Section 15.

5
C15S05.001: Here S is the surface z = h(x, y) = 1 − x − y over the plane triangle bounded by the
nonnegative coordinate axes and the graph of y = 1 − x. So
 √
dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dx dy = 3 dx dy.

Therefore

    1−x
1 1−x √ √  1
1 2
(x + y) dS = (x + y) 3 dy dx = 3 xy + y dx
x=0 y=0 0 2 0
S
    1
√ 1
1 1 2 √ 1 1 1√
= 3 − x dx = 3 x − x3 = 3 ≈ 0.5773502691896258.
0 2 2 2 6 0 3

C15S05.002: Here S is the surface z = h(x, y) = 6 − 2x − 3y over the plane triangle bounded by the
nonnegative coordinate axes and the graph of y = 13 (6 − 2x). Also
 √ √
dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dx dy = 1 + 4 + 9 dx dy = 14 dx dy,

and therefore

     (6−2x)/3
3 (6−2x)/3 √ √ 3
xyz dS = xy(6 − 2x − 3y) 14 dy dx = 14 3xy − x y − xy
2 2 2 3
dx
S 0 0 0 0

    3
√ 3
4 4 4 √ 4 1 4 5
= 14 4x − 4x + x3 − 2
x dx = 14 2x − x3 + x4 −
2
x
0 3 27 3 3 135 0

9√
= 14 ≈ 6.7349832961930945.
5

C15S05.003: First, S is the surface z = h(x, y) = 2x + 3y lying over the circular disk D with center (0, 0)
and radius 3 in the xy-plane. Also
 √
dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dx dy = 14 dx dy,

and thus

  √  2π  3  √
(y + z + 3) dS = (y + 2x + 3y + 3) 14 dA = (4r sin θ + 2r cos θ + 3) r 14 dr dθ
S D θ=0 r=0

  3   
√ 2π
3 2 2 3 √ 2π
27
= 14 r + r (cos θ + 2 sin θ) dθ = 14 + 18 cos θ + 36 sin θ dθ
0 2 3 0 0 2
 2π
√ 27 √
= 14 θ + 18 sin θ − 36 cos θ = 27π 14 ≈ 317.3786106805529421.
2 0

C15S05.004: The surface S is the part of the cone z = h(x, y) = x2 + y 2 that lies over the circular
disk D with center (0, 0) and radius 2 in the xy-plane. Next,

1
  2 2 1/2  
x y 2 2 1/2 √
dS =  1 +
+
 dx dy = 1 + x + y dx dy = 2 dx dy.
2
x +y 2
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

Therefore

   √ √  2π  2
2 2 2 3
z dS = (x + y ) dS = r 2 dr dθ = 2 r3 dr dθ
S S D 0 0

 2
√ 1 4 √
= 2π 2 r = 8π 2 ≈ 35.54306350526692997613.
4 0

C15S05.005: The surface S is the part of the paraboloid z = h(x, y) = x2 + y 2 that lies over the circular
disk D with center (0, 0) and radius 2 in the xy-plane. Also


dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dx dy = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dx dy,

and thus

 
 2π  2
(xy + 1) dS = (xy + 1) 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dx dy = (1 + r2 sin θ cos θ) · r(1 + 4r2 )1/2 dr dθ
S D 0 0

 2π  2
1
= (1 + 4r2 )3/2 20 + (6r2 − 1) sin 2θ dθ
0 240 0
 √  √
2π
1  
= 340 17 − 20 + 1 + 391 17 sin 2θ dθ
0 240
   2π
1 √ √
= 40 17 17 − 1 θ − 1 + 391 17 cos 2θ
480 0
  √ 
1 √ √
= 1 + 391 17 − 1 − 391 17 + 80π 17 17 − 1
480

1  √
= π −1 + 17 17 ≈ 36.176903197411408364756.
6

C15S05.006: Here S is the hemisphere z = h(x, y) = (1 − x2 − y 2 )1/2 , described in spherical coordinates

by

1
ρ = 1, 0
φ
π, 0
θ
2π
2

and parametrized for such φ and θ by

x = sin φ cos θ, y = sin φ sin θ, z = cos φ.

Thus with r(φ, θ) =  sin φ cos θ, sin φ sin θ, cos φ  we have

2
  
 i j k 
 
 
 
rφ × rθ =  cos φ cos θ cos φ sin θ − sin φ  =  sin2 φ cos θ, sin2 φ sin θ, sin φ cos φ .
 
 
 
− sin φ sin θ sin φ cos θ 0

Therefore

|rφ × rθ | = (sin4 φ cos2 θ + sin4 φ sin2 θ + sin2 φ cos2 φ)1/2 = (sin4 φ + sin2 φ cos2 φ)1/2 = | sin φ|.

