MODULE 4B

CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

SYLLABUS

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 MODULE 4B
TOPIC 1: CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
 Power quality problems have become important issues for electricity consumers at all the
level of usage
 To provide an active & flexible solution for power quality problems various efforts have
done from time to time.
 Among these power quality solution lossless passive filters consists of L C tuned component
have been widely used to suppress harmonic.
 Passive filters are advantageous as its initial cost is low and high efficiency.
 On the other hand it has various drawbacks instability fixed compensation, resonance with
supply as well as loads and utility impedance.
 To overcome these limitations active power filters have been used.
 Active power filter has various configurations: shunt series and hybrid. Hybrid is the
combination of series and shunt types. Shunt APF is used for compensating current based
distortions while series APF compensates voltage based distortions. Hybrid APF is applied
for filtering high order harmonics.
 However they have a problem that their rating is sometimes very close to load (up to load
80%) in typical applications. Due to this reason power quality level is not obtained.
 This causes power disturbances and customer dissatisfaction. To increase the reliability of
the distribution system and face the power disturbance problems an advanced power
electronics controller devices have launched which are called custom power devices.
 Custom power is the power required by industrial and commercial customers.
 Custom power devices use power electronics controller devices in to power distribution
system to supply a quality of power demanded by the sensitive users
 These power electronics controller devices are also called custom power devices because
through these valuable powers is applied to the customers.
 For the generation of custom power devices VSI is generally used due to self supporting of
dc bus voltage with a large dc capacitor.
 The custom power devices are mainly divided into two groups: network reconfiguring type
and compensating type. The complete classification of custom power devices is shown in the
figure

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TOPIC 2: DYANAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER
 Commercially, static series compensator is known as Dynamic Voltage Restorer
 It is a high-speed switching power electronic controlling device and also known
as series voltage booster.
 DVR is a series connected custom power device, designed to inject a dynamically controlled
voltage in magnitude and phase in to distribution line via coupling transformer to correct load
voltage.
 The generalized block diag. of DVR is shown in the Fig

 It consists of an energy storage device, a boost converter (dc to dc), voltage source
inverter, ac filter and coupling transformer, connected in series.

1. DC CAPACITOR BANK AND BOOST CONVERTER

 Here dc capacitor bank is used as the input to VSC and is interface by a boost converter.
 The boost converter regulates the voltage across the dc link capacitor that uses as a
common voltage source for the inverters.

2. VSC

 The inverter receives input from capacitor and generates a compensating voltage as per the
signals from the control block. This voltage is inserted into distribution system through series
matching transformer.
3. CONTROLLER
 Controller controls the switching of VSI so as to produce the required voltage.
 In the case of voltage irregulation, the DVR controllers compare the system voltage with a
referance voltage and inject synchronized voltage to maintain the load voltage constant.

4. BOOST OR INJECTION TRANSFORMER

 Three single phase transformers are connected in series to form injection transformer.

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 It will step up the lower output voltage of VSI to a higher distribution voltage level and inject
it to the distribution system.
 The three transformers can be connected with star/open delta or delta/open star winding.
 The choice of injection transformer winding depends on the connections of the step down
transformer at the load side.

5. PASSIVE FILTERS
 The passive filters can be placed either on the high voltage side or the converter side of the
boost transformers.
 The advantages of the converter side filters are
a. the components are rated at lower voltage and
b. higher order harmonic currents (due to the VSC) do not °ow through the
transformer windings.
 The disadvantages are that the filter inductor causes voltage drop
and phase (angle) shift in the (fundamental component of) voltage injected.
 The location of the filter on the high voltage side overcomes the but results in higher ratings
of the transformers as high frequency currents can flow through the windings.

6. ENERGY STORAGE

 This is required to provide active power to the load during deep voltage sags. Lead-acid
batteries, flyywheel can be used for energy storage.

TOPIC 3: CONTROL STRATEGY IN DVR

There are three basic control strategies as follows.

(I) Pre sag compensation

 The supply voltage is continuously tracked and the load voltage is compensated to the pre-
sag condition.
 This method results in (nearly) undisturbed load voltage, but generally requires higher rating
of the DVR.

 Before a sag occur, VS = VL = Vo. The voltage sag results in drop in the magnitude of the
supply voltage to VS1.
 The phase angle of the supply also may shift (see Fig.). The DVR injects a voltage VC1 such
that the load voltage (VL = VS1 + VC1) remains at Vo (both in magnitude and

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phase).
 It is claimed that some loads are sensitive to phase jumps and it is necessary to compensate
for both the phase jumps and the voltage sags.
(II) In phase compensation

 Here only voltage magnitude is compensated. Phase shift is not compensated.

