C2

E +
4 <- .? .. -—.
--—
1

NATIONAL
ADVISORY
COMMITTEE
;
FORAERONAUTICS I
I --

TECHNICAL NOTE 3785

HANDBOOKOF STRUCTURAL STA131LITY

.
PART V - COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHOF FLAT STIFFENEDPMIIILS

By George Gerard

New York University

,

#-

-
I
Washington
August 1957

. .. . ..
 B
i

TAELEOF CONTENTS

““
Page
SUMMARY.. . . . . . . . . . ., ● . . .*. . . . . . . . . . . 1

LNTRODU!TION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* **** 1

SYMJ33LS.
...................... ● ✎☛ *99 2
ORIXT!LING
S!CRENGTEOFPANELS
WITHX3RMED STIFFENERS . .* **** >
Generalizei-Crippling-Analysis
Review. . . . . . . 99. **9

Z-StiffenedPanels
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* .*99 .z-
Panels. . . . . . . . . .“.. . . . .*.
Hat-Stiffened *S.* 8
CRIPPLING
STRENGTHOFPANELS
WITHEXTRUDEO STDRFENERS.. *..* 9
AngleandT-K@peElements
............. ● *m*** 10
Y-StiffenedPanels
................ ● m* am* u?
PanelsWithFormed . . . . . . . . . . . *9*9*
Stiffeners ● u
STRENGTHOF
SEORTRIVE?TED
PANELS. . . . . . . . ● ☛ ● m* em* 14
Additional
FailureModes . . . . . . . . . . . ● ✎ ● ***a. 14
Interrivet
Buckling. . . . . . . . . . . . . ✎ ✎ ● *.9** 15
. Ri~vet
GemetrysndStrength . . . . . . . . . . SO ● 90 **9 16
Failure
inWrinklingMale... . . . . . . . . 9. S*9 **9 17
Effective
RivetOffset. . . . . . . . . . . . . ● ● ..mao 18
Wrinkling
JhstabilityofPanel . . . . . . . . . ● ● **9** 19
, * W&inkling
FailureofSkin... . . . . . . . . 99 9.. e** 19
Wrinkling
FailureofAlminum-Alloy Panels. . .9 9999*. 20
RivetCriteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9898*9 21
WkinKling
FailureofPanels ofOtherMaterials * ● .. *.*. 22
COLtMNSTRENGTH
OF S~PANELS . . . . . . . . . .* **.. 24
Colmn-Strength
Rangese.. . . . . . . . . . . . ● ✎✎✎✌✎ 25
Transition
Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ● *.a*m 26
Direct-Reading
Column Charts. . . . . . . . . . . 9 *9*.9 27
OPTIMLMSTIFFENED
PANELS
Optimum-Panel
TheoriesandResults. . . . . . . . ● ☛☛✎✎✎ 28
Specified
slsti!l?hickness
............. 99 ***.. 29
Geometric
Proportions.O . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.,*. ● 30
Ikelsstic
Buckling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ● ☛☛☛✎✎ .31
Generalizations
forOtherMaterials . . . . . . . . 9**.*. 32

. ..—. .— - .-— ..- —— ——-z—— .- C? . , . —. ..— _____ —. .-—

 ——

t !.
ii

STIFFENED-PANEL
BOXCONSTRUCTK)N... ● ● ● ● G 9* 8 ● ● 33
Stabilization
ofCompressionCuVer. ✎ ● ● ● 9 9 9 ●w ● 34 .
General
Instability
. . . ... . . . 9 ● ● ● 9● 9 8
● ● 36
Rotational+tiffness
Considerations 9 ✎ ● 9 9* .● 9 ● 37
Lateral-Pressure
Effects... . 9 ● ● ● ● 9 * ● ● ● ● 38
Efluenceofspars.... . . . 9 9 9 ● ● *● ● ● ● ● 39
Optimum ..... . . 9
Construction ● ✎ ● 9● ●9 ● ● 40
AH?ENDIX A - AEPLICATJDN
SECTK)N 9 ● ● . ● 9 ● 99 ● ● 9 41
crippling Stragth. . . . 9 . ● ● . ● ● ● 99 ● ● ● 41
Angle-type elements. . . ● ● ● ● 9 9 . ● m 9 . b 41
T-type elements. . . . . 9 ● ● 9 ● ● ● ● m ● 8
● 41
Shortriveted p~els . . . ● ● ● 9 ● ● ● ● * ● 9 ● 42
Columu StrengthofPsnels . 9 . ● ● ● ● s ● . 9 8
●

I?ox construction. . 9 . ●. . ● ● ● ● ● ● m ● 9
● E
REFmmms.. ● ● .* ● ● ● . ● 9 ● 9 ● ● ● m ● ● 8 43
TABLES. . . . ● ✎ .* ● ● ● 9 . ● ● 8 . ● ● 9 ● 8 G 47
FIGURES. . . ✎ ✎ ● ☛ ✎ . ● . . ● ● ● ● ● ● 9 8 ● ● 53

\.

—. .. . . . . -.——— —.. — —.-——- —.. ..—

 .
NATIONAL
ADVISORY
COMMITTEE
FORAERONAUTICS

TECHNICAL
NWE 3785
.
HANDEOOK
OF STRUCTURAL
STABILITY

PARTV - coMl?REssrvE
STRENGTH
OFl&AT
m George
Gerard

SWMARY

A generalized
crippling
analysis
forshortpanels
withformedor
extrudedstiff
enersispresented.Theanalysis
applies
tomonolithic
panels.“Criteria
aregivenforrivetedpan& whichindicate
ifthe
panelscanbe considered
tobehaveina monolithic
manuer.Riveted
panelsthataresubjectto interrivet
buckling
andwinklingorforced
cripplingdonotbehaveinthismanner.Methodsarepresented
foresti-
matingthestrengthofsuchpanels.
Intermediate-length
andlongstiff
enedpanels
aresubjectto other
failure
modes.Methmisaregivenforestimating
thecolumu
strengthof
panels.Various
formsofcolmncurves anddirect-reading
charts are
considered.
Theory
andtestdataonoptimw.ustiffened
panelsarepre-
sented
foruseinpreliminarydesign
studies.
“ lhboxtypesofconstruction,
theribandsparstructures
influence
theccxnpressive
strength
ofthestiffened
psnel.Thevarious
factors
whichcanbe ofimportance
areconsidered.

IN!CRODUX!1ON

ThispartoftheHandbook
ofStructural
Stability
isconcerned
with
thecompressive
strength
offlatstiffened
panels
bothintheformof
individual
panels
andascomponents
ofboxstructures
underbending.
Considerations
ofthecanpressivestrength
ofstiffened
panelsare
governed
toa largeextentby thecrippling
orshort-panel
strength.
Thisquantity
isccmmonlydetermined
experimentally
onpanels
withan
effective
slenderness of20. b thisregion,
ratiointheneighborhocxl
. variations
inlengthhavea negligible
effect
uponthecrippling
strength.
-.
Ill (ref.
PartIVofthisHandbook 1),a generalized
crig&nganaly-
Siswaspresentti
forindividual
formedandextruded
elements.
This

_—. - .. . . . . . . . . . . ._— —. ——— .—— --.——— ——

 .

2 . . NACATN3785
.
methodofanalysis
is*ended topanelswithformedstiffeners
inthe
section“Crippling
Strength
ofPsnelsWithFormedStiffeners”
andto -.
pauels
withextrudedstiffeners
inthesection “@ippling
Strength
of
Panels
WithEx_lmud~Stiffeners”
h=ein. At theendofthelast-nsmed
section,thepertinart
results
ofthegeneralizedcrippkbganalysis
are
Sullmarizea..
Thecrippl~analysis
presented
isvalidforstiffened
panelsof
monolitJQc
constructia
suchasmachined,
forged,andextruded
panels
audalsoforrivetedpanels
ifcc3%ainriveting
requirements
aresatis-
fiea. Thestrength
ofshortriveted
panelsisdiscussed
inthesectian
by thatnsmeintezmsofinterrivet
buclddngE@ wrinkling
orforced
crippling.
~ utilizing
themethods
ofanalysispresented
intheabuve-mentioned
sections,
theshort-panel
strength
msybe estimated.Forintezmediate-
length
andlongpsnels,consideration
ofadditional
failure
modesis
requ&edaspresented
h thesection“ColumnStrength
ofStiffened
Panels.
”
Various
Qpes ofcolumncurves
arediscussedanddirect-reading
column
charts
fordeteminingmintium-weight
paneldesigns
arereview~.
Foruseinpreliminary
design
studies,itisconvenienttorepresent
theenvelope
ofallminimum-weight
stiffened-panel
designsinthefomnof
curves.h thesection
aptimum-panel “Optimum
StiffenedPanels”
uptimum- .
paaeltheory-and
testdataarereviewedandtheresultsaresumarized in
termsofpanelefficiency
coefficients
fa hat,Y, audZ stiffener
shapes.
Finally,
methods
ofgeneralizing
theresultsonqptimumpanelsofone. ..
material
topanelsofothermaterials
arepresented.
Theuseofstiffenedpanelsinboxconstruction,
whichisrepresenta-
tiveofwingaudtailstructures,reqydres
theuseofribsorformers
to
stiividethecompression
coverintopauelsofreasonable
length.3kL
the
section“Stiffened-Ru3el
BoxConstruction”
strength
andstiffiess
criteria
forthesupporting
rib.
structuresarepresented.
Ihaddition
totheribs,
thesparstructure
maycontributetothestrength
ofthestiffened
pauel.
A briefconsideration
ofthe.perttientfactors
ispresented.
Thissurvey
wasconductal thesponsorship
UTIIer andwiththefinhn-
cialassistance
oftheNational
Advisory
Cmmittee
forAeronautics.

SYMEOIS
.
A area;forstiffened
panel,
areaofstiffener
plusareaof .
sheetcorresponding
tostiffener
spac,ing,
sqin.
B flexural
rigidity
perunitwidth,
in-lb

—.-. -—-—-——-— ———-—.—-.-. — .——____ .._. ..- ._. _ _______-. -.— .-. — —
 3
●
b spacing,
h.
...
be effective
width,
h.
bei effective
widthofskincorresponding
to Ui from
equation
(10)
c shearrigidity
perunitwidth,
in-lb
c nuniber
ofcorners
d rivetdismeter,
in.
de effective
rivetdismeter,
in.
E mdulusofelasticity,
psi .
E effective
modulus,
psi
Es secant
modulus,
psi
% tangent
modulus,
psi -
e ena-fixity
coefficient
f effective
rivetoffset,
in.
.
g nmberofcutsplusflsnges
K deflectional
spring
constant,
lb/in.
.
k buckling
coefficient
J% coefficient
inwrinkling
mcde
L column
length
orribspacing,
in.
LI effective length,Li = L/e~lp,~m
column
m. slope
N per unit width,
10SdiIlg lb/in.
P rivetpitch,in.
●

q lateral
pressure,
psi
R radius,
in.