Hence

  2π  π/2  π/2
1 1
2 2
(x + y )z dS = 3
sin φ cos φ dφ dθ = 2π sin4 φ = π ≈ 1.5707963267948966.
0 0 4 0 2
S

C15S05.007: The surface S is the part of the graph of z = h(x, y) = x + y that lies
√ over the circular disk
√
D with center (0, 0) and radius 3 in the xy-plane. Also dS = 1 + 1 + 1 dx dy = 3 dx dy, and hence

   
√ √  2π  3 √ 1 4 3 81 √
Iz = δ(x2 + y 2 ) dS = δr2 3 dA = δ 3 r3 dr dθ = 2πδ 3 r = πδ 3 .
0 0 4 0 2
S D

The mass of S is
   3
√ 2π 3
1 2 √ √
m=δ 3 r dr dθ = 2πδ 3 r = 9πδ 3 ,
0 0 2 0

9
and therefore Iz = m.
2

C15S05.008: The surface S has equation z = h(x, y) = xy and lies over (and under) the circular disk D
with center (0, 0) and radius 5 in the xy-plane. The surface area element is


dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1 + x2 + y 2 dA,

and therefore the moment of inertia of S (with constant density δ) with respect to the z-axis is

 
 2π  5

Iz = (x2 + y 2 )δ dS = δr2 1 + r2 dA = δr3 1 + r2 dr dθ

S D 0 0

 5 
2
4 √
= πδ (3r + r − 2) 1 + r
4 2 2 = πδ 1 + 949 26 .
15 0 15

Because the mass of S is

  
2π 5
2  √
m= δ dS = δr 1 + r2 dr dθ = πδ −1 + 26 26 ,
0 0 3
S

the moment of inertia may also be expressed in the form

√
2 + 1898 26
Iz = √ · m ≈ m · (3.8358837113445991)2 .
−5 + 130 26

3
C15S05.009: Suppose that (x, z) is a point in the xz-plane. Let w be the radius vector from the origin in
the xz-plane to (x, z) and let θ be the angle that w makes with the nonnegative x-axis. Then points in the
cylindrical surface S are described by

x = cos θ, y = y, z = sin θ, −1
y
1, 0
θ
2π.

Thus the cylindrical surface S is parametrized by r(y, θ) =  cos θ, y, sin θ , for which ry =  0, 1, 0  and
rθ =  − sin θ, 0, cos θ . Hence
 
 i j k 
 
 
 
ry × rθ =  0 1 0  =  cos θ, 0, sin θ .
 
 
 
− sin θ 0 cos θ

Therefore |ry × rθ | = 1, so that dS = dy dθ. Let D denote the rectangle −1
y
1, 0
θ
2π. Because
S has constant density δ, its moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis is therefore

   2π  1
2 2 2 2
Iz = (x + y )δ dS = (y + cos θ)δ dA = (y 2 + cos2 θ)δ dy dθ
S D θ=0 y=−1

 2π  1  2π    2π
1 3 2 1 10
=δ y + y cos2 θ dθ = δ + 2 cos2 θ dθ = δ 10θ + 3 sin 2θ = πδ.
0 3 −1 0 3 6 0 3

Because the mass m of S is the product of its surface area and its density, we have m = 4πδ, and hence we
may also express Iz in the form

5
Iz = m = m · (0.9128709291752769)2 .
6

C15S05.010: The surface S has equation z = h(x, y) = x2 + y 2 and lies over the annular region R in
the xy-plane described in polar coordinates by 2
r
5, 0
θ
2π. We have surface area element
 1/2
x2 y2 √
dS = 1+ 2 2
+ 2 dA = 2 dA,
x +y x + y2

and therefore the moment of inertia of the constant-density surface S with respect to the z-axis is
    5
2π 5 √ √  2π
1 4 609 √
Iz = (x2 + y 2 )δ dS = δr3 2 dr dθ = δ 2 r = πδ 2 .
0 2 0 4 2 2
S

The mass of S is
  2π  5 √ √
m= δ dS = δr 2 dr dθ = 21δπ 2 ,
S 0 2

and therefore its moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis may also be expressed in the form

29
Iz = m ≈ m · (3.8078865529319541)2 .
2

C15S05.011: The surface S has the spherical-coordinates parametrization

4
  
3
r(φ, θ) =  5 sin φ cos θ, 5 sin φ sin θ, 5 cos φ , 0
φ
arccos , 0
θ
2π.
5

Therefore

 
 i j k 
 
 
 
rφ × rθ =  5 cos φ cos θ 5 cos φ sin θ −5 sin φ  =  25 sin2 φ cos θ, 25 sin2 φ sin θ, 25 sin φ cos φ ,
 
 
 
−5 sin φ sin θ 5 sin φ cos θ 0

and thus

|rφ × rθ | = 625 sin2 φ cos2 φ + 625 sin4 φ cos2 θ + 625 sin4 φ sin2 θ = 25 sin φ

(because 0
φ
π/2). Hence the mass of S is

  2π  arccos(3/5)  arccos(3/5)
m= δ dS = 25δ sin φ dφ dθ = 2πδ − 25 cos φ
S θ=0 φ=0 0

= 20πδ ≈ (62.8318530717958648)δ.

