Section 4.

C04S06.001: f
(x) = 8x3 − 9x2 + 6, f

(x) = 24x2 − 18x, f


(x) = 48x − 18.

C04S06.002: f
(x) = 10x4 + 32 x1/2 + 12 x−2 , f

(x) = 40x3 + 34 x−1/2 −x−3 , f


(x) = 120x2 − 38 x−3/2 +3x−4 .

C04S06.003: f
(x) = −8(2x − 1)−3 , f

(x) = 48(2x − 1)−4 , f


(x) = −384(2x − 1)−5 .

C04S06.004: g
(t) = 2t + 12 (t + 1)−1/2 , g

(t) = 2 − 14 (t + 1)−3/2 , g


(t) = 38 (t + 1)−5/2 .

C04S06.005: g
(t) = 4(3t − 2)1/3 , g

(t) = 4(3t − 2)−2/3 , g


(t) = −8(3t − 2)−5/3 .

C04S06.006: f
(x) = (x + 1)1/2 + 12 x(x + 1)−1/2 , f

(x) = (x + 1)−1/2 − 14 x(x + 1)−3/2 ,

f


(x) = − 34 (x + 1)−3/2 + 38 x(x + 1)−5/2 .

C04S06.007: h
(y) = (y + 1)−2 , h

(y) = −2(y + 1)−3 , h


(y) = 6(y + 1)−4 .

C04S06.008: f
(x) = 32 x−1/2 + 3 + 32 x1/2 , f

(x) = − 34 x−3/2 + 34 x−1/2 , f


(x) = 98 x−5/2 − 38 x−3/2 .

1 1 4 3 28 15
C04S06.009: g
(t) = − − 3/2 , g

(t) = − + 5/2 , g


(t) = − − .
(1 − t)4/3 4t 3(1 − t)7/3 8t 9(1 − t)10/3 16t7/2

8z 32 − 24z 2 96z 3 − 384z

C04S06.010: h
(z) = , h


(z) = , h



(z) = .
(z 2 + 4)2 (z 2 + 4)3 (z 2 + 4)4

C04S06.011: f
(x) = 3 cos 3x, f

(x) = −9 sin 3x, f


(x) = −27 cos 3x.

C04S06.012: f
(x) = −4 sin 2x cos 2x, f

(x) = 8 sin2 2x − 8 cos2 2x, f


(x) = 64 sin 2x cos 2x.

C04S06.013: f
(x) = cos2 x − sin2 x, f

(x) = −4 sin x cos x, f


(x) = 4 sin2 x − 4 cos2 x.

C04S06.014: f
(x) = 2x cos x − x2 sin x, f

(x) = 2 cos x − 4x sin x − x2 cos x,

f


(x) = −2 sin x − 4 sin x − 6x cos x + x2 sin x.

x cos x − sin x (2 − x2 ) sin x − 2x cos x

C04S06.015: f
(x) = , f


(x) = ,
x2 x3
(6 − x2 )x cos x + (3x2 − 6) sin x
f


(x) = .
x4

C04S06.016: Given: x2 + y 2 = 4.

x
2x + 2yy
(x) = 0, so y
(x) = − .
y
x2

y+
y − xy (x) y y 2 + x2 4
y

(x) = − =− =− = − 3.
y2 y2 y3 y

C04S06.017: Given: x2 + xy + y 2 = 3.

1
 dy dy 2x + y
2x + y + x + 2y = 0, so y
(x) = − .
dx dx x + 2y
2(1 + y
(x) + [y
(x)]2 ) 6(x2 + xy + y 2 ) 18
y

(x) = − =− 3
=− .
x + 2y (x + 2y) (x + 2y)3

C04S06.018: Given: x1/3 + y 1/3 = 1.

1 −2/3 1 −2/3 dy  y 2/3

x + y = 0, so y
(x) = − .
3 3 dx x
2  y −1/3 xy
(x) − y 2  y 1/3
y

(x) = − · = .
3 x x2 3 x5

C04S06.019: Given: y 3 + x2 + x = 5.

dy 2x + 1
3y 2 + 2x + 1 = 0, so y
(x) = − .
dx 3y 2
2(1 + 3y(x)[y
(x)]2 ) 2[(2x + 1)2 + 3y 3 ]
y

(x) = − = − .
3[y(x)]2 9y 5

1 1
C04S06.020: Given: + = 1.
x y
1 1 dy  y 2
− − 2 = 0, so y
(x) = − .
x2 y dx x
 y  xy
(x) − y(x) 2y 2 (x + y)  y 3
y

(x) = −2 · = = 2 .
x x2 x4 x
The last step is a consequence of the fact that, by the original equation, x + y = xy.

C04S06.021: Given: sin y = xy.

dy dy y
(cos y) =y+x , so y
(x) = − .
dx dx x − cos y
[x − cos y(x)]y
(x) − y(x)[1 + y
(x) sin y ] (y sin y + 2 cos y − 2x)y
y

(x) = − =− .
(x − cos y)2 (x − cos y)3

sin x cos x
C04S06.022: sin2 x + cos2 y = 1: 2 sin x cos x − 2y
(x) sin y cos y = 0; y
(x) = .
sin y cos y
d2 y
can be simplified (with the aid of the original equation) to
dx2
d2 y cos2 x sin2 y − sin2 x cos2 y
= ≡0 if y is not an integral multiple of π/2.
dx2 sin3 y cos3 y

C04S06.023: f
(x) = 3x2 − 6x − 45 = 3(x + 3)(x − 5), so there are critical points at (−3, 81) and (5, −175).
f

(x) = 6(x − 1), so the inflection point is located at (1, −47).