. . .. . ..__ ———.. ___ .-———. —— ___ .-.

 ..

NACATN3785
.
.
rivetstrength,
ksi .

thiclmess,
in.
effective
thiclmess,
in.
panelwidthorsparspacing,
in.
crippling
coefficient
panelefficiency
coefficient
crippling
coefficient
basedoncorners
crippling
coefficient
basedonctisplusflanges
plasticity-reduction
factor
forplates
cladding
reduction
factm
rotational
spring
constant,
torque
perunitrotation
Poissonss
ratio
radius
of~ation,in. .

buckling
stress,
ksi
.
compressive
yieldstrength,
ksi
Eulercolumn
stress,
ksi
titerrivet
buckHngstress,
ksi
proportional-limit
strength,
ksi
panelstrength
at L~/p= 20,ksi .
effective
strength,
psi
effective
panelstrength,
ksi
compressive
yieldstrength
h corner
offormed
section,
ksi
cripplhg
strength,
ksi
strength
ofa shortriveted
panel,
ksi
)
\.

— .—. —. ——. .- - - ---- -— -————-

 NACA~ 3785 . 5
c

%
panelstrength
underlateral
pressure,
ksi
.
%
strength panelinwrhkl@?mcde,ksi
ofriveted
T plasticity-reduction
factor
7 pl.astici@-reduction
factorforoptimum
stiffened
panels

Subscripts:
o optimum
r rivetorrib
s skinorsheet
St Stiffener
w stiffener
web
av average

4. CRIPF!GING
STRENGTH
OFPANE.GS
WITHIUIMED
STEFENERS
.
Considerations
ofthecompressivestrength
ofstiffened panels
can
beconvenientlydividedintoa~roximately
threeregions: Longpanels
whichbehsveessentiallyascolumns,
shortpanelswhicharesubjectto
crippling,
andpanels ofintermediate
length.Thelattergenerallyfail
asa resultofccmbined crippling
andcolumnbehavior
withtorsional
effectsoftenevideut.
.
b thepresent section,thecrippling
strengthofstiffenedpanels
withformelstiffenersistreated.Theskin andstiffeners~e assumed
tobe fastenedtogetherinsucha mannerthatthepanelcanbe considered
tobemonolithic frcmthestandpoint
ofcripplingstrength. Riveting
requirements
to obtainmonolithic
behavior
areconsideredinscmedetail
inthesection entitled“Strength
ofShortRivetedPanels.
”
Themethodofcrippling
analysis
usedforfomedstiffened
panels
isanextensionofthegeneralized
crippling
analysis
presented
in
PartIVofthisHandbook(ref.1). Panels
utilizing
extruded
stringers
ofcomplexcrosssection,
suchasY-shapes,
me considered
inthesection
“Crippling
Strength
ofPanelsWithExtruded
Stringers
.4’

.
.

... .. .. ... . .— .-— .-— — —— —-- - . —— — — —--- — ..—--.-.

 6 NACATN3785
.
Generalized
Crippling-Analysis
Review .
Inreference1,thecrippltng
strength
ofa variety
off~ed sec-
tionswiththreeormorecorners
wasanalyzed.
Itwasshownthatexcel-
lentcorrelation
wasobtatied
withthefollowing
famula:

Gf
[+(7
ct2~
—=fic ~ Ucy
~cy ]
1/20.85
(1)

Thecoefficientf3=depended upontheticreased
scxnewhat yieldproperties
intheccmnersoftheformedsection.
Farmaterials suchas 2024-T4dU-
minumallqyfonn&itoradius-thickness
ratio R/t = 3, PC= 1.3,for
. exsmple.
Ihanalyzingthecripplingstrength
ofstiffenedpanels
whichconsist
offormedZ-orhatsections attach~toa flatsheet, certain
additional
considerations
srisebeyondthoseencounteredintheanalysis
ofthe
stiff
enersectionalone.Toavoidconsiderationofthemethdofattach-
mentofsheetto stiffen~s,itisassuned thatthepsnelismonolithic.
Rivetstrength
requirements
to achieve
thisconditionsrepresented
in
thesection“Strength
ofShortRivetedPanels.“ Thelineofattaclxnent
ofthestiffenertothesheetintroduces,ineffect,snother
corner.
Therefcme,
indeterminingc ineqmtion(1)forthestiffened panel,.
somealluwance
isnecessaryfortheattadment.
Secondly,thethickness
ofthefarmedstiffener~ maybe ~ifferent “
fromthat ofthesheetts. Thus,inevaluating
theparametertz/A in
equation (1)itisnecessary forthisdifference
to accouut in thickness.

Z-Stiffened
Pauels
Testdataonthecrippling offlatst~fened
strength panelswith
Z-sectionstiffeners
wereobtainedfromthreedifferentsetsofdata
(refs.2 to4) listedintable1. lhthefirstset,therewasa system-
aticvariationinthepsrsmeter i+/ts.b thesecond set,ninediffer=t
materialswereusedcoveringa-wideramgeof E and Ucy values.The
thtrdgroupcoverspotential-strength
estimates
ofthehighest obtainable
cripplingstrength
ofa lsrgegroupofrivet&1 panels.Thepotential
strengthofa rivetedpanelcorresponds
essentially
tothestrength ofa
monolithicpanel.~ alltests, theslenderness
ratioofthepauel
L*/p= 20,approximately.Furthermore,
theZ-sectionstiffenerhadsub-
stantiallythesamephysicalproperties
asthoseofthesheet, exceptfor .
theticreasedyieldprop-iesinthecorners oftheformed Z.

—
3 NACATN3785 7
I .

Thedatapresented
infigure1 arebasedonthenomhalvaluesof .
- thegecmetiic
parameters
andonthecompressive
yieldstrength
ofthe
2024S-T3
material,
whichwas43ksi* 7 percent.Although
therewasa
widevariation
inthe ~/~ and b~/t~psrsmet=s, no systematic
varia-
tion inthecorrelatiau
wasobtatied
by accounting
fortheseparameters
independently.
Thusthedataarepresented
infigure1 without
regard.
totheseparameters.
lhequation(1),oneofthebasicparameters
usedforformed
sections
iS ct2/A.lhevaluatingthisparsmeter
fora stiffened
panelitis
necessary
to specify
themsmnerinwhichthecross-sectional
area A and
thenumberofcornersc aredetermined.Also,itisnecessary
to
account
forthe tJts variations.

Thecross-sectional
areaofa stiffened
panelistakenasthearea
ofthestiffenerplustheareaofsheetcmv?esponding
tothestiffener
spacing.lb a Z-stiffened
panel,thenumberofcorners
forthetypical
sreaelementconsisting
oftheZ stiffener
plussheetisthree:Twofor
theZ andonefortherivetline.Thismethod ofdet~ c is
arbitrsry.Itsjustification
liesinthefactthatthe PC values-of
equation
(1)obtainedinthismannersxeincloseagreement
withthose
obtained
formulticorner
fomed sections.
.
,, Toaccountfori+e ~/ts variationinthemostsimpleanddirect
manner,theparsmeterct2/Afortheformedelementisreplacedby
c~ts/A forthestiffenedpanel.Again,thisprocedure
issomewhat
.
arbitrary.Itisrelativelysimple
to introduce
scune
weighting
factors.
whichmayresultina morerealistic
evaluation
ofthe ct2/Aparsmeter
forstiffenedpanels.However,
suchfactors
leadtoadditionalcanplexity
ad donotimprove thecorrelation
sufficiently
towarranttheiruse.
~ useoftheprocedures outlined
above,thedatashownh figure1
for2024-T3al.uminum-hlloy
panels
werefoundtocorrelatedwithin
+lo-pacmtl~ts witheqution(1).Thevalueof j3c = 1.26 for
Z-stiff
enedpanelsisingoodagreementwiththevalueof1.30established
inreference1 frcmtestdataonmulticorner
elements
of2024-T3 alumtiun
alloyformedto R/t= 3 atthecorners. Theslightdifferenceinthe
twocoefficientsmaybe attributed
tothefactthat,incounting thenum-
berofcorners, no increase
inyieldstrength
occurs
attherivetline
. asdoesoccurataid. oftheformedcorners
ofthemulticornerelements.
Thedataoffigure1 represent
we firsti
setoftable1 andcover
onematerial,
2024-~aluminunalhy,witha widevariation
inthe
tJts psrsmeter.Thesecondsetofdatacoversninedifferent
materials
witha widevariation
in E and Ucy for ~/ts = 1. Thissecond
set
ofdataispresentedinfigure2.

.- ---.. —.—— — .— —— . . ... .— -— .——-— . -- —

 — —. .—-

8 NACATN3785
. .

Infigure2(a),thedataarepresakd intermsof (A/*2)(acy/$

’/2
andinclude
testvalues upto 7f/acy= 1. Ontherightside,
theheavy .
linecorresponds
to equation
(1)with c = 3 and PC= 1.26.Itcanbe
observed
thata considerable
portion
ofthedatafailsbelowtheline
.corresponding
to equation(1).’
Csrefulscrutdnyofthesedatasuggestedthatforsamepanels
wrinKUngprobably occurred(seesection
entitled“Strength
ofShort
RivetedPanels”
) and.
therefarethesepanelscouldnotbe considered
as
monolithic
fromthestandpoint ofcripplingstrength.Itwasdecided
tousethetestdab forthosepanelsidentified as25-54)-XI
and
37.5-75-20
0- stice, accordXtothecriteria ofthesection“Strength
ofShortRiveted Psnels,
” thesepanelsa~earedtobeunaffectedby
wrinkling
. Thedataforthisgroupofpanels fortheninematerials
listedintable1 areshowninfigure 2(b).~tcanbe observedthat,for
thesepanels,thecrippling strength
csnbepredictedadequately
by equa-.
tion(l),utilizing c = 3 and PC= 1.26.
. Thefinalsetofdatalisted intable1 consists
ofpotential-
strengthestimatesof2024-T3
and7075-T6aluminum-alloy
Z-stiffened
panels.Thepotential ormsximwn
attainablestrength
wasdeftiedasthe
highestaveragestressatmaximum
loadthatcanbe obtained
fora given
panelbyvarying rivetdismeter
andpitchtof~ theqtimun.The
potentislstrength
corresponds
closely
tothecripplingstrength
ofa .
monolithicpanelofthesameconstruction.
Thesedataareshowninfigure
3 in conjunction
withequation
(1) .
. fore= 3andf3c = 1.26.Agati,itcanbe observed
thatthepotential- -
strength
datacorrelate
wellaccording
tothemethods
proposed
herein.
To Summarize
theavailable
dataonthemonolithiccrippling
strength
offarmed Z-stiffened
psnels,thedatafranthethreesourceslistedin
table1 arepresented
infQgure4 grouped
according
tothe ~/ts values.
Satisfactory
correlation
isobtained
witheqpation
.(1)inallcases,using
c =3 a pc.=1.26. Thiscorrelation
holdsuptoa vslue
of Ff/acy = 1.

