International Journal of Engineering, Management & Sciences (IJEMS)
ISSN: 2348 –3733, Volume-2, Issue-7, July 2015
Harmonics Analysis of Thirteen-Level Inverter
Mr.Amzad Ali, Er.Prabhat Kumar, Mr. Shiv Shanker Sharma
 inductance and further with the increase in maximum output
Abstract— With the depletion of coal, the generation utilities are
continuously moving towards non conventional sources. Among
which wind energy generation system are becoming most
popular. But there is major problem of integration of variable
output voltage wind energy generation system to power system
grid operating at constant voltage & frequency. Further, today
in industries we have electrics drive of vast range spreading
from low power drives to very large power of the order of MW
level. Now it has become very complex matter to supply electric
drives of different range from one converter. But on the other
hand if we go different converter for each drive according range
than the cost, space and system complexity will rise to high
extent. For it will be very complex situation if we uses number of
converter. So it is very difficult to obtained various power and
voltage level from grid by using only one single converter, so this
problem was solved by introducing multilevel power inverter
configuration which is able to deliver energy from range of high
voltage to lower medium level. One more advantage that we
have of multilevel inverter is that with the application of these
converters it becomes possible to integrate renewable energy
sources to grid for a high power application. So non
conventional sources may also be used to attain high power
ratings like photovoltaic, wind and fuel cells etc.
In this dissertation work basic introduction of multi-level
inverter has been discussed. A brief of developments made in the
field of multilevel inverter is also presented. Further,
mathematical modeling of various types of multi-level inverter is
also presented. We have developed a simulink model of a
multi-level inverter connected in cascade using Matlab and
applied the developed model in field of electric power generation
from wind. By using the DC voltages constant or variable at
different level we can achieve AC voltage at desired level with
the help of multi-level inverter connected in cascade. This is the
major advantage of multi-level inverter over other type single
level converter. `One more advantage of multi-level inverter is
their capability to deliver power to high rating electric motors in
a ease way. In a in a multilevel inverter as we increase the
number of voltages levels, the number of steps in the output
waveform also increases as a result the staircase type waveform
becomes close to sinusoidal waveform at output. Further as we
increase the number of steps our output will become more and
more ripple and harmonics less so power factor will also
improve. Harmonics level can be reduces to negligible level by
increasing the stair steps in output just by increasing no of
cascaded steps in multi-level inverter. By increasing the number
of steps we also increase the value of maximum voltage that can
be achieved at output. So this is a unique property of multi-level
inverter that we can attain any level of high output voltage
without using series transformer so without increasing circuit
Manuscript Received 11 July 2015
Mr.Amzad Ali , M.Tech. II Year (Power Systems) Student, Arya
College of Engineering & IT, Kukas, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Er.Prabhat Kumar , Associate Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Arya College of Engineering & IT, Kukas, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India. .
Mr. Shiv Shanker Sharma , Asst. Professor, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Apex Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India,
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voltage harmonics contents reduces, so this is a ultimate
advantage of multi-level inverter.
Index Terms— non-conventional sources, multi-level
converter, grid integration, matlab simulink etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
The fast technological progress in wind energy generation
system (WEGS) has results into large number of new
opportunities for manufacturing units, institutions. The major
problem associated with WECS is because of variable nature
of wind speed, it is quiete impossible to obtain a constant
voltage form these sources. So, these WECS cannot be
directly integrated to existing power system. As power output
of theses sources is variable so a single power electronics
converter cannot provide constant output perfectly. Now if
number of converter are employed than the arrangement will
become complex in operation and un-economical. Multi-level
converter could be a perfect solution of this problem. In
industries we have electrics drive of vast range spreading
from low power drives to very large power of the order of
MW level. Now it has become very complex matter to supply
electric drives of different range from one converter. But on
the other hand if we go different converter for each drive
according range than the cost, space and system complexity
will rise to high extent. For it will be very complex situation if
we uses number of converter. So it is very difficult to obtained
various power and voltage level from grid by using only one
single converter, so this problem was solved by introducing
multilevel power inverter configuration which is able to
deliver energy at high voltage and power to medium level.
Inverters can be operated with DC supply from some
constant source only but multilevel inverters even can operate
with non-conventional energy sources also where the
available output voltage is not of constant voltage level. It is
possible to convert DC power from any type of source into
AC using multilevel inverter,, which can function with any
type of input DC sources, like wind power, photovoltaic
