Biodiesel Production

Orient Tide Sdn. Bhd.

Kampung Kabong, Pasir Gudang,
Johor Darul Takzim.
No. Name Id Number Position Picture
1. MOHAMAD NAZMI BIN ABDULLAH 2015809284 General
Manager

2. ANIS AMIRAH BINTI AZMAN 2015814628 Environmental

Engineer

3. MUHAMMAD FARHAN BIN RAMLI 2015847726 Safety Engineer

Contents
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................... 2
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Problem statement and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 5
i. Problem Statement............................................................................................................................. 5
ii. Objectives .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3. Site Selection ......................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Company Background .......................................................................................................................... 6
3.2 Factors Influences of Orient Tide Sdn. Bhd. ................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 Criteria Economical Aspects ...................................................................................................... 9
3.2.2 Environmental Aspect .............................................................................................................. 13
4. Process Background and General Design ............................................................................................ 14
i. Block Flow Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 15
ii. Process Flow Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 16
iii. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram ................................................................................................ 17
5. Assumption of Design, Choice of Equipment and Design Input Parameter ........................................... 21
i. Assumption of Design ...................................................................................................................... 21
ii. Choice of Equipment ........................................................................................................................ 23
iii. Design Input Parameter .................................................................................................................... 28
Tray Efficiency and HETP ..................................................................................................................... 30
6. Calculation Method .............................................................................................................................. 36
7. Reference Data, Chemical Specification Sheet ..................................................................................... 55
8. Materials Selection ............................................................................................................................... 58
9. Safety Assessment............................................................................................................................... 61
9.1 Safety Issues................................................................................................................................ 63
9.2 Safety and Health ......................................................................................................................... 64
9.3 Safety Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 67
10. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 70
11. References ....................................................................................................................................... 71
12. Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 72

1
Acknowledgement

The success and final outcome of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and we are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our assignment
work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget to
thank them. We respect and thank to Miss Norkamruzita Bt Saadon and Madam Nurul ‘Uyun Bt Ahmad for
giving an opportunity to do this assignment work and providing us all support and guidance which made us
to complete the assignment on time. We extremely grateful to her for providing such as nice support and
guidance. We came to know about so many new things we were thankful to you.
This assignment was made together by Anis Amirah, Mohamad Nazmi and Muhammad Farhan.
Thank you for giving cooperation during this research. Thank you for providing insight and expertise that
greatly assisted the assignment. This assignment cannot be completed without the effort and co-operation
from our group members.
A very special gratitude goes out to all down at our classmate and respondents for helping and
give a lot of moral and emotional support on finishing this project. We are also immensely grateful for their
comments on an earlier version of the research, although any errors are our own and should not tarnish the
reputations of these esteemed persons.

2
Abstract

Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as
vegetable oils), which can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. It is thus distinguished from the
straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO) used as fuels in some modified diesel
vehicles.
Biodiesel is an alternative to conventional diesel fuel made from renewable resources, such as
non-edible vegetable oils. The oil from seeds (e.g., Jatropha and Pongamia) can be converted to a fuel
commonly referred to as "Biodiesel." No engine modifications are required to use biodiesel in place of
petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be mixed with petroleum-based diesel in any proportion. This
interest is based on a number of properties of biodiesel including the fact that it is produced from a
renewable domestic source, its biodegradability, and its potential to reduce exhaust emissions.
The climate change is presently an important element of energy use and development. Biodiesel is
considered "climate neutral" because all of the carbon dioxide released during consumption had been
sequestered out of the atmosphere during crop growth. The use of biodiesel resulted in lower emissions of
unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. Biodiesel also increased catalytic
converter efficiency in reducing particulate emissions. Chemical characterization also revealed lower levels
of some toxic and reactive hydrocarbon species when biodiesel fuels were used.
The fuel consumption in the world particularly in developing countries has been growing at
alarming rate. Petroleum prices approaching record highs and they will deplete within few decades, it is
clear that more can be done to utilize domestic non-edible oils while enhancing our energy security. The
economic benefits include support to the agriculture sector, tremendous employment opportunities in
plantation and processing. Jatropha and Pongamia are known just crude plants which grow on eroded soils
and require a hot climate and hardly any water to survive. These are the strong reasons, enforcing the
development of biodiesel plants.

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1. Introduction

Biodiesel is one of the available alternative fuels in the market. It is derived from biomass, which is
one of the sources of renewable energy. Waste Vegetable oil is one of the sources of biodiesel and of all
the other sources, it would be best in tropical countries.

The blending of Biodiesel in diesel fuel became mandatory when the Biofuels Act of 2006 (also
known as Republic Act 9367) was signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on January 2007.
The said act was initiated by Senator Mirriam Defensor-Santiago, who also authored and sponsored the
Biofuels Law. The said law requires bioethanol content of all gasoline sold in the country to be increased to
at least ten percent (10%) by the fourth year of the law’s effectivity. On the other hand, diesel fuels sold in
the country will be required to have at least one percent (1%) blend of biofuel upon the effectivity of the law,
which will be later increased up to two percent (2%) after the second year. This act are implement in
Philippines and we also can implement in another country because there are many benefits using biodiesel.

Biodiesel is made by reacting vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol (usually methanol or
ethanol) and a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide). This process separates the
glycerine from the oil or fat. The resulting product, biodiesel, is thinner than the original oil or fat and thus
works better in a diesel engine. A wide variety of vegetable oils can be used for biodiesel production.
Currently, edible rapeseed oil. Small-scale biodiesel producers can purchase vegetable oils to process into
biodiesel or can extract oil from crop seeds. Producers who decide to extract oil from crop seeds need
specific equipment. Used and waste oil and grease are among the most environmentally sound biodiesel
feedstocks. The process to make biodiesel involves a chemical reaction. This means that the biodiesel
industry is a chemical industry. Those involved in making biodiesel must have a good understanding of the
underlying chemistry to ensure they are making quality fuel in a safe manner. Biodiesel is an alternative
fuel for diesel engines that is produced by chemically reacting a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol
such as methanol or ethanol. In words, the reaction is:

Oil + alcohol → biodiesel + glycerine

The chemical reaction that converts a vegetable oil or animal fat to biodiesel is called
"transesterification." This is a long name for a simple process of combining a chemical compound called an
"ester" and an alcohol to make another ester and another alcohol. Oils and fats are included in the ester
family. When they react with methanol or ethanol, they make methyl or ethyl esters and a new alcohol
called glycerol or, more commonly, glycerine. The vegetable oils and animal fats used to make biodiesel
can come from virtually any source. All of these products consist of chemicals called triglycerides. The

4
chemical reaction used to make biodiesel requires a catalyst. A catalyst is usually a chemical added to the
reaction mixture to speed up the reaction.

2. Problem statement and Objectives

i. Problem Statement
The study of Biodiesel fuel is very timely because of arising problems such as the rising cost of fuel
in the market, global warming phenomenon, and health problems such as respiratory diseases
caused by the harmful byproducts of burning petroleum-based fuels. Another problem concerning
the use of diesel is the deteriorating effects of the increased amount of Greenhouse Gases in the
atmosphere. This is due to the high emission of carbon dioxide coming from incomplete
combustion of diesel fuel in vehicles. Last of all, the emission of pollutants such as nitrogen oxide
caused also by incomplete combustion of diesel fuel is one of the leading contributors of smog and
can trigger serious respiratory problems.

ii. Objectives
 Biodiesel as alternative fuel without much alteration in existing vehicle technologies.
 To find way to reduce deteriorating effects of increased amount of Greenhouse Gases in the
atmosphere.
 To reduce the emission of pollutants such as nitrogen oxide

5
3. Site Selection

3.1 Company Background

Orient Tide Sdn. Bhd., is a manufacturer and distributor of biodiesel products. The sales and distribution
network covers the entire country, including the East Malaysia states of Sabah and Sarawak. Our
dedicated team of sales people and wholesalers are located throughout the country to provide quick and
efficient service to our customers. In addition to producing and marketing our own brands, we also provide
contract manufacturing services and act as a distributor for various companies.

Address : Kampung Kabong, Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia

Coordinate : 1.429826, 103.9561852

Vision
We will be a progressive and profitable company RESPECTED by our customers for our professionalism
and for the quality of our products and services, APPRECIATED by our employees for the opportunities to
grow both personally and professionally, and ADMIRED by our competitors for our innovativeness,
competence and results.

Mission
 Manufacturing and supplying oil products and services that satisfy the needs of our customers.
 Constantly achieving excellence.
 Conducting our business in a safe, environmentally sustainable and economically optimum
manner.
 Employing a diverse, innovative and results – oriented team motivated to deliver excellence
 To deliver sustainable and profitable growth for our shareholders and create opportunities for
development and career growth for our employees.

6
Company’s Location

Location of the company using Google Satellite

7
 Location of the company using Google Maps

Address : Kampung Kabong, Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia.

Coordinate : 1.429826, 103.9561852

Site Layout:

Site Layout

8
3.2 Factors Influences of Orient Tide Sdn. Bhd.