C04S06.024: Critical points: (−3, 389) and (6, −340); inflection point: (1.5, 24.5).

2
C04S06.025: f
(x) = 12x2 − 12x − 189 = 3(2x + 7)(2x − 9), so there are critical points at (−3.5, 553.5)
and (4.5, −470.5). f

(x) = 24x − 12, so the inflection point is located at (0.5, 41.5).

C04S06.026: Critical points: (−6.25, −8701.56) and (3.4, 9271.08); inflection point: (−1.425, 284.76).

 √ 
C04S06.027:
 √ f
 (x) = 4x3
− 108x = 4x(x2
− 27), so there are critical points at (0, 237), −3 3, −492 ,
and 3 3, −492 . Next, f

(x) = 12x2 − 108 = 12(x − 3)(x + 3), so the inflection points are at (−3, −168)
and (3, −168).

C04S06.028: Critical point: (7.5, −1304.69); inflection points: (0, −250) and (5, −875).
 
C04S06.029: f
(x) = 15x4 −80x3 = 5x3 (3x−16), so there are critical points at (0, 1000) and 16 3 , − 81
181144

(approximately (5.333333, −2236.345679)). f

(x) = 60x3 − 240x2 = 60x2 (x − 4), so the inflection points are
at (0, 1000) and (4, −1048).
 √ √   √ √ 
C04S06.030: Critical points: −4 2, 8192 2 and 4 2, −8192 2 ; inflection points: (0, 0), (−4, 7168),
and (4, −7168).

C04S06.031: f
(x) = 2x − 4 and f

(x) ≡ 2, so there is a critical point at (2, −1) and no inflection points.
Because f

(2) = 2 > 0, there is a local minimum at the critical point. The first derivative test shows that
it is in fact a global minimum.

C04S06.032: f
(x) = −6 − 2x; f

(x) = −2. The only critical point is at (−3, 14), and it is a local
maximum point because f

(−3) = −2 < 0. There are no inflection points because f

(x) never changes sign.
The critical point is actually a global maximum by the first derivative test.

C04S06.033: f
(x) = 3(x + 1)(x − 1) and f

(x) = 6x. f (−1) = 3 and f

(−1) = −6, so the critical point
at (−1, 3) is a local maximum. Similarly, the critical point at (1, −1) is a local minimum. The point (0, 1)
is an inflection point because f

(x) < 0 for x < 0 and f

(x) > 0 for x > 0. The extrema are not global
because f (x) → +∞ as x → +∞ and f (x) → −∞ as x → −∞.

C04S06.034: f
(x) = 3x(x − 2); f

(x) = 6(x − 1). There is a critical point at (0, 0) and one at (2, −4).
Now f

(0) = −6 < 0, so there is a local maximum at (0, 0); f

(2) = 6 > 0, so there is a local minimum at
(2, −4). The only possible inflection point is (1, −2), and it is indeed an inflection point because f

changes
sign there. The extrema are not global.

C04S06.035: f
(x = 3x2 and f

(x) = 6x, so there is a critical point and possible inflection point at (0, 0).
But f

(0) = 0, so the second derivative test fails; the first derivative test shows that there is no extremum
at (0, 0). Because f

(x) > 0 if x > 0 and f

(x) < 0 if x < 0, there is an inflection point at (0, 0).

C04S06.036: f
(x) = 4x3 ; f

(x) = 12x2 . The only critical point and the only possible inflection point is
(0, 0). The second derivative does not identify this point as a local maximum or minimum, and it is not an
inflection point because f

does not change sign there. (It is, of course, the location of the global minimum
of f by the first derivative test.)

C04S06.037: f
(x) = 5x4 + 2 and f

(x) = 20x3 , so there are no critical points (f
(x) > 0 for all x) and
(0, 0) is the only possible inflection point. And it is an inflection point because f

(x) changes sign at x = 0.

C04S06.038: f
(x) = 4x(x + 2)(x − 2); f

(x) = 12x2 − 16. The critical points are located at (−2, −16),
(0, 0), and (2, −16). Now f

(−2) > 0 and f

(2) > 0, so (−2, −16) and (2, −16) are local minimum points.
But f

(0) < 0, so (0, 0) is a local maximum point. The only possible inflection points are where 3x2 − 4 = 0;

3
 √ √
x = 23 3 and x = − 23 3. Because f

(x) = 4(3x2 − 4), it is clear that f

(x) changes sign at each of these
two points, so the corresponding points on the graph are inflection points. The local minima are actually
global by a careful application of the first derivative test.

C04S06.039:
 f
(x) = 2x(x − 1)(2x − 1) and f

(x) = 2(6x2 − 6x + 1). So the critical points are (0, 0),
1 1
2 , 16 , and (1, 0). The second derivative test indicates that the first
 and
 third√ are 1local
 minima
  and √ that
 1the

second is a local maximum. The only possible inflection points are 16 3 − 3 , 36 and 16 3 + 3 , 36 .



Why are they both inflection points? The graph of f (x) = 2(6x − 6x + 1) is a parabola opening upward
2

and with its vertex below the x-axis (because f

(x) = 0 has two real solutions). The possible inflection
points are located at the zeros of f

(x), so it should now be clear that f

(x) changes sign at each of the two
possible inflection points. Because f (x) is never negative, the two local minima are actually global, but the
local maximum is not (because f (x) → +∞ as x → ±∞).

