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RESEARCH IN BASKETBALL

IMPERIAL, DENISSE CLAUDETTE E. APRIL 16, 2018

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

KEEPING STUDENTS FIT

Basketball was invented in December 1891 by Canadian James W. Naismith. An instructor at the YMCA

Training School in Massachusetts, he sought a suitable indoor game to keep his students fit and warm

during the cold New England winters. He formulated 13 rules, most of which still apply today. In 1893, the

first women’s game was played at the Smith College, in Northampton, Massachusetts, USA.

PEACH BASKETS

Originally, basketball was played with peach baskets and balls had to be retrieved manually after each

score. Subsequently, a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket allowing the balls to be poked out with

a long rod. In 1906, the peach baskets were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards

ORANGE BALL

Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specifically for basketball were

brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to

players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use.
GLOBAL POPULARITY INCREASES

In the early 1900s, students from abroad who had studied in Springfield started to spread the game. In the

1920s, the first international games were played and by 1950 the first World Championship for Men was

held in Argentina. Three years later, in 1953, the first World Championship for Women took place in Chile.

OLYMPIC HISTORY

Basketball made its appearance at the Olympic Games in 1904 in St Louis as a demonstration sport, as the

competition was held between only American teams and counted as an event of the Amateur Athletic Union

(AAU of the USA) Championships. At the Games in 1936 in Berlin, basketball joined the Olympic program,

where it has remained to this day. Women’s basketball debuted at the 1976 Games in Montreal.

The USA dominates international basketball and won all the titles up to 1972, the year it was defeated by

the Soviet Union at the Munich Games. In the women’s event, the Soviets took gold in 1976, 1980 and

1992, and were later dominated by the Americans between 1984 and 2008, except in 1992.

In 1992 at the Barcelona Games, famous players from the National Basketball Association (NBA) were

allowed for the first time to represent the USA. This team, known as the “Dream Team” in the international

media, was undoubtedly the best basketball team ever formed. It delighted the public and widely dominated

the Olympic tournament in 1992.


II. FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

PLAYING COURT

 Playing court

The playing court shall have a flat, hard surface free from obstructions (Diagram 1) with

dimensions of 28 m in length by 15 m in width measured from the inner edge of the boundary line.

 Backcourt

A team's backcourt consists of its team's own basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that

part of the playing court limited by the end line behind its own basket, the sidelines and the center line.

 Frontcourt

A team's frontcourt consists of the opponents' basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that

part of the playing court limited by the end line behind the opponents' basket, the sidelines and the inner

edge of the center line nearest to the opponents' basket.

 Lines

All lines shall be of the same color and drawn in white or other contrasting color, 5 cm in width and

clearly visible.

- Boundary line
The playing court shall be limited by the boundary line, consisting of the end lines and the sidelines.

These lines are not part of the playing court. Any obstruction including seated team bench personnel shall

be at least 2 m from the playing court.

- Centre line, center circle and free-throw semi-circles

The center line shall be marked parallel to the end lines from the mid-point of the sidelines. It shall

extend 0.15 m beyond each sideline. The center line is part of the backcourt. The center circle shall be

marked in the center of the playing court and have a radius of 1.80 m measured to the outer edge of the

circumference. The free-throw semi-circles shall be marked on the playing court with a radius of 1.80 m

measured to the outer edge of the circumference and with their centers at the mid-point of the free-throw

lines.

- Free-throw lines, restricted areas and free-throw rebound places

The free-throw line shall be drawn parallel to each end line. It shall have its furthest edge 5.80 m

from the inner edge of the end line and shall be 3.60 m long. Its mid-point shall lie on the imaginary line

joining the mid-point of the 2 end lines. The restricted areas shall be the rectangular areas marked on the

playing court limited by the end lines, the extended free-throw lines and the lines which originate at the end

lines, their outer edges being 2.45 m from the mid-point of the end lines and terminating at the outer edge

of the extended free-throw lines. These lines, excluding the end lines, are part of the restricted area. Free-

throw rebound places along the restricted areas, reserved for players during free throws, shall be marked.

- 3-point field goal area


The team's 3-point field goal area shall be the entire floor area of the playing court, except for the

area near the opponents' basket, limited by and including: the 2 parallel lines extending from and

perpendicular to the end line, with the outer edge 0.90 m from the inner edge of the sidelines;

An arc of radius 6.75 m measured from the point on the floor beneath the exact center of the

opponents' basket to the outer edge of the arc. The distance of the point on the floor from the inner edge of

the mid-point of the end line is 1.575 m. The arc is joined to the parallel lines. The 3-point line is not part of

the 3-point field goal area.

- Team bench areas

The team bench areas shall be marked outside the playing court limited by 2 lines. There must be

16 seats available in the team bench area for the team bench personnel which consists of the coaches, the

assistant coaches, the substitutes, the excluded players and the accompanying delegation members. Any

other persons shall be at least 2 m behind the team bench.