Next,

x2 + y 2 = (5 sin φ cos θ)2 + (5 sin φ sin θ)2 = 25 sin2 φ,

and hence the moment of inertia of S with respect to the z-axis is

  2π  arccos(3/5)  arccos(3/5)
625
Iz = 2 2
(x + y )δ dS = 3
625δ sin φ dφ dθ = 2πδ cos3 φ − 625 cos φ
θ=0 φ=0 3 0
S

520
= πδ ≈ (544.5427266222308280)δ.
3
26
The moment of inertia may also be expressed in the form Iz = m ≈ m · (2.9439202887759490)2 .
3

C15S05.012: The upper half of the surface S has the spherical-coordinates parametrization
 
4 1
r(φ, θ) =  5 sin φ cos θ, 5 sin φ sin θ, 5 cos φ , arccos
φ
π, 0
θ
2π.
5 2

To find the mass and moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis, we will integrate over the top half of S
and then double the result. But first,

 
 i j k 
 
 
 
rφ × rθ =  5 cos φ cos θ 5 cos φ sin θ −5 sin φ  =  25 sin2 φ cos θ, 25 sin2 φ sin θ, 25 sin φ cos φ ,
 
 
 
−5 sin φ sin θ 5 sin φ cos θ 0

and thus

5
 
|rφ × rθ | = 625 sin2 φ cos2 φ + 625 sin4 φ cos2 θ + 625 sin4 φ sin2 θ = 25 sin φ

(because 0
φ
π/2). Hence the mass of S is

  2π  π/2  π/2
m= δ dS = 2 25δ sin φ dφ dθ = 4πδ − 25 cos φ
S θ=0 φ=arccos(4/5) arccos(4/5)

= 80πδ ≈ (251.3274122871834591)δ.

Next,

x2 + y 2 = (5 sin φ cos θ)2 + (5 sin φ sin θ)2 = 25 sin2 φ,

and hence the moment of inertia of S with respect to the z-axis is

  2π  π/2  π/2
625
Iz = 2 2
(x + y )δ dS = 2 3
625δ sin φ dφ dθ = 4πδ cos3 φ − 625 cos φ
θ=0 φ=arccos(4/5) 3 arccos(4/5)
S

4720
= πδ ≈ (4942.7724416479413618)δ.
3
59
The moment of inertia may also be expressed in the form Iz = m ≈ m · (4.4347115652166902)2 .
3
C15S05.013: An upward unit vector normal to S is
x y z 
n= , , .
3 3 3

The surface has equation z = h(x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 , and therefore


x2 y2 3
dS = 1 + + dA =
dA.
9−x −y2 2 9 − x2 − y 2 9 − x2 − y 2
1
Next, F · n = (x2 + y 2 ), and S lies over the circular disk D in the plane with center (0, 0) and radius 3.
3
Therefore
   2π  3
x2 + y 2 r3
F · n dS =
dA = √ dr dθ
S D
9 − x2 − y 2 θ=0 r=0 9 − r2

3
1
= 2π − (r2 + 18) 9 − r2 = 36π ≈ 113.0973355292325566.
3 0

 
C15S05.014: An upward unit vector normal to S is n = 23 , 23 , 13 . The surface S has equation
√
z = h(x, y) = 3 − 2x − 2y, and therefore dS = 1 + 4 + 4 dA = 3 dA. Also, the surface S lies over the
triangle T in the first quadrant bounded by the coordinate axes and the line y = 12 (3 − 2x). Thus

   3/2  (3−2x)/2
F · n dS = 3 dy dx = 3 dy dx
S T 0 0

 3/2  3/2
3 1 27
= (3 − 2x) dx = 9x − 3x2 = = 3.375.
0 2 2 0 8

6
C15S05.015: An upward unit vector normal to S is
 
3 √ 1 √
n = − 10 , 0, 10 .
10 10
√
The surface S has equation z = h(x, y) = 3x + 2, and therefore dS = 10 dA. Also, S lies over the circular
disk S in the xy-plane with center (0, 0) and radius 2. Therefore

    2π  2  2π  2
F · n dS = 3z dA = (9x + 6) dA = (9r2 cos θ + 6r) dr dθ = 3r3 cos θ + 3r2
S D D θ=0 r=0 0 0

 2π  2π
= (24 cos θ + 12) dθ = 24 sin θ + 12θ = 24π ≈ 75.3982236861550377.
0 0

1 1 1

C15S05.016: An upward unit vector normal to the surface S is n = 2 x, 2 y, 2 z . The surface may be
parametrized in spherical coordinates by

1
r(φ, θ) =  2 sin φ cos θ, 2 sin φ sin θ, 2 cos φ , 0
φ
π, 0
θ
2π.
2
Then

 
 i j k
 
 
 
rφ × rθ =  2 cos φ cos θ 2 cos φ sin θ −2 sin φ  =  4 sin2 φ cos θ, 4 sin2 φ sin θ, 4 sin φ cos φ .
 
 
 
−2 sin φ sin θ 2 sin φ cos θ 0

Therefore

|rφ × rθ | = 16 sin4 φ cos2 θ + 16 sin4 φ sin2 θ + 16 sin2 φ cos2 φ = 4 sin φ

(the last equality because 0
φ
π). Next,

1 2
F·n = z = 2 cos2 φ,
2
and therefore

  2π  π/2  π/2
8 16
F · n dS = 8 sin φ cos φ dφ dθ = 2π − cos3 φ
2
= π ≈ 16.7551608191455639.
θ=0 φ=0 3 0 3
S

C15S05.017: The surface S has Cartesian equation z = h(x, y) = x2 + y 2 , and thus has normal vector
 
x y
n1 =  hx , hy , −1  =
,
, −1 ,
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

and thus (in polar coordinates) a upward-pointing vector normal to S is n2 =  − cos θ, − sin θ, 1 . Therefore
an upward-pointing unit vector normal to S is
√
n2 2
n= =  − cos θ, − sin θ, 1 .
|n2 | 2

7
Next,

  1/2
x2 y2 √
dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1+ + dA = 2 dA,
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

and in polar coordinates we have F =  r sin θ, −r cos θ, 0 . But then F · n dS = 0, so the surface integral
is zero as well.