Iht-Stiffened
Panels
Thecripplhg-stiengthanalysis
offormedhat-stiffened
panelsis
essentially
thesameasthatusedfw theZ-stiffenedpanels.Thetest .
dataofreference5 covera rangeof * values(bh iswidthof
topweb;~ isheight of sidewebs)between
O.6and1.2anda rangeof
‘WPS values of1.25,1.00,0.63,
. and0.39.Fora typical
hat-stiffened--.
panelareaelement,thefacta c = 6 inequation(1),.
consisting
of
4 corners
fcmthehatplus2 rivetlines.

—-. —______ ----- -..—. ___

 WCA m 37/35 9

dataforeachvalueof ~/ts areshowninfigure

The test 5 and
, -- arebasedonthencmdnal values
ofthegecmetric parameters
andthe
compressive
yieldstragthofU ksi. m fildatac-&rel.ate
wellwith-
equation
(1)althoughthereisa smallsystematicvariation
ofthe j3c
valuewiththeparsmeter ~/ts,as shownintable2,thatmaybedueto
theraisedyieldeffectinthecorners.Theabsence ofa j3cvariation
fortheZ-sectionsuggests,
however,thatpossiblytheclosed
formofthe
hatsectionhassaneinflu6nce.
Fortheparticular rivetingusedforthehat-stiffenedpanelsthere
issomeevidence ofwr~ing at ~f/~cy -ues greater than0.8as
showninfigure 5. Furthermore,
ananalysisofthepanels with
%/% = 0.39 inreference 6 indicates
definite
possibilitiesofwr~ing.
This~ account forthesaewhatanmilous behavior
ofthedatashownin
figure 5(d) inwhichthe f3cvalueforthegroup with bs/ts= 75 is
. scmwhathigher thanforthegroupsof bs/ts= 25,35,and50. Because
ofthesuspicion ofwrinkling,
itisrecommendedthata cutoff of
7(7
f/ Cy =o;8 beplacedone~&tion (1) forhat-stiffened
panelsand
that&aution be exercised
inusingthisequationforpanels with
%/% = 0.39.

C!RIEPLING
STRENGTH
OF PANELS
WITHEXTRUDED
STIFFENERS
.
M attemptingto extend
thegeneralize
crippling-strength
analysis
topanelswithextrudedstiffeners,
inthemamner demonstrated
inthe
section
“CripplingStrength
ofPanelsWithFarmedStiffeners,
” snessen-
tialdifficulty
IS encountered.
Thisdtificul~centers
around the
selection
ofthenumber ofcorners
foran extrudedsection
inwhich
several
fI.anges
orwebsmaymeetata ccmmmi juncttie.
Also,as showninreference
1,thebehaviorofthejunctionof
adjacent
weborflsngeelementshasa significant
influence
onthe
crippling
strength. Forexample,
thejunction
oftheflange elenents
ofansngleissubject todistortion
afterbuckling.Ontheo@er hand,
theflangeelementsofa cruciform
section
arehorizontally
opposedso
thatthejunctionoftheflangeelements
remainsessentially
straight.
Forthisreaaon,itwasfoundthatthecripplingstrength
perflange of
thecruciformwhichisessentially
ccmposed
oftwoanglesisgreater than
thecrippklngstrength
perflangeoftheanglealone.
h ordertocharacterize
thiscliff
erence
inbehavior
thefollpwing
nomenclature
hasbeenadupted:“Angle-type”
isusedtoreferto two
adjacent
elematswhichmeetata junction,
whereas
“T-type”
refersto

. . . . .. .—. .—. — ...— ——— —-—. ..

 —

10 NACATN3785
“.
threeormoreadjacent
elements
meeting
ata commonjuncture.with
thesedefinitions
itcanbe observed
thatallformedsections
arecom- .
posedofangle-type
elements,
whereasextruded
sections
msybe cmposed
—
ofsngle-and/or
T-me elem&nts.
Thus,forextrudedsections
composedofonlysngle+ypeelements,
thegen=elized-crippling-analysis
procedure
oftheprecedingsection
maybe used.Insuchcases, thereisnomajorcliff
erencebetween
com-
parableextruded
andformedsections.Theminordifferences
include
filletradiuseffects
fortheextrusionandraisedyieldcorner
effects
fortheformed section.Anydifferences
inyieldsti-h exeaccounted
fordirectlyinthecripplhg-strmgthformula.
Forextrudedsections
cmposedwholly or partiallyofT-type
elements,
thecornerconceptinequation(1)isnowreplaced by a newconcept
which
involvescutting
thesectionintoa seriesofflanges.Ihorderto $urMfy
. this.
methodofsnalysis,testdataonV-groove plates,extruded
engles,
squaretubes,T-,H.,andcruciformsectionsarereviewed. Theanalysis o
isthenextendedto stiffened
panelswithextrudedY stiffeners.
Finally,
intheinterestofa singlemethodofanalysis foralltypesofmulti-
cornersections
smds,tiff
en~,panels,thedataoftheprecedhgsection
onZ-andhat-stiffenedpsnelsarereviewedintermsoftheanaly’sisof
thissection. .

Angleand T+pe Elements

Ihref=ence1,equation(1)wasusedto correlate
testdataon
sqyare tubes.Itwasfouudthata valueof Pc= 1.42
sadrectsnguhr
for c = 4 gaveexcellent
correlation
withtheavailable
testdataon
fourdifferent
aluninum
~OyS .

I$y
cutting
thetubeintoa series
offourangles
as showninfig-
ure6 andcorrelating
thetestdataaccordhg
totheparameter g which
isthetotalnmhr ofcutsplusflanges,
thefollowing
relationfa
angle-type
elements
isobtained:

%=pg$#-
=Cy
. [01Cy
1/20.85
(2)

Byuseofequation
(1),itisevident
that
.
.

~g = Pc(c/g)o”85 (3)

.— -— . — ___ _
 —

NACATN3785 11

Thus,fortheextruded
tubes

= 0.558
Bg= 1.42(4/Q0”85 (4)

Thecorrelation
according
to equations
(2)and.(4)fortheextruded-tube
testdataofreference
1 isshowninfigureT(a)bythelinedesignated
angletype.Alsoshownwiththislinearesometestdatafromrefer-
ence1 onextruded
aug~esfm whichg = 2 andonV-grouveplates
for
whichg = 3. Goodcorrelation
isobtained
withthesedataalthough
the
extruded-angle
dataaretoofewinnumber top-t definite conclusiaus
tobedrawn.
Theanalysis
forT-type
extrusions
isbasedonthefollowing
rela-
tionestablished
inreference
1 frcmtestdataoncruciform
extrusions:

af
—=Pg~~
acy [()]
@2 ~ 1/20.40
(5)

ForthecrucifomnPg= 0.670and -g= 4 as showninfigure6. TMR

relationship
alsocorrelates
well.
withsanelimitedtestdataon
T-extrusions
as showninfigure
y(a).
Rather
extensive
testdataonH-extrusions
offouralminumalloys
andonemagnesium
alloyareavailable
totestfurthertheg-correlation
scheme.h reference
1,theH-adzrusion
wastreated
asa’special
type
.oftwo-corner
element
andthegeneralized
crippling
analysis
wasnot
applied
tothissection.
AS showninfigure6, g = 7 foranH-extrusion.
Thetestdata
correlated
accordtigtotheparsmeterA/gt2axeillustrated
infig-
urey(b).Itcanbe observed thatsatisfactory
correlation
witheqya-
tion(5)isobtained byutilizing
the ~g valueforthecruciform
for
5tJ
flCy=< 3/4. As discussed
inref~~ce 1,beyond
thiscutoff

‘f= ‘cr I (6)

for Zf/acy> 3/4.

.- —..- ... . . .. . .._ —— —— -—— . _____ -.—. —

 .. — . .-

12 NACATN3785
.
.

FYomtheresults
presented
infigure7, itappears
thatthe
g-correlation
scheme
forangle-
sndT-typeextrusions
permitsan inte- --
grated
approsch
“tothecrippling-strength
analysis
ofextmudedelements.

Y-stiff
enedPsnels
Inanslyzing
thecrippling
strength
ofmonolithic
stiffened
panels
utilizing
extruded
Y-stringers,
certain
additional
considerations
are
encountered
whichhavenotarismpreviously.
Theseinclude:
.
(1)Themethodofdeterminhgg fora stiffened
panel.
(2) Thethicknesses
ofthevarious
flanges
oftheextrusion
may
notbe constant.
(3)Thecompressive
yieldstrength
oftheextruded
stiffener
may
be signif
icautily
diff~ent
fromthatofthesheet.
Themethodofdeterminingg fm a Y-stiffened
panelisillustrated
infigure8. Sincethetestdataareforpanelstestedwithsixstiff-
eners,itisdesirabletodetemnheanaveragevalueof g fora typical
areaelement spacing.Itcanbenotedfrcmfig-
eqpaltothestiffener
ure8 thatthecutsmidwaybetween
stiffeners
arecreditedtotheelement .
totheleftofthecut. Thusthelastelement ontherighthasa value
of g ofoneunitlessthantheotherelements. Thus,theaverage
value
of g = 18.83fortheY-sttif
enedpanelaccouuts
forthisfact.
. .
FortheparticularY-extrusim
usedinreference
7,thethickness
ofthehorizontally
opposedflsnges
atthetopofthesection isgreater
thanthatof‘theotherelements
inthecrosssection,
as showninfig-
ure8. Con~equently,
indetermining
theeffective
thicknessofthe ●

stiffenert+ foruseinthegeneraliz~ crippling

relation,thefollowlng
method
ofweightingwasused:

(7)

b equation
(7),bi and ti refertothelength
endthickness,
respec-
tively,
ofthecross
-sectimal
elements.
Similarly,
forthe7075-T6alunhum-alloy
panels,thecompressive
yieldstrength
ofthestiffener(Ucyw= 78ki) was Signif
ic=tl.y
higher ‘.
thanthatofthesheet(ucys
= 67ksi). Thefollowingweighting
procedure
was used:
,

. — . -.——— .—— .—— -.—— . . .

 NACATN3785 u

(8)

where~ istheeffective
thiclmess
ofthestiffened
panel.
As a consequence
oftheseweight”&
procedures,
thegeneralized
cripplingrelation
fortheY-stiffened
panelhastheform

(9)

Thetestdataofreference
7 for2024+3and7075-%aluminum-alloy
panelswerecorrelated
accordingtotheparameters
ofequation (9)for
threedifferent~/ts ratios.Ihallcasesncminal dimensionswere
used.SincetheY~extrusion
isccmposedofbothsngle- andT-type
thevalueof m ineqyation
elements, (9)isnotevident a priori.As
showninfigure9,satisfactory
correlation
isobtainedby considering
theY-extrusion
tobeanangle-meelement sothat m = 0.85.The ~g
valuesvarysomewhat
withtheparameter‘~/tsasgivenintable3.
!Ihis
variation
waspreviously
observed
forthehat-stiffened psnels.