- Throw-in lines

The 2 lines of 0.15 m in length shall be marked outside the playing court at the sideline opposite

the scorer’s table, with the outer edge of the lines 8.325 m from the inner edge of the nearest end line.

- No-charge semi-circle areas The no-charge semi-circle areas shall be marked on the playing

court, limited by:

A semi-circle with the radius of 1.25 m measured from the point on the floor beneath the exact

center of the basket to the inner edge of the semi-circle. The semi-circle is joined to:
The 2 parallel lines perpendicular to the end line, the inner edge 1.25 m from the point on the floor

beneath the exact center of the basket, 0.375 m in length and ending 1.20 m from the inner edge of the end

line.

The no-charge semi-circle areas are completed by imaginary lines joining the ends of the parallel

lines directly below the front edges of the backboards. The no-charge semi-circle lines are part of the no-

charge semi-circle areas.

EQUIPMENT

The following equipment will be required:

 Backstop units, consisting of: backboards; baskets comprising (pressure release) rings and

nets; backboard support structures including padding.

 Basketballs

 Game clock

 Scoreboard

 Shot clock

 Stopwatch or suitable (visible) device (not the game clock) for timing time-outs

 2 separate, distinctly different and loud signals, one of each for the shot clock operator, and

scorer/timer.

 Scoresheet

 Player foul markers

 Team foul markers

 Alternating possession arrow


 Playing floor

 Playing court

 Adequate lighting.

III. FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS

DRIBBLING

Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and down the

court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-handling skills and

knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally

well with both hands.

PASSING

Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player. Basketball

is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to pass the ball to this

player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an important

part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.

SHOOTING

In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to

properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot

requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are different types of shots you need to

learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws.


IV. LEAD UP GAMES

DRIBBLING

 A. Steal The Ball

B. Basketballs, Hula-hoops

C. Start by placing a whole bunch of balls in the center area, equally spaced between anywhere

from 4-8 teams. At each team area, place a hula hoop for the balls to be placed after they are

taken from the middle area. On the go signal, players from each team go one at a time to the

middle, dribble the ball back to their hoop and tag the next person to go. The object is to take as

many balls until all are gone from the middle. When all the balls are gone from the middle, and then

take one ball from any of the other teams. After a designated time limit count to see which team

has the most.

 A. Hula Knockout

B. Basketballs, Hula-hoops

C. This is a dribbling practice game. Players will partner up so there will be pairs spread out in the

gym. In each pair, 1 player will start as the dribbler and have a basketball. The other player will

place a hula-hoop on the floor and stand with at least 1 foot inside of it. The player inside the hoop

will try to knock away the balls of other players who come too near (remember that 1 foot must

always be inside the hoop). If a player’s ball gets knocked away, they simply retrieve it and

continue dribbling. After a couple of minutes, players switch roles and play again.
PASSING

 A. Catch-5

B. Basketball

C. It’s definitely one of the better games out there to promote and enhance the passing skill, as

well as other skills such as moving to open spaces, pivoting, and intercepting. Lots of action and

lots of fun as players work together to score points by completing 5 passes before losing control of

the ball or before the other team intercepts them.

1. Form 2 teams in the playing area (use a half-court or full court basketball or volleyball

court). Introduce the ball.

2. The goal of the game is to complete 5 successful passes, without the other team

intercepting or knocking the ball away, to earn a point.

3. Passes must be counted out loud…’1, 2, 3, 4, 5!’

4. Upon completing the 5th pass, that player puts the ball against the ground and scores a

point.

5. If the ball goes out of bounds, it’s the other team’s ball. Same thing with fouls (no contact

allowed) or if a team knocks it away.

 A. Masterball

B. 2 Basketballs, Net, 5 Cones

C. Masterball can be played as a stand-alone game, or as a game to supplement a basketball unit.

Two teams compete to be first to knock over the target cone and quickly move to layups and

passing. Skills involved are aiming, rolling, catching, running, passing, and layups.

1. Near a basketball hoop, set-up a large square using 4 cones for the corners. Then place 1

cone in the middle as a target cone.


2. Divide players into 2 teams. Each team splits their players into halves. Those will start

lined-up in opposite diagonal corners facing each other.

3. Give each team a basketball to start (first player in one line from each team gets a ball).

4. On the signal, teams roll their basketballs back-and-forth trying to knock over the target

cone in the middle.

5. The team that eventually knocks over the cone quickly lines up at the basketball hoop and

completes continuous layups.

6. The team that didn’t knock over the cones goes to the opposite end and performs 15-20

chest passes, counting out loud.

7. In this example, the blue team has knocked over the cone, so they do layups while the

green team passes.

8. Once the 20 passes have been made, all groups go back to their original cones.

9. Game continues on and on from steps 4-8 repeating.

SHOOTING

 A. The Ultimate Shooting Game

B. Basketballs, Nets

C. At each hoop, 2 teams of 3-5 players per team face-off against each other to be the first team to

get 5 baskets. Winning team will rotate to the next hoop; losing team stays at the hoop and play

against a new opponent (winner from the game on their other side who rotates to them). This

happens at every hoop. The goal is to try to be the first team to rotate around every basket. Lots of

repetitions, lots of shooting, and a great idea to use as part of a basketball unit.