C04S06.040: f
(x) = x2 (x + 2)(5x + 6) and f

(x) = 4x(5x2 + 12x + 6). So the critical points occur where
x = 0, x = −2, and x = − 65 . Now f

(0) = 0, so the second derivative test fails here, but f
(x) > 0 for x
near zero but x = 0, so (0, 0) is not an extremum.
 Next, f

(−2) = −16 < 0, so (−2, 0) is a local maximum
point; f

(−1.2) = 5.76 > 0, so − 65 , 3456
3125 is a local minimum point. The possible inflection points occur at
 √   √ 
x = 0, x= 1
5 −6 + 6 , and x= 1
5 −6 − 6 .

In decimal form these are x = 0, x ≈ −0.710, and x ≈ −1.690. Because f

(−2) = −16 < 0, f

(−1) = 4 > 0,
f

(−0.5) = −2.5 < 0, and f

(1) = 92 > 0, each of the three numbers displayed above is the abscissa of
an inflection point of the graph of f . None of the extrema is global because f (x) → +∞ as x → +∞ and
f (x) → −∞ as x → −∞.

C04S06.041: f
(x) = cos x and f

(x) = − sin x. f
(x) = 0 when x = π/2 and when x = 3π/2;
f

(π/2) = −1 < 0 and f

(3π/2) = 1 > 0, so the first of these critical points is a local maximum and
the second is a local minimum. Because | sin x|
1 for all x, these extrema are in fact global. f

(x) = 0
when x = π and clearly changes sign there, so there is an inflection point at (π, 0).

C04S06.042: Local (indeed, global) maximum point: (0, 1); no inflection points.

C04S06.043: f
(x) = sec2 x  1 for −π/2 < x < π/2, so there are no extrema. f

(x) = 2 sec2 x tan x, so
there is a possible inflection point at (0, 0). Because tan x changes sign at x = 0 (and 2 sec2 x does not),
(0, 0) is indeed an inflection point.

C04S06.044: f
(x) = sec x tan x and f

(x) = sec3 x + sec x tan2 x = (sec x)(sec2 x + tan2 x). So (0, 1) is
the only critical point and there are no possible inflection points. f

(0) = 1, so the second derivative test
shows that (0, 1) is a local minimum point. The first derivative test identifies (0, 1) as a global minimum
point.

C04S06.045: f
(x) = −2 sin x cos x and f

(x) = 2 sin2 x − 2 cos2 x. Hence (0, 1), (π/2, 0), and (π, 1) are
critical points. By the second derivative test the first and third are local maxima and the second is a local
minimum. (Because 0
cos2 x
1 for all x, these extrema are all global.) There are possible inflection
points at (−π/4, 1/2), (π/4, 1/2), (3π/4, 1/2), and (5π/4, 1/2). A close examination of f

(x) reveals that
it changes sign at all four of these points, so each is an inflection point.

C04S06.046: f (x) = sin3 x, −π < x < π:

f
(x) = 3 sin2 x cos x, f

(x) = 6 sin x cos2 x − 3 sin3 x = 3(2 cos2 x − sin2 x) sin x.

4
Global minimum at (−π/2, −1); global maximum at (π/2, 1); inflection points at x = 0 and at the four
solutions of tan2 x = 2 in (−π, π): approximately (−2.186276, −0.544331), (−0.955317, −0.544331), (0, 0),
(0.955317, 0.544331), and (2.186276, 0.544331).

C04S06.047: f
(x) = cos x−sin

√ f  (x) = − cos x−sin
 x and


√ x. So f (x) = 0 when tan x = 1 for 0 < x < 2π;
points at π/4, 2 and 5π/4, − 2 . The first is a local (in fact, global) maximum
thus there are critical √ √
because f (π/4) = − 2 < 0, the second is a local (in fact, global) minimum because f

(5π/4) = 2 > 0.

Next, f

(x) = 0 when tan x = −1, thus there are possible inflection √ points at (3π/4, 0) and (7π/4, 0). √ If x
is near 3π/4 but x < 3π/4, then√cos x is√slightly greater than − 12 2 and sin x is slightly greater than 12 2,
so f

(x)√= − cos x − sin x < 12 2 − 12 2 = √ 0. If x

is near 3π/4 but x > 3π/4,
√ then√ cos x is slightly less
than − 2 2 and sin x is slightly less than 2 2, so f (x) = − cos x − sin x > 2 2 − 2 2 = 0. Therefore the
1 1 1 1

graph of f is concave down to the left of (3π/2, 0) and concave upward to the right. Hence (3π/4, 0) is an
inflection point. A similar analysis shows that (7π/4, 0) is also an inflection point.

C04S06.048: If f (x) = cos x − sin x, then

f
(x) = − sin x − cos x and f

(x) = sin x − cos x.

 √ 
Now
 f
√
(x)= 0 when tan x = −1 and 0 < x < 2π. So there√are critical points at 3π/4, − 2 and
7π/4, 2 . The first √ is a local minimum because f (3π/4) = 2 > 0, the second is a local maximum



because f (7π/4) = − 2 < 0. Next, f (x) = 0 when x = π/4 and when x = 5π/4. By an analysis similar to
that in the solution of Problem 47, there are inflection points at both (π/4, 0) and 5π/4, 0).

C04S06.049: Given: f (x) = sin x + 2 cos x, 0 < x < 2π. First,

f
(x) = cos x − 2 sin x and f

(x) = − sin x − 2 cos x.

