EE 321: Communication Systems I

L1_Introduction

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Course Sequence in CSP Track

EE224 EE321 EE422 EE423

EE323
 Course Information

• Instructor: Sang W. Kim

– swkim@iastate.edu
– 3112 Coover
– 294-2726
• Lecture Time: MWF 2:10-3:00
• Class Room: 1016 Coover
• Office Hours: Th 2-4

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 Course Information
• Prerequisite:
– EE224 (Signals and Systems I)

• Class Homepage:
– All handouts, announcements, homeworks, etc. will be
posted to Blackboard
• Textbook:
– B.P.Lathi and Z. Ding, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, 4th Ed., Oxford University
Press, 2009.

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 Course Information
• Grading:
– Homeworks: 15%
– Quizzes: 25%
– Exam I: 25%
– Exam II: 25%
– Project: 10%

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 Homework
• 9~10 homework assignments
– Assignments will be posted on BbLearn

• Problems will be graded on a simple scale to

allow you quick feedback. Each part of a
problem will be worth 2 points:
– 2/2 - correct answer
– 1/2 - wrong answer but meaningful attempt
– 0/2 - no meaningful attempt of problem
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 Homework (cont’d)
• Any assignment turned in within 24 hours of the
time the assignment is due will be accepted with
a ½ credit penalty. After 24 hours homework will
NOT be accepted.
– If you will be out of town, you must make
arrangements to get me the assignment before the
due date.
• Lowest homework grade will be dropped.
• Solutions will be posted on BbLearn.

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 Quiz
• About 5 quizzes in class hours
• Purpose is to keep you engaged with the
material on a regular basis
• Lowest quiz grade will be dropped
– Allow you to miss one quiz without penalty
– No make-up quizzes unless requested ahead
of time (or medical reason)

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 Exam
• Two exams.
• Closed book but one page of note (both
sides) is allowed.
• Exam dates will be announced later.

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 Term Project

• Term project with teams consisting of 1-2 students.

• The project can be a literature survey, analysis, and/or sim
ulation on topics related to this course.
– A literature survey means summarizing and comparing
the main ideas, concepts, and results presented by
other authors.
• The final written report (no more than 5 pages) is due Dec
ember 12 in class.
• More details to come.

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 Tentative Schedule
• Introduction (Ch.1)
– Block Diagram of Communication System
– Analog and Digital Signals
– Channel Characteristics
– Communication Systems Today

• Review of Signals and Systems (Ch.2-3)

– Linear Time-Invariant System
– Fourier Series
– Fourier Transform
– Energy/Power Spectral Density

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 Tentative Schedule (cont’d)
• Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (Ch.4)
– Double Sideband (DSB), AM
– Power Efficiency
– Quadrature AM
– Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation
– Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) Modulation
– Phase-Locked Loop
– Exam 1

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 Tentative Schedule (cont’d)
• Angle Modulation and Demodulation (Ch.5)
– PM and FM
– Bandwidth
– FM Modulators and Demodulators
– Interference Analysis
– Preemphasis and Deemphasis
– Super-heterodyne Receiver

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 Tentative Schedule (cont’d)
• Sampling and Analog-To-Digital Conversion (Ch.6)
– Sampling Theorem
– Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
– Differential PCM
– Delta Modulation

• Digital Data Transmission (Ch.7)

– Line Coding
– Pulse Shaping
– Equalizer
– Multiplexing
– Exam 2

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 Tentative Schedule (cont’d)
• Recent Developments in Wireless Communications
– Cooperative Communications
– Spread-Spectrum Communications
– Project Oral Presentations

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 Communication System
• Block diagram:
m(t ) x(t ) mˆ (t )
k
Transmitter Channel Receiver

Noise
Interference
Distortion
– m(t): voice, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc.