C15S05.018: The surface S has equation z = h(x, y) = 4 − x2 − y 2 and lies above the circular disk D in
the xy-plane with center (0, 0) and radius 2. Also


dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA,

and because hx , hy , −1  is normal to S, we find that an upward-pointing unit vector normal to S is
 
2x 2y 1
n=
,
,
.
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2

Therefore

4x2 + 4y 2 + 3

F · n dS =
· 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA,
2
1 + 4x + 4y 2

and consequently

   2π  2
F · n dS = (4x2 + 4y 2 + 3) dA = (4r3 + 3r) dr dθ
S D 0 0

 2
3
= 2π r + r2 4
= 44π ≈ 138.2300767579509025.
2 0

C15S05.019: On the face of the cube in the xy-plane, z = 0, and so

F(x, y, z) · n =  x, 2y, 0  ·  0, 0, −1  = 0,

and hence the flux of F across that face is zero. Similarly, the flux across the faces in the other two coordinate
planes is zero. On the top face we have z = 1, and hence

F(x, y, z) · n = x, 2y, 3  ·  0, 0, 1  = 3.

Similarly, the flux across the face in the plane y = 1 is 2 and the flux across the face in the plane x = 1 is 1.
Hence the total flux of F across S is 3 + 2 + 1 = 6.

C15S05.020: The hemispherical surface z = 4 − x2 − y 2 has unit normal vector

1
n=  x, y, z 
2
and parametrization

1
x = 2 sin φ cos θ, y = 2 sin φ sin θ, z = 2 cos φ, 0
φ
π, 0
θ
2π.
2

8
The usual computation of |rφ × rθ | (see the solution of Problem 6, 11, 12, 13, or 16) yields dS = 4 sin φ dA
(provided that 0
φ
π), and thereby

F(x, y, z) · n =  4 sin φ cos θ, −6 sin φ sin θ, 2 cos φ  ·  sin φ cos θ, sin φ sin θ, cos φ 

= 2 cos2 φ + 4 sin2 φ cos2 θ − 6 sin2 φ sin2 θ,

and hence the flux of F across the upper hemispherical surface H is

  2π  π/2
F · n dS = (8 cos2 φ sin φ + 16 sin3 φ cos2 θ − 24 sin3 φ sin2 θ) dφ dθ
H 0 0

 2π  π/2
8 16
= − cos3 φ − 16 cos φ cos2 θ + cos3 φ cos2 θ + 24 cos φ sin2 θ − 8 cos3 φ sin2 θ dθ
0 3 3 0
 2π    2π
8 32 40
= + cos2 θ − 16 sin2 θ dθ = sin θ cos θ = 0.
0 3 3 3 0

On the circular disk D that forms the base of the hemispherical solid,

F · n =  2x, −3y, 0  ·  0, 0, −1  = 0,

and therefore

F · n dS = 0.
D

Hence the total flux of F across the surface S is zero.

C15S05.021: For the same reasons given in the solution of Problem 19, F · n = 0 on the three faces of the
pyramid in the coordinate planes. On the fourth face T a unit normal vector is

1
n = √  3, 4, 1 ,
26
and because this face is the graph of z = h(x, y) = 12 − 3x − 4y, we have
 √
dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 26 dx dy.

Therefore F · n dS = (3x − 4y) dy dx, and consequently

  4  (12−3x)/4  4  (12−3x)/4
F · n dS = (3x − 4y) dy dx = 3xy − 2y 2 dx
T 0 0 0 0

 4    4
27 2 9
= −18 + 18x − x dx = − 18x + 9x − x3 2
= 0.
0 8 8 0

Thus the total flux of F across S is zero. If you now turn two pages ahead in your textbook, you will see
how the divergence theorem enables you to obtain the same result in less than two seconds and without need
of pencil, paper, or computer.

C15S05.022: On the circular disk D that forms the base of the given parabolic solid, we easily see that
F · n =  2x, 2y, 3  ·  0, 0, −1  = −3, a constant, and therefore the flux of F across D is simply the product

9
of −3 and the area of D: −12π. An upward-pointing unit vector normal to the upper curved surface C
described by z = h(x, y) = 4 − x2 − y 2 is

1
n =
 2x, 2y, 1 ,
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
and


dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA.

Therefore on C we have F · n dS = 4x2 + 4y 2 + 3. Thus the flux of F across C is

   2π  2  2
3
F · n dS = (4x2 + 4y 2 + 3) dA = (4r2 + 3) · r dr dθ = 2π r4 + r2 = 44π,
0 0 2 0
C D

and therefore the total flux of F across S is

44π − 12π = 32π ≈ 100.530964914873383630804588.