Panels
WithFormed
Stiffeners
Inviewofthedestiabili@ ofhaving onemethalofanalysisfor
bothformedandextrudedsections,
ifpossible,theresultsofthe
section“Crippling
Strength
ofPanels WithFormedStiff
eaers”onpanels
withfomed Z andhatstiffeners
arereviewed. Thesepqnelswere
-z~ accOI’ding
to equation
(1)fOr multicorner
elements
asdemon-
strated
inreference1.
~ useofeqyation(3),thec-correlation
methodcanbe converted
method.Theresults
totheg-correlation arelistedintable4.
Similarly,
byuseoffigure8,thevalues of g canbe obtainedfor
thestiffened andthe PC values
panels converted
to ~g values by use
(3).Suchresults
ofequation aregivm intable4.
All pg values aresmmarized
asa function
of %Jts infigure10.
Itcanbe observed
thatat ~/ts = 1,all Pg valuesareh gocdagree-
ment.Furthermore,thevariation
of ~g with ~/ts forthehat-and
Y-s”tiff
enedpanelsissubstantially
thesame.

.. .. —-. — ——-.. ..— .z— —. .

 14 MAOATM3785
.
.

STRENGTH
OF SHORTRIVETED
P-
‘-

Ill
theprecedingsections,thecripplingstrengthofmonolithic
panels
wasconsidered. Suchpanelsincludeintegralformsofconstruc-
tionsuchasmachined,extruded,fygedorrolled, andgenerally bonded
orsesmwel,ded
p=els. lhrivet~orspotwelded panels, thediscrete
locations
oftheattachmentscanpermit theoccurrenceofadditional
buckling
andfailuremodeswhichreduce thecripplingorcolumn strength
ofthepanelbelowthatofthecorresponding monolithicpanel.
.
SpotWelds
generallycanbeplaced sufficiently
closetogether so
thatthemonolithic
strengthcanbereadily achievedinspotwelded
penels.Forpanelswithriveted attachments,
however,careful
design
isoftenreqxlred
to achievemonolithicstrength
levels, particularly
inshortpanelsofheavy-sheetandlight-str~er construction. Insuch
cases,
closelyspacedlarge-diemet~rivetsareoftenreq.ed.
Theadditional
bucldingorfailuremodesthatcamdestroythemono-
lithicbehavior
ofrivetedpanelsaxetiterrivet
buckling,
wrinklhgor
forcedcrippling,
andrivetfailure.Inthepresent section,
thebehavior
ofstiffened
panelssubjettedtotheseadditional
bucklingandfailme
modesisreviewed
andavailabletheoriesarepresented.Designcriteria
aregiventhatpresenta rational
approach
totheachievementofmono- .
lithicstrength
levels
forriveted panels.
.
Additimal
Failure
Modes
Theinterrivet
modehml.vesbuckl@ oftheskinofthesttffened
panelasa widecolwnn
uponessentiddy undistort$i
stringers
sothat
separation
occurs
betweentheskinendstringers. Thewidthofthewide
columnisgenerally
equaltothatofthepanelendthelength corresponds
totherivetspacing.Different
rivetQpes suchasftit-head orcounter-
sunkrivetsprovide
differing
endrestraints,th~ebyreducingtheeffec-
tivelengthofthecolmn. Sincefailureendbucklingofa widecolumn
sreessentially
coticident,
interrivetbuckling
t~tes theability -
oftheskintocarryadditional
loadsbeyond buckling.
Failureinthewrinkling
modeMS thesanegemmala~earsmce as
theinitialinstabili~
andoccurs
ata somewhathigherstresslevel.
Ithasbeentemned“wrhlCldng”
becauseofcertainshuilerities
with
wrinkling
ofthefacesinsandwich
construction.At failure,
thebuckles
havegrownsothatthesldnactsasa widecolmnonen elastic founda-
tion.However,incontrast
withtheinterrivet
mode,thestrhgerdis-
tortsappreciably
astheattachmentflmge follows
thebuckledskincon- ..
tour.Sincetherivetsareactiveincausingtheflangeto confomto
thesldn,rivet-strength
consid=ations
areofimportancehere.The

—. . —.—. .. . . . . . . ---- — .—. . . .. ___ ..—. -.-. —

B NACATN 3785 ~>

distorted
attachment
flmgecausesdistmtionofotherelements
inthe
-, stringer
section
andhencethetezm“forced
crippling”
isalsousedfor
thisphenomenon.
Thebuckle
wavelengthisgreater
thantherivet
spacing
anddepends
upontheeffective
fouudation
characteristics
of .
thestring=.
h figure 11,thevariousfailuremodesofa short,riveted,
stiff
enedpanelareshownschematically.Itisassum~herethatonly
therivetspacingisvaried.Forsmallrivetspacings, themonolithic
strength
levelofthepanelisatttiedandcanbepredicted bythe
methods
ofthesections “CripplingStrength
ofPanelsWithFormed
, stiff
eners”and “CripplingStrength
ofPanels WithExtruded
Stiffeners.
”
Formoderaterivetspacings,wrinkling
occursata wavelengthgreater
thantherivetspdcing. At largespacings,
interrivet
bucklingoccurs
atanoverall wavelengtheqpaltotherivetpitch.

Wterrivet
Buckling
interrivet
Historically, bucklingwasobserved
shortly
after
-the -.
introduction
ofall-metal
construction
intheairframe.Howland
( ref.
8)
analyzed
thisproblem
forpauelswithflathead
rivets
by assuming
that .
theskinactsasa tidecolwnn
whichisclampedattheendswherethe
rivets
arelocat~.Thus,theinterrivetbuckling
stressisgivenw

“
eJc2qm
“i = 12(1 - ()
ts 2
V2)~
(lo)

Inequation(10),q and ~ aretheplastici@-reduction

factor
and
cladding
reduction
factor,
respectively,
forplatecolumns
asdiscussed
inPartI ofthisHandbook
(?%f.
9).
A survey
ofscmeMmitedtestdataon titerrivet
buclCling
indicates
thatthevalueofend-fixity
coefficiente inequation(10)isgenerally
closetothatforclamping
exceptformachtnecountersunk
rivets.From
thesedata,thevalues
ofend-fixitycoeff
ickntgivenintable5 from
references
8,10,and11aretentativelysuggested
forusewithegpa-
tion(10).~Although
nopublished
dataareavailable
onrivets ind~led
joints,itmaybetentatively
assmwdthatthevalueof e = 1 forcounter-
sunkrivetsmaybeusedinthiscaseintheabsenceof substantiating
data.
Afterinterrivet
buckling
occurs,itisreasonable
to expectthat
9 undercontinued
deformation
theskinwillcontinue
to carrytheloadat
buckl!hg
butnosdditimalloadsincethebehavior
oftheskinisthat
ofa widecolmn. !l?hus,
thefailingstressoftherivetedpauelinthis
c caseis ..

.— .—. . .. . .— ——. — — ——
...
 .. .— — —- .—

16 NACATN3785
..

(m .

where2bei isthetotaleffective
widthofskincorresponding
tothe
interrivet
bucldiing
stressUi givenby equation
(10).Thecrippling
ofthestring=alone~fst canbedetermined
stress ~ themethods
ofPartIVofthisHandbook
(ref.
1).

RivetGeometry
andStrength
Withtheuseofheavierskingageswhichapproach
or”exceed
the
stringer
thiclmess,
i.nterrivet
buc~ingisrarely a factortidecreasing
thestrength
of short
panels.However,ithas.beenobserved
thatthe
rivetdiameter
andpitchandrivetstrength
arefactorsofconsiderable
importance
inachieving
monolithic-panel
strength
levels.
TheNACAhasconductedanextensiveexpertiental
programto establish
theeffectsoftherivetvariablesuponthestrengthof shortpanelsthat
failinthelocslinstabilityandwrinklingmodes.Theresults ofa
progrsm
forshort2024-Uand70~-T6ahminum-alluy Z-stiffenedpanels .
with2117-T4flatheadrivets
inwhichtherivetdiameter andpitchwere
varied(ref.4) aresummarized
infigure1.2(a).Theordinateoffig- .
ureU(a) representstheratioofthestrengthoftheriveted panel ..
Ff tothatofa corresponding monolithic
panel.Thelatter canbe
obr~ined
by themethodsofthesection “Crippling
Stre&thofPanels
WithFormedStiffeners”
asdiscussedthereinforZ-stiffened
panels.
Testdataofreference 12 indicate
thatthestren@hofpanels
of
moderate
slendernessratio(L’
/p= 35)isaffected
considerably
less
thauthatof shortpanelsbyrivetpitchanddiameter
variations.
The
strength
oflongpanels(Lt /p= 60)wasnegligibly
affected
byrivet
configuration
inthersngetested.
Anotherexperimental
tiestigation
ofreference13wasconcerned
withtheinfluence
ofrivettensilestrength
uponthestrengthofshort
7075-T6
alumimm-alluy
Z-stiffened
panels.Theresultsfareightrivet
typesaresummariz~infigure12(b)intermsofsubstantially
thessme
quantities
usedinfigure12(a).Thesoledtiferenceistheuseofan
&fectiverivetdiemeter~ -definedintermsofa standard
rivettaken
ss~ 2n7-@ dUUiINZU-SUOYrivetwiththefolluwingtensile
properties: ..

---- . ..__ .._ _ —- .—— — -.

 .—.

NACATN3785 17

s = 57ksi <1.67
dejtav
=
(12)
S=”&-~ de/tav>l*67
I

skinandstring=thickness
wheretav istheaverage-of infiches.
Theeffective ofa rivetofanothamaterial
diameter is

(13)

wheresr isthetensile strength

oftherivetdefined
asmaximum
tensile
loaddivided
by shankareainksiunits.

Failure
inWrinkling
Male
Thedatapresented
infigure
12relatethe“strength
ofshortriveted
panels
tothecripplingstrength
ofthecorresponding
monolithicpanel.
However,
thesedataareoflittle
valuefranthedesignstaulpointof
providing
criteria
toachieve
monolithic
strength
levels.Furthermore,
recent
analysesofthewrinkling
phemnenonhaveprovideda moredetailed
understanding
oftheinfluence
oftherivetvariables
uponthecompressive
.
strength
ofpanels.
AWWiS andDunne(ref.14)appeartohavebeenthefirstto consider
theoccurrence
ofthewrinklingphenamnon
inrivetedpanelsinthepub-
lishedliterature.
Theydiscussed
itqualitatively
intermsoftherivet
off
setdistsncefra theplaneofthestiffener
web.
Bijlaard
andJohnston(ref.
15)havepresentedan extensive
analysis
ofthef orced-cripplhg Buckling
phenomenon. coefficients
forthiscase
arepresented
fora limited
rangeofriveted-panel-conf
iguration
variables
~
andeffective-width
dataaregivenfromwhichthefailureloadofthe
panelinthewrinkling
modecan& estimated. Theresultsoftheanalysis
areinreasonable
agreement
withtestdataon severalstiffened
panels
usedtocheckthetheory.
A morerecentanalysisofwrinklhglzySemonisn
sndPet=son(ref.6)
utilizesa structural
parameterwhichccmbines
therivetpitch$diameter
~
@ offset distance
frcmthewebplaueofthestiffenerintoa single
parameter, rivetoffset. Thelatter
theeffective isevaluatedbyuseof
a relatively
rigorousinstability
analysis
inconjunction
with~=imental
dataonriveted panels.A semiempirical
failing-strength
analysis
ofthe

. . . . . .—. ——. — —— . ..-— -.—- .-.