 
Therefore √f
(x) = 0 when √ tan x = 12 , thus
√ when x = a = √ arctan 12 and when √ x = b = a +√π. Now
sin a = 15 5, cos a = 25 5, √ sin b = − 15 5, and cos √ b = − 2
5 5. So f (a) = 5 and f (b) = − 5. Also
f

(a)
√ = −2 cos a − sin a = − 5 < 0 and f


(b) =  5 > 0,
√ so there is a local (in fact, global) maximum at



a, 5 and a local (in fact, global) minimum at b, − 5 . Next, f (x) = 0 when x = p = π − arctan 2
and when x = q = 2π − arctan 2, and—by an analysis similar to that in the solution of Problem 47—there
are inflection points at (p, 0) and (q, 0).

C04S06.050: Given: f (x) = 3 sin x − 4 cos x, 0 < x < 2π. Then

f
(x) = 3 cos x + 4 sin x and f

(x) = 4 cos x − 3 sin x.

 
Then f
(x) = 0 when x = a = arctan − 34 ≈ −0.6435, which is not in the domain of f . So the solutions of
f
(x) = 0 in the domain are a + π and a + 2π. The second derivative test shows that there is a local (indeed,



global) maximum  4 at (a + π, 5) and a local (indeed, global) minimum at (a + 2π, −5). Next, f (x) = 0 when
x = b = arctan 3 , and by an analysis similar to that in the solution of Problem 47 it can be shown that
there are inflection points at (b, 0) and (b + π, 0).

C04S06.051: We are to minimize the product of two numbers whose difference is 20; thus if x is the
smaller, we are to minimize f (x) = x(x + 20). Now f
(x) = 20 + 2x, so f
(x) = 0 when x = −10. But
f

(x) ≡ 2 is positive when x = −10, so there is a local minimum at (−10, −100). Because the graph of f is
a parabola opening upward, this local minimum is in fact the global minimum. Answer: The two numbers
are −10 and 10.

5
C04S06.052: We assume that the length turned upward is the same on each side—call it y. If the width
of the gutter is x, then we have the constraint xy = 18, and we are to minimize the width x + 2y of the
strip. Its width is given by the function

36
f (x) = x + , x > 0,
x
for which

36 72
f
(x) = 1 − and f

(x) = .
x2 x3
The only critical point in the domain of f is x = 6, and f

(x) > 0 on the entire domain of f . Consequently
the graph of f is concave upward for all x > 0. Because f is continuous for such x, f (6) = 12 is the global
minimum of f .

C04S06.053: Let us minimize

g(x) = (x − 3)2 + (3 − 2x − 2)2 = (x − 3)2 + (1 − 2x)2 ,

the square of the distance from the point (x, y) on the line 2x + y = 3 to the point (3, 2). We have
g
(x) = 2(x − 3) − 4(1 − 2x) = 10x − 10; g

(x) ≡ 10. So x = 1 is the only critical point of g. Because
g

(x) is always positive, the graph of g is concave upward on the set IR of all real numbers, and therefore
(1, g(1)) = (1, 1) yields the global minimum for g. So the point on the given line closest to (3, 2) is (1, 1).

C04S06.054: Base of box: x wide, 2x long. Height: y. Then the box has volume 2x2 y = 576, so
y = 288x−2 . Its total surface area is A = 4x2 + 6xy, so we minimize

1728
A = A(x) = 4x2 + , x > 0.
z
Now

1728 3456
A
(x) = 8x − and A

(x) = 8 + .
x2 x3
The only critical point of A(x) occurs when 8x3 = 1728; that is, when x = 6. But A

(x) > 0 for all x > 0,
so the graph of y = A(x) is concave upward for all x > 0. Therefore A(6) is the global minimum value of
A(x). Also, when x = 6 we have y = 8. Answer: The dimensions of the box of minimal surface area are 6
inches wide by 12 inches long by 8 inches high.

C04S06.055: Base of box: x wide, 2x long. Height: y. Then the box has volume 2x2 y = 972, so
y = 486x−2 . Its total surface area is A = 2x2 + 6xy, so we minimize

2916
A = A(x) = 2x2 + , x > 0.
x
Now

2916 5832
A
(x) = 4x − and A

(x) = 4 + .
x2 x3
The only critical point of A occurs when x = 9, and A

(x) is always positive. So the graph of y = A(x) is
concave upward for all x > 0; consequently, (9, A(9)) is the lowest point on the graph of A. Answer: The
dimensions of the box are 9 inches wide, 18 inches long, and 6 inches high.

6
C04S06.056: If the radius of the base of the pot is r and its height is h (inches), then we are to minimize
the total surface area A given the constraint πr2 h = 125. Thus h = 125/(πr2 ), and so

250
A = πr2 + 2πrh = A(r) = πr2 + , r > 0.
r
Hence

250 500
A
(r) = 2πr − and A

(r) = 2π + .
r2 r3
√
Now A
(r) = 0 when r3 = 125/π, so that r = 5/ 3 π. This is the only critical point of A, and A

(r) > 0 for
all r, so the graph of y = A(r) is concave upward for all r in the domain of A. Consequently we have located
√ √
the global minimum, and it occurs when the pot has radius r = 5/ 3 π inches and height h = 5/ 3 π inches.
Thus the pot will have its radius equal to its height, each approximately 3.414 inches.