3.2.1 Criteria Economical Aspects

1. Raw materials availability.

The source of raw materials is one of the most important factors influencing the plant. This is
particularly true if large volumes of raw materials are consumed because location near the raw
materials source permits considerable reduction in transportation and storages charges. We
usually get the raw materials from the area around our factory and we also get them from the other
state which means the availability remains constant. We choose our BIODIESEL PLANT to be built
at Kampung Kabong, Pasir Gudang,Johor Bahru due to some reasons. First, for availability of raw
materials factor, we get the methanol product from Kerteh Terminal Sdn. Bhd. at Kerteh,
Terengganu. It only takes 6 hours 8 min (481.2 km) via Lebuhraya Segamat - Kuantan/Lebuhraya
Tun Razak/Route 12 for methanol product. For the palm oil product, we get the palm oil product
from Palmaju Edible Oil Sdn Bhd at Kawasan Perindustrian Pasir Gudang. It only takes 17 min (9.0
km) via Jalan Tanjong Puteri 1 and Jalan Pekeliling/Route 17 for palm oil product. For the catalyst,
we use sodium hydroxide and we get the product from Malay Sino Chemical Industries Sdn. Bhd.
from Terengganu. It only takes 5 h 51 min (414.1 km) via Route 3/AH18. So we do not need to
worry about the raw material aspects.

2. Markets
The location of markets or intermediate distribution centers affects the cost of product distribution
and the time required for shipping. Proximity to the major markets is an important consideration in
the selection of a plant site because the buyers usually finds it advantageous to purchase from
nearby sources. It is an advantage for us to market our product as it near to the resident area and
we also export our products either inside or outside the country. All customers using diesel are our
customers such as owner of cars, truck, buses, dg-sets, industries, railways and etc. Although
biodiesel can be marketed as an ordinary fuel so most perspective customers are farms, in-city
transport company and those who need the lowest possible pollution levels in their technological
processes such as warehouses, owners of generators and etc. We also export our product at Asia
and South Eastern Asia

3. Energy availability
Power and steam requirements are high in most industrial plants and fuel is ordinary to supply
these utilities. We were supplied with good and sufficient of energy and electricity to generate the
plant. Besides, the industry is near to the energy availability so it is easy to get. Kampung Kabong

9
 to YTL Pasir Gudang Power Station takes 19 minutes (10.2 km) via Jalan Tanjong Puteri 1 and
Jalan Pekeliling/Route 17

4. Transportation facilities
Water and highways are the common means of transportation used by major industrial concerns.
The kind and amount of products and raw materials determine the most suitable type of
transportation facilities.
5. Water supply
The process industries use large quantities and as a raw material. The plant, therefore, must
located where a dependable supply of water is available. The water supply is easy to get as as it is
located at the plant. We get the water supply from No.13 Jalan Siakap 6, Taman Pasir Putih, Pasir
Gudang, 81700, Johor.

6. Flood and fire protection

Before selecting a plant site, the regional history of nature events of this type should be examined
and the consequences of such occurrences considered. Protection from losses by fire is another
important factor in selecting a plant location. In case of major fire, assistance from outside fire
department should available. Fire hazards in the immediate area surrounding the plant site must
not be overlooked and it will be our main concern. Our plant located near the Sungai China but no
probability risk of flood damage. For fire protection factor, the nearest fire station is at Pasir
Gudang Fire and Rescue Station. It just takes 20 min (11.0 km) via Jalan Pekeliling/Route 17 and
Jalan Tanjong Puteri 1.

7. Labour supply
The factory is also near to the residential area so it takes short time for the labour to go to their
workplace. The nearest residential area are Kampung Kabong, its only takes about 5 to 10 minutes
to reach our company. Another nearest residential area Kampung Pasir Putih, Taman Tanjung
Puteri, Taman Air Biru and Kampung Seri Aman. It takes about 10 to 15 minutes to reach our
company.

8. Climate
The climate in Malaysia does not affect the production of biodiesel since it is made inside the plant.
Our plant is not located at the cold climate and we do not have to increase our cost for construction
of protective shelters. In Malaysia, our weather is hot and humid throughout the year.

9. Taxation and legal restriction

For taxation and legal restriction of manufacturing place at Johor Bahru, Selling price per square
feet is between the range of RM 25.00-RM 90.00. The land tax per year for light industry is RM
1600 per hectare. Almost all manufactures are required to be licensed under the Sales Tax Act
1972.

10. Site Characteristic

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 For the factor of site characteristics, our factory located at lowland so lower the construction cost.
Cost of the land is 13 million for 120 hectares. We use cost of RM110 million to build the plant.

11. Waste Disposal

 Wastewater
After biodiesel is made, it is often "washed" with water to remove contaminants, including soap,
glycerin, residual methanol and residual catalyst. This can result in as much as one gallon of
wastewater per gallon of biodiesel produced.
The amount of wastewater can be reduced by adding an acid to the biodiesel to split the soap. In
this case, only .05 to .1 gallon of water is needed per gallon of biodiesel produced.
Most large producers clean and reuse their water. The soaps and catalyst removed from the water
are added to the crude glycerin, a byproduct of biodiesel production, which is then sold to a
glycerin refiner.
The uncleaned wastewater can also be used for farm irrigation, as long as it does not contain
methanol.
Small producers, or producers who have not yet invested in wastewater recycling equipment, often
send their wastewater to a municipal sewage treatment plant and pay for this disposal.

 Ion Exchange Resins

Biodiesel is sometimes washed using a waterless method. One method involves using ion
exchange resins – styrene plastic beads which remove contaminants from biodiesel. This method
results in much less waste -- only 1 pound of beads per 900 gallons of fuel produced.
In theory, the ion exchange resin beads can be recycled, but at the present time, no one is set up
to recycle them because the cost of recycling is about the same as that of buying new beads.
Therefore, these beads are generally sent to a landfill or burned.

 Magnesium Silicate (Magnesol)

Magnesium silicate is a mineral that can also be used to clean biodiesel in a waterless process.
One common brand name for synthetic magnesium silicate is Magnesol. As with ion exchange
resins, very little waste is created – equal to about 1 percent of the weight of the fuel.

11
 Once used, this mineral is not reusable in the biodiesel process. It is generally sent to a landfill.
Because this mineral is not toxic and the contaminants it has gathered from the biodiesel have
nutritional value for animals, the waste magnesium silicate could theoretically be added to animal
feed. However, we are not aware of anyone who is currently doing this.

 Used Oil Sediment

Sometimes biodiesel is produced from used restaurant oil. This oil contains solids such as meat
and bone fragments or breading that must be strained out of the oil before processing into
biodiesel.
The solids that are strained out of the used oil can be sold as animal feed. Some producers run the
sludge from the strained oil through their oil extraction press along with other products from their
rendering process. In this way, the solids are combined with the meat and bonemeal, which is then
sold as livestock feed.

 Glycerine
In its pure form, glycerin is a valuable industrial chemical that is used in many different products.
However, many small biodiesel producers lack the resources to refine the glycerin to the 80-
percent purity required to sell to glycerin refiners, who will then take it to the 99.5-percent purity
level required for most commercial markets.
Glycerin emerging from the biodiesel process is commonly at 50-percent purity. This can be a
disposal problem. Since the glycerin contains methanol, it cannot be safely released into the
environment. Proper disposal options are essentially limited to anaerobic digestion, or transport to
a larger biodiesel plant that can do the necessary refining.

12. Community factor

The characteristics of facilities can have an effect on the location of the plant. If the number of
facilities of plant personnel do not exist, it will become a burden for the plant to subsidize such
facilities.

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3.2.2 Environmental Aspect

Safety-OSHA regulates employee safety and provides standards for workplace hazards.
 Oil and hazardous-substance spills.
OSHA regulates spills of 40 gallons of oil or more (this includes used cooking oil and biodiesel) to
waterways or where a visible sheen is present, spills of this size must be reported to the Ministry of
Natural Resources. Spills of methanol that exceed 758 gallons and potassium hydroxide or sodium
hydroxide that exceed 1000 lbs must also be reported.

 Air quality.
OSHA regulates air quality and requires a plan approval for facilities that will have methanol emissions
of one ton or more.

 Disposal of waste products.

OSHA regulates the waste products generated by the biodiesel process as at least residual wastes,
and in some cases, such as pure methanol, as hazardous wastes. Any waste that meets the
characteristics of a hazardous waste has to be handled as a hazardous waste. The waste generator is
responsible for appropriate chemical testing and record keeping.

 Glycerol.
OSHA does not allow this material to be disposed of by either land application or composting if it
contains methanol. It is regulated as a residual waste or possibly a hazardous waste and must be
disposed at a permitted landfill. If the methanol has been removed, the glycerol may be composted or
used as a dust suppressant on roads but need a permission.

 Methanol.
OSHA regulate these materials as hazardous wastes once they are determined to be wastes. This is
not household hazardous waste, it is from a chemical reaction producing combustible fuel, and has
nothing to do with a normal household activity.

 Bad Palm Oil or Vegetable Oils.

OSHA regulates this as a residual waste. It may be disposed of in a permitted landfill or composted.