 18 NACATN3785
..

wrinkling ispresent~therein.compari-
tie basedonthisparameter
sonsoftheresultsoftheanalysiswitha largegroupoftestdataon
2024-T3
and70~-T6almdnnn-alloyZ-andhat-stiff
=ed panelsfiicate ‘ -
goodagreement
although
itwasfoundthatthesmilysis reqtiessane
modification
forpanelsofothermaterials.

Effective
RivetOffset
The governing
parameter
inthisanalysis
oftheeffective
rivet
offsetwasevsluated
byrelatingtheexperimentally
observed
buckling
stressh thewrinklingmodetothetheoretical
value.Thetheoretical
valuesarepresentedh figure
13(a)andtheexperimental,
infigure13(b)
intermsoftheeffectiverivetoffsetdistancef,andtherefore
f can
be determin
edfrcmeachpsneltested.Thebestfittothesedatawas
determined
fromsuccessive
crossplotting
andtheresults
areshownin
figure14. Sincethischartisbasedonexperimental
data,certain
limi-
tationsasgivenbelowareimpliedinitsuse.
Thedataoffigure 14wereobtatied primsrily
fra 2024-T3 and
7073-T6aluminun-slloy”-panel
testsutilizing2117-@kalumimm-alloy
NACAcountersunk
rivets.Apparently theinfluenceofotheraluminun-
alloyrivettypessuchasuniversal-head orflatheatrivets onthe
wrinklingstressissmallandtherefore figure14maybeused.However,
figure14wasestablishedfrcmtestsonpanels withrivets havinga .
dismetergreater
then90percent oftheskinthickness. Therefore,fig- .
ure14should notbe usedfor dIts<0.9 without confirmation.
Sincetherivetstiffness isa contributing
factor intheeffective-
rivet-off
setpsrsmeter,changesh rivetmaterialfrcmtheal~um alloys
canresult inf-valuescliff
erentfrcmthosegiveninfigure 14. Testdata
indicate,however,
thatrivetmaterialswitha hi~erelastic modulusand
strengththan2117-T4alminunalloydonotsignificantly increasethe
strengthofthepanel.Ontheotherbend,al.minun-alloy panelswith
.FS~lmagnesiumrivetsorCherry Blindrivetsfailedatloadslessthan
thoseofcorrespondingpanelswith2117-T4rivets.Therefore, figure14
shouldbeusedwithcaution foraluminun-alloy
panels utilizingrivet
mat=ialsoflowerstrengths andstiffnessesthan211.7-T4rivets.
Thedatausedto construct
figure14arebasedonpaneltestsusing
fmmedstiffen=s.Theuseofextruded stringerswithsharpexterior
c-ers usuallyeliminates
thewrinklingmodebecausetherivetoffset
distance
canbe reducedandthestiffnessofthefilletedattachment
flange
isgreater thanfortheformedstiffeqer. Theavailable
tests
onpanelswithextrudedstiffeners
indicate thatfigure14provides
a
conservative
estimateof f although
thedataaretoofewtopermit .
.
theconstructicm
ofa chartsuchasfigure 14forthiscase.

.. —.—— . . .. —.-——_ .._ . . -—-——— - .—— ---, .---

 -—— ..-—..

NACATN3785 “ 19

Wrinkling
Instability
ofPauel
. .-
Intheanalysis ofa shortriveted
panelwitha prescribed
config-
uration,threebuckling
ties arepossible:Localbuckling
whichis
treatedinpartIIofthisHandbook (ref.16),titerrivet
buckling
whichwasconsideredpreviously
inthepresentsection,
andbucklingin
,.
thewrinkling
mode. Thelatter cm bedeteminedbyuseoffigure 13[a)
inconjunctionwiththeusualrelation:

lQr2q7jE
‘cr=
12(1-Y)2F ()
2
tfJ .
(14)

Ineqpation
(14),
theappropriate
values
oftheplastici~-reduction
factorq andcladding
reductionfactor~ areforlongshplysupported
compressed
plates
asgiveninref~ence9.

Wrinliling
Failure
ofSkin
Thefailurestrengthofa monolithic
stiffened
panelisgivenby
thecri~linganalysisofthesections“Crippling
StrengthofPanels
WithFormedStiffenms”snd.“Crippling
Strength
ofPanelsWithExtruded
stiffeners
.“ Forriveted panels,
failure
csmoccurinthewrinkling
modeandlessfrequentlyasa result
ofrivetfailureorthegrowthof
.’, interrivet
buckling.b suchcases,thecompressive
strength
islower
thanthemonolithic
crippl@strength andcsnbedetermined
bythe
methrxls
givenbelow.
Ihthewrinklingmode,theaveragestress
atfailureexceeds
the
bucklingstressgivenby eqyation
(14)bya relatively
smallsmount.
At failure,thelateralforces
onthestrqersgenerallybecmelarge
ad forcecripplingofthestringers,thereby
destr@ngtheircapaci~
to C&I’I’y
additional
losds.

~ useofa semiempirical
analysis,
Semonisn
sndPeterson
(ref.
6)
havedetermined
thewrinkling-failure
coefficients
presented
infig-
ure13(b)whicharetobeusedinconjunction
with

~= A!+%2 ()
12(1- V)2bs
(15)

.
—- —— . . —. —- ..-.
 . .. . .. .. ..—.—.

al NACATN 3785
-.
todetermine
failureoftheskininthewrinkling
mcde.Forhat-stiffened
panels
orthosewithunegpal
stfif
enersprings,
anaverage
valueof ~.
b~/t~maybeusedh equation(15).
Testshaveindicated
thattheredistribution
ofstress
afterbuckling
inthewrinkling modeisrelatively
moderate.Infact,theaveragestress
end-shortening
relation
forpanelsthatwrinklenearly
coticides
withthe
stress-strain
curveofthematerialuntiljustpriortofailure.There-
fore,ithasbeenrecommendedthatthevaluesof q and ~ corresponding
to a longsimplysupported
plateat ‘~ beusedineqpation(15).Tests
appeartobe inreasonably
‘god~eementwiththisassumption.

lMnlCling
Failure
ofAlwnin~-Allq
Panels
Equation
(15)canbe usedtodetermine
thewrinkling
strength
ofthe
skin.b estimating
thewr~ing strength ofa shortpanel,
however,
it
isnecessary
todeterminethecrippling
stragthofthestr~er aloneto
ascertati
ifitisstable orunstable
atwrinlding
failureoftheskin.
1%suchananalysis,
thefollowingquantities
areofimportance:
~fst crippling
strength
ofstringer
alonewhichcanbedetermined
bymethodsofPartIVofthisHandbook
(ref.1)
ZW wrhEMng strength
ofskinwhichcanbe estimated
frcm .
eqmtion(15)
Gf monolithic
crippling
strength
ofpanelwhichcanbedetermined .
bymethods
of.thesections
“Crippling
Strength
ofPanels
withFormedstiffeners”
and“CripplhgStrength
ofPanels.
WithExtruded
Stiff
eners”
strength panelwhichcanbe determined
ofriveted asgiven
below
itwill.
Afterafat and ‘~ havebeendetermined, beWown ifthe
stringer
isstablew notinthefollowing
way:
(1)~ ~fat> ~, thesti@er isstable.Therefore,
thepanel
failscmpletely
inthewrinklhg
retie
and

(16)
..

.
— .——. .—.
 ..

NACATN3785 21

(2) ~ =f~t <=& thestringer An approximation

isunstable.
.
suggestedinreference
6 whichyields whichareslightly
predictions
highwhenthestringers
areunstablebutgivessatisfactmy
results
overtheentirepractical
rangeofpopnel
proportions
isthatthestringers
carrythesamestress
astheskinupto Vfst.Beyond thisthestringers
carryno additional
losd.!llms,thefailing
stressoftheshortpanelis

afr= kbsts + ~&f%t (17)

bsts+ &t

(3) ~ either c==, the fail- stre@h oftheriveted panelcannot

exceedthecri~lingstrength ofthecorresponding
monolithic panel.
Therefore,
thelowerofthetwovaluesI?Pror Gf istobetakemas
thefailingstrength oftheshort panel.

RivetCriteria
Themaxhnzn-strength
analysis
ofcompression
panels
givenh the
preceding
sectionregpirescertain
limitations
onthepitchandstrength
ofrive’ts
inorderthatthepanelwi~ carrythepredictedload.The
rivets
mustbe spacedcloselyenoughandhaveadequate
strength
tomake
thestringer
flangefollow theplatecontour.Iftiespacing
istoolarge,
thepanel&y failby titerrivet
buckling.H thestrengthisinsuffi-
cient,thepanelmayfail.prematurely
because
ofrivetfailure.
fortherivetpitchfoundfra testdatawhichresults
A criterion
infailuretnthewrinkling
mcile
ratherthanas a result
ofinterrivet
buckling
iS

1/2.
p/bs< 1.27/~ (18)

where~ isgiveninfigure
13(b).
lhelateralforcereqtiedtomakethestr@y3rattachment
flange
conform
tothewrinkled-skin
contourloadstherivetintension.An
approximate
criterion
forrivetstrength
derived
frm thatgivenin
reference
6 is
2
Sr>0”7 bsP ‘w
Estddq (19)
()

------ .—— .. —..- ——. — — —.—.——.——. — -

 .. .——

22 NAOATN3785
-“

Thetensile
strength
oftherivet~ isdefined intermsoftheshank
area.Itmaybe associated
witheithershankfailure
orpullingofthe “.
coumk%unkheadoftherivetthrough
theskin.Values Of Sr for
2U7-T4alminuu-alluy
rivetsaregiven
. by egpations(12).