 The voltage injected by the DVR is always in phase with the supply voltage regardless of the
load current and the pre-sag voltage (Vo).
 This control strategy results in the minimum value of the injected voltage (magnitude).
 However, the phase of the load voltage is disturbed.
 For loads which are not sensitive to the phase jumps, this control strategy results in optimum
utilization of the voltage rating of the DVR.
(III) Minimum energy compensation

 Pre-sag compensation and in-phase compensation must inject active power to loads almost
all the time.
 Hence the power requirements for the DVR are not zero for these two strategies.
 Since the energy storage capacity of dc link is limited, it will effect the performance of DVR.
 The power requirements of the DVR are zero if the injected voltage (VC) is in quadrature
with the load current. This is called minimum emnergy compensation.
 When VC is in quadrature with the load current, DVR supplies only reactive power. This is
shown in phasor diagram.

TOPIC 4: DISTRIBUTION STATIC COMPENSATOR (DSTATCOM)

Configuration:-
 DSTATCOM is a Voltage source inverter (VSI) based static compensator device
(STATCOM, FACTS controller ) applied to maintain bus voltage sags at the required level
by supplying or receiving of reactive power in the distribution system.

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 The DSTATCOM is capable of genera ting continuously variable inductive or capacitive
shunt compensation at a level up its maximum MVA rating.
 The DSTATCOM continuously checks the line waveform with respect to a reference ac
signal, and therefore, it can provide the correct amount of leading or lagging reactive current
compensation to reduce the amount of voltage fluctuations.
 It is connected in shunt with distribution feeder with the help of coupling transformer. The
single line diag. of DSTATCOM is shown in shown fig

 The DSTATCOM consists of a VSI, dc energy storage device, an ac filter and coupling
transformer.
1. DC CAPACITOR BANK AND BOOST CONVERTER

 Here dc capacitor bank is used as the input to VSC and is interface by a boost converter.
 The boost converter regulates the voltage across the dc link capacitor that uses as a
common voltage source for the inverters.

2. VSC

 These inverters are used which create an output voltage wave that’s controlled in magnitude
and phase angle to produce either leading or lagging reactive current, depending on the
compensation required.
3. CONTROLLER

 Control block is used which switch the DSTATCOM switches as per the requirement.
 They can control external devices such as mechanically switched capacitor banks too.
 These control blocks are designed based on the various control theories and algorithms like
instantaneous PQ theory, synchronous frame theory etc..

4. PASSIVE FILTERS

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  The LC filter is used which reduces harmonics and matches inverter output impedance to
enable multiple parallel inverters to share current.
 The LC filter is chosen in accordance with the type of the system and the harmonics present
at the output of the inverter.

TOPIC 2: UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC)

Configuration:-
 A shunt connected DSTATCOM can balance the source currents and eliminate the harmonics
in them in the presence of unbalanced nonlinear loads. By injecting reactive current of
desired magnitude.
 a series connected DVR can balance the voltages at the load bus in addition to isolation
of the harmonics from the source side.
 The provision of both DSTATCOM and DVR can control the power quality of the source
current and the load bus voltage. In addition, if the DVR and STATCOM are connected on
the DC side, the DC bus voltage can be regulated by the shunt connected DSTATCOM while
the DVR supplies the required energy to the load in case of the transient disturbances in
source voltage. The configuration of such a device (termed as Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC)) is shown in Fig.

Control Objectives of UPQC

The shunt connected converter has the following control objectives
1. To balance the source currents by injecting negative and zero sequence components
required by the load.

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 2. To compensate for the harmonics in the load current by injecting the required harmonic
currents.

3. To control the power factor by injecting the required reactive current (at fundamental
frequency)
4. To regulate the DC bus voltage.

The series connected converter has the following control objectives

1. To balance the voltages at the load bus by injecting negative and zero sequence voltages
to compensate for those present in the source.
2. To isolate the load bus from harmonics present in the source voltages, by injecting the
harmonic voltages
3. To regulate the magnitude of the load bus voltage by injecting the required active and
reactive components (at fundamental frequency) depending on the power factor on the
source side
4. To control the power factor at the input port of the UPQC (where the source is
connected.

Operation of UPQC

 The operation of a UPQC can be explained from the analysis of the idealized equivalent
circuit shown in Fig.

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 Here, the series converter is represented by a voltage source VC and the shunt converter is
represented by a current source IC. Note that all the currents and voltages are 3 dimensional
vectors with phase coordinates.