13
4. Process Background and General Design

Process Background
Biodiesel is made by reacting vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol (usually methanol or ethanol) and a
catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide). This process separates the glycerine from the
oil or fat. The resulting product, biodiesel, is thinner than the original oil or fat and thus works better in a
diesel engine. A wide variety of vegetable oils can be used for biodiesel production. Currently, edible
rapeseed oil. Small-scale biodiesel producers can purchase vegetable oils to process into biodiesel or can
extract oil from crop seeds. Producers who decide to extract oil from crop seeds need specific equipment.
Used and waste oil and grease are among the most environmentally sound biodiesel feedstocks. The
process to make biodiesel involves a chemical reaction. This means that the biodiesel industry is a
chemical industry. Those involved in making biodiesel must have a good understanding of the underlying
chemistry to ensure they are making quality fuel in a safe manner. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel
engines that is produced by chemically reacting a vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol such as
methanol or ethanol. In words, the reaction is:

Oil + alcohol → biodiesel + glycerine

The chemical reaction that converts a vegetable oil or animal fat to biodiesel is called "transesterification."
This is a long name for a simple process of combining a chemical compound called an "ester" and an
alcohol to make another ester and another alcohol. Oils and fats are included in the ester family. When they
react with methanol or ethanol, they make methyl or ethyl esters and a new alcohol called glycerol or, more
commonly, glycerine. The vegetable oils and animal fats used to make biodiesel can come from virtually
any source. All of these products consist of chemicals called triglycerides. The chemical reaction used to
make biodiesel requires a catalyst. A catalyst is usually a chemical added to the reaction mixture to speed
up the reaction.

14
i. Block Flow Diagram

15
ii. Process Flow Diagram

16
iii. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram

17
 Table : Parameter for Piping and
Instrumental Diagram

18
Symbol and Description of Instruments

HARDWARE REPRESENTS FUNCTION

Centrifugal Pump Rotor dynamic pump that uses

a revolving impeller to add to
the force and pressure of fluids.

Tray Column Vessel of the distillation column

that consist of stack of tray.

Valve Allow the flow of the fluid by

opening or closing the valve.

Mixing Tank Mix the product using agitator

Heat exchangers Exchange the heat from other

medium to another medium

Reboiler water or other fluid is reheated

Condenser condensing vapour

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Heat Exchanger transfer heat between a solid
object and a fluid, or between
two or more fluids. The fluids
may be separated by a solid
wall to prevent mixing or they
may be in direct contact.

Vessel used to hold liquid

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 5. Assumption of Design, Choice of Equipment and Design Input Parameter

i. Assumption of Design

Distillation Column

Fractionating column
A fractionating column is an essential item used in distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the
mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in volatilities. Fractionating columns
are used in small scale laboratory distillations as well as for large-scale industrial distillations.

The liquid mixture that is to be processed is known as the feed and this is introduced usually
somewhere near the middle of the column to a tray known as the feed tray. The feed tray divides the
column into a top (enriching or rectification) section and a bottom (stripping) section. The feed flows down
the column where it is collected at the bottom in the reboiler.
Heat is supplied to the reboiler to generate vapour. The source of heat input can be any suitable
fluid, although in most chemical plants this is normally steam. In refineries, the heating source may be the
output streams of other columns. The vapour raised in the reboiler is re-introduced into the unit at the
bottom of the column. The liquid removed from the reboiler is known as the bottoms product or
simply, bottoms.
The vapour moves up the column, and as it exits the top of the unit, it is cooled by a condenser.
The condensed liquid is stored in a holding vessel known as the reflux drum. Some of this liquid is recycled
back to the top of the column and this is called the reflux. The condensed liquid that is removed from the
system is known as the distillate or top product.
Thus, there are internal flows of vapour and liquid within the column as well as external flows of
feeds and product streams, into and out of the column.

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Assumption in Calculation

Minimum stages for total reflux, Fenske Equation

XLD = Mole fraction of light key in distillate

XLW = Mole fraction in bottom
XHD = Mole fraction of heavy key in distillate
XHW = Mole fraction in bottom
αLD = Top temperature (dew point)
αLW = Bottom temperature (bubble point )

To determine the distribution or concentration of other component in the distillate and bottom at total reflux.

Underwood shortcut method for calculating Minimum Reflux Ratio

Approximation method to estimate the number theoretical stages above below feed which can be used to
estimate the feed stage location

Plate Spacing Overall HEIGHT of column will be depends on plate spacing. Plate spacing ranging 0.15 m
to 1 m. Spacing will be depend on column diameter and operating conditions. Close spacing is used with

22
 small diameter .Column above 1 m diameter spacing of 0.3 to 0.6m. 0.5 m can be taken as an initial
estimate. This would be revised when detailed plate design is made.
ii. Choice of Equipment

REBOILER

Reboilers are heat exchangers typically used to provide heat to the bottom of
industrial distillation columns. They boil the liquid from the bottom of a distillation column to generate
vapors which are returned to the column to drive the distillation separation. The heat supplied to the column
by the reboiler at the bottom of the column is removed by the condenser at the top of the column.
Proper reboiler operation is vital to effective distillation. In a typical classical distillation column, all
the vapor driving the separation comes from the reboiler. The reboiler receives a liquid stream from the
column bottom and may partially or completely vaporize that stream. Steam usually provides the heat
required for the vaporization.
Reboilers are classified into three types which is Thermosyphon Reboiler, Kettle Type Reboiler and
Forced Circulation Reboiler. As for production of biodiesel, the suitable reboiler is Thermosyphon Reboiler.
We choose Thermosyphon Reboiler because Thermosyphon Reboilers are heat exchangers used to
provide stripping section vapor for fractional distillation columns. This type of reboiler is very popular for use
within plants. This type of exchanger minimizes piping and ground area and does not introduce undue
problems of tube side access for cleaning.
The relatively low equipment cost associated with this type of exchanger. These reboilers also offer
excellent rates of heat transfer. Thermosyphon Reboilers is basically a shell and tube heat exchanger,
requiring no pumps to pump the vapor into the column back. These reboilers work on a simple principle
based on difference of densities of liquid and vapour. Variables effect the operation of thermosyphon
Reboilers are variation of temperature difference, operating pressure, liquid head, length and diameter of
the pipes.

23
CONDENSER

24
 A condenser is an apparatus or item of equipment used to condense (change the physical state of
a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state). A function of condenser is in a cooling cycle of a
refrigeration system, heat is absorbed by the vapor refrigerant in the evaporator followed by the
compression of the refrigerant by the compressor. The high pressure and high temperature state of the
vapor refrigerant is then converted to liquid at the cond. It is designed to condense effectively the
compressed refrigerant vapour.
There are basically three types of condensing unit depending on how the heat is removed by the
condensing medium which is usually water, air or a combination of both. Air Cooled Condenser, Water
Cooled Condenser and Evaporative Condenser. Commonly shell and tube, shell and coil, and double tube
are used Water Cooled Condenser for the operation. The most commonly used is the shell and tube type
and are usually available from two tons up to couple of hundred tons.
This design has lower power requirements per ton of refrigeration and the compressors can last
longer compared to the air-cooled type. A water cooling tower is frequently used for higher capacity
application. Although a little more pricey to install, these condensers are the more efficient type.
Commonly, these condensers require regular service and maintenance.
They also require a cooling tower to conserve water. To prevent corrosion and the forming of algae, water
cooled condensers require a constant supply of makeup water along with water treatment. Depending on
the application we can choose from tube in tube, shell and coil or shell and tube condensers. All are
essentially made to produce the same outcome, but each in a different way.

25
TRAY TYPE SELECTION
A plate column or tray column is a chemical equipment used to carry out unit operations where it is
necessary to transfer mass between a liquid phase and a gas phase. In other words, it is a particular gas-
liquid contactor. The peculiarity of this gas-liquid contactor is that the gas comes in contact with liquid
through different stages, each stage is delimited by two plates.
Tray column is the most widely used type of distillation column. The number of trays, or stages in the
column is dependent on the desired purity and difficulty of separation. The number of stages also
determines the height of the column.
The design of trays depends on the density, the rate of vapour and liquid through the tray. Each tray in a
distillation column is designed to promote contact between the vapour and the liquid on the stage, so there
is mass and heat transfer. The vapour and liquid leaving the stage are in equilibrium. Equilibrium is a
function of the rate of mass and heat transfer between liquid and vapour in distillation and it has an effect
on the efficiency of tray.
To increase efficiency and capacity of tray, a system is needed which will cover the whole of tray
application. One of the key to make good quality products and high purities is tray hydraulics.