Wi-iIIMh&FailureofPanelsofOtherMaterials
.
ThewrinlWng-failurecoefficient~ h eqpation (15
) wase.yaluated
by Sesmnian
endpeterson (ref.6)frcmtestdataonthefailure strength
ofshort2024-Dand~~ -T6alminun-alluy panels.Whenthismethdof
_sif3 wasusedtocheckthetestdataofreference 3 onshortpanels
ofotheraltium alloys, magnesiumslloy,steel,c~er, endtitanium,
itwasfoundthatthetheory wasopttiistic~ asmuchas230percent
whenccmparedwiththetestdatainscmecases.I%rther, itwasdeter-
minedthatthefailure strengthinthewrinliling
modeisapparently
relatcii
tothe ucy/Eratioofthematerial. Therefore,
inthissection
anattemptismadebasedontheavailable testdatato extendtheanalysis
ofrefer-=ce6 to include
theeffectsofthephysical propertiesofthe
materials.
formofequation
An alternate (15)givenby SemonianendPeterson
forthewrinkling
failure
ofshortalminum-alloypanelsis .

Thiseqpation
canbeverywellapproximated
bythefollowing,
for v = O.3:

~ =o.k8qi,($+4’3(#’(~)’2 (a)

Egpation
(21)isequivalentto equation
(20)andeqpation(15)andis in
a convenient
formforcorrelationpurposes
sinceitdoesnotrequireuse
offigureU(b) todetermine~. .
.-,
Testdataonshortalminum-allqyhat-endZ-stiffendpanelsare
showninfigure15in~tams oftheparametersofequation(21).Itcan
be observed
thatthedatacorrelate reasonably
wellwithin
*lO-percent .
MUits. Itistobenotedthattheagreement ofthetestdataoffig-
ure15withequations (20)or (15)isrelatively
thesameasthat

. —___ . . . ___ .——. — ——- ..— — — —

B lulcll
ml3785 “ 23
,,
obtained
forequation(21).Therefore,
itappeaxs
thatequation(21)
isinreasonable
agreement
withwrinkling
testdataon shorthat-end
. Z-stiffened
psnels
of2024-T3and7075
-!!?6
aluminum
alloys.
Equation
(21)wasusedtocorrelatetestdataofreference
3 on
wrinkling
failure
ofpanelsofothermaterialsthatfirstbuckled
in
thewrinkling
modeintheelasticrange.Forthesedataa systematic
variation
withthe E/ucyratioisobservedas showninfigure16.
Thetestdatashownhereareforpanelsoftheseinegeanetry,
with
identical
rivetoff
set,relatively
theseine
rivetstrengths,
andrela-
tivelystiilar
caressiveyieldprc@rtiesintheearners oftheformed
z stiffener.
!l!heref
ore,onlythephysical
propertiesofthepanel
materials
werevariedh thisseriesoftests.
FYamfigure
16,:twasfoundthatforspecific
tiuesof
(bs/ts)
(bw/Q@(f/q $/3

(22)

Consequently,
equation
“(21)canbemodified
to includetheeffects
of
physical-property
variations
inthefollowing
formby noting
thatthe
theory
apparently
applies
fora valueof E/ucyequalto 125:

(23)

Itcanbenotedthatequation
(23)isina formsimilar
tothat
obtained
inthegeneralizal
cri~lingstudypresented
inthesection
“&ippling
Strength
ofPanelsWithFormed
Stiffeners”
“and
“Crippling.
Strength
ofPanels
WithExtruded
Stiffeners.
” b factbothwrinkling
andcrippling
testdatacanbe correlated
oncmechartbynotingthat

Ap#6 ~
a—.= (24)
%/%

Thus,thegeneralized
crippling
&mla forformed
Z-stiffened
p,anels.
becanes,
fromequation
(1), .

.. . .
. . ..- .. --— -.--—- .- .... .. —— ______—. ---- — ----- ..—. —
24 NACATN3785
--

%= ’*2’[i=E-r’70”8 (25)
.

Kid.ofthetestdataofreference3 havebeenplottedinfigure 17.

Ontherightside, monolithic
crippling
behavior
accordingto eqpa-
tion(25)isindicatedfor u = 1.3and1.8,whichcoverstherangeof
panelstested.Ontheleftandupperportions,theapensymbols are
forthealuminunandmagnesiumalloys
whichdo-note@zrience signifi-
cantraisedyieldeffects
intheformed corners
of theZ as indicated
by the ~Cy/UCYratiosgiveninfigure17. Thesedataareingood
agreem~t withequation
(23).
Thesolidsymbols areforthematerisls
whichhavevaluesof
7cy/a&J @eat=- m 1.4. Titanium
isincluded
inthis group,since
itwasseverely anisotropic
andmoreover
hadconsid~ablescatterin
yieldstrength. Thesedataarereasonably
wellcorrelatedaccording
to equation (23)usinga coefficient
of20.5inplaceof17.9inthis
fOrmula
.
Onthebasisofavailable testdata,equation(23)witha suitable
coefficientthatdepends
upon Gcy/ccymaybeusedtodetermine the
strengthof shortriveted
panelswhichfailbywrinklhg.~ conjunc -
tionwithequation (23),f/~ values aretobedeterminedfrcmfig-
ure14,andequation (17)istobe usedifthestrhgerisunstable.
BecauseoftheempiricalnatureofSemonianandPetersonts
analysis
(ref.6)audthatcontained inthissection,theaboveconclusions
must
be regardedastentative,
subjecttofurthersubstantiation
bypanel
tests.

COLUIN
STRENGTH
OF STIFFENED
PANELS
latheprecedz sections,‘thecompressive
strength
of shortmono-
lithicandrivetedstiffened
p&nelshas-been consid&3. Sincethe
colmnstrm ofthepaneldecreases asthelen@hincreases, the
strengthofshortpanelsisessentiallythemaxtiumstrengthwhichcan
be achieved
fortheparticularcross-sectional
configuration
andsheet-
Stiff
mer fasteningarrangement.Havhgestablishedmethmlsforesti-
matingthecrippl~ strength,itisnowpertinent to ccmsider
the
Colwnnstrength
Ofpanels Ofval?iOUSkn@hs .
Wior to about1945,itwascustmary
topresentcharts
ofthe
columnstrength
ofstiffenedpsnels
intermsoftheeffactive
slenderness
ratioofthepanel.Methods ofconstructing
suchcharts
arewellknown

.
.- .? .
.*.. -. ..—. .-
 NACATN3785 25

intheaircraft
industry
andaresummarized
inthebooksofSechler
and
.
Dunn(ref.
17)andothers
on aircraft
structures.
.
Since1~5, therehasbeena growing
tendencytousedirect-reading
designchartsforstiff
enedpanelsinwhichthecoluunstrength
ispre-
sentedasa function
ofthestructuralindexI?/L
~. Theindexcontains
thelosdingperinch N andtheeffectivecolwnnlengthLt andis h
a convenient
formforminimum-weight
studiesofstiffened
panels.
h figure18,thetwotypesofstiffen~-pauelcolumncharts
are
presented.
Figure18(a)represents
theEuler-andtangent-modulus
behavior
ofa stiffened
panelwithsturdystiffeners
andnotsubject
tobuckling
oftheskin.b figures 18(b)and18(c)crippling
ofthe
stiff
eneroccurs
generally
precededby localbuckling
oftheskinor
stiffener
elements.
Thisistheusual@pe ofbehaviwof stiffened
panels
andisdiscussedinscmedetail asfollows.

Column-Strength
Ranges
(1) Belowthelocalbuckling
stress
ofthepanel,
thecolumn
strengthisusuallyinthelong-column
raugeandcangenerally
be
represented
bytheEulerrelation

(26)

for aes Ucr. Thiseqpation

isgenerally
validwiththeexception
of
panels
withstiffenersofverypoortorsional
rigidity.
Fordirect-reading
design
charts,
suchasfigure
18(c),
theEuler
relation
is

(27)

for Ue~ Ucr.Here,pfi isa d~ensionless

shapeperamet~ofthe
paneland N/L’ isthestructural
index.
(2)Thelocalbucklingstmmgthofthepanelwhichrepresents
the
limitofapplication
ofequations(26)end(27)csmbe obtaix.ied
frcm
PartIIofthisHandbook (r&.16). Figures13and14thereinpresent
compressive-local-buckling
coefficients
forvarious
typesof integral
panels.Figures3,5,end6 ofreference16givecoefficients
for
individual
stiff
enersorstiffener
elementsandfigure19(a)ofthesame
reference
canbe usedto estimate
thebucklingstressoftheskin.

.
-.r.
-—. . . _ _ .: - ——. — .. .—
 26 NACATM3785
.
.
(3)Thecriwlingstrength
ofmonolithic
panelsandwrinkling
strengthofrivetedpsnels
whichpertain
totheshort-panel
rangemqr .
be obtained
by themethods
presented
inthesection
“Crippling
Strength
ofPanels WithFormedStiffeners”
tothesection
“Strength
ofShort
RivetedPanels”herein. .
Thus,theory
isavailablefordetermining
thecolunnstrength
in
theEulerrsmgeaswellasforthectioffatthelocal-buckling-strength
lwel. Semiemptiical
methodsareavailable
fortheshort-panel
strength.
Theremaining
colmn-strength
rangeisthetransition
frcmtheEuler
ramgetotheshort-panel
range.b thistransition
range,thereisa
cons
iderable
reliance
ontheuseofpaneltests.~ fact,themajor
portion
oftheextensiveMACAprogrsm
ondirect-reading
designcharts
wasconcerned
withtestdatainthistransition
region.

Transition
Range
Toreturn tothe@pe ofcolumn chartshowninfigure
18(b)fm the
moment,a veryusefula~roximation
inthistransition
rangewhichhas
beenusedquiteextensivelyisthepsrabolic
columncurve.Forstiffened
panelssubjectto localbuckling
andcrippling,
theparabolic
approxima-
tionhasthefollowlng form:

(28)

for ~co> Ucr”where

Ue = #E/(L’/p)2 (29)

M egyation(28),acr and ~f areknownfarthepanelcross-

sect
ionalconfiguration,
and ue istheEulerstress
fortheparticular
panellen@h. Thisrelation
isessentially
an interaction-type
equation
range.mom equation
forthetransition (28),Gc#5f= 1 f~ L’/p= O
and Gco= acr for ue= Ucr.
Forthedirect-reading
design
charts,
itisalsopossible
to employ
equation
(28)inthetransition
region.Ihthiscase,
howwer,equa- ,
tion(28)istobe usedinconjunction
with

cre
= [#E(p/%)2(I?/L1
)~l/3 (30) .
 NACATN 3785 27

As indicated
previously,
~co= ~f for L~/p= O. However,inmost
. crip@ingtests,thevalueof T7fisobtatiedat L~/p= 20. infact,
thecrippling “Crippling
methodofthesections Strength
ofPanels With
FormedStiffeners”
and“Crippling
StrengthofPanelsWithEx&uded
Stiff
en-s”isbasedonsuchtests.Consequently,itisdesirable that
equation(28)bemodified
sothat ~co= Gf at L’/p= 20. Thisis
readilyaccomplished
bytheaddition
ofa correction
termto equation(28):

(31)

.
Ineqution(31),am representsthestressobtained
franequation
(29)
for Lt/p=20. Aspreviously,
equation
(31)applies
for Gco> ucr. ti
caseswhere Ucr> %1 ~pl is~eprop-i- limitstress)~1
replacesUcr inequations
(28)snd(31).
Todemonstrate
brieflytheuseoftheparabolicapproximation
for
direct-reading
designcharts,
figure19hasbeenpreparedbasedon
Z-stiffened-psnel
testdataofSchuette(ref.
18). Inthisfigure,Ue
wasobtained fromequation
(30),~f frcmequation(1)usingc = 3 and
Pc = 1.26,and ~cr by useoffigure14ofPartIIofthisHandbook
(ref. 16). Thetrsmsition
regionisrepresented
by equation(31).It
canbe observedthatthemethodisiusatisfactory
overallagreement
with
testdatainthiscase.