 A. 21
B. Basketball

C. 21 is perhaps the most popular shooting game for basketball. The idea is simple: be the first to

reach 21 points. Normally played in pairs or threes, players take turns shooting for 1 or 2 points –

unless you’re really good, you could make it to 21 without your opponent even having a chance to

shoot! Great game for practicing free throws (foul shots).

V. RULES

TEAMS/NUMBER OF PLAYERS

Two teams of maximum 12 players, with a maximum of five players of each team on the court at any time.

Teams may make as many substitutions as they like.

THE OBJECTIVE

The objective of the game is to put the ball in the opposing team’s basket. The team with the most points at

the end of the game wins.

DURATION

The game consists of four periods of 10 minutes. If the scores are tied, overtime periods of five minutes will

be played until one team has more points than the other (at the end of the 5-minute period)

SCORING

1. A basket scored from near the basket (inside the three-point arc) is worth two points.

2. A basket scored from far (beyond the three-point arc) is worth three points.

3. A basket scored from the free-throw line is worth one point.


MOVING THE BALL

1. The ball may either be passed from one player to another, or dribbled by a player from one point to

another (bounced while walking or running).

2. Before passing or shooting the ball, a player may take two steps (without dribbling).

3. Once a player has stopped dribbling, he may not start to dribble again.

4. Once the team in possession of the ball has passed the half-court line, it may not cross back over

the line with the ball.

SHOT CLOCK

When a team gains possession of the ball, they have a maximum of 24 seconds to attempt a shot.

Additionally, offensive players may not remain within the restricted area (key) for more than three

consecutive seconds.

FOULS

1. A personal foul occurs when there is illegal contact between two opponents. A player who makes

more than five personal fouls is excluded from the game.

2. A foul made on a player attempting a shot results in the awarding of the same number of free-

throws as those of the shot taken (two from inside the arc, three from outside). If a player is fouled

but makes the attempted shot, the shot counts and an additional free-throw will be awarded.

3. Once a team has made four fouls in a period, each additional foul (on a player not attempting a

shot) will result in the automatic awarding of two free-throws.


VI. GAME ETIQUETTE

1. If your team is winning at the end of a game, don't take a shot at the buzzer.

2. Usually players shake hands, hug, etc. after the game.

3. If one of your teammates gets in a scuffle, you should stand up for that player.

4. Don’t give any handicap to the injured team.

5. Being respectful when losing.

6. After a free throw attempt, you must make a quick tap to your teammates.

7. Always offer an immediate hand to a teammate down.

8. Anything you do in these futile last minutes/seconds is just to pad your stats with garbage stats.

9. Reconcile with the opposing teams after the game ended.

10. Don’t leave a man hanging for a high-five.

11. The bench is the unofficial first layer of cheering squads of your team.

12. Never press a team that you are beating soundly.

13. Lane violations don’t exist. W

14. When in doubt, run an ‘iso.’

15. Foul anyone hard that you want to except a superstar.

16. 4 steps equals a travel.

17. Don’t bother playing defense until… playing defense isn’t really required until the last 5 minutes-or-

so of a game or the defense in the entire regular season is overrated.

18. Don’t make a game-deciding call unless it is PAINFULLY obvious.

19. Any assessed charging call is voided if the defender is posterized.

20. No technical fouls should be assessed for trash talk. Ever.

21. No technical fouls should be assessed for emotional outbursts in the fourth quarter. Ever.
22. Sliding under an airborne player trying to draw a charge should be a flagrant foul.

23. Weak foul calls should be saved until after the possession is complete.

24. If a player is crossed up/falls over, all traveling and carrying violations are null and void.

25. Fast break take fouls aren’t punished harshly enough.

26. If two blood rivals are facing each other one-on-one and both hit the button, let them make their

own calls.

VII. REFERENCES

1) Basketball History (2018). Retrieved from https://www.olympic.org/basketball-equipment-and-

history

2) Official Basketball Rules 2017: Playing Court and Equipment (2017, p. 6). Retrieved from

https://sportsaspire.com/list-of-basketball-equipment-with-pictures

3) Stewart, Tom (2017). The Five Basic Skills of Basketball. Retrieved from

https://www.livestrong.com/article/500227-the-five-basic-skills-of-basketball/

4) PHYSEDGAMES: Basketball (2018). Retrieved from

https://physedgames.com/category/basketball/

5) Basic Rules. Retrieved from http://www.fiba.basketball/basic-rules

6) Medcalf, Myron (2016). Late-game etiquette rules in college basketball. Retrieved from

http://www.espn.com/blog/collegebasketballnation/post/_/id/111032/late-game-etiquette-rules-in-

college-basketball

7) Basketball's "Unwritten" Rules. Retrieved from

http://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/Basketball_05.pdf

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