C15S05.023: The paraboloids meet in the circle x2 + y 2 = 9, z = 9, so both the upper surface and the
lower surface lie over the disk D in the xy-plane with center (0, 0) and radius 3. The lower surface L is the
graph of h(x, y) = x2 + y 2 and the upper surface U is the graph of j(x, y) = 18 − x2 − y 2 for (x, y) in D.
A vector normal to L is

 hx , hy , −1  =  2x, 2y, −1 

and hence the outer unit vector normal to L is

1
n1 =
2x, 2y, −1 ;
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
similarly, the outer unit vector normal to U is

1
n2 =
 2x, 2y, 1 .
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
The surface area element for L is


dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA

and the surface area element for U is the same. Next,

F · n1 dS = −z 2 = −(x2 + y 2 )2 dA and F · n2 dS = z 2 = (18 − x2 − y 2 )2 dA.

Thus
   2π  3  3
1
F · n1 dS = − (x + y ) dA = −
2 2 2
r dr dθ = −2π r6
5
= −243π
0 0 6 0
L D

and

   2π  3  3
1
F · n2 dS = (18 − x − y ) dA =
2 2 2
(18 − r ) · r dr dθ = 2π − (18 − r2 )3
2 2
= 1701π.
0 0 6 0
U D

10
Therefore

F · n dS = 1701π − 243π = 1458π ≈ 4580.4420889339185417.
S

C15S05.024:
As we saw in the√solutions of Problems 4, 10, and 17, the surface area element for the conical
surface z = x2 + y 2 is dS = 2 dA and the outer unit normal vector for that surface C is
√  
2 x y
n1 =
,
, −1 .
2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

Let D denote the circular disk in the xy-plane centered at the origin and having radius 3. Then

 

x3 + 2y 3 − 3z 2 x2 + y 2 x3 + 2y 3 − 3(x2 + y 2 )3/2
F · n1 dS =
dA =
dA
C D
x2 + y 2 D
x2 + y 2
 2π  3  2π  3
1 2
= (r cos θ + 2r sin θ − 3r ) dr dθ =
3 3 3 3 3
r (cos θ + 2 sin θ − 3) dθ
3 3
0 0 0 4 0
 2π
81
= (cos3 θ + 2 sin3 θ − 3) dθ
0 4
 2π
27 243π
= (2 cos 3θ − 18 cos θ + sin 3θ + 9 sin θ − 36θ) = − .
16 0 2

The outer unit vector normal to the circular disk z = 3, x2 + y 2
9 that forms the top T of the solid is
n2 =  0, 0, 1  and it should be clear that the surface area element is dS = dA = dx dy. Hence
 
F · n2 dS = 27 dA = π · 32 · 27 = 243π.
T D

Therefore

243 243
F · n dS = 243π − π= π ≈ 381.703507411159878473211171.
2 2
S

C15S05.025: The surface S may be parametrized by

1 1
x(φ, θ) = a sin φ cos θ, y(φ, θ) = a sin φ sin θ, z(φ, θ) = a cos φ, 0
φ
π, 0
θ
π.
2 2
Then, if r(φ, θ) = x(φ, θ), y(φ, θ), z(φ, θ) , we find that

 
 i j k 
 
 
 
rφ × rθ =  a cos φ cos θ a cos φ sin θ −a sin φ  =  a2 sin2 φ cos θ, a2 sin2 φ sin θ, a2 sin φ cos φ ,
 
 
 
−a sin φ sin θ a sin φ cos θ 0

and therefore

|rφ × rθ | = a4 cos2 φ sin2 φ + a4 sin4 φ cos2 θ + a4 sin4 φ sin2 θ = a2 sin φ

11
because 0
φ
π. Because the surface has unit density, its mass is
  π/2  π/2  π/2
1 1
m= 1 dS = a sin φ dφ dθ = π −a cos φ
2 2
= πa2 .
0 0 2 0 2
S

The moment of S with respect to the yz-plane is

  π/2  π/2
Myz = x(φ, θ) dS = a3 sin2 φ cos θ dφ dθ
S 0 0

 π/2  π/2  π/2  π/2

1 3 1 3 1 3 1
= a (cos θ)(2φ − sin 2φ) dθ = πa cos θ dθ = πa sin θ = πa3 .
0 4 0 0 4 4 0 4
 1
Therefore (by symmetry) (x, y, z) = 2 a, 12 a, 12 a .

C15S05.026:
√ Given
√ the conical surface z = r, we saw in the solutions of Problems 4, 10, 17, and 24 that
dS = 2 dA = 2 dx dy. The surface S lies over the circular disk D with center (0, 0) and radius a in
the xy-plane and because the surface has constant density δ = k, it has mass
    a
2π a √ 1 √ √
m= k dS = kr 2 dr dθ = 2π kr2 2 = πka2 2 .
0 0 2 0
S

The moment of S with respect to the xy-plane is

    a
2π a
2
√ 1 √ 2 √
Mxy = kz dS = kr 2 dr dθ = 2π kr3 2 = πka3 2 .
0 0 3 0 3
S

The centroid of S lies on the z-axis by symmetry, and therefore

Mxy 2
x = 0, y = 0, and z = = a.
m 3

The moment of inertia of S with respect to the z-axis is

    a
2 2
2π a
3
√ 1 √ 1 √ 1
Iz = k(x + y ) dS = kr 2 dr dθ = 2π kr4 2 = πka4 2 = ma2 .
0 0 4 0 2 2
S

C15S05.027: The surface z = r2 , 0
r
a is described in Cartesian coordinates by z = h(x, y) = x2 +y 2 ,

and thus


dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA.

