524 007195 06244 18 10 13026 1 1 523
93 06809 002334 07042 14 69 03428 03314 140 0531 9 O08 128 06132 18 79 15280 13255
94 06785 002404 07025 14 73 03543 03422 145 051 30 0091 62 06016 19 60 17965 1523;
95 06760 002474 07007 14 79 03660 03531 150 04865 O1 0303 05895 20 55 21178 1747t
96 06736 002546 06991 14 84 03780 03642 155 04672 011547 05767 21 67 25C38 23322
97 O6711 .O02620 06973 14 90 03934 03757 160 04340 O1 2937 .O5634 23 03 29810 22952
98 06681 002692 06957 14 95 04025 .O3870 165 04048 014436 05492 24 69 35660 26285
99 06660 002770 06931 15 C 1 04159 03993 170 03734 016118 05346 26 77 43165 33?5:
1O0 06634 002853 06915 15 07 04300 04124 175 03398 O1 7926 .O5191 29 43 52750 3453:
1o1 0661 O O02937 06904 15 12 04443 04255 180 03035 O1 9905 05036 32 94 65583 39525
102 06583 00301 9 06885 15 18 04586 04385 185 02645 022062 04851 37 78 834 1 O 45425
103 06557 0031 O6 06868 15 25 04737 04523 190 02228 024393 06667 44 85 I owe 522':
104 06530 0031 93 06849 15 31 04890 04662 195 01779 026957 04475 56 20 I 5153 6024;
1o5 06504 003283 ,06832 15 37 05048 .O4806 200 01297 029730 04270 77 1 1 ? 2923 6966;
lo6 06477 003375 06814 15 44 0521 2 .o4953 205 00782 032715 O4 O64 127 9 I 1835 80502
107 06451 003470 06791 15 50 05379 051 05 21 o 00232 035942 03836 I5 493 93703
1OB
109
110
w21
06394
E364
003568
003666
003766
06778
06761
06741
15 57
15 64
15 71
05556
05734
05917
.O5264
05422
.O5587
--
212 00000 037298, 03730
-- In+ 10001)
111 û6336 003872 06723 15 78 061 l i .O5760

112 06306 003978 06704 15 85 06308 ,05934
113 06278 004085 06686 15 93 06507 06110
114 06247 004199 06667 16 O0 06722 06299
- --- - -
115 0621 6 004311 066447 I6 08 06935 O64 86
3 Jorpemcn, OP ot.,pp 15 17 Reprinied by P e r m l n i o n
Fig. D-5
Pg2of2

at 303-397-2295.
Where NLA is the average of the measured phase values of loads and for fractional horsepower motors, since the phase cur-
no load amps, and the other terms are as indicated for Equation rent does not change significantly from no load to full load.
A. NLA can usually be obtained with the motor operating with As noted earlier, the graph in Fig. D-Il illustrates the nature
the motor shaft coupling or belt drive disconnected. In the case of the relationship of motor current and motor power output. As
where the fan impeller is mounted directly on the motor shaft, it indicated in the graph, the amps-load characteristics vary depen-
will be necessary to remove the impeller in order to obtain NLA ding on the motor horsepower rating. Although it is not indicated
measurements. in the graph, the amps-load characteristics for motors of the same
Whether this method will provide a sufficiently accurate horsepower rating will be different depending on the manufac-
estimate and whether Equation A or the average of Equations A turer. In addition, various motor design requirements result in dif-
and B will provide a more accurate estimate will depend on the ferent amp-load characteristics even though the horsepower
motor horsepower rating and its operating load point. Thegraph ratings of the motors are the same. For these reasons, the graph
in Fig. D-li is intended to provide guidance in these considerations is not intended to be used to determine motor power output direct-
of accuracy. The accuracy of this method is generally considered ly. The graph is intended to be used to indicate the accuracy and
insufficient for small integral horsepower motors at low operating suitability of this method for estimating motor power output.
This Appendix is not part of the Standard but is included for in-
, formation purposes only.
1
BLAST AREA
OISCHARGE
DUCT
CUTYFF
I APPENDIX E
PUMPS
E.1 PUMPS
E.l.l Pump Equations
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I-P Units
a. gpm,/gpm, = rpmz/rpml
,MEASUREMENT PLANE
I
FAN HOUSING
CENTRIFUGAL
_.-
FAN HOUSING TO CALCULATE 1ow0 EFFECTIVE oucr LENGTH. ASSUME A MINIMUM OF