energy sources which all are green sources, thus AC can be
obtained from theses sources using multilevel inverters.
Multilevel inverters are capable of converting high power DC
to AC but actual output is dependent of input DC. A large AC
can be achieved if the DC source available is of large
capacity, thus with large power DC source at input to
multilevel inverters we can have large density AC at output.
So, installing different converter of different voltage level and
transmission line system it is much better in terms of ease in
operation, economical and energy efficient to go for
multilevel inverter.
There are 3 topologies in multilevel inverters as described
below:
 Harmonics Analysis Of Thirteen-Level Inverter
A. Cascaded H-Bridges
A separate H-bridge inverter is supplied by two DC sources
may be current or voltage source as shown in fig.1. Each
H-bridge inverter consists of four switches. By operation with
different combination of switches we can achieve at least 3
different voltage levels AC output.
Fig. 1 Three level Cascaded inverter.
B.Multilevel Inverter Diode-Clamped type
This inverter found its suitability for integration of high DC
source to high voltage grid lines also for controlling the speed
of motors. But this inverter requires skilled operation and
continuous monitoring to avoid discharging and over
charging.
Fig. 2 Three level diode-clamped multilevel inverter.
The DC current source is divided in 3 parts as shown in fig
2. For the purpose we have used two capacitors namely C1 and
C2 connected in series, these are high rating capacitors. The
common point of two capacitors ‘A’ will be at same voltage
level so considered as reference of ground. Depending on
conduction combination of various switches we get 3 values
of output voltage VAM which are described as follows: When
switches T1 and T2 are turned on voltage VAM becomes equal
to voltage Vc/2, whereas when switches T1’ and T2’are turned
on the voltage VAM becomes equal to the voltage level –Vdc/2
while VAM is equal to 0 voltage when switches S2 and S1’ are
in conduction mode.
Difference between our proposed inverter and straight two
level inverter is because of diodes D1 and D1’which we have
used in our circuit. The switch voltage is maintained at half
value to that at DC bus voltage by the two clamping diode
used here. During the conduction of switch T1 and T2 voltage
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across A and O is Vdc so we have VMO = Vdc. The clamping
diode D’1 maintain the equal voltage sharing between the non
conducting switches and voltage of capacitor C1 is blocked by
T1’ and that of C2 is by T2’. Actually the voltage across VAM is
the output AC voltage and VAO is the input DC voltage. The
difference of two voltages VAM and VMO is available across C2
as Vdc/2. So we can say the proposed converter is actually
acting as a DC-DC converter, converting output voltage at 3
different level: Vdc, Vdc/2, and 0 which is obtained by
removing the output between A and O.
C. Multilevel Inverter Capacitor Clamped type
In terms of design this type of inverter matches with a diode
clamped type inverter. But dissimilar from diode clamped
inverter in terms of capacitors that we are using here at the
places of diodes for clamping purpose. In this inverter only
combination of two switches are used to gain output voltage at
different level. It’s very complex to chase output voltages at
all of them, so we have charge each capacitors before putting
the converter in operation.
Fig. 3 Capacitor clamped 3 level inverter.
As shown in fig. 3 this is basic circuit configuration of a
phase lagging type capacitor-clamped inverter. The main
advantage of this designs its ability to regulate the output by
self, for the purpose this configuration has flying capacitors.
So with the help of this device voltage can be clamped to a
voltage level equal to that of a single capacitor. A three-level
output voltage can be obtained across A and N by the inverter
shown in fig. 3, as follows Van= Vdc/2, 0, or –Vdc/2. By turning
on the switches T1 and T2 it is possible to attain voltage level
Vdc/2 whereas –Vdc/2 level is obtained at output by switching
on T1’ and T2’ voltage and 0 level can be achieved by
switching on the switches either (T1,T1’) or (T2,T2’)
simultaneously. The capacitor C1 is charged by switching on
the switches T1 and T1’ to discharge T2 and T2’ switches have
to be switched on. The charge on capacitor C1 can be
balanced by switch combinations of 0-level.
II. MULTILEVEL POWER INVERTER STRUCTURES
A single-phase construction of associate m-level cascaded
electrical converter with SDCSs is illustrated in fig. 4. A
comparatively new electrical converter structure,
cascaded-inverters with separate dc sources (SDCSs) is
familiarizes here. This new electrical converter will avoid
 International Journal of Engineering, Management & Sciences (IJEMS)
ISSN: 2348 –3733, Volume-2, Issue-7, July 2015
further clamping diodes or voltage equalization capacitors. H-bridge structure is connected in star association, whereas
every separate dc sources (SDCSs) is connected to a the opposite terminal of every single section cascaded
single-phase full-bridge or (H-bridge) electrical converter. H-bridge structure electrical converter is connected to a 3
The ac terminal voltages of various level inverters square section series load A three-phase structure of an 11-level
measure connected asynchronous. cascaded inverter with 5 SDCSs is illustrated in Figure 5.
Once switches S1 and S4 square measure turned on voltage
+Vdc is obtained, whereas –Vdc will be obtained by turning on
switches S2 and S3. By keeping each S1 and S2 on or each S3
and S4 on, the output voltage is zero. The ac outputs of every
of the various full-bridge electrical converter levels square
measure connected asynchronous such the combined voltage
undulation is the addition of the individual electrical
converter outputs.