Because the surface S lies over the circular disk D in the xy-plane with center (0, 0) and radius a and
because S has constant density δ, its mass is

 
 2π  a

m= δ dS = δ 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA = δr 1 + 4r2 dr dθ
S D 0 0

 a
1 1  
= 2πδ (1 + 4r2 )3/2 = πδ (1 + 4a2 )3/2 − 1 .
12 0 6

12
The moment of S with respect to the xy-plane is

 
 2π  a

Mxy = δz dS = δ(x2 + y 2 ) 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA = δr3 1 + 4r2 dr dθ

S D 0 0

 
a

1 4 1 2 1 1  
= 2πδ r + r − 1 + 4r2 = πδ (24a4 + 2a2 − 1) 1 + 4a2 + 1 .
5 60 120 0 60

Hence the z-coordinate of the centroid of S is

√
Myx (24a4 + 2a2 − 1) 1 + 4a2 + 1
z= =   .
m 10 (1 + 4a2 )3/2 − 1

For example, if a = 1, then

√
1 + 25 5
z=  √  ≈ 0.5589371284878981.
10 −1 + 5 5

By symmetry, x = y = 0. Finally, the moment of inertia of S with respect to the z-axis is

 

1  
Iz = δ(x2 + y 2 ) dS = δ(x2 + y 2 ) 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA = πδ (24a4 + 2a2 − 1) 1 + 4a2 + 1
60
S D

(the computations are exactly the same as those in the evaluation of Mxy ).

C15S05.028: The surface S may be parametrized by

1
x(φ, θ) = a sin φ cos θ, y(φ, θ) = a sin φ sin θ, z(φ, θ) = a cos φ, 0
φ
π, 0
θ
2π.
4
Then, as in the solution of Problem 25, we find that dS = a2 sin φ dA. We may assume that S has constant
density δ = 1. Hence its mass is
    π/4 
2π π/4 √
m= 1 dS = a sin φ dφ dθ = 2π − cos φ
2
= 2 − 2 πa2
S 0 0 0

and its moment with respect to the xy-plane is

  2π  π/4  π/4
1 3 2 1 3
Mxy = z dS = a3 sin φ cos φ dφ dθ = 2π a sin φ = πa .
0 0 2 0 2
S

Thus—by symmetry—x = y = 0 and

Mxy a
z= =  √  ≈ (0.8535533905932738)a.
m 2 2− 2

C15S05.029: The surface S is described by z = h(x, y) = 4 − x2 − y 2 , and

x2 y2 4
1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 = 1 + + = .
4−x −y
2 2 4−x −y
2 2 4 − x2 − y 2

Thus

13
 2
dS =
dA.
4 − x2 − y 2

In cylindrical coordinates, S is described by

1 1
z= 4 − r2 , 0
r
2 cos θ, − π
θ
π.
2 2
We may without loss of generality assume that S has constant density δ = 1. Hence its mass is

  π/2  2 cos θ  π/2  2 cos θ

2r
m= 1 dS = 2 √ dr dθ = 2 −2(4 − r )
2 1/2
dθ
S 0 0 4 − r2 0 0

 π/2 
 π/2  π/2
=4 2− 4− 4 cos2 θ dθ = 8 (1 − sin θ) dθ = 8 θ + cos θ = 4π − 8.
0 0 0

Clearly y = 0 by symmetry. The moment of S with respect to the xy-plane is

   √  π/2  2 cos θ
π/2 2 cos θ
2r 4 − r2
Mxy = z dS = 2 √ dr dθ = 2 r2 dθ
S 0 0 4 − r2 0 0

 π/2  π/2  π/2

1
=2 4 cos2 θ dθ = 4 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 4 θ + sin 2θ = 2π.
0 0 2 0

The moment of S with respect to the yz-plane is

  π/2  2 cos θ
2r2 cos θ
Myz = x dS = 2 √ dr dθ.
S 0 0 4 − r2

√
Let r = 2 sin ψ. Then dr = 2 cos ψ dψ and 4 − r2 = 2 cos ψ. Thus

  
r2 4 sin2 ψ 1 − cos 2ψ
√ dr = · 2 cos ψ dψ = 4 dψ
4 − r2 2 cos ψ 2
r 1

= 2ψ − sin 2ψ + C = 2ψ − 2 sin ψ cos ψ + C = 2 arcsin − r 4 − r2 + C.