AXIAL 2-1/2 DUCT OIAMETER FOR 25M) FPM OR LESS ADD 1 DUCT DIAMETER WHERE De =
FOR EACH ADDITIONAL 1000 FPM
EXAMPLE M O O FPM 5 EOUIVALENT DUCT DIAMETERS
IF DUCT Is RECTANGULPiRWITH SIDE DIMENSIONS B AND b 'THE MEASUREMENT PLANE SHOULD BE LOCATED A MINIMUM OF l i 2 ü e
THE EOUIVALENT DUCT DIAMETER IS EOUAL TO* FROM THE INLET CONE BUT NOT LESS THAN 12 INCHES FROM THE
LEAVING EDGE OF THE DAMPERS BLADES
Fig. D-6 Controlled diffusion and establishment of a uniform

velocity profile in a straight length of outlet duct Fig. D-7 Conditions for measurement plane near fan
ïable D-1 Application Factors For General Use of Rotating Vane Anemometers
ANEMOMETER
3 in. to 6 in. 8 cm to 16 cm/Sizes-Velocity 400-1500
AIR INTAKE OPENINGS (ROOM EXHAUST)
Any size or shape of rectangular intake more than *4in. (10 cm) wide and
up to 600 sq in. (3700 cm sq.) area with flange at least 2 in. (5 cm)
wide, either free-open or with grille with free opening 60% or more ofthe
core area: 0.85 Application Factor
AIR DISCHARGE OPENINGS (ROOM SUPPLY)
Any size or shape of rectangular discharge opening more than *4in. (10
crn)wideandupto600sq.¡n" (1500cmsq.)area, withlength ofapproach
duct at least equal to twice the smaller side, and with free opening 70%
or more of the core area, no directional vanes: 1.03 Application Factor
Equation for Use:
application avg. velocity designated
True Volume, (Q)= factor x by instrument x area
Designated area for intakes = Core area
Designated area for discharge openings with anemometer = average between core area and free-open area at the plane of the near face.
Averace velocity by instrument is obtained from equal-time traverse of *4 in. (10 cm) squares, corrected for instrument calibration.
-
*The instrument diameter must not exceed the opening to be measured, i e , the 6 in (IS cm) instrument requires a rninimurn (6 in ) opening and traverse squares

at 303-397-2295.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
-
Pw-
MAX.
- Pv MAX.
Pv MAX.
A: IDEAL Pv DISTRIBUTION B: GOOD Pv DISTRIBUTION

(Also Satisfactory For Flow Into Fan Inlets But May
Be Unsatisfactory For Flow Into Inlet Boxes - May
I PV MAX.
10
dr*r pv MAX.
Produce Sw/rl In Boxes)
C : SATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION il: DO NOT USE

I More Than 75% Of Pv Readings Greater Than Pv Max UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION
10 Less Than 75% Of Pv Readings Greater Than Pv Max.
10
(Unsatisfactory For Flow Into Fan Inlets (Also Unsatisfactory For Flow Into Fan
And Inlet Boxes) Inlets And Inlet Boxes)
Pv MAX. Pv MAX.
’O --4F--rPVM
E: DO NOT USE F: DO NOT USE

UNSATISFACTORY Pv DISTRIBUTION UNSA TISFACTOR Y Pv DIS TRIBU TION
Less Than 75% Of Pv Readings Greater Than ----
Pv Max.
lo
Less Than 75% Of Pv Readings Greater Than Pv Max.
10
-
(Also Unsatisfactory For Flow Into Fan (Also Unsatisfactory For Flow Into Fan
Inlets And Inlet Boxes) Inlets And Inlet Boxes)
Fig. D-9 Typical velocity pressure distributions encountered i n velocity pressure measurement
planes in fan-system installations