C04S06.057: Let r denote the radius of the pot and h its height. We are given the constraint πr2 h = 250,
so h = 250/(πr2 ). Now the bottom of the pot has area πr2 , and thus costs 4πr2 cents. The curved side of
the pot has area 2πrh, and thus costs 4πrh cents. So the total cost of the pot is

1000
C = 4πr2 + 4πrh = C(r) = 4πr2 + , r > 0.
r
Now

1000 2000
C
(r) = 8πr − and C

(r) = 8π + 3 .
r2 r
√
C
(r) = 0 when 8πr3 = 1000, so that r = 5/ 3 π. Because C

(r) > 0 for all r > 0, the graph of y = C(r)
is concave upward on the domain of C. Therefore we have found the value of r that minimizes C(r).
√
The corresponding value of h is 10/ 3 π, so the pot of minimal cost has height equal to its diameter, each
approximately 6.828 centimeters.

C04S06.058: Let x denote the length of each side of the square base of the solid and let y denote its
height. Then its total volume is x2 y = 1000. We are to minimize its total surface area A = 2x2 + 4xy. Now
y = 1000/(x2 ), so

4000
A = A(x) = 2x2 + , x > 0.
x
Therefore

4000 8000
A
(x) = 4x − and A

(x) = 4 + .
x2 x3
The only critical point occurs when x = 10, and A

(x) > 0 for all x in the domain of A, so x = 10 yields
the global minimum value of A(x). In this case, y = 10 as well, so the solid is indeed a cube.

C04S06.059: Let the square base of the box have edge length x and let its height be y, so that its total
volume is x2 y = 62.5 and the surface area of this box-without-top will be A = x2 + 4xy. So

250
A = A(x) = x2 + , x > 0.
x
Now

250 500
A
(x) = 2x − and A

(x) = 2 + .
x2 x3
7
The only critical point occurs when x = 5, and A

(x) > 0 for all x in the domain of A, so x = 5 yields the
global minimum for A. Answer: Square base of edge length x = 5 inches, height y = 2.5 inches.

C04S06.060: Let r denote the radius of the can and h its height (in centimeters). We are to minimize its
total surface area A = 2πr2 + 2πrh given the constraint πr2 h = V = 16π. First we note that h = V /(πr2 ),
so we minimize

2V
A = A(r) = 2πr2 + , r > 0.
r
Now

2V 4V
A
(r) = 4πr − and A

(r) = 4π + .
r2 r3
The only critical point of A occurs when 4πr3 = 2V = 32π—that is, when r = 2. Now A

(r) > 0 for all
r > 0, so the graph of y = A(r) is concave upward for all r > 0. Thus the global minimum occurs when
r = 2 centimeters, for which h = 4 centimeters.

C04S06.061: Let x denote the radius and y the height of the cylinder (in inches). Then its cost (in cents)
is C = 8πx2 + 4πxy, and we also have the constraint πx2 y = 100. So

400
C = C(x) = 8πx2 + , x > 0.
x
Now

400 800
C
(x) = 16πx − and C

(x) = 16π + .
x2 x3

The only critical point in the domain of C is x = 3 25/π (about 1.9965 inches) and, consequently, when
y = 3 1600/π (about 7.9859 inches). Because C

(x) > 0 for all x in the domain of C, we have indeed found
the dimensions that minimize the cost of the can. For simplicity, note that y = 4x at the minimum: The
height of the can is twice its diameter.

C04S06.062: Let x denote the width of the print. Then 30/x is the height of the print, x + 2 is the width
of the page, and (30/x) + 4 is the height of the page. We minimize the area A of the page, where
 
30 60
A = A(x) = (x + 2) + 4 = 4x + 38 + , 0 < x < ∞.
x x
Now

60 120
A
(x) = 4 − and A

(x) =
.
x2 x3
√ √   √  √
A
(x) = 0 when x = 15 and√A

15 = 120/ 15√ 15 > 0, so x √ = 15 yields a local minimum of A(x).
In fact, A
(x) < 0 if 0 < x < √
15 and A
(x) >√0 if 15√> x, so x = 15 yields the global minimum value of
A(x); this minimum value is 4 15 + 38 + 60/ 15 = 8 15 + 38 ≈ 68.983867 in.2

C04S06.063: Given: f (x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 12x + 3. We have

f (x) = 6(x − 2)(x + 1) and f

(x) = 12x − 6.

Hence (−1, 10) and (2, −17) are critical points and (0.5, −3.5) is a possible inflection point. Because
f

(x) > 0 if x > 0.5 and f

(x) < 0 if x < 0.5, the possible inflection point is an actual inflection point,

8
there is a local maximum at (−1, 10), and a local minimum at (2, −17). The extrema are not global because
f (x) → +∞ as x → +∞ and f (x) → −∞ as x → −∞. The graph of f is next.

20

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4

-20

-40

C04S06.064: Given: f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 5. Then

f
(x) = 12x3 − 12x2 = 12x2 (x − 1) and f

(x) = 36x2 − 24x = 12x(3x − 2).

So the graph of f is increasing for x > 1 and decreasing for x < 1 (even  though
 there’s a horizontal tangent
at x = 0), concave upward for x < 0 and x > 23 , concave
 downward on 0, 2
3 . There is a global minimum at
(1, −6), inflection points at (0, −5) and at 23 , − 151
27 . The x-intercepts are approximately −0.906212 and
1.682971. The graph of y = f (x) is next.