The design of tray hydraulics may be influenced by many factors including process requirement, economics
and safety. Some other items are to consider when to use trays in a tower:
 Usually trays have down comer capacity problems in heavy foaming service.
 Trays have higher pressure drop than structured packing column.
 Trays have a high resistance to corrosion.
 Entrainment is an issue with trays. Trays usually have more entrainment than packing. Excessive
entrainment can lead to efficiency loss.
 Excessive vapour and liquid maldistribution can lead to a loss of efficiency in a tray tower.
 Wider range of liquid and vapor flow rates.
 Easier to design and predict stage efficiency.
 Easier to withdraw side streams, use side columns or provide intermediate heating or cooling.
 Easier to clean and handle fouling.
 Usually cheaper

26
PUMP SELECTION
Centrifugal pump is a general name for pumps with one or more impellers. There are many types
of centrifugal pumps and configurations for different applications. Centrifugal pump has one or more
impellers. We choose centrifugal pump because all sorts of liquids can be pumps with centrifugal pumps.
Highest flow rates of all pump types. Handles clean or dirty liquids, and liquids with low viscosity. Liquid
should not contain air or vapours.
Centrifugal pump can pump water and relatively thin liquids. It only can pump liquids with or without solids if
proper impeller type is chosen. Available in alloys for corrosive services.
Centrifugal pumps can be classified as:
 End suction pumps.
 In-line pumps
 Double suction pumps
 Vertical multistage pumps
 Horizontal multistage pumps
 Submersible pumps
 Self-priming pumps
 Axial-flow pumps
 Regenerative pumps

The other reasons why we choose centrifugal pump is these pumps are used most often in industries to
transfer liquids through a piping system. These types of pumps are used for low pressure, high volume flow
applications in the industry. The output of this pump mainly depends on the rotational speed of the driving
source. It uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and flow rate of the liquid.
The advantages using centrifugal pump is:
 Best pump choice for lower viscosity (thin) liquids and high flow rates.
 No pulsations that may be found in some positive displacement pumps.
 The low initial cost.
 Low maintenance costs.
 Simple in operation.
 Ability to operate under a wide variety of conditions.
 Give a smooth, continuous flow, free from pulsation.

27
iii. Design Input Parameter

Trays and Packings

Examples of trays and packings are below. Trays (or plates) consist of horizontal plates across which the
descending liquid flows through streams of the ascending vapor, which is distributed across the column by
various sorts of perforations (holes, valves, bubble caps) in the plates.

Packings provide surfaces over which the liquid flows while the vapor passes between these surfaces. The
number of real trays required (N) is related to the number of theoretical trays (NTP) by the concept of tray
efficiency, E0 = (NTP)/N. The height of the column occupied by trays is then Z = N. (T.S.) where (TS) is the

28
tray spacing, which is usually 300 mm, 450 mm, or 600 nun except in cryogenic distillation where (TS) is
100 to 150 mm. The height of the column containing packing is usually calculated by Z = (NTP) (HETP),
where (HETP) = Height of Packing Equivalent to One Theoretical Plate.

Column Diameter Pressure Drop and Flooding

To keep the column diameter (and cost) as small as possible, columns are designed to operate at the
maximum permissible vapor velocity. Except for those cases where pressure drop is controlling [see Strigle
R.F. (1994)], this is usually at about 80% of the flooding velocity. At flooding vapor velocity, the pressure
gradients and drag forces overcome the gravitational forces on the liquid and it ceases to descend the
column. Flooding may be correlated in terms of the Load Factor (CS) and the Flow Parameter (X), where

The Load Factor CS is very approximately proportional to G/(√ρv) and this, in part, explains the important
practical observation that throughput—expressed as a mass flow per unit column cross section area—goes
up with pressure. The mass of liquid descending is similar to that of vapour ascending.

29
Tray Efficiency and HETP

A great deal has been written on tray and packing, mass transfer in trays and packings. Tray mass
transfer is interpreted in terms of a) Point Efficiency, Eog; b) Murphree Tray Efficiency, Emv; and c) Overall
Column Efficiency, Eo. Point efficiency refers to mass transfer at a point on the tray and is related to single-
tray or Murphree Efficiency, taking into account the flow pattern on the tray. Overall column efficiency is
then obtained by considering concentration (and flow patterns) throughout the column. Packing mass
transfer is interpreted in terms of vapor and liquid mass transfer coefficients, and sometimes by the transfer
unit concept. Tray Efficiency does not change much with the type of tray or tray spacing, but varies with
operating pressure being lower for vacuum distillation than for pressure distillation. This reflects the
changes in liquid rate mentioned above (0.5 bar, Eo approximately 0.5; 1.0 bar, Eo approximately 0.7; 6
bar, Eo approximately 0.9).
Packing HETP might be expected to go down with pressure but, in practice, does not change much
with a system for a given packing. However, it changes with packing size, which determines the dry area
per unit volume. For example, for random packings, HETP (m) approximately equals dp/60 (where dp is
packing size in mm). A high quality of the initial distribution of liquid and vapor is essential in large-diameter
columns (even in those larger than 0.5 m).
Without this scale up, failures have occurred. In general, a column with more theoretical trays for a
given height will require a larger diameter, that is closer tray spacing or high area packings flood at a lower
throughput. The design of distillation columns is still essentially empirical, in part based on avoiding earlier
failures. (For example, there is no theoretical basis so far for two-phase flow on trays or in packings, nor is
there a theory for multicomponent mass transfer on cross-flow trays.)

30
Plate or Tray Column
 Most widely used

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Plate Tray

Advantages Disadvantages

 Most cost efficient distillation column for  Higher pressure drops than packed
diameters greater than 0.6 m. columns which could cause column
 The liquid/vapor contact in the cross-flow flooding.
of plate columns is more effective than  Foaming can occur due to agitation of the
the countercurrent-flow in packed liquid by the vapor flowing up through it.
columns.
 Cooling coils can easily be added to the
plate column (cryogenic applications).
 Can handle high liquid flow rates cost-
effectively.

Tray
 We are prefer the sieve tray.
 Sieve tray is perforated plate with holes punch into the plate and usually as holes 3/16 inch to 1
inch diameter.
 The standard sizes is 0.5 inch with the perforation punch downward.
 A sieve tray have higher entrainment than both tray at the same vapour velocity. This is due to the
spray of liquid directed upwards to the next tray.
 Sieve that tray has a minimum capacity approximately 70%.Their capacity and efficiency are at
least as high as that of other standard trays used commercially.
 Sieve tray may be used in moderately fouling services, provided that large holes (3/4 to 1 inch or
19 to 25mm) are used.
 Sieve tray are simple and easy to fabricated and therefore relatively inexpensive.

Tray Spacing
 Overall height of column will be depend on tray spacing.
 Spacing will be depend on column diameter and operating conditions.
 the minimum tray spacing is about 12 in (30 cm) for column diameter less than 5 ft, while (150cm)
and 18 in (45 cm) for a column diameter greater than 10 ft (300 cm).
 It is best to keep tray spacing to a minimum, which is often the most economical.

31
Downcomer Area
 The downcomer area at the top is sized such that the velocity of the ascending vapour bubbles
exceeds the down flow velocity of the liquid.
 The minimum downcomer width is 5 in (12.7 cm).
 The minimum side chord length should be 60% of the column diameter.
 The downcomer area at the bottom should be about 60% of that at the top.

Column Diameter
 The column diameter can be calculated once the tray spacing and downcomer area have been
specified. Principal factor that determines the column diameter is vapour flowrate.Souders and
Brown equation, Lowenstein (1961) can be used to estimate the allowable superficial vapor
velocity and hence column area and diameter.

1/2
(𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 )
𝑢̂𝑣 = (−𝑜. 171𝑙𝑡2 + 0.27𝑙𝑡 − 0.047) [ ]
𝜌𝑣

The Column diameter Dc can be calculated:

4𝑉̂𝑤
𝐷𝐶 = √
𝜋𝜌𝑣 𝑢̂𝑣

Tray Thickness
 Tray thickness is about gauge 10 (0.134 in; 3.40 mm) for carbon steel and gauge 12 (0.109 in; 2.77
mm) for stainless steel.

Hole Diameter
 Small holes with a diameter in the range of 3/16 to 1/4 in (4.76 to 6.35 mm) give better hydraulic
and mass transfer performance than the large ones in the range of 1/2 to 3/4 in (12.7 to19.0 mm).
However, large-hole trays are cheaper and show more resistance to fouling.

Hole Area
 The hole area is normally in the range of 5 to 16% of the bubbling area.
 Lower hole area allows the tray to operate at higher efficiency and turndown ratio, but at the
expense of higher pressure drop

Weir Design

32
  The outlet weir height is about 1 to 4 in (2.5 to 10 cm) and the downcomer clearance, where the
liquid is discharged from the bottom of the downcomer onto the tray below, should be 0.5 in (1.25
cm) smaller than the outlet weir height to ensure a positive downcomer seal.

REFLUX
There are many types of design input parameters that must be considered during separation process.
Firstly, is reflux ratio, reflux is the portion of the overhead liquid product from a distillation column that is
returned to the upper part of the column.
As the reflux ratio is increased, the gradient of operating line for the rectification section moves towards a
maximum value of 1. Physically, what this means is that more and more liquid that is rich in the more
volatile components are being recycled back into the column. Separation then becomes better and thus
less trays are needed to achieve the same degree of separation. Minimum trays are required under total
reflux conditions, i.e. there is no withdrawal of distillate.

On the other hand, as reflux is decreased, the operating line for the rectification section moves towards the
equilibrium line. The ‘pinch’ between operating and equilibrium lines becomes more pronounced and more
and more trays are required. This is easy to verify using the McCabe-Thiele method.

The limiting condition occurs at minimum reflux ration, when an infinite number of trays will be required to
effect separation. Most columns are designed to operate between 1.2 to 1.5 times the minimum reflux
ratio because this is approximately the region of minimum operating costs (more reflux means higher
reboiler duty).