2 2

Therefore

 π/2 
2 cos θ
r
Myz = 2 4 arcsin − r 4 − r 2 cos θ dθ
0 2 0
 π/2  
=2 4(cos θ) arcsin(cos θ) − 4 cos2 θ sin θ dθ.
0

To evaluate

J= (cos θ) arcsin(cos θ) dθ,

we use integration by parts. Let

14
 u = arcsin(cos θ), dv = cos θ dθ; then

sin θ
du = − √ dθ, v = sin θ.
1 − cos2 θ

Thus

sin2 θ
J = (sin θ) arcsin(cos θ) + dθ = (sin θ) arcsin(cos θ) − cos θ + C.
sin θ
Consequently,
 π/2  
4 4 16
Myz = 2 4(sin θ) arcsin(cos θ) − 4 cos θ + cos θ
3
=2 4− = .
3 0 3 3

Therefore

Myz 4
x= = ≈ 1.167958929256072440802606 and
m 3π − 6
Mxy π
z= = ≈ 1.375969196942054330601955.
m 2π − 4

C15S05.030: As a consequence of Example 5 in Section 14.8, if the toroidal surface has uniform density
δ, then its mass is
 2π  2π  2π
M= aδ(b + a cos ψ) dθ dψ = 2πδa bψ + a sin ψ = 4π 2 δab.
0 0 0

Figure 14.8.13 shows that the distance of the mass element dM of the toroidal surface from the z-axis is
r = (b + a cos ψ). We will use Mathematica 3.0 to find the moment of inertia of the surface with respect
to the z-axis. The computations can be carried out with a single command, but we split the process into
several steps so that you may check your work if you solved this problem by another method. We need to
evaluate
 2π  2π
Iz = aδ(b + a cos ψ)3 dθ dψ.
0 0

Integrate[ a∗delta∗(b + a∗Cos[psi])∧3, theta ]

aδθ(b + a cos ψ)3

(% /. theta → 2∗Pi) - (% /. theta → 0)

2aδπ(b + a cos ψ)3

Integrate[ %, psi ]

1
aδπ(18a2 bψ + 12b3 ψ + 9a3 sin ψ + 36ab2 sin ψ + 9a2 b sin 2ψ + a3 sin 3ψ)
6

isubz = (% /. psi → 2∗Pi) - (% /. psi → 0)

15
 1
aδπ(36a2 bπ + 24b3 π)
6
mass = 4∗Pi∗Pi∗delta∗a∗b;
isubz/mass

36a2 bπ + 24b3 π
24bπ

Together[ Simplify[ % ] ]

1
(3a2 + 2b2 )
2

1
Therefore Iz = M (3a2 + 2b2 ).
2

C15S05.031: The surface S is described by h(x, y) = 4 − y 2 , and hence dS = 1 + 4y 2 dA. Thus the
moment of inertia of S with respect to the z-axis is

 2  1
 2  
1
1 3
Iz = (x2 + y 2 ) 1 + 4y 2 dx dy x + xy 2 1 + 4y 2 dy
−2 −1 −2 3 −1

  
 2
2
2 24y 3 + 19y
13
= + 2y 2 1+ 4y 2 dy = 2
1 + 4y + arcsinh(2y)
−2 3 48 96 −2
√
460 17 + 13 arcsinh(4)
= ≈ 40.080413560385795202979817.
48

C15S05.032: The surface S is described by h(x, y) = 4 − x2 − y 2 , and thus



dS = 1 + (hx )2 + (hy )2 dA = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dA.

Therefore the moment of inertia of S with respect to the z-axis is

 1  1

Iz = (x2 + y 2 ) 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dx dy
−1 −1
 1 

1 3 1
= x + x(20y 2 + 1) 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2
−1 4 32

1 
1
+ (48y + 8y − 1) ln 2x + 1 + 4x + 4y
4 2 2 2 dy
64 −1
  " 
1
20y 2 + 9
2 48y 4 + 8y 2 − 1 ! 


= 4y + 5 + ln 2 + 4y + 5 − ln −2 + 4y + 5
2 2 dy
−1 16 64
   
42y 3 + 49y
2 169 2y 1 4y
= 4y + 5 + arcsinh √ + arctan

120 480 5 60 4y 2 + 5

144y 5 + 40y 3 − 15y ! 


" 1
+ ln 2 + 4y + 5 − ln −2 + 4y + 5
2 2
960 −1

16
    
91 169 2 1 4 169
= + arcsinh √ + arctan + ln 5 ≈ 5.714222370605732754862318.
20 240 5 30 3 480

All of the antiderivatives and evaluations were computed using Mathematica 3.0.

C15S05.033: By Eq. (12) in Section 15.5,

1 ∂(x, y) 1
cos γ = · = .
|N| ∂(x, y) |N|

Therefore |N| dS = sec γ dx dy.

C15S05.034: We compute the three Jacobians in Eq. (17) using the parameters y and z. The result is
 
y yz 
∂(y, z)  y  = 1,
=
∂(y, z)  
zy zz 
 
z zz 
∂(z, x)  y  = − ∂x ,
= and
∂(y, z)   ∂y
xy xz 
 
x xz 
∂(x, y)  y  = − ∂x .
=
∂(y, z)   ∂z
yy yz 
Therefore
   
∂x ∂x
P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy = P − Q − R dy dz.
∂y ∂z
S D

C15S05.035: The temperature within the ball is u(x, y, z) = 4(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ). With position vector
r =  x, y, z  for points of B, we find that

q = −K ∇u = −2 · 4 2x, 2y, 2z  = −16 x, y, z  = −16r.