63
at 303-397-2295.
TABLE D-2 CORRECTION FACTORS
For low air velocities or very large openings, the instrument application factors given in 'Table D-i should be niultiplied by the following
additional correction factors.
AIR VELOCITY CORRECT ION
ROTATING VANE ANEMOMETER
Velocity b:
Instrument, FPM (m/s) Factor for Intake Factor for Discharge
700/3.6 1 o0 1 "00
600/3 i 1 "00 1 00
500/2 5 I "00 1 01
40012 0 1 "01 103
300/1.5 1 "03 i "06
mo/i o 1 07 1.10
SIZE CORRECTION (For Intakes)
Area of Intake Correction Factor

Opening, Sq. In. (Sq. cm.)
500/3,225 1 .o1
1,000/6,450 1 .o7
1,500/9,675 1.14
2,000/ i 7,900 1.16
Caution Approach Conditions:

The factors given in 'Tables I and 2 do not apply to duct-end intakes without flanges or to discharge openings in thin-waIled plenum chambers
r-O321 o-
-0679D
O 765 D c
O 939 O e
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
No' OF OR
--
POSITION RELATIVE TO INNER WALL NO OF MEASURING POINTS POSITION RELATIVE TO INNER WALL
TRAVERSE LINES PER DIAMETER
5 O 074. 0.238. O 500. O 712 O 926 6 O 032. O 135. O 321. O 679, O 865. O 968
8 O 021, O 117. O 184. O 365. O 655. O 816 O 883. O 981
10
LOG TCHEBYCHEFF RULE FOR RECTANGULAR DUCTS
Fig. D-10 Position of alternative measuring points and traverse Fig. D-IOB Log linear rule for traverse points on 3 diameters
lines relative to side lengths for rectangular ducts of a circular duct

at 303-397-2295.
EQUAL AREA
5 EQUAL AREA RINGS
CENTERS OF AREA OF
EQUAL AREA RINGS
10 EQUAL AREA RINGS
I MOTOR POWER OUTPUT hp
RANGE OF DRIVE LOSS- HIGHER FAN SPEEDS

TEND T O HAVE HIGHER LOSSES THAN LOWER
FAN SPEEDS AT THE SAME HORSEPOWER
742 Y Fig. D-12 Drive loss relationships for belt driven fans
1 lL’TE------j SOURCE A Simpidred Melhod Of Measurernonf

01 Air Rales In Ffal Oval Docf - 1970 KANSAS
STATE UNIVERSITY T D MAYHILL
b. gpm7/gprn, = DJD,
c. HJH, = (rpm2/rpm,)’
d. H2/H, = (Dz/D,)’
Fig. D-1OC Traverse locations for 5 equal area rings and 10 e. bhpJbhp, = (rpmz/rpm,)3
equal rings in flat oval duct f. bhpz/bhp, = (DJD,)’
where:
gpm = gallans/min.
rpm = revolutions/min.
DO NOT USE FOR DETERMINING ACTUAL MOTOR HORSEPOWER D = impeller diameter in.
MEASURED AMPS -2 H = head (ft wg)
DOTTED LINES PER EOUATION B : Hmo o: FLA - NLA
bhp = brake horsepower
SI Units
a. (L/s2)/(L/s,) = (m3/s2)/(m3/sl) = (rad/s2)/(rad/sl)
b. (m3/s2)/(rn3/sl) = D,/D,
c. H2/H, = [(rad/s2) / (rad/s,)]’
d. H 2 / H l = (D2/D1)’
e. BP2/BP, = [(rad&) /(rad/s,)13
f. BP2/BPl = (D2/Dl)’
where:
L/s = Iitres/sec.
m3/s = cubic metreshec.
rad/s = r a d i a d s e c .
D = impeller diameter, mm
H = head (kPa)
B P = brake horsepower
E.l.l.l Hydronic Equivalents (SI)
% NAMEPLATE HORSEPOWER a. One gallon of water = 8.33 Ib (3.78 kg)
b. Specific heat (Cp) water = 1.00 Btu/lb O F (@ 68 “F) -
= 14 190.J/(kg. OC)]
Fig. D-11 Generalized curves illustrating the relationship c. Specific heat (Cp) water vapor = 0.45 B t u / l b - ” F
of horsepower to amps for three phase motors (@ 68°F) = [i 845 J/(kg”C)]
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ASHRAE, STANDARD 111-1988