33
Our company distillation column use reflux ratio of 4:1. This ratio is used to produce high quality of product
and also to produce the desirable amount of product. High number of reflux ratio is needed to increases the
purity of the product collected at the distillate section which is in our case is Methanol.

PRESSURE
Besides reflux ratio another design input parameter that must be considered is pressure. Most
distillation columns are open to the atmosphere. Thus the reboiler must be appropriately sized to ensure
that enough pressure can be generated during operation.
Pressure gradient exist because the vapor must flow upwards and least amount of vapor must be
carried over by the liquid flowing downwards. Each of these plates or trays is at a different temperature and
pressure. The stage of the tower at the bottom has the highest pressure and temperature. Going upwards
in the tower, the pressure and temperature decreases for each stage. The vapor–liquid equilibrium for each
feed component in the tower reacts in its unique way to the different pressure and temperature conditions
at each of the stages. That means that each component establishes a different concentration in the vapor
and liquid phases at each of the stages, and this results in the separation of the components. Distillation
column is most efficiently utilized by controlling the pressure at the bottom and top of column.
Our company distillation column used slight pressure to ensure smooth flowrate of liquid/gas and to
produce neat separation of. At feed, pressure is assumed around 1.2 bar. Meanwhile at distillate is 0.4 bar
and bottom 0.5 bar.

FEED CONDITION
Feed condition is among the most important parameter that need to be taken into when handling
separation process. The state of the feed mixture and feed composition affects the operating lines and
hence the number of stages required for separation. Bad vapour flow conditions can cause foaming,
entrainment, weeping/dumping and even flooding. It also affects the location of feed tray. During operation,
if the deviations from design specifications are excessive, then the column may no longer be able handle
the separation task. To overcome the problems associated with the feed, some column are designed to
have multiple feed points when the feed is expected to containing varying amounts of components.

TEMPERATURE
The thermal condition of the feed is very important to determine the column internal flows. If the
feed is below its bubble point, heat is needed to raise it to where it can be vaporized. This heat must be
obtained by condensing vapor rising through the column, so the liquid flow moving down the column

34
increases by the entire amount of the feed plus the condensed material and the vapor flow upward is
decreased.
The column is provided with heat by a reboiler which is continuously boiling the liquid from the
bottom of the columns. And the vapours from the top of the column are continuously cooled and condensed
by an overhead condenser provided at the top of the column. The heating and cooling actions of these heat
exchangers are responsible for vapor liquid equilibrium conditions in the column. Also due the action of
reboiler, the bottom of a distillation column has highest temperature and pressure conditions. The
condenser is responsible for lowest temperature and pressure conditions at the top of the column
Methanol boiling point is 64.7 °C
FLOODING
Another parameter that can affect the operation of distillation column is flooding factor. Flooding is
brought about by excessive vapor flow, causing liquid to be entrained in the vapour up the column. The
increased pressure from excessive vapour also backs up the liquid in the down comer, causing an increase
in liquid holdup on the plate above. Depending on the degree of flooding, the maximum capacity of the
column may be severely reduced. Flooding is detected by sharp increases in column differential pressure
and significant decrease in separation efficiency and also we can see some bubbles are produces. The
flooding velocity is closely related to the vapour velocity, thus to limit our column from flooding, we choose
a velocity 50-80 percent of flooding velocity.

FLOWRATE
Lastly, factor that affect column operation is also due to the flow rate of vapor flow conditions either
excessive or too low. Vapor flow velocity is dependent on column diameter. Weeping determines the
minimum vapor flow required while flooding determines the maximum vapor flow that can be allowed,
hence indicate the capacity of the column. Thus, if the column diameter is not sized properly, the column
will not perform well. Not only will operational problems occur, the separation may not be achieved and
product produced might cannot reached the desired amount. Our company distillation column feed.

35
6. Calculation Method

MASS BALANCE
A mixture containing methanol (M) and glycerol (G) by mass is fed to a distillation column. An overhead
stream of methanol is produced, and the others in the column leaves in the bottom stream. The feed rate
has been put about 10860 kmol/hr as the production rate is targeted to 8630 kmol/hr.

T = 52.6 ℃
P = 40 kPa
D = 8630 kmol/hr
Methanol = 0.99
Water = 0.01

36
 T = 60 ℃
P = 120 kPa
F = 10860 kmol/hr
Methanol = 0.786
Glycerol = 0.202
T = 107.3 ℃
Water = 0.018
P = 50 kPa
B = 2230 kmol/hr
Glycerol = 0.984
Water = 0.016

Molecular Mass
Methanol = 32.04 g/mol
Glycerin = 92.09 g/mol

37
Water = 18 g/mol

Overall mass balance:

F=D+B
10860 kmol/hr = 8630 kmol/hr + B
B = 2230 kmol/hr

Methanol balance in bottom:

10860(0.786) = M(8630)
M = 0.99

Water balance in top:

1 – 0.99 = 0.01

T = 52.6 ℃
P = 40 kPa
D = 8630 kmol/hr
38
Methanol = 0.99
Water = 0.01
 T = 60 ℃
P = 120 kPa
F = 10860 kmol/hr
Methanol = 0.786
Glycerol = 0.202
T = 107.3 ℃
Water = 0.018
P = 50 kPa
B = 2230 kmol/hr
Glycerol = 0.984
Water = 0.016

Inlet Outlet
Substance 𝑛̇ ̂
𝐻 ̂
𝑛̇ 𝐻 Substance 𝑛̇ ̂
𝐻 𝑛̇ 𝐻̂
Methanol(l) 8535.96 0 0 Methanol(l) - - -
Glycerol(l) 2193.72 0 0 Glycerol(l) 2194.32 ̂1 =
𝐻 7890.77
3.596
Water(l) 195.48 0 0 Water(l) 35.68 ̂2 =
𝐻 127.23
3.566
Methanol(v) - - - Methanol(v) 8543.70 ̂3 =
𝐻 299866.78
35.098
Glycerol(v) - - - Glycerol(v) - - -

39
 Water(v) - - - Water(v) 86.30 ̂4 =
𝐻 3629.69
42.059
̂ 𝒊𝒏 =
∑ 𝒏̇ 𝑯 0 ̂ 𝒐𝒖𝒕=
∑ 𝒏̇ 𝑯 311514.47

Reference State:
Methanol (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
Glycerol (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
Water (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

Boiling Point:
Methanol: 64.7 ℃
Glycerol: 290 ℃
Water: 100 ℃

Form 1 : 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇 + 𝑐𝑇 2 + 𝑑𝑇 3

40
̂1
𝐻
Glycerol (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) Glycerol (l, 107.3℃, 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

̂𝑎 = ∫107.3℃ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝐻 60℃

107.3℃
̂𝑎 = ∫
𝐻 (75.86 × 10−3 ) + (16.83 × 10−5 )𝑇
60℃

= 3.596 kJ/mol

̂1 =𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑎

= 3.596 kJ/mol

̂2
𝐻
Water (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) Water (l, 107.3℃, 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

̂𝑎 = ∫107.3℃ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝐻 60℃

107.3℃
̂𝑎 = ∫
𝐻 (75.4 × 10−3 )
60℃

= 3.566 kJ/mol

̂2 =𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑎

= 3.566 kJ/mol

41
̂3
𝐻
Methanol (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) Methanol (v, 52.6℃, 40 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

̂𝑎 = ∫64.7℃ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝐻 60℃

Methanol (l, 64.7℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ̂𝑑 = 0

𝐻
̂𝑏 = 𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑣

Methanol (v, 64.7℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) Methanol (v, 52.6℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

̂𝑐 = ∫52.6℃ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝐻 64.7℃

107.3℃
̂𝑎 = ∫
𝐻 (75.86 × 10−3 ) + (16.83 × 10−5 )𝑇
60℃

= 0.406 kJ/mol

̂𝑏 = 𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑣

= 35.27 kJ/mol

52.6℃
̂𝑐 = ∫
𝐻 (42.93 × 10−3 ) + (8.301 × 10−5 )𝑇 + (−1.87 × 10−8 )𝑇 2 + (−8.03 × 10−12 )𝑇 3
64.7℃

= -0.578 kJ/mol

̂𝑑 = 0
𝐻

̂3 = 𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑎 + 𝐻
̂𝑏 + 𝐻
̂𝑐 + 𝐻
̂𝑑

42
= 0.406 kJ/mol + 35.27 kJ/mol + (-0.578 kJ/mol) + 0
= 35.098 kJ/mol

̂4
𝐻
Water (l, 60℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) Water (v, 52.6℃, 40 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

̂𝑎 = ∫100℃ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝐻 60℃

Water (l, 100℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ̂𝑑 = ∫52.6℃ 𝐶𝑝 𝑑𝑇

𝐻 100℃

̂𝑏 = 𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑣

Water (v, 100℃, 120 𝑘𝑃𝑎) Water (v, 100℃, 40 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

̂𝑐 = 0
𝐻

100℃
̂𝑎 = ∫
𝐻 (75.4 × 10−3 )
60℃

= 3.016 kJ/mol

̂𝑏 = 𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑣

= 40.656 kJ/mol

̂𝑐 = 0
𝐻

52.6℃
̂𝑑 = ∫
𝐻 (33.46 × 10−3 ) + (0.6880 × 10−5 )𝑇 + (0.7604 × 10−8 )𝑇 2
100℃
+ (−3.593 × 10−12 ) 𝑇 3
= -1.613 kJ/mol