-3.5

-4

-4.5

-5

-5.5

-1 -0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2

C04S06.065: If f (x) = 6 + 8x2 − x4 , then f
(x) = −4x(x + 2)(x − 2) and f

(x) = 16 −12x√ 2
. So √
f is
increasing for x < −2 and for 0 < x < 2, decreasing otherwise; its graph is concave upward on − 23 3, 23 3
and concave downward otherwise. Therefore the global maximum  value
√ of f is f (−2) = √f (2)134
=22 and there
is a local minimum at f (0) = 6. There are inflection points at − 23 3, 134 9 and at 2
3 3, 9 . The graph
of f is next.
20

10

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-10

C04S06.066: Given: f (x) = 3x5 − 5x3 . Then

f
(x) = 15x4 − 15x2 = 15x2 (x + 1)(x − 1) and

1√
f

(x) = 60x3 − 30x = 60x(x + r)(x − r) where r= 2.
2
9
The graph is increasing for x < −1 and for x > 1, decreasing for −1 < x < 1 (although there is a horizontal
tangent at the origin). It is concave upward on (−r, 0) and on (r, +∞), concave downward on (−∞, −r)
and on (0, r). Thus there is a local maximum at (−1, 2), a local minimum at (1, −2), and inflection points at
(−r, 7r/4),  (r, −7r/4) (the last ordinate is approximately −1.237437). Finally, the x-intercepts
 (0, 0), and
are 0, − 5/3 , and 5/3 ≈ 1.29099. The graph of y = f (x) is shown next.

-1 -0.5 0.5 1

-1

-2

C04S06.067: If f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 − 12x2 − 1, then

f
(x) = 12x3 − 12x2 − 24x = 12x(x − 2)(x + 1) and f

(x) = 36x2 − 24x − 24 = 12(3x2 − 2x − 2).

So the graph of√f is decreasing for −1 and for 0 < x < 2 and increasing otherwise; it is concave upward
x < √
for x < 3 1 − 7 and for x > 3 1 + 7 and concave downward otherwise. So there is a local minimum
1 1

 1 (−1,
at  −6), a local
√  maximum (0, −1),and
√ at  a global
√  minimum
 at (2,√−33).
 There are inflection points at
3 1 − 7 , 1
27 −311 + 80 7 and at 1
3 1 + 7 , 1
27 −311 − 80 7 . The graph of y = f (x) is next.

40

20

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-20

C04S06.068: Given: f (x) = 3x5 − 25x3 + 60x. Then

f
(x) = 15x4 − 75x2 + 60 = 15(x2 − 4)(x2 − 1) and f

(x) = 60x3 − 150x = 30x(2x2 − 5).

 x = −2 andx = 1, local minima where x = −1 and x = 2. Inflection points

There are local maxima where
occur where x = 0, x = − 5/2 , and x = 5/2 . The graph is next.

60

40

20

-2 -1 1 2
-20

-40

-60

C04S06.069: If f (x) = x3 (x − 1)4 , then

10
 f
(x) = 3x2 (x − 1)4 + 4x3 (x − 1)3 = x2 (x − 1)3 (7x − 3) and

f

(x) = 6x(x − 1)4 + 24x2 (x − 1)3 + 12x3 (x − 1)2 = 6x(x − 1)2 (7x2 − 6x + 1).

3
Hence the graph
 √of f is increasing for
 x <
√ 7 and for x > 1, decreasing otherwise;
 3 concave
 upward for
0 < x < 7 3 − 2 and for x > 7 3 + 2 . So there is a local maximum at 7 , 823543 and a local
1 1 6912

minimum
 √ at (1, 0). Also there are inflection points at (0, 0) and at the two points with x-coordinates
1
7 3 ± 2 . The graph of y = f (x) is shown next. Note the scale on the y-axis.

0.02

0.015

0.01

0.005

-0.5 0.5 1 1.5

-0.005

-0.01

C04S06.070: Given: f (x) = (x − 1)2 (x + 2)3 . Then

f
(x) = (x − 1)(x + 2)2 (5x + 1) and f

(x) = 2(x + 2)(10x2 + 4x − 5).

The zeros of f

(x) are x = −2, x ≈ 0.535, and x ≈ −0.935. It follows that (1, 0) is a local minimum (from
the second derivative test), that (−0.2, 8.39808) is a local maximum, and that (−2, 0) is not an extremum.
Also, the second derivative changes sign at each of its zeros, so each of these three zeros is the abscissa of
an inflection point on the graph. The graph is next.
20

15

10

-3 -2 -1 1 2
-5

-10

-15

C04S06.071: If f (x) = 1 + x1/3 then

1 −2/3 1 2 2
f
(x) = x = 2/3 and f

(x) = − x−5/3 = − 5/3 .
3 3x 9 9x

Therefore f
(x) > 0 for all x = 0; because f is continuous even at x = 0, the graph of f is increasing for
all x, but (0, 1) is a critical point. Because f

(x) has the sign of −x, the graph of f is concave upward for
x < 0 and concave downward for x > 0. Thus there is an inflection point at (0, 1). Careful examination of

11
the first derivative shows also that there is a vertical tangent at (0, 1). The graph is next.

2.5

1.5

0.5

-4 -2 2 4
-0.5

C04S06.072: Given: f (x) = 2 − (x − 3)1/3 . Then

1 2
f
(x) = − and f

(x) = .
3(x − 3)2/3 9(x − 3)5/3

There is a vertical tangent at (3, 2) but there are no other critical points. The graph is decreasing for all x,
concave down for x < 3, and concave up for x > 3. Because f is continuous for all x, there is an inflection
point at (3, 2). The y-intercept is at (0, 3.44225) (ordinate approximate) and the x-intercept is at (11, 0).