Fig. 5 Three-phase 11-level cascaded inverter.

The phase output voltage is synthesized by the sum of

individual inverter outputs, i.e.
Vca = Vca1+Vca2+Vca3+………….+Vcan (1)
Therefore, the phase voltage for 11-level cascaded inverter is,
Vca =Vca1+Vca2+Vca3+Vca4+Vca5 (2)
Therefore,
The phase voltage for 11-level cascaded inverter is,
Vca = Vca1+Vca2+Vca3+Vca4+Vca5 (2.b)
For a stepped waveform such as the one depicted in Figure 3.9
with s steps, the Fourier Transform for this waveform-

Fig. 4 Single phase m-level cascaded inverter.

‘m’ is that the range of output section voltage levels in an
exceedingly cascade electrical converter and is outlined by
(3)
m=2s+1, wherever s is that the range of separate dc sources.
From above equation, the magnitudes of the Fourier
every electrical converter level will turn out 3 totally different
coefficients when normalized with respect to Vdc are as
voltage outputs, +Vdc, 0, and –Vdc by connecting the dc supply
follows:
to the ac output by totally different groupings of the four
switches, S1, S2, S3, and S4. The ac output voltage at every
level will be achieved by dominant the conducting angles at
totally different electrical converter levels with the section (4)
current, leading or insulating material the section voltage by Where n = 1, 3, 5, 7…
900 as shown in Figure 4.
The conducting angles, , …….. can be selected
For example, 11-level cascaded H-bridge inverters will
such that the voltage total harmonic distortion is a minimum.
have 5 SDCSs and 5 full bridges.
Generally, these angles are chosen so that leading lower
Similarly, 13-level cascaded H-bridge inverters will have 6
frequency harmonics, 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th, harmonics. For
SDCSs and 6 full bridges.
the 11-level case the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonics can be
And, 15-level cascaded H-bridge inverters will have 7
removed with the appropriate choice of the conducting
SDCSs and 7 full bridges.
angles.
One degree of freedom is used so that the amplitude of the
III. THREE-PHASE CASCADED ELEVEN LEVEL INVERTER output waveform corresponds to the reference amplitude
MODELING modulation index ma which is defined as VL/VLmax,
The Cascaded eleven level electrical converters needs 5 Where,
separate dc sources that are 5 H-bridge inverters square VL is the amplitude command of the inverter output voltage,
measure used for single section structure. One amongst the and
terminal of every single section eleven levels cascaded VLmax is the maximum attainable amplitude of the converter,

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 Harmonics Analysis Of Thirteen-Level Inverter

i.e., VLmax =s.Vdc. , and +5Vdc at and similarly in the negative half
cycle to –Vdc at , -2Vdc at , -3Vdc at ,-4Vdc
at , and-5Vdc at , the output voltage of the 11-level
inverter will not contain the 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th harmonic
components.
For a three-phase system, the output voltages of the three
cascaded inverters can be connected in either star- or –delta
configuration.
THREE-PHASE CASCADED THIRTEEN LEVEL INVERTER

A three-phase structure of a 13-level cascaded inverter with

5 SDCSs is illustrated in Figure 7.
(a)

(b)
Fig. 6 Output phase waveforms of 11-level cascaded inverter with separate
DC sources (a) voltage (b) current

Let the equation (3.8), (H (n)) be as follows:

Fig. 7 Three-phase 13-level cascaded inverter.

(5a) The most engaging options of Cascaded structure Inverters
square measure as follows:
 They will turn out output voltages with very low
(5b) distortion and lower dv/dt.
 They draw input current with terribly low distortion.
 They created smaller common-mode (CM) voltage, so
(5c) decreasing the strain within the motor bearings. Additionally,
mistreatment refined modulation ways, CM voltages will be
removed.
(5d) They will operate with a lower shift frequency.
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation
Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com)
for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New |
(5e) Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). “Float over text”
The set of nonlinear transcendental equation (5) can be solved should not be selected.
by iterative method such as the Newton-Raphson method.
For example, using a conducting angles-
IV. SIMULATION MODELS AND RESULTS
In this, we studied the Cascaded Eleven level, thirteen level
and fifteen level inverters. This type of Cascaded H-Bridge
multilevel inverter has been designed and simulated using
MATLAB Sim Power Systems. IGBT/diode has been chosen
as the power semiconductor switches for H-bridge, since it
has additional features as compared to other power
Therefore, the modulation index ma =0.73.
semiconductor switches.
This means that, if the inverter output is correspondingly
switched during the positive half cycle of the fundamental
voltage to +Vdc at , +2Vdc at , +3Vdc at ,+4Vdc at