A unit vector normal to the concentric spherical surface S of radius 3 is n = 13 r, so

16 2 16
q·n = − (x + y 2 + z 2 ) = − · 9 = −48.
3 3
Because S is a spherical surface of radius 3, its surface area is 4π · 9 = 36π. Therefore the rate of heat flow
across S is
 
q · n dS = − 48 dS = −48 · 36π = −1728π.
S S

C15S05.036: The temperature within the cylinder is u(x, y) = 4(x2 + y 2 ), so

q = −K ∇u = −2 · 4 2x, 2y, 0  = −16 x, y, 0 .

3  x, y, 0 , and hence q · n = −48. Therefore

1
A unit vector normal to the inner cylindrical surface is n =
the rate of flow of heat across the inner surface is

17
 
q · n dS = −48 · 2π · 3 · 10 = −2880π.
S

C15S05.037: The given parametrization yields N =  −2bu2 cos v, −2au2 sin v, abu , so the area of the
paraboloid is
 2π  c

A= u (2au sin v)2 + (2bu cos v)2 + (ab)2 du dv

0 0

  3/2
2π
(ab)2 + 2(ac)2 + 2(bc)2 − 2(a2 − b2 )c2 cos 2v − (ab)3
=   dv.
0 6 a2 + b2 − (a2 − b2 ) cos 2v

We believe the last integral to be nonelementary (because Mathematica 3.0 uses elliptic functions to compute
the antiderivative). With a = 4, b = 3, and c = 2 it reduces to
 2π
−1728 + (344 − 56 cos 2v)3/2
dv.
0 150 − 42 cos 2v

The Mathematica 3.0 NIntegrate command yields the result A ≈ 194.702812872043. To compute the
moment of inertia of the paraboloid with respect to the z-axis, we insert the factor

x2 + y 2 = (au cos v)2 + (bu sin v)2 = (4u cos v)2 + (3u sin v)2

into the first integral, and Mathematica yields the result Iz ≈ 5157.168115181396.

C15S05.038: Using the given parametrization, we find that

N =  bc sin2 u cos v, ac sin2 u sin v, ab sin u cos u ,

and thus that

|N| = (sin u) (bc sin u cos v)2 + (ac sin u sin v)2 + (ab cos u)2 .

Hence (using a = 4, b = 3, c = 2, and density δ = 1) the area of the ellipsoid is

 2π  π
A= |N| du dv ≈ 111.545774984838
0 0

and its moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis is

 
2π π  
Iz = (a sin u cos v)2 + (b sin u sin v)2 · |N| du dv ≈ 847.811218594696.
0 0

C15S05.039: The given parametrization yields

|N| = (cosh u) (b cosh u cos v)2 + (a cosh u sin v)2 + (ab sinh u)2 ,

and hence (using a = 4, b = 3, c = 2, and density δ = 1) we find that the hyperboloid has surface area
 2π  c
A= |N| du dv ≈ 1057.350512779488
0 −c

18
and moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis
 
2π c  
Iz = (cosh2 u) (a cos v)2 + (b sin v)2 · |N| du dv ≈ 98546.9348740325.
0 −c

C15S05.040: The given parametrization of the Möbius strip yields

  
3 2 1 1
|N| = 16 + t + 8t cos θ + t2 cos θ ,
4 2 2

and thus the Möbius strip has area

 2π  1
A= |N| dt dθ ≈ 50.398571814841
0 −1

and its moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis is

 2π  1
Iz = (x2 + y 2 ) · |N| dt dθ ≈ 831.469864671567.
0 −1

C15S05.041: We use Fig. 14.7.15 of the text and the notation there; the only change is replacement of
the variable ρ with the constant radius a of the spherical surface. The spherical shell has constant density
δ and total mass M = 4πa2 δ. The “sum” of the vertical components of the gravitational forces exerted by
mass elements δ dS of the spherical surface S on the mass m is

Gmδ cos α
F = dS.
w2
S

We saw in the solution of Problem 25 (among others) that dS = a2 sin φ dA. Figure 14.7.15 also shows us
that

w cos α = c − a cos φ and w2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos φ (1)

(by the law of cosines (Appendix L, page A-49)). Note that

 π
a2 cos α sin φ
F = 2πGmδ dφ.
φ=0 w2

c − a cos φ
Substitute cos α = to obtain
w
 π
a2 (c − a cos φ) sin φ
F = 2πGmδ dφ.
0 w3

Next note that φ = 0 corresponds to w = c − a and that φ = π corresponds to w = c + a. Moreover, by the

second equation in (1),

a2 + c2 − w2
cos φ = and thus
2ac
w
− sin φ dφ = − dw.
ac
These substitutions yield

19
   
c+a
a2 a2 + c2 − w2 w
F = 2πGmδ c− · dw
w=c−a w3 2c ac
   
c+a
a 1 2πGmδa c+a
c2 − a2
= 2πGmδ 2
· · (c2 + w2 − a2 ) dw = + 1 dw
c−a w c 2c 2c2 c−a w2
 c+a
πGmδa a2 − c2 πGmδa 4πGmδa2 GM m
= +w = (a − c + a + c + c + a − c + a) = = .
c2 w c−a c2 c2 c2

20