Direct-Reading
Colunn
Charts
TheNACAhasengagedinan extensive
~erimentalprogamfcwthe
purpose
ofconstructing
direct-reading
column
chartsofseveral
cliff
erent
typesforhat-,Y-,andZ-stiffened
panels(refs.
7 and18to25). The
useofthesechartsindesigndependsuponwhether
axialcompressive
considerations
governortheminimumskh thiclmess
isanoverriding
condition.Because
oftheextensivenumberofthesecharts,
theperti-
nentreference
islistedintable6 andno attempt
ismadetoreproduce
theseriesofchartsherein.
Thepanelstestedinthisprogramutilized
strongly
rivetedconnec-
tionsbetween
theskinandthestiffener. W spiteofthisprecaution,
however,
wrinklingorforcedcrippling
probably
occurred
inmanyofthe
panels.Conseguentl.y,
theseresults
willbe conservative
whenapplied
to corresponding
panelsofmonolithic
construction.

..——-- .-. — -— ——— — _____ -— —--. — — - -

 NACATN3785
.
Itistobenotedthatminimum-weightpaneldesigns
obtained
byuse
ofthesechartsgenerally
resultinhighbuckl~ stressesoftheskin .
asa resultofverycloselyspaced
stiffeners.Forlargerstiffener
spacings,
without
a resulting
significant
decreaseh structural
effi-
ciency,
theuseofmagnesium-all~skinsinconjunction
withalumimm-
alloystringers
offersantit=esting
possibili~ indesign(ref.
19).

OPTIMWI
STIFFENED
PANELS

Although
itisnotpracticaltoreproduce theentire
herein series
ofdirect-reading
colmncurvesobtatied
bytheNACA,itisconvenient
to summarize
theresultsofthisinvestigation
intheformofoptimwn-
columncurves.Thesecurves
canbe ofconsiderable
valueinpreliminary
designstudies
sndrepresent
theenvelope
ofall.
minimum-weight
stiffened-
paneldesigns
forspecified
structural-loading
psmmeters.
b thissecticm,
opthmm-columncurves
forhat-,Y-,andZ-stiffened
panelssrepresented
intwoforms:Plotsof Fco againstN/Li and
plotsof GCo againstN/ts forspecified
values
of N/Li.Thelatter
formofpresentation
isuseful whendesign
conditions
reqtietieuseof
a minimwn
skinthickness.
Inorderto extend
therestits
oftheoptimum-stiffened-panel
study
tomaterials
withphysical
properties
otherthanthoseinvestigated,
methodsofgeneralizing
theoptinnm
resultsareccmsidered.These
methcds .
arebasedonavailable
theories
forthedesignandanalysisofstiffened
panelsofmhimunweight.
.

Optimum-l?snel
Theories
andResults
Theory
andtestdataintheavailable onopthmmstiffened
literature
p-elshavebeenreviewed
sndconsider~indetail~ ward (ref.26).
Thetheory
ofthedesignofmonolithicstiffened
panelsofminimum
weight
hasbeenconsidered
by Zahorski
(ref.~) andFarrar(ref.
28),andthe
results
oftheseanalyses
canbe summarized
inthefollowing
formula:

(32)

Emu thethemy,thepanelefficiency
coefficient
~ andthe
plasticity-reduction
factorfortheoptimum
penelF axe “

-—_ _
 NMM m 3785 29
.

. %?= (33)

(%)

Fromequation
(33),itcanbe observed
thatincreases
instructural
efficiency
areobtained
whentheradiusofgyrationp islarge,the
stiff
enerspacm bs issmall, and tO/% a~roachesuni@,which
implies
relatively
thickskins.l?arrsr
(ref.28)hasactuslly
chrried
theanalysis
uptothepointwhere~ hasbeenevaluated formono-
lithic psnels.Hisresults,
hat-,Y-,andZ-stiffened infact,are
within
8 percent
ofthevalues obtain~frcmtheNACAexperimental
pro-
grsmonminhnum-weight
rivetedpanels.
Theresults
oftheNACAinvestigation
areshowninfigure20,for
optimum
z-,hat-,andY-stiffened
panels.Thedatausedtoconstruct
thesecharts
wereobtained
fra thereferences
listedintable7.
Ihfigure 20,thestraight-line
portions
ofthedatawereextra-
polatedtorepresenta hypothetical
elastic
material.Itissignificant
thattheslopeofthislineonthelogarithmic plotinallcasesis
almostexactlyone-halfofthatpredicted
bythetheoryofequation(32).
Thisisremarkableinviewofthefactthatthislinerepresenlmthe
envelopeofa largesetofempiricalcurves
obtainedbyvarying
the
stiff
ened-panelgecmetry.
~ appropriately
accounting
forthemodulus
ofelasticity
ofthe
panelmaterials,
theexperimental
values
oftheriveted-panel
efficiency
coefficients
givenintable8 weredetermined.
Alsoshownarethetheo-
reticalvalues
ofFarrar(r&.28)formonolithicpanels.
Recently,Catchpole
(ref.29)investigated
theoptinnzn
design
of
stiff
end panelshavingunflanged
integral.
stiffeners.
Thetheoretical
panelefficiency
coeffickntforthis$asewasfoundtobe ~ = 0.81.
Thecross-sectional
proportions
oftheoptimun
configuration
are
bps = 0.65 - t#O = 2.25.Thereisnopublished
qertiental
substantiation
oftheseresults.

Specified SkinThickness
Ihcertain
design
cases,itisnecessary
thatthestiff
e.ned
panel
satisfy
a skin-thickness
requirement
h addition
tocarrying
a canpressive

. .. . . —. —-—— .. —-—.—..—— —. — - --
30 NACATN3785
.
10SJ3
. Thissituation
commonlyarises
whentorsional-stiffness
require-
mentsgovern.b suchcases,theminimum-weight
charts
presented
in
figure21forZ-,hat-,andY-stiffen&i
panels
areuseful.Thesecharts .
weretakenfranthereferences
listed
intable7.
Toward
theright-hand
sidesofthesechsrtsthevalueof ?&
corresponding
to specified
valuesof N/Lt a~roaches
theoptimum
indicated
infigure~. Asthevalueof N/ts decreases,however,
the
stress
leveldecreases
smdsaneweightpenalty
isincurred.
Itisinterestingtonoteinfigure21thatsincetheordinate
represents??Co
= N/% andtheabscissa
is N/*s,secantsdrawnfrom
theoriginrepresent
linesofconstant
valuesof ts/%.Micks(ref. 30)
hasconsidered
thisproblemb somewhat
greaterdetail
by cross-plotting
chartssuchasfigure21intheformoffigure 20fen?
specifiedvalues
of tsfi.Fromthis,he isableto estimate
theweightpenaltyassoci-
atedwithdesignsbasedonspecified
v&lues
of ts/~.

Gecmetric
Proportions
Forpanels
ofoptimundesign,
itisassured
thatlocalbuckling
of
allthecross-sectional
elements
occurs
simultaneously
withfailure
of
thepanelintheEulermde. Consequently,
itispossible
to estimate
various
geometric
parameters
ofthepsnel.
The”
effective ofthepanelcanbe obtained
thiclmess directly
from .
(32):
equation

(35)

frm thefsmiliar
The b/ts ratiooftheskinfollows plate-buckling
equation
for k=4 and v=O.3

(bs/ts)o
= 3.6~~/Tco (36)

Fromequation
(34),
for k = 4 and v = 0.3,

(37) .

------ .._.
B NACATN3785 31

By substituting
equation
(36)intoequation
(37),
.

(Pmo
=o.605u@ GCo (38)

Mickshaspresented
formulasfordetermining
thecross-sectional
properties
ofpanels
required
to satisfy
specified
values
of (pfi)n
(ref.m).

Inelastic
Buckling
. A ccmp~isonofthevalues of ~ obtain~frantestson
2024
-II?3
al.&ninwn-allqy
hat-,Y-,andZ-stiffenedpanelswiththetheo-
reticalvaluesof T = (Es/E)(Et-/Es)
1/2 asgiveninequation (34)is
shownirifigure22,whichistakenfrcmreference 26. A typical
stress-
straincurvefor2024-Ualmimzualloyhavhga ccmrpressive yield
strengthof~ ksiwasusedtofindthevalues of Et/E,Es/E,andthe
theoretical
valueof ~. Sincetheproportional-limitstressofthe
typicalstress-strain
curveappesredtobe samihathigherthanthe
stressatwhichthecurves of Gco againstN/Lt departed &cm a
linearrelationship
infigure 20,a nondimensional
representation
was
usedinfigure 22. Theabscissarepresentsvaluesof ~r%. where~pl
isthestress atwhichthecurves departfruna straight-l-tie
relatio~hip
ontheplotof ~co againstN/Li .
Within
thelimitations
imposed
bythelackofprecise
stmess-strati
dataforthestiff
enedpanels,
itappears
thatsatisfactory
correlation
isobtained
between
testdatasndthetheoretical
valueof ~. However,
itisof interest
to consider
possible
reasons
forthea~srentlow .
valueof 6P1 oftheriveted
panels.

Onecausepaybe associated
withthestress
concentrations
atthe
rivetholesina built-upstructure
resulting
inanapparentlow~ing
oftheproportionallimit.Thisphenomenon
haabe= observedinother
built-up
structuressuchasstiffened
cylinders.
A second
causemaybe
attributed
towrinklingorforced-crippling
failuresofthepanels.The
Z-stiffened.
psnelsareparticularly
suspect
inthisregardandthereis
saneadditional
evidencetobepresented
inthefolluwing
discussion
whichSllppOrtS
thisContention.
Itistobenotedthatbothofthesereasons areassociated
with
riveted
structures.
Therefcme,itmaybe expected
thatthevalueof
T givenby equation
(*) wouldapplydirectly
toa monolithic
structure
without
anyuncertainties
concerning
theeffective
proportional
limit.

.-—.— _______ - —-—-- _ .— ——— ————..—— ____ . . . ..

 -.—.