43
̂3 = 𝐻
𝐻 ̂𝑎 + 𝐻
̂𝑏 + 𝐻
̂𝑐 + 𝐻
̂𝑑

= 3.016 kJ/mol + 40.656 kJ/mol + 0 + (-1.613 kJ/mol)

= 42.059 kJ/mol

Energy Balance:

∆𝐸̇𝐾 + ∆𝐸̇𝑃 + ∆𝐻̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇𝑆

The potential energy, kinetic energy and shaft work energy are neglected. So,

∆𝐻̇ = 𝑄̇

𝑄̇ = ∑ 𝑛̇ 𝐻
̂𝑖𝑛 − ∑ 𝑛̇ 𝐻
̂𝑜𝑢𝑡

= 0 – 311514470 kJ/hr
= -311514470 kJ/hr

𝑘𝐽 1 ℎ𝑟
= −311514470 ×
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠
= -86531.80 kW

44
CALCULATION OF VAPOR AND LIQUID FLOWRATE ABOVE AND BELOW FEED PLATE

Flow rate above

V= D(1+R)
= 8630 X 5
= 43150 Kmol/hr

L= V – D
L= 43150 – 10860
= 32290 Kmol/ hr

B=F–D
= 10860 – 8630
= 2230 Kmol/hr

Flow rate below

SOL slope: 1.428
1.428 V’ = V’ + 111.5
V’ = 260.51 Kmol/hr

L’ = V’ + B
L’ = 260.51 + 111.5 = 372.01 Kmol/hr

45
MCCABE THIELE

DISTILLATE
XD methanol: 0.99

FEED
XF methanol:
0.786 kmol/hr

BOTTOM
XB methanol: 0

Graph below shows the vapour liquid equilibrium data for methanol and water
Reflux ratio: 4

EOL formula:
yn + 1 = R / R+ 1 (XN + 1) + XD/ R+1
yn + 1 = 4/5 (XN + 1) + 0.99 / 5
yn + 1 = 0.8 (XN + 1) + 0.198

46
BASED ON THE GRAPH:
= 4.8 TRAYS + 1 REBOILER
= 5.8 TRAYS

EFFICIENCY = (NUMBER OF THEORETICAL TRAY / ACTUAL TRAY) x 100 %

= 4.8/ 5.8 x 100 %
= 82.76 %
HEIGHT OF TOWER CALCULATION
H = n(HETP)
HETP = T/Ea
= tray spacing / efficiency

T = 0.6 is the ideal number of tray spacing for the tower diameter with range between 1.2m until 3m
HETP = 0.6 / 0.905
= 0.663 m

H = 0.6 (theoretical stages)

= 0.6 (4.8)
= 2.88 m

Tray thickness = 4.75mm / plate

Total thickness of tray = 4.75 x 4.8

= 22.8 mm

Total height of tower = 2.88 + 0.228 m

47
 = 3.108 m

The tower height can be related to the number of trays in the column. The following formula assumes that a
spacing of two feet between trays will be sufficient including additional five to ten feet at both ends of the
tower. This includes a fifteen percent excess allowance of space (Douglas, 1988).

ESTIMATION OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Estimation of pressure drop

Different pressure between top and bottom column is 10 kPa, thus
= 10 kPa / 4.8 trays
= 2.1 kPa of pressure drop for each trays is assumed

Estimation of vapor and liquid density

TOP SECTION BOTTOM SECTION

Top column pressure = 40 kPa Bottom column pressure = 50 kPa

Temperature = 325.6 K Temperature = 380.3 K

Average molecular weight of distillate Average molecular weight of bottom

0.96(32.04) + 0.04(92.09) = 34.442 kg/kmol 32.04(0.15) + 0.85(92.09) = 83.0825 kg/kmol

Surface tension:
=20 dyne/cm or 20 mJ/m2

48
EOL
EOL formula:
yn + 1 = R / R+ 1 (XN + 1) + XD/ R+1
yn + 1 = 4/5 (XN + 1) + 0.99 / 5
yn + 1 = 0.8 (XN + 1) + 0.194

SOL
L’ = V’+ B’
Y= L’ / ( L’- B’) X - B’/( L’-B’) Xb

SOL slope = L’ / ( L’- B’)

Where L’ = boil up ratio of fractional amount of liquid leaving indicating liquid flow rate below feed plate
B’ = factional amount of liquid flow back into indicating the vapor flow rate below feed plate

PLATE SPACING
Plate spacing = 0.6 mm
Flooding = 10 %

49
DIAMETER CALCULATION
INTERNAL DIAMETER (Di)
Top Bottom

F LG = L’ (density vapor)0.5 F LG = L’ (density vapor)0.5

V’ density liquid V’ density liquid

153.216 6 0.5 289.69 7.7 0.5

= ( ) = ( )
191.52 875.9 202.86 868.61

=0.066 = 0.13445

Capacity parameter Csbf = 0.165 m/s Capacity parameter Csbf = 0.22 m/s

Gas velocity through net area of flooding Gas velocity through net area of flooding
σ 0.2 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 0.5 σ 0.2 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 0.5
Unf = cbsf (20) ( ) Unf = cbsf (20) ( )
𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑣
20 0.2 875.9 − 6 0.5 20 0.2 868.61 − 7.7 0.5
= 0.165 ( ) ( ) = 0.22 ( ) ( )
20 6 20 7.7

= 1.987 m/s = 2.326 m/s

linear design gas velocity based on 80 % flooding linear design gas velocity based on 80 % flooding
Un = 1.987 x 0.8 Un = 2.326 x 0.8
= 1.589 𝑚⁄𝑠 = 1.86 𝑚⁄𝑠

Net area Net area

𝐴 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⁄𝑈𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 ⁄𝑈𝑛

50
 𝑣𝑀 𝑣𝑀
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜌𝑣 𝜌𝑣
191.52 × 78.32 202.86 × 96.15
= =
6 7.7

=2499.97 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ𝑟 =2533.115 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ𝑟

=0.6944 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ𝑟 =0.7 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ𝑟

A= 0.69 /1.589 A = 0.7 / 1.86

= 1.0967 m2 = 0.37 m2

total tower cross section area total tower cross section area
1.0967 / 0.9 = 1.2 𝑚2 0.37 / 0.9 = 0.42 𝑚2

total downcomer top and bottom is 10 % net area total downcomer top and bottom is 10 % net area

diameter : Diameter :
area circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 area circle 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
D = 1.25 m D = 0.73 m

It is better to choose higher diameter tower value which is the top diameter value of 1.25 m
Therefore, single pass cross flow sieve is chosen for this purpose.

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EXTERNAL DIAMETER(D0):

Column thickness assumption is 10 mm

D° = Di + column thickness
= 1.25 m + 0.0 10 m
= 1.26 m
Provisional plate design

Column tower design (ID) DT = 1.25 m

Column cross section area (AT) = 0.785 x (DT )2 = 0.785 x ( 1.25) 2 = 1.23 m2
Down comer area (Ad) = 0.1 ( AT ) = 0.123 m2
Net Area ( AN ) = ( AT ) - (Ad ) = 1.23 – 0.123 = 1.107 m2
Weir length ( lw ) = 0.73 x (DT ) = 0.73 x ( 1.25 ) = 0.9125 m
Weir height ( hw ) = 40 mm is considerate
Active Area ( AA ) = ( AT ) – 2(Ad ) = 1.23 -2(0.123) = 0.984 m2
Hole diameter considered ( dh ) = 12mm (1/2 inch)

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CALCULATION OF PLATE PRESSURE DROP

TOP BOTTOM

Maximum vapor velocity : Maximum vapor velocity :

𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥
U max = U max =
𝐴𝐻 𝐴𝐻

= 0.6944/0.498 = 0.7 / 0.498

= 1.39 m/s = 1.4 m/s

Maximum dry plate pressure drop ( h d) : Maximum dry plate pressure drop ( h d) :

𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝜌 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝜌
51( ) (𝜌 𝑙 ) 51( ) (𝜌 𝑙 )
℃ 𝑣 ℃ 𝑣

Where the orifice coefficient C ° = 0.88 at Ah/Ap = Where the orifice coefficient C ° = 0.88 at Ah/Ap =
15 %. 15 %.

=51 ( 1.39/0.88) 2 ( 6/ 875.9 ) =51 ( 1.4/0.88) 2 ( 7.7/ 868.61 )

= 0.87 mm liquid = 1.14 mm liquid

Residual head ( h r) : Residual head ( h r) :

53
 12.5 × 103 12.5 × 103
= =
𝜌𝑙 𝜌𝑙

= 12500/ 875.9 = 12500/ 868.61

= 14.27 mm liquid = 14.39 mm liquid

Total plate pressure drop per plate: Total plate pressure drop per plate:
ht= hd + ( hw’ + hw ) + hr ht= hd + ( hw’ + hw ) + hr
= 0.87 +40 +15.31 +14.27 = 1.14 +40 +27 +14.39
= 70.45 mm liquid = 82.53 mm liquid

The estimation of plate pressure drop is 2 kPa per plate. The estimation value in the first trial is therefore
acceptable.