65
at 303-397-2295.
d. One ft of water = 0.433 psi (3 kPa) graph. When this is done, the efficiencies are called “iso-efficiency
e. One ft of mercury (Hg) = 5.89 psi (40.6 kPa) lines””These lines connect points of equal efficiency on the capac-
ity head chart.
f. One ft3 of water = 62.4 Ib (28.3 kg) = 7.49 gal.
(28.3 L) g. When the power unit of pump does not hold a steady
sped due to the variation in load from the pump, the performance
g. One in. of mercury (Hg) = 13.6 in. wg (345 mm wg) curve will differ from that of a constant speed curve. When this
= 1.13 ft wg (345 m wg) is so, the curve should be labeled accordingly, or the speed varia-
h. Atmospheric Pressure =29.92 in. Hg @ 32°F (101.325 tions should be shown along the curve
kPa) = 14.696 psi (760 mm Hg @ OOC) E.1.3 Pump Head Definitions
i. One psi = 2.31 ft wg = 2.04 in. Hg (6.89 kPa) The term “head” by itself is rather misleading. It is common-
ly taken to mean the difference in elevation between the suction
E.1.2 Pump Curves level and the discharge level of the liquid being pumped. Although
a. The pump performance curve is the easiest and most this is partially correct, it does not include all of the conditions
satisfactory way to show graphically the relationship between that should be included to give a n accurate description.
head, capacity, horsepower, and efficieni of any pump (Fig. E-1). a. friction head is the pressure expressed in psi (kPa) or ft
(m) of liquid needed to overcome the resistance to the flow in the
b. Curves “A” represents the varying quantities of liquid pipe and fittings.
delivered by the pump with variations in head or pressure. ‘Thein-
tersection of this line with the zero capacity line shows the “shut- E.1.4 Pump Head Equations
off head”, or pressure developed by the pump when the discharge ‘Theterm “head” is usually expressed in feet (ft) and pressure
valve is shut.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
is usually expressed in pounds per square inch, (psi). Quite often
c. Curves “B” shows the horsepower to drive the pump, the suction lift is expressed in inches of vacuum o r inches of
with the lowest point at the shut-off. Curves “A” and “B” show (mercury).
the complete performance of the pump for the one speed only.
Pressure (psi) = [Head (Ft) x Specific Gravity] / 2.31
d. Efficiency curves “C” shows the amount of usable work Head (ft) = [Pressure (psi) x 2.311 / Specific Gravity
done by the pump in percentage of power delivered to the pump Vacuum (in. Hg”) = Dynamic suction lift (ft) x 0.883 x
shaft. Specific Gravity
e. Pumps can be designed so that the head-capacity curve E.1.5 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
will rise, remain flat or fall, as it proceeds from the left; but in each
NPSN combines all of the factors limiting the suction side
case, the curve descends toward zero head at maximum capacity.
o f a punp; internal pump losses, static suction lift, friction losses,
f. Several curves, representing several pump speeds (Fig. vapor pressure and atmospheric conditions. It is important to dif-
E-2) or several impeller sizes, (Fig. E-I) may be shown on one ferentiate between Required NPSH and Available NPSH.
i
TYPICAL PUMP CURVE FOR 1750 RPM OPERATION
- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
IMPELLER
DIAMETERS
6í
51
O
w
I
c.
4’
U.
31
21
11
I 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
FLOW USGPM
Fig. E-1 Typical pump curves

66
at 303-397-2295.
Table E-1 - Velocity - Velocity Head
Velocity
-Ft/Sec. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-(m/s) (1.2) (1.5) (1.8) (2.1) (2.4) (2.7) (3.0) (3.4) (3.7) (4.0) (4.3) (4.6)
Velocity
-Head-Ft 0.25 0.39 0.56 0.76 1.o 1.25 1.55 1.87 2.24 2.62 3.05 3.50
-(m) (0.08) (0.12) (0.17) (0.23) (0.30) (0.38) (0.47) (0.57) (0.68) (0.80) (0.92) (1.06)
E.1.5.1 Definitions NPSHA = P, -I P, - P, - h,,,