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 International Journal of Engineering, Management & Sciences (IJEMS)
ISSN: 2348 –3733, Volume-2, Issue-7, July 2015
Fig. 10 Simulated Output phase waveforms of 11-level cascaded inverter
with separate DC sources (a) voltage (b) current (when load is RL)
THREE PHASE ELEVEN LEVEL MULTILEVEL INVERTER
This type of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter has
been designed and simulated using MATLAB
SimPowerSystems. The multilevel circuit is illustrated in
Figure 11.
Continuous
+ v display 3
powergui Current Measurement 1 -
Conn1 i
Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 + - + v
-
Conn2
Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2

Subsystem1 Subsystem2 Subsystem3 Subsystem4 Subsystem5

display 1

Current Measurement 2
Conn1 i
Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 + - + v
-

Fig. 8 Separate DC Source

Conn2
Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2

Subsystem6
Subsystem7 Subsystem8 Subsystem9 Subsystem10

The level of multilevel inverter is based on 2s+1. Here “s”

stands for separate DC source. Figure 8 shows the Conn1
Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1
Current Measurement 3
+
i
- + v

experimental model of separate DC Source.

-
Conn2
Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2

Subsystem11
Subsystem12 Subsystem13 Subsystem14 Subsystem15

SINGLE PHASE ELEVEN LEVEL MULTILEVEL INVERTER

display 2
node 10

Fig.11 Three-phase 11-level cascaded inverter (Simulation circuit)

Fig. 9 simulated model

Here as shown in figure in figure 9 we have connected six
H-bridge converter in cascade to obtain 11 level multi-level
inverter. The load for analysis purpose we have taken is of RL
type. Voltages applied across load we are measuring by
voltmeter and waveforms are obtained and can be seen in Fig. 12 Simulated 3-phase Output voltage waveforms of 11-level
cascaded inverter with separate DC sources.
scope.

(a) Fig 13 FFT analysis of three phase eleven level converter

THREE-PHASE CASCADED THIRTEEN LEVEL INVERTER

Continuous
powergui
Conn1
Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1
Current Measurement 1
Conn2
Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 i
+ - + v
Subsystem1 Subsystem2 Subsystem3 Subsystem4 Subsystem5 Subsystem6 -

display 1

Conn1
Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1
Current Measurement 2
Conn2 i
Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 + - +
v
Subsystem7 -
Subsystem8 Subsystem9 Subsystem10 Subsystem11 Subsystem12

Conn1
Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Conn1 Current Measurement 3
i
Conn2 +
Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 Conn2 - +
v
-
Subsystem13
Subsystem14 Subsystem15 Subsystem16 Subsystem17 Subsystem18

display 2

(b) Fig. 13 Three-phase 13-level cascaded inverter (Simulation circuit)

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 Harmonics Analysis Of Thirteen-Level Inverter
To compare the values in terms of output voltage with the
three phase 11-levels cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter
and thirteen level inverters as shown in Figure 12 and 15.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 14 Simulated Output 1-phase waveforms of 13-level cascaded
inverter with separate DC sources (a) voltage (b) current (when load is RL)
Fig. 15 Simulated 3-phase Output voltage waveforms of 13-level
cascaded inverter with separate DC sources.
From Fig. 15, forward the positive sequence three-phase
system, output voltage of section B lags output voltage of
section A by a hundred and twenty electrical degree. the road
voltage, VAB, therefore, leads voltage of section A by thirty
electrical degree, that is consistent with the three-phase
theory.
The major benefit of three phase system lie in the fact that
magnitude of all odd harmonics multiple of three get
eliminated or reduced in the line voltage by third cycle section
shift feature. Therefore, only other odd harmonic voltage has
to be filter out from pre filtered output voltage. For example
in three phase system only we have to design filter only for
third order harmonics and 5th, 7th and 11th harmonic are
eliminated by themselves.
So from comparison of harmonics contents 9th is the lowest
harmonics in single phase converter output voltage while 13th
is the lowest harmonics in 3-ϕ system.
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V. CONCLUSION
From the study of various multi-level inverter we find that
with the increase in number of level it become possible
accommodate even low value DC sources, this feature mainly
interesting for renewable sources. Further, with increase in
number of level value of lower harmonics becomes more and
more higher. From FFT analysis this feature become more
clear.
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Mr.Amzad Ali, M.Tech. II Year (Power Systems) Student, Arya College of

Engineering & IT, Kukas, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.,
Er.Prabhat Kumar, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Arya College of Engineering & IT, Kukas, Jaipur, Rajasthan,
India
Mr. Shiv Shanker Sharma, Asst. Professor, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Apex Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sitapura, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India.

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