COLUMN PARAMETERS

PARAMETER SIZE
Column diameter (Dt) 1.25 m
Column height 3.108 m
Number of actual tray 5.8 m
Number of theoretical tray 4.8 m
Feed entry 2nd tray
Pressure drop per tray 2.1 kPa
Pressure drop at plate 10 kPa
Percentage flooding 10 %

TRAY PARAMETER

54
PARAMETER SIZE

Material of construction Stainless steel

Downcomer area 10 % 0.123 𝑚2

Active area 0.984 𝑚2

Hole diameter 0.012 m

Hole pitch rectangular

Plate spacing 0.66 m

Plate thickness 0.012 m

7. Reference Data, Chemical Specification Sheet

SPECIFICATION SHEET

CHEMICAL SPECIFICATION SHEET DESIGN

EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION SHEET

EQUIPMENT : DISTILLATION COLUMN

FUNCTION : To separate the liquid into top product and bottom product

Operating Condition Data

Feed condition Liquid

Feed mixture Methanol and Glycerine

Feed temperature 60 ºC

Feed pressure 1.2 bar

Feed relative volatility 52.81

55
Top pressure 0.4 bar

Top temperature 52.6 ºC

Bottom pressure 0.5 bar

Bottom temperature 107.3 ºC

Reflux ratio 4:1

Efficiency 93.75%

Type of tray Sieve

Actual number of trays 5.8

Theoretical number of tray 4.8

Plate spacing 0.66 mm

Feed point location 2nd tray

Column height 3.108 m

Column diameter 1.25 m

Column area 37.8 m2

Flooding velocity at top 1.589 m/s

Flooding velocity at bottom 1.86 m/s

Downcomer area 0.123 m2

Net area 1.107 m2

Active area 0.984 m2

Weir length 0.9125 m2

Weir height 40 mm

Hole diameter 0.012 m

Plate thickness 0.012 m

Percent flooding 10%

56
MECHANICAL SPECIFICATION SHEET DESIGN
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION SHEET

EQUIPMENT : DISTILLATION COLUMN

Specification Data

Design type Vertical

Material of construction Stainless steel

Column height 3.108 m

Wall thickness 10 mm

Optimum diameter of inlet pipe 0.5 m

Optimum diameter of top outlet pipe 0.5 m

Optimum diameter of bottom outlet pipe 0.73 m

57
8. Materials Selection

SIEVE TRAY MATERIAL

In a sieve tray, the vapour passes through a large number of holes known as perforations (sieves) and
emerges through the liquid in a vertical direction. The sieve tray has the simplest design among the various
tray types. There are no mechanical moving parts. There is no liquid seal and it is the passage of vapour

58
that effectively prevents the loss of liquid through the sieves. Typical layout for sieve tray follows either
a square hole pitch or equilateral triangular hole pitch. Hole pitch is the centre-to-centre hole spacing.
Sieve tray is perforated plate with holes punched into the plate and usually has holes 3/16 inch to 1 inch
diameter. The standard size is 0.5 inch with the sieve punched downward. Vapor comes out from the holes
to give a multi orifice effect. The vapor flow through the tray deck to contact the liquid is controlled by the
number and size of the sieve.
Small sieves are not suitable for fouling or corrosive services as they may be susceptible to blockage,
leading to excessive pressure drop and premature flooding.
Small holes have better turndown characteristics because they reduce tray weeping and therefore increase
tray capacity. In terms of cost, larger holes are cheaper as the holes can be punched, and there are fewer
holes to be punched. Smaller holes are more expensive as drilling may be required.

PIPE MATERIAL
Stainless steel is one the most popular choices for material construction. Stainless steel is a low carbon
steel that must have a minimum of 10% chromium. The addition of chromium to the steel causes the
formation of a chromium-oxide film which gives stainless steel its unique properties such as its resistance
to corrosion and its ability to heal itself when in the presence of oxygen.

Here are the other advantages to choosing stainless steel:

 Corrosion Resistant: This is one of the reasons that stainless steel is such a great value over
the long-term. The percentage of chromium determines how resistant the steel is to corrosive
environments. Lower percentages will work well in wet environments while higher percentages are
required for acidic or alkaline environments.
 100% Recyclable: As much as 50% of stainless steel production in the U.S. uses recycled metal
materials.
 Heat Resistant: Stainless Steel’s resistance to high temperatures makes it a popular choice for
various heat exchangers, boilers, valves, and other applications where high levels of heat are
present.
 High Strength to Weight Ratio: With higher grades, there is a significant strength-to-weight
advantage that allows for less material to be used to achieve the same result as lower grades of
stainless steel and other metals.
 Life Cycle Characteristics: Stainless steel is a durable, low maintenance material and is often the
least expensive choice in a life cycle cost comparison.
 Aesthetic Appeal: Stainless steel is available in many surface finishes. It is easily and simply
maintained resulting in a high quality, pleasing appearance.

59
  Ease of Fabrication: The majority of stainless steels can be cut, welded, formed, machined and
fabricated readily.

WALL COLUMN MATERIAL

ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft,
nonmagnetic, ductile metal in the boron group. By mass, aluminium makes up about 8% of the Earth's
crust. It is the third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon and the most abundant metal in the
crust. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing
environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.
Aluminium offers a rare combination of valuable properties. It is one of the lightest metals in the world: it's
almost three times lighter than iron but it's also very strong, extremely flexible and corrosion resistant
because its surface is always covered in an extremely thin and yet very strong layer of oxide film.

TITANIUM
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a lustrous transition metal with a
silver color, low density, and high strength. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia,
and chlorine.
Titanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum and among other elements to
produce strong, lightweight alloys for aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial
processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agri-food,

60
medical prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental and endodontic instruments and files, dental implants,
sporting goods, mobile phones and other applications.
The two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the
highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, but less
dense. These unique properties make Titanium suitable for a wide range of applications. It’s stiffness to
weight ratio as steel is similar to steel meaning it can be used as a substitute where weight is an important
consideration.
Titanium is highly recyclable which reduces costs involved in its production. Its inertness means that it can
survive weathering and consequentially has a lower lifetime cost that other metals used in architecture and
construction.

9. Safety Assessment

HAZOP STUDY
CAUSES IMPACT MITIGATION

Health The workers may be exposed to the The working hour for the chemical workers
chemical substances. must not exceed the time limit of exposure
to chemical

The workers might exposed to dead Explain to them that they have to work
situation because of chemical. cautiously as they are between dead and
alive which will alert them to their
surrounding.

The worker might handle the Implement the training program to new
chemical carelessly which will result workers or permanent worker about the
to accident. chemical handling and machine handling if
there any new machines available.

Water Quality As it is not so far from Sungai China, There will be no problem because the
there might be impurities comes into water sources is not from the river and the
the water. waste disposal will not dispose in the river.

The water at the river will be polluted. The waste will be collected and will be
dispose at the chemical waste

61
 management nearby the plant.

There will be some aquatic life that The water that might been infected by the
will lead to death due to chemical chemical substances will be treat regularly
substances. as the river is a water sources to people
that live near that river.

If the water quality become worse, we will

take other initiative to make sure the river
is clean from our product or chemical
substances.

CAUSES IMPACT MITIGATION

Land Used The land might be a place that belong If the location are under the authority we
to authority. will buy that location because it is strategic
as well as far from residential area.

There might be land pollution such as The company will prepare a place to throw
waste from rubbish or human itself. non-chemical waste to ensure the land
around are not polluted.

The area of the location might be There are plenty of improvement that can
exceed the real scale which will take be do in the future so lot of additional
additional space. space are needed to make sure the
improvement can be made.

62
9.1 Safety Issues

 Oil And Hazardous-Substance Spills

OSHA regulates spills of 40 gallons of oil or more (this includes used cooking oil and biodiesel) to
waterways or where a visible sheen is present, spills of this size must be reported to the Ministry of
Natural Resources. Spills of methanol that exceed 758 gallons and potassium hydroxide or sodium
hydroxide that exceed 1000 lbs must also be reported.

 Air Quality
OSHA regulates air quality and requires a plan approval for facilities that will have methanol
emissions of one ton or more.

 Disposal Of Waste Products

OSHA regulates the waste products generated by the biodiesel process as at least residual
wastes, and in some cases, such as pure methanol, as hazardous wastes. Any waste that meets
the characteristics of a hazardous waste has to be handled as a hazardous waste. The waste
generator is responsible for appropriate chemical testing and record keeping.

 Glycerol
OSHA does not allow this material to be disposed of by either land application or composting if it
contains methanol. It is regulated as a residual waste or possibly a hazardous waste and must be
disposed at a permitted landfill. If the methanol has been removed, the glycerol may be composted
or used as a dust suppressant on roads but need a permission.

 Methanol

63
 OSHA regulate these materials as hazardous wastes once they are determined to be wastes . This
is not household hazardous waste, it is from a chemical reaction producing combustible fuel, and
has nothing to do with a normal household activity.

 Bad Palm Oils

OSHA regulates this as a residual waste. It may be disposed of in a permitted landfill or
composted.