a. Required NPSH refers to internal pump losses and is NPSHA = Available NPSH expressed in ft of fluid.
determined by laboratory test. It varies with each pump and with where:
each pump capacity and speed change. The greater the capacity,
the greater the required NPSH. Required NPSH must always be P, = Absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid where the
given by the pump manufacturer" pump takes suction, expressed in "feet""
b. Available NPSH (NPSHA) is a characteristic of the P, = Static elevation of the liquid above, or below the centerline
system. It can be calculated, or on a n existing installation, it can of the impeller, expressed in feet.
be determined by field test using vacuum and pressuregauges. By P, = Friction and velocity head loss in the piping, also express-
definition, it is the net positive suction head above the vapor ed in feet,
pressure available at the suction flange af the pump to maintain H,,p = Absolute vapor pressure of the fluid at the pumping
a liquid state. temperature, expressed in feet of fluid.
E.1.5.2 NPSH Equations b. Existing Installation-To measure the NPSH available
a. New installation-To calculate the NPSHA in a pro- in an existing installation, the preceeding equation can be used or
posed application, the following equation should be used: the following can be employed in which case it is not necessary to
PROPOSED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC CURVE NO.

CAPACITY G.P.M.
FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMP FIG. NO. SPEED R.P.M.
HEAD FEET
-
Curves are guaranteed at indicated operating point only. Capacity head and efficiency guarantee
are based on shop test and when handling clear, cold, fresh water at a temperature of not over
85 degrees F, and not over 15 feet total dynamic suction lift.
FOR APPROVED DATE
100
r-
I I l I I I I
90 -
80 -
'O-
x 60 -
u; 50 -
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 - I I I I I l I I I
01
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4 O
CAPACITY I N U.S. GALLONS PER MINUTE
Fig. E-2 Pump curves for various speeds

--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at 303-397-2295.
figure elevations and friction losses because the suction gauge SYSTEM
reading accounts for these factors. CURVE
NPSHA = P, + P, + (V:/2g) - h,, 6

POINT OF PUMP
where: OPERATION
NPSHA = NPSHA expressed in feet of fluid (available)
P, = Atmospheric pressure for the elevation of the installation,
expressed in feet. 4
P, = Gauge pressure or vacuum at the suction flange of the t;