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

-2 2 4 6 8

√
C04S06.073: Given f (x) = (x + 3) x,

3(x + 1) 3(x − 1)
f
(x) = √ and f

(x) = √ .
2 x 4x x

Note that f (x) has domain x  0. Hence f
(x) > 0 for all x > 0; in fact, because f is continuous (from
the right) at x = 0, f is increasing on [0, +∞). It now follows that (1, 4) is an inflection point, but it’s not
shown on the following figure for two reasons: First, it’s not detectable; second, the behavior of the graph
near x = 0 is of more interest, and that behavior is not clearly visible when f is graphed on a larger interval.
The point (0, 0) is, of course, the location of the global minimum of f and is of particular interest because

12
f
(x) → +∞ as x → 0+ . The graph of y = f (x) is next.

2.5

1.5

0.5

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

C04S06.074: Given: f (x) = x2/3 (5 − 2x). Then

10 − 10x 20x + 10
f
(x) = and f

(x) = − .
3x1/3 9x4/3
If |x| is large, then f (x) ≈ −2x5/3 , which (because the exponent 5/3 has odd numerator and odd denominator)
acts rather like −2x3 for |x| large (at least qualitatively). This aids in determining the behavior of f (x) for
|x| large. The graph is decreasing for x < 0 and for x > 1, increasing on the interval (0, 1). It is concave
upward for x < −0.5, concave downward for x > 0 and on the interval (−0.5, 0). There is a vertical tangent
and a local minimum at the origin, a local maximum at (1, 3), an inflection point where x = −0.5, a dual
intercept at (0, 0), and an x-intercept at x = 2.5. The graph is next.

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-2

C04S06.075: Given f (x) = (4 − x)x1/3 , we have

4(1 − x) 4(x + 2)
f
(x) = and f

(x) = − .
3x2/3 9x5/3
There is a global maximum at (1, 3), a vertical tangent,
√ dual
 intercept, and inflection point at (0, 0), an
x-intercept at (4, 0), and an inflection point at −2, −6 3 2 . The graph of f is next.

-2 2 4 6

-2

-4

-6

13
C04S06.076: Given: f (x) = x1/3 (6 − x)2/3 . Then

2−x 8
f
(x) = and f

(x) = − .
− x)1/3
x2/3 (6 x5/3 (6 − x)4/3

If |x| is large, then (6 − x)2/3 ≈ x2/3 , so f (x) ≈ x for such x. This aids in sketching the graph, which has a
local maximum where x = 2, a local minimum at (6, 0), vertical tangents at (6, 0) and at the origin. It is
increasing for x < 2 and for x > 6, decreasing on the interval (2, 6), concave upward for x < 0, and concave
downward on (0, 6) and for x > 6. All the intercepts have been mentioned, too. The figure on the left shows
a “close-up” of the graph and the figure on the right gives a more distant view.
15
4
10

2
5

-2 2 4 6 8 -10 -5 5 10 15 20

-5
-2

-10
-4

C04S06.077: Figure 4.6.34 shows a graph that is concave downward, then concave upward, so its second
derivative is negative, then zero, then positive. This matches the graph in (c).

C04S06.078: Figure 4.6.35 shows a graph that is concave upward, then downward, so the second derivative
will be positive, then zero, then negative. This matches the graph in (e).

C04S06.079: Figure 4.6.36 shows a graph that is concave upward, then downward, then upward again, so
the second derivative will be positive, then negative, then positive again. This matches the graph in (b).

C04S06.080: Figure 4.6.37 shows a graph that is concave downward, then upward, then downward, so the
second derivative is negative, then positive, then negative. This matches the graph in (f).

C04S06.081: Figure 4.6.38 shows a graph that is concave upward, then almost straight, then strongly
concave downward, so the second derivative must be positive, then close to zero, then large negative. This
matches the graph in (d).

C04S06.082: Figure 4.6.39 shows a graph that is concave upward, then downward, then upward, then
downward. So the second derivative must be positive, then negative, then positive, and then negative. This
matches the graph in (a).

C04S06.083: (a): Proof: The result holds when n = 1. Suppose that it holds for n = k where k  1.
Then f (k) (x) = k! if f (x) = xk . Now if g(x) = xk+1 , then g(x) = xf (x). So by the product rule,

g
(x) = xf
(x) + f (x) = x (kxk−1 ) + xk = (k + 1)xk .

Thus

g (k+1) (x) = (k + 1)Dxk (xk ) = (k + 1)f (k) (x) = (k + 1)(k!) = (k + 1)!.

14
That is, whenever the result holds for n = k, it follows for n = k + 1. Therefore, by induction, it holds for
all integers n  1.
(b): Because the nth derivative of xn is constant, any higher order derivative of xn is zero. The result
now follows immediately.

C04S06.084: f
(x) = cos x, f

(x) = − sin x, f (3) = − cos x, and f (4) = sin x = f (x). It is now clear that

f (n+4) (x) = f (n) (x) for all n  0

(we interpret f (0) (x) to mean f (x)).

dz dz dy d2 z dz d2 y dy d2 z dy
C04S06.085: = · . So = · + · · .
dx dy dx dx2 dy dx2 dx dy 2 dx

C04S06.086: If f (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C, then A = 0. So f

(x) = 2A = 0. Because f

(x) never changes

sign, the graph of f (x) can have no inflection points.