9.2 Safety and Health

 MSDS
Process Hazards, Safety Precautions, and Handling Issues Safety should be the top priority in any
biodiesel operation, above all other goals. Accidents involving chemicals and or large volumes of
vegetable oil, biodiesel, or by-products can cause injury, loss of life, property damage, or environmental
contamination. By following practices for safety, small producers as a group will continue to remain in
compliance with officials responsible for public and environmental health. A comprehensive approach
to safety begins with a whole-system consideration of all potential areas for risk, followed by thorough
plans for accident prevention. As a backup, preparations should also be made for response to any
accident that may occur. As a general rule, users should obtain and read a copy of the Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS) for methanol and lye, and be familiar with the safety considerations for each
chemical. A best practice is to create a clearly labelled “safety station” within the processing facility,
where the MSDSs are kept readily accessible. This will allow workers and fire or emergency personnel
to readily locate chemical safety information in case of an accident.
It is recommended that small-scale producers contact their local fire station to advise them of the
processing and chemical storage that may be occurring on site. Accidents tend to occur when
operators are tired, distracted, or hurried. Producers are advised to work slowly and thoughtfully, and to
avoid juggling too many tasks at once in the biodiesel plant. Temporary rigging of equipment and
shortcuts are high-risk behaviours that often lead to unforeseen consequences.

 Biodiesel

64
Spontaneous Combustion Biodiesel production will routinely produce rags saturated with oil or
biodiesel. It is also common for sawdust or other fibrous materials to use as an absorbent for spilled
biodiesel or vegetable oil. These materials must not be allowed to accumulate in or around the
workspace. Oily rags should be kept in an air-tight metal container, a bucket of water, or sealed in
evacuated plastic bags and properly disposed of in the trash. Free liquid should be squeezed into an
appropriate container before disposal of saturated rags. When disposing of saturated sawdust in a
dumpster, be sure to scatter the material to avoid any piles that may combust and cause a dumpster
fire.

 Electrical Equipment
Electrical equipment should be installed by qualified service personnel in accordance with the
national electrical code and local regulations. Temporary rigging of electrical equipment is inherently
dangerous and poses a serious fire risk. Heating elements used in processing fuel should be regulated
by appropriate thermostats. Care should be taken when running power to heavy electrical loads (such
as heating elements) through extension cords, so that the amperage or wattage rating is not exceeded.
If an electrical cord ever feels warm, it is overloaded and should be unplugged immediately. When in
doubt, consult a qualified electrician. Fire extinguishers should be conveniently located throughout the
biodiesel shop, and all users should be familiar with their operation. Avoid blocking access to
extinguishers with clutter or equipment. Remember the acronym PASS: Pull the pin from the fire
extinguisher , Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire, Squeeze the trigger device, Sweep from side to
side of the flame as you extinguish the fire. A twenty-pound ABC fire extinguisher is recommended. It is
a good idea to run occasional “fire drills” in the biodiesel shop to be prepared in case of an actual
emergency.

 Methanol
Chemical handling methanol is toxic and must be handled and used in a well-ventilated area.
Inhalation or ingestion of methanol can be very harmful at higher concentrations and can lead to death
or blindness. It is especially damaging to the eyes; safety goggles, chemical-resistant clothing, and
gloves must be worn whenever handling the material. If concentrations in the air exceed 200 ppm, air-
supplied respirators are required, preferably with a full-face mask. The level at which the odour of
methanol is perceptible is greater than 200 ppm. Thus, if one “smells” methanol in the processing
65
facility, unhealthy personal exposure is already occurring. Producers are advised to alter any
processing activity that results in perceptible methanol odours. Methanol ingestion, inhalation of high
concentrations, and any contact with the eyes requires immediate medical attention. Short-term
exposure to methanol vapour can irritate the eyes, nose and throat, and cause headache, nausea,
vomiting, dizziness, and trouble breathing.
Other common symptoms of drunkenness, such as light headedness, blurred vision, and dilated
pupils, might also appear. The symptoms depend on the level and length of exposure and can vary
from person to person. Methanol will readily dissolve into water and if released without proper
treatment, can get into the water table. Methanol is flammable and presents a fire hazard. It is heavier
than air and can travel a substantial distance to find an ignition source with subsequent flashback to the
processing unit or methanol storage tank. Methanol’s flash point is a rather low than 11 degrees
Celsius which is the point whereby sufficient vapour is released to form a potentially flammable mixture.
At biodiesel processing temperatures (110 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit), there is enough methanol
vapour generated to sustain a serious fire if air is allowed to mix with the methanol.

 Sodium Hydroxide(NaOH) and Potassium Hydroxide(KOH)

Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) are corrosive and may be fatal if
ingested. Skin contact can cause severe burns and the area affected should be thoroughly flushed with
water or a dilute vinegar solution. Inhalation of the solid NaOH or KOH is possible if the material is
reduced to dust-sized particles. Any of these situations is critical, requiring immediate medical
attention. Sodium and potassium hydroxide must be stored away from water since water will inhibit the
biodiesel reaction as well as cause heat release due to mixing, which can potentially cause a fire in
adjacent material. NaOH, KOH, and concentrated solutions should never contact aluminium as they will
create explosive hydrogen gas. Proper safety gear for working with NaOH or KOH includes safety
gloves, chemical safety goggles, respirator and safety boots. An eyewash station and/or emergency
shower within 25 feet of the workspace are also highly recommended.
When measuring anything but very small quantities of NaOH or KOH, wearing a dust mask or
cartridge respirator is very important to prevent inhalation of caustic particles. A spray bottle of vinegar
is handy for neutralizing any small residual catalyst spills in the workplace. Fine particles of NaOH or
KOH will produce holes in clothing, thus a protective apron or jumpsuit is also advised. Sodium
methoxide or potassium methoxide is made during the process by combining the methanol and sodium
hydroxide. It has many of the same corrosive and toxic characteristics as methanol and sodium
hydroxide, and should be handled similarly. Pure sodium or potassium methoxide is not very stable and
can ignite on contact with water or moist air.

66
9.3 Safety Equipment
 Chemical-resistant gloves (butyl rubber is best for methanol and lye)
 Chemistry goggles (indirect vented)
 Face shield
 Dust mask or cartridge respirator
 Plumbed eyewash station
 Telephone in case of emergency and emergency telephone numbers
 Fire extinguishers (20-lb ABC)
 Absorbent material and spill-containment supplies
 Safety boots
 Lab coat and coverall

67
 Equipment picture
Chemical-resistant gloves (butyl rubber is best for
methanol and lye)

Chemistry goggles (indirect vented)

Face shield

Dust mask or cartridge respirator

68
Plumbed eyewash station

Telephone in case of emergency and emergency

telephone numbers

Fire extinguishers (20-lb ABC)

Absorbent material and spill-containment supplies

Safety boots

Lab coat and coverall

69
10. Conclusion

We can conclude that biodiesel is eco-friendly. Biodiesel also is a clean burning alternative fuel.
Biodiesel contain no petroleum but can be blended with conventional diesel fuel. These fuel can be used in
any diesel engine without any modification. Biodiesel is degradable, non-toxic and free from sulphur and
lead. By doing our assumption, deteriorating effects of increased amount of Greenhouse Gases in the
atmosphere can be reduce. Emission of pollutants such as nitrogen oxide also can be reduce by using
biodiesel.
For our distillation column we had choose the suitable material to avoid from explosion. Also we
use the material that does not use high but have higher quality. We choose the material based on the cost,
properties and the advantages of the material.
We have list the input parameter because it is systematic method to determine the relationship
between factors affecting a process and the output of that process. In other words, it is used to find cause
and effect relationships. This information is needed to manage process inputs in order to optimize the
output.
This chemical plant project has no point out important on public worries through the community
review term. Potential environmental impacts that will resulted from this chemical plant project are not
significant, short-term and localized. With the implementation of mitigation measure that are appropriate as
summarized will reduce the environmental impact to the lowest reasonable for chemical plant project.
Environmental Impact Assessment Report shows that with the establishment of a suitable design,

70
implementation methods and mitigation measures, Chemical Plant Project can be implemented in a friendly
environment.
We have list a few precaution step if accident occur. So that, we know what to do and what step we
should takes if accident occur. For example a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides basic
information on a material or chemical product. It contains information on the properties and potential
hazards of the material, how to use it safely, and what to do if there is an emergency. We hope this study
can be useful in building good company.

11. References
 http://www.thermopedia.com/content/703/
 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjce.5450800510/pdf
 http://www.americanprocess.com/apiMAX_Help/Libraries%5CEquipments%5CDistillation_Column.
htm
 https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/mass/atomic-mass.htm
 https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/mass/atomic-mass.htm
 https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1CHFX_enMY760MY760&ei=Czs2Wr7XFITyvgTk66fwDQ
&q=physical+property+data&oq=physical+property+data&gs_l=psy-
ab.3...170300.185890.0.186542.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..0.0.0....0.MBDlJS8NeHc


71
12. Appendices

Biofuels Act of 2006 (Republic Act No. 9367)

72
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
i. MSDS For Biodiesel

73
 ii. MSDS For Sodium Hydroxide
iii. MSDS For Glycerine
iv. MSDS For Palm Oil

74
MSDS for Biodiesel

75
MSDS for Sodium
Hydroxide

76
MSDS for Glycerine

77
MSDS for Palm Oil

78