w
U.
pump corrected to the pump centerline and expressed in feet (+ Q PUMP HEAT)
if pressure or - if vacuum). a CAPACITY CURV
w
-
V:/2g = Velocity head at the point of measurement, Ps. I
2
h,, = Absolute vapor pressure, expressed in feet.
E.1.6 Pump Suction Limitations
E.1.6.1 Suction Lift
a. A pump, by creating a vacuum at the suction (impeller O
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
eye o n a centrifugal) utilizes atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi at sea FLOW - GALLONS PER MINUTE
level) to push the liquid into the pump. Because ofthis, the psi suc-
tion lift is limited theoretically to 339 ft of water maximum. Fig. E-3 Intersection of pump performance curve with system
b. The dynamic suction lift should be calculated carefully curve is operating point of pump
at the required capacity as even systems taking suction from a
source above the pump can cause trouble when friction losses are
too great. Always keep the pump as close to the liquid source as I SYSTEM
possible. Many pump performance curves will show the maximum POINT OF
PUMP
practical dynamic suction lifts for a given pump or for given OPERATION
t;
capacities from that same pump. W
U.
O
E.1.6.2 Cavitation Q
W
I /PUMP HEAL)
a. Cavitation is a result of insufficient available net CAPACITY CURVE
positive suction head, causing low pressures that allow some of
the pumped liquid to flash into vapor and form bubbles. These
bubbles are carried with the liquid as it goes through the pump
where they collapse with a severe shock on the adjacent surface.
This cavitation accompanied by noises and vibration can result t- WITH PUMP OFF
I
in mechanical destruction of the pump in the form of pitting and
Fig. E-4 Shift in system curve with positive static suction head
erosion.
on suction side of pump
b. Cavitation could occur because of things difficult to
correct, such as improper design of the system or improper selec-
tion of the pump for the particular system. However, cavitation Adding pump efficiency and using the water. Specific gravity
could also occur because o f partial suction line stoppage due to of 1.0:
things such as piping blockages or clogged strainers.
BrakeHP =
E.1.6.3 Vapor Pressure [gpm x head (ft wg) / [3960 x (pump efficiency)]
a. Vapor pressure denotes the lowest absolute pressure
found in a given liquid at a given temperature. If the pressure in c. Brake horsepower and efficiency are indicated by other
a pump system is not equal to or greater than the vapor pressure curves in Fig. E-l. Particularly note that horsepower is the least
of the liquid, the liquid will flash into a gas. at pump shut-off, and that it increases as capacity increases. The
importance here is that if the actual pressure loss in a piping system
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b. Many process applications use pressurized vessels o n is less than the design head of the pump, the actual capacity will
the suction side to overcome vapor pressure of some liquids. The be greater than design capacity. This will result in the pump draw-
amount of pressure needed depends on the liquid and liquid ing a greater horsepower than it would if design conditions pre-
temperature. vailed. 'Thus, the need to check pump head and horsepower im-
E.2 Pump Performance mediately following initial startup, to assure that any increased
horsepower will not have overloaded the pump motor.
E.2.1 Pump Capacity
d. As shown by the pump curve, horsepower eventually
a. Pump capacity is expressed as the flow rate (usually in reaches a maximum value and then drops off, but the drop-off
gprn) which the pump can discharge against a given pressure or
point normally occurs in the area of maximum capacity, which is
head (it wg) The variation of capacity and head are shown by the beyond the most desirable operating range of a pump. Of some
performance curves shown in Fig.-1. The intersection of the importance is the fact that if the pump motor has a rating at least
capacity curves with the zero capacity line indicates shut-offhead. equal to the maximum horsepower, t h e motor can never be
b. In addition to capacity, it is important to know the power overloaded under any conditions of pump operation, no matter
required to drive the pump. One expression for the power is water how the system pressure drop may vary.
horsepower, which is the theoretical horsepower that would be re- e. The curves shown in Fig. E-1 show the performance of
quired if the p u m p was 100% efficient, and is given by t h e
one size pump casing, with five sizes or diameter impellers turn-
equation: ing at one specific speed. A number of curves may be shown on
Water H P = one sheet to indicate performance of a given casing-impeller com-
[gpm x head (ft wg) x specific gravity (fluid)] / 3960 bination operating at different speeds in Fig. E-2.

at 303-397-2295.
E.2.2 System Curves
a. The system resistance which occurs when fluid is flow-
ing in the system is used to determine design pump head. The
design gpm and pump head determine one point of operation on
a design system curve Fig. E-3. Other points can be calculated on
the basis that resistance varies as the square of the gpm.
b. The system curve illustrated in Figs. E-4 and E-5 shows
the pump head difference that occurs with different static heads
in the piping circuit.
PUMP HEAD
CAPACITY CURVE c. When calculating various points o n system curves for
open systems, the ratio of gpm squared is to be applied only to the
FLOW - GPM friction loss portion of the pump head, and not to the entire pump
Fig. E-5 Shift in system curve with static head on discharge head, because any static height difference included in the design
pump head will remain the same, regardless af flow rate.
side of pump
d. The system curves discussed above have been referred to
W
as design system curves because they are based on design gpm and
8 3 head as specified for the pump. When the pump is field tested, it
om2 is more than likely that the actual gpm and head will not be the
same as the design values. If the actual head is found to exceed
design head, and actual gpm is less than design, attempts must be
made to find and remove blockages, which could include many
things such as dirty strainers and trash in piping. Often, the ac-
tual head is lower than design, and the gpm is correspondingly
higher. Using the test condition of gpm and head as one point on
r i-
W
a n actual system curve, other points can be calculated and an ac-
tual system curve plotted, with results shown in Fig. 6.
e. In addition to increased power requirements, the shift of
actual operating point to increased gpm increases the net positive
W
li.
s u c t i o n head required. This may result in cavitation a n d
I
O
ACTUAL SYSTEM mechanical damage to the pump. The balancing valve in the pump
wI discharge line often can be adjusted to satisfactorily ccrrect the
situation. Pressure drop imposed by such a valve, Fig. E-6 can shift
the operating point back to the design point. In case of extreme
FLOW - GPM overpiimping, it may be necessary to change to a smaller pump
Fig. E-6 Effect on pump performance of difference between impeller or, if feasible, to machine the existing impeller to a smaller
design and actual system curves diameter.
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