C04S06.087: If f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d with a = 0, then both f
(x) and f

(x) exist for all x and
f

(x) = 6ax + 2b. The latter is zero when and only when x = −b/(3a), and this is the abscissa of an
inflection point because f

(x) changes sign at x = −b/(3a). Therefore the graph of a cubic polynomial has
exactly one inflection point.

C04S06.088: If f (x) = Ax4 + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E, then both f
(x) and f

(x) are continuous for all x,
and f

(x) = 12Ax2 + 6Bx + 2C. In order for f

(x) to change sign, we must have f

(x) = 0. If so, then
(because f

(x) is a quadratic polynomial) either the graph of f

(x) crosses the x-axis in two places or is
tangent to it at a single point. In the first case, f

(x) changes sign twice, so there are two points of inflection
on the graph of f . In the second case, f

(x) does not change sign, so f has no inflection points. Therefore
the graph of a polynomial of degree four has either exactly two inflection points or else none at all.

RT a
C04S06.089: First, p = p(V ) = − , so
V −b V2
2a RT 2RT 6a
p
(V ) = 3 − and p

(V ) = − 4.
V (V − b)2 (V − b)3 V
From now on, use the constant values p = 72.8, V = 128.1, and T = 304; we already have n = 1. Then

RT a 2a RT 3a RT
p= − 2, = , and = .
V −b V V 3 (V − b)2 V 4 (V − b)3
The last two equations yield

RT V 3 3(V − b)
=2= ,
a(V − b)2 V

and thus b = 13 V and V − b = 23 V . Next,

V 3 RT V 3 RT 9V 3 RT 9
a= = = = VRT.
2(V − b) 2 2(2V /3)2 8V 2 8
RT a
Finally, = p + 2 , so
V −b V
 
2V  a  2V 9RT 2V p 3R
R= p+ 2 = p+ = + .
3T V 3T 8V 3T 4

15
 8V p
Therefore R = . We substitute this into the earlier formula for a, in order to determine that a =
3T
9 2
8 VRT = 3V p. In summary, and using the values given in the problem, we find that

1 8V p
b= V = 42.7, a = 3V 2 p ≈ 3,583,859, and R = ≈ 81.8.
3 3T

C04S06.090: (a): If f

(c) > 0 and h > 0, then

f
(c + h)
>0
h
if h is close to zero. Thus f
(c + h) > 0 for such h. Similarly, if f

(c) > 0 and h < 0, then again

f
(c + h)
>0
h
if h is near zero, so f
(c + h) < 0 for such h. So f
(x) > 0 for x > c (but close to c) and f
(x) < 0 for x < c
(but close to c). By the first derivative test, f (c) is a local minimum for f . The proof in part (b) is very
similar.

C04S06.091: If f (x) = 1000x3 − 3051x2 + 3102x + 1050, then

f
(x) = 3000x2 − 6102x + 3102 and f

(x) = 6000x − 6102.

So the graph of f has horizontal tangents at the two points (1, 2101) and (1.034, 2100.980348) (coordinates
exact) and there is a possible inflection point at (1.017, 2100.990174) (coordinates exact). Indeed, the usual
tests show that the first of these is a local maximum, the second is a local minimum, and the third is an
inflection point. The Mathematica command

Plot[ f[x], { x, 0.96, 1.07 } ];

produces a graph that shows all three points clearly; it’s next.

2101.02

0.96 0.98 1.02 1.04 1.06

2100.98

2100.96

C04S06.092: If f (x) = [x(1 − x)(9x − 7)(4x − 1)]4 , then

f
(x) = 4x3 (4x − 1)3 (x − 1)3 (9x − 7)3 (144x3 − 219x2 + 88x − 7)

and

16
f

(x) = 4x2 (4x − 1)2 (x − 1)2 (9x − 7)2 (77760x6 − 236520x5 + 274065x4 − 150400x3 + 39368x2 − 4312x + 147).

Next, the graph of y = f (x) has horizontal tangents at the points

1  7 
(0, 0), (0.1052, 0.0119), 4, 0 , (0.5109, 0.1539), 9, 0 , (0.9048, 0.0044), and (1, 0)

(all four-place decimals shown here are rounded approximations). The usual tests show that the first, third,
fifth, and seventh of these are global minima and the other three are local maxima. Moreover, there are
possible inflection points at
1 
(0, 0), (0.0609, 0.0061), (0.1499, 0.0069), 4, 0 , (0.4246, 0.0865),

7 
(0.5971, 0.0870), 9, 0 , (0.8646, 0.0026), (0.9446, 0.0023), and (1, 0)

(again, all four-place decimals are rounded approximations). The usual tests show that the six of these
points not extrema are indeed inflection points. The Mathematica command

Plot[ f[x], { x, −0.05, 0.05 } ];

clearly shows the global minimum at (0, 0). The command

Plot[ f[x], { x, 0.02, 0.1 } ];

clearly shows the inflection point near (0.0609, 0.0061). These graphs are shown next.

0.012

0.01
0.0015
0.008

0.001 0.006

0.004
0.0005
0.002

-0.04 -0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

To see the other extrema and inflection points, plot y = f (x) on the intervals [0.08, 0.14], [0.12, 0.2],
[0.23, 0.27], [0.3, 0.5], [0.48, 0.56], [0.54, 0.68], [0.76, 0.8], [0.8, 0.9], [0.87, 0.94], [0.92, 0.98], and (fi-
nally) [0.98, 1.04].

17