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 Communication System

• Design goal of transmitter and receiver is to mitigate

noise and interference from the channel and to
recover the message (signal)

m(t ) x(t ) mˆ (t )
k
Transmitter Channel Receiver

Noise
Interference
Distortion

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 Analog and Digital Signals
• Analog signals vary over a continuous range
– Ex: voice, music, video,…
• Digital signals take on only a finite set of
values
– Ex: computer generated data, digital cell phone
(0,1) …
• Analog signals can be converted into digital
signals by sampling and quantizing.
m(t ) m(t )
S&Q

t EE321_ L1 t 18
 Transmitter
• Converts (modulates) the message signal in
a format suitable for transmission over the
channel
– Analog modulation:
m(t )  x(t )
• Want: mˆ (t )  m(t )
Ex: x(t )  m(t ) cos 2 f c t

– Digital modulation:
0  s0 (t )
• Want: m(t )  
1  s1 (t )
Minimize P ( mˆ (t )  m (t ))  s0 (t )  A cos 2 f 0t
Ex: 
 s1 (t )  A cos 2 f1t

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 Reasons for Modulation
• Meet the frequency allocation requirement
– AM: 540KHz – 1600KHz
– FM: 88MHz – 108MHz
– Cellular Phone: 1.9GHz band
– WiFi: 2.4GHz, 5GHZ ISM band (license free)

• Ease of radiation (antenna design)

– Antenna length should be about half of wavelength for
transmission power efficiency
– Wavelength of speech?

• Reduce noise and interference

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 Channel
• Medium over which signal propagates from
transmitter to receiver
– Ex: cable, twisted pair, fiber, radio (wireless)

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 Channel
• Introduces noise, distortion, and interference
• Noise
– Much of the noise is thermal noise in the receiver
front end
– Modeled as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)

s(t ) + r (t )

n(t )

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 Channel

• Multi-paths between Tx and Rx

– Introduce random changes on received signal
amplitude and phase

Ex: Two paths

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 Channel

• Attenuation (wireless channel)

m 2
~d f

– d : distance between Tx and Rx

– m : path loss exponent, typically 2 ~ 5; m=2 in free space,
– f : frequency

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 Widt Duple
LTE
h of x Band
Band Uplink Downlink
LTE Cellular Frequency Bands Num (MHz) (MHz)
Band Spaci Gap
(MHz ng (MHz)
ber
) (MHz)

1 1920 - 1980 2110 - 2170 60 190 130

2 1850 - 1910 1930 - 1990 60 80 20
3 1710 - 1785 1805 -1880 75 95 20
4 1710 - 1755 2110 - 2155 45 400 355
5 824 - 849 869 - 894 25 45 20
6 830 - 840 875 - 885 10 35 25
7 2500 - 2570 2620 - 2690 70 120 50
8 880 - 915 925 - 960 35 45 10
1749.9 - 1844.9 -
9 35 95 60
1784.9 1879.9
10 1710 - 1770 2110 - 2170 60 400 340
1427.9 - 1475.9 -
11 20 48 28
1452.9 1500.9
12 698 - 716 728 - 746 18 30 12
13 777 - 787 746 - 756 10 -31 41
14 788 - 798 758 - 768 10 -30 40
15 1900 - 1920 2600 - 2620 20 700 680
16 2010 - 2025 2585 - 2600 15 575 560
17 704 - 716 734 - 746 12 30 18
18 815 - 830 860 - 875 15 45 30
19 830 - 845 875 - 890 15 45 30
20 832 - 862 791 - 821 30 -41 71
1447.9 - 1495.5 -
21 15 48 33
1462.9 1510.9
22 3410 - 3500 3510 - 3600 90 100 10
23 2000 - 2020 2180 - 2200 20 180 160
1625.5 - -
24 1525 - 1559 34 135.5
1660.5 101.5
25 1850 - 1915 1930 - 1995 65 80 15 25
 Channel
• Interference (Intersymbol)
– Due to limited channel bandwidth

x(t ) x (t )
Hc ( f )

t W W f ISI ISI t
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
F

X(f )

Needs an infinite bandwidth

for a distortionless transmission
f
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 Receiver
• Restores (demodulates) received signal back
to message signal:
x(t )  m(t )
or
X(f ) M(f )

X(f ) M( f )

 fc fc f f

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Communication Systems Today

Celllular

WiFi

Satellite
Radio
Bluetooth

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