at 303-397-2295.
POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAE’S CONCERN FOR THE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES
ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members’ activities on both the indoor and outdoor en-
vironment. ASHRAE’s members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effects on the indoor
and outdoor environment of the systems and components in their responsibility, while maximizing the
beneficial effects which these systems provide, consistent with the accepted standards and the prac-
tical state of the art.
ASHRAE’s short range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not im-
pact the indoor or outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards as estab-
lished by itself and other responsible bodies.
As an on-going goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive technical commit-
tee structure, continue to generate up-to-date standards where appropriate and adopt, recommend and
promote those new and revised standards developed by other responsible organizations.
Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and design considera-
tions as the material is systematically revised.
ASHRAE will take the lead with research and dissemination of environmental information of its primary
interest and will seek out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations which is
pertinent, as guides to updating standards.
The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope
of the system’s intended use, and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will
also be considered.
ASHRAE’s primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAE’s
scope operates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact dile to the
energy source and energy transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations con-
cerning energy source selection should be made by its members
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
i
86337
PC 7/03
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.
ERRATA SHEm FOR
ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 I
January 9, 1997
Introduction
The correction listed in this errata sheet applies to ail copies of ANSUASHRAE Standard 1111-1988
with a blank outside back cover (Le., no printer's symbol).
t
Erl-ata
x
On page 64,Figure D-10, values in table column headed "Position Relative to Inner Wail," in row
for 5 points or traverse lines, change the second value:
From: 0.238
To: 0.288
so that the values in the 5-point row read as:
0.074, 0.288, 0.50, 0.712, 0.926
--`,````,```,``,,`,,,,````,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
at 303-397-2295.

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ERRATA SHEET FOR

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

so that the values in the 5-point row read as:

ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a

@ C o p y r i g h t 1988 American S o c i e t y o f Heating,

When addenda or interpretations to this standard have

This Forword is not part of this Standard but is included

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

making measurements in testing, adjusting, balancing and

2. Scope SUBBRANCH SUBBRANCH

2.1 This Standard describes methods for evaluating

2.1.1 It applies to air moving and hydronic systems, in-

a. Minimum system configuration requirements to RUNOUT .CARRIES F L O W OF SINGLE TERMINAL

2 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

4 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 5

6 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

5.3.8 Anemometer-Hot Wire 2. Thermometers calibrated for partial stem im-

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 9

10 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

air so measured can be determined. diameter. A pointed needle or hook is positioned by a

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 11

12 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

Fig. 2 Pressure relationships for use of the double reverse tube

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 13

measure flow and temperature. Typical ranges reach O to 100

14 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ports and one static port connect to taps. \

16 ASHRAE STANDARD 111,-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 17

D U C T FITTING LOSS COEFFICIENT C

SINGLE BLADE T U R N I N G VANES - 086 083 077

S T Y P E S P L I T T E R VANES 061 065 - -

N O ï E : THIS IS A H I G H RESISTANCE FITTING ANO SHOULD N O T BE U S E D UNLESS

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

- Table 2 Ductwork Pressure-Velocity Classification

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 19

Table 4 Duct Sealing Reauirements

B All transverse joints and longitudinal seams. 3 " wg ('150 Pa)

C Transverse joints 2 " wg (500 Pa)

SMALL BRANCH DUCT TAKEOFF FROM MAIN

POOR ELBOW & SPLIT DESIGN

SHORT REGISTER BOOT CONNECTION

SEE 'IABLE 3 FOR ASSOCIATED D U C I CONSTRUCTION CLASS

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 21

22 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

section with a discussion of the expected accuracy.

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 23

24 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

measurement of static pressure are the same as those for the

order to determine the average static pressure on the inlet

static pressure and the velocity pressure at a given plane.

PI, = Pl2 - PI, Fig. 14 (2) Fan velocity pressure (Pvf)

c. Fan Static Pressure (Psr) is the difference be-

26 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988 27

28 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988

Grilles True Average Velocity

30 ASHRAE STANDARD 111-1988