32 IWCAm 3785
.

Generalizations
forOtherMaterials
Stice
mostoftheavailable
dataareforriveted stiffened
panels, .
however,
itispertinent
toconsider
methcdsofgeneralizing
theresults
onopttium
panelsofonematerial
topanelsofother materials.Such
methods
havebeenconsid~ed
byYounger(ref.31),Micks(ref.30),and
Schnitt,
RruU,a wolko(ref.32). Thefollowingprocedure
isbased
ontheresultsofopttium-psnel
theoryasgivenby equation
(32).
According
totheprinciples
ofbuckling
similitude
discussed
by
Steinbacher
andGerard(r&.33),thebuckling-stress
equation
canbe
written
sothatthephysical-property
parameters
canbe eqmtedtothe
geometric
andloadingparameters
oftheproblem.Thus,fromequation
(32)
fortheoptimumstiff
enedpsnel: .

I(a)l/2=
Gco a@/L’)1/2 (39)

Toccmpare ofthessmetypeofconstruction,
panels thepanel
efficiency
coefficient
isconstant
andtherefore

(40) .

.
Further,
sinceitisdesiredtocmpsreoptimun
stiffened
pauelsatthe .
samevalueof N/L’,set (N/L’
)1= (N/L’
)2 h equation
(40)withthe ,
result

(41)

Itisconvaient to solvethisproblemonplotssuchasthoseof
figure
23where (?lZ)l/2 isplottedasa functionof =Co. Here,
secants,
drawnfromtheorigin representconstant
valuesof (TE)l/2
~co
I
andhence [~(N/L’)1/~-1, according
to egyation
(39).
tifigure23(a),theoretical
smdtestresultsonqptimum Z-stiffened
panels
of2024-T3ml 70~-T6aluminum alloys
areccmpsred. Thelines
marked
theoryarefrcm 7 values ccmputedfrcmtypicalstress-strain .
curves
accord=to equation (34).Thepointsrepresentdataas
.
.
 NACATN3785 33

computed
frcmlfigure
20(a).Thecurveforthe‘7075-T6
panelsderived
frcun
thetestdataon 202k-T3 panels
wasobtained
byratioing
stress
levelsalonga.secant
asfollaws: -

T-75 = 6=24 “5/”~4 (42)

( )

Thesubscripts
g amd th referto experiment
sndtheory,
respectively,
andthesubscripts
75and24arederived
frauthealloydesignations.
Itcanbe observedthattheagreemmtbetweenthederived
curvefor
7075-T6
aluminumalloyandthecorresponding
testdataisnotgod. How-
ever,whenthismethodwasappliedtotheoptimumY-stiffened
panelsshown
infigure23(b),relatively
goodagreement
wasobtained.Thisdifference
inthedegreeofcorrelatim betweentheZ-andY-stiff=edpanelsis
attributed
towrinklingorforcedcrippling
oftheZ-stiffened
panels.
Thisfailure
modewasnotaccouuted forinderivingequation
(32)and
consequently
thediscrepancymsybe attributed
tothisfactor.
Itistobenotedthatinderiving thethecrretical
valueof ?
forthe7075-T6 al.uminum-allqy
Y-stiffened
panels,
itwasnecessary
to accountfora fairly
largedifferenceinproperties
oftheAlclad
sheetad extrudedstiffeners.Thiswasaccomplished
byusingtheroot
meansquare ofthe T valuesccmputedindividually
forthesheetand
stiffener
.

STIFFENED-PANEL
I!OX
CONSTEUETION
●

Thematerial presented
inthepreceding sections hasbeenconcerned
✎ withthecompressivestrengthof isolatedstiffenedpanels.~ aircraft
construction,ofcourse,suchpauelsarean integral portionofwingamd
tailstructuresandareformed by theuseofsparsaudribsto stidivide
thecompressioncover.Consequently,itisof importance to investigate
theinfluence oftheboundaryrestraintsprovidedby thesparaudrib
supportingstructure
aswelld lateral pressureloadsonthestrength of
stiffenedpanelsasusedh boxstructures. Thesefactors areconsidered
inthissection.
Thecolumn-strengthrelationships
forstiffenedpanels presented
in
thesections “ColumnStrength
ofStiffened Panels”and“OptimumStiffened
Panels”indicatethatthestrength isinverselyrelated totheeffective
columnlength.Thus,theuseofa lateral suppm?timgstructure
consisting
ofribsorfozmers provides
aneffective meansofobtaining higher
panel
strengthwithanacccunpanying
increasein structuralefficiency.

—-. . — ..— — —— A--- —.. — . .

 NACATN3785
“L
lkm thes-point thattheribsactsolely to stabilize
thecom-
pressionCOVW,itispossibleto derive
rib-stiffness
criteria
basedon
certatisimplifying However,
assumptions. inanaircraft
wingtherib
stiucturep-s anadditional
roleintransmittingtheatiloads
tothe
spas. Thus,sincetheairloadingandcanpressive
loading
onthecuver
arerelated,it isgenerally
necessaryto include
strength
considerations
intheribdesign inaddition
tothestiffness requirements
forgeneral
stabili@.
las costillas o
~ testsofaircraftwlmgstructures,
effective lengthscuadernas alares
column
differentfrcmtheribspacing
havebeenobserved.Saneofthemosttransmiten CORTE a
l~elycauses forthisbehavior
axethefollowlng: los largueros, y estan
sometidas a un
(1) General
instabili@
ofthecompressionsurface esfuerzo usualmente
menor de flexion; que
(2) Torsional
restiatit
providedbytheribstructure segun el tipo de
estructura puede ser
(3)Continuityofthestiffener
uvertheribstructure
absorbido por el
(4)Lateral
airload
effects
onthepanel
(5)Presence
ofsparsattheunldaded
paneledgesresulting
in
orthotropic
platebehavior
(6)Membrane
effects
caused
by intenx!par
curvature
ofthepanel .

Theabovefactors
arec@sidered
inthepresent
section.
.

Stabilization
ofCompression
Cover
Theribstructure
ofa wingw tailprovidestheprimary
meansof
stabilizing
thecompression
surface.Inordertoavoidgeneralinstab-
ilityofthissurface,certain
flexural-stiffhess
requirements
mustbe
satisfied
by theribstructure.
E thesereqtiementsaremet,the
effective
lengthofthestdf’fened
panelcorresponds
totheribspacing.
Continui@ofthepanelovertheribstructure
aswellasthetorsional
rigidi~oftheribscanproviderestraidmwhichfuz?ther
decrease
the
effective
panellength.
Thusthedesignoftheribstructureto achievea desired
value
of end-fixity
coefficient
attheloaded edgesofa stiffened
panel
entailscertati
flexural-
andtorsional-stiffness
requirements.These
reqpiremntshavebeenconsidered
h certainidealizedcases:13uaiansky,
Seide,andWeinberger
(ref.%) treated
thebucklingofa single column
supported
by 1,2,3, andan infinite
numberof eqyallyspaced
reflec-
tionalandrtiational
springs;
Zahorski(ref.35)analyzedthebuckling
ofa gridofcolmnssupportedby 1,2,3, andan infinitenumberof

— — —.. . .—. ___ ___ _

 NACATN3785 35

eqyally
spaced
flexural-type
lateral of various
stiffeners torsional
rigidities.
Forplates,
Budiansky
andSeide(ref.36)COIlSide3?ed
buclCUng
ofa simply
supported
plateresting
onaninfinitenumberofequally
spaced
flexural-@pe
lateralstiffeners
ofvarioustorsianal
rigidities.
An analysis
oftheserefermces indicated
thattheresults
fm?a
singlecolumn,
gridofcolumns,orsimply supported
plateofaspectratio
lessthan0.20canbereducedtoa unique functional
relationship
for
thecaseofan inf@itenmub=oflateral stiffeners
(practically,
three
ormore)of zerotorsional
rigidity(ref.26). Thisrelationship
is
showninfigure24(a)whichshowstheend-fixi@ coefficient
e interms
. of&e stiffnesspsrameterK@/B.
Thedefinition
ofthetermsinthestiffness
parameter
forvarious
casesisasfollows:Thegridofcolumns
(ref.
35):

B = (rEI)stlbst (43)

me plate(ref.
36):
B = @#/1.2(1- V2) (44)

!Che
flexural-type
lateral
stiffener
withhinged
ends(refs.
35and37):

K = fi4(EI)r/w4 (45)

Theflexural-type
lateral
stiffener
withclamped
ends(ref.
37):

K = 5m (EI)r/W4 (46)

.Theshear-type
lateral
stiffener
(ref.
37):
.
K = fi2~/w . (47)

Theeffective
springconstantsK ofthevarious
@pes ofribstructures
byLsm@aarinreference
havebeenconsidered 37. Thevalues
givenby
,.
equations
(45
) to (47)arefrm thispaper ●

.— . . ..- .— —-— — - —.—— —- .—

 .— -..—

36 NACATN3785
“.
me a~lication oftheseresults
to stiffmed-panel-rib
construc-
tionrequires consideration
ofthebehaviorofthepanel.Gridaction
isapproached asa limiting
caseforpanelscmposedofheavystiffeners
andverythinskins; intheotherlimitofthicksldns
withlight
stiffeners,platebdmntorisapproached.Sincetheresults
forthese
twocasescoincide whengivenintermsoftheparameters
offigure24(a),
it isassumed thatfigure
24(a)canbe usedalsoforsttifened
panels.
The value of B fora stiff&n&i
panelcanbe obtainti
frcun
the-following
colmnrelationship:

N = X%(L:)2b8t
/ (48).

Ey letting

(49)

IJMen
ccmbining (48) and (49)
egpations ‘

(n)

Theresultsgiveninfigure thata largenwnber

24(a)assume of
lat=alstiffeners
of zerotorsional areused.In WPWW
rigidity
theseresults
todevelap a rib-stiffness
criterion,
itisassmmlthat .
.
thetensionsurface
ofthewingdoesnotcontributetotheeffective
springconstant
oftherib. Forformers(partial-depth
ribs)this
assumption
isvalid,althoughforribsattached
tothetensionsurface
thisassumption
willbe conservative.

General
~tability
Forthepurposeofavoidinggeneral a suitable
instability, design
criterion
fortheribgiveninreference26 isbasedon therequirement.
thattheribsof zerotorsional
rigidi~possesssufficient
flexural
rigidi~to achieve
an end-f
ixi@ ooeff
icientofuni~. lhxmfigure24(a)
itcanbe observed
thateffectivdyrigidribsareobtatiedwhen

Ihfact,anyincreaseinthevalueof KL3/Bbeyond
thatgivenby eqm-
tion(51)doesnotresultinanyincrease
h end-fixity
coefficientfor
ribsof Z=O torsional
rigidim. .
.

— . ..__ ______ ------ .. .

 .
NACATN 3785 37

w ccmbtiing
equations
(51),(5o),(45),
WI (46)
j tiefohm
minhmmrib-flexural-rigidi~
criteria
areobtained
foran end-fixity
coefficiat
of e = 1: Ribswithhingedends:

=4:4:
(EI)r (52)
()
RibswithCISmped
-S:

(EI)r
=* ~ “(53)

Fl@xural-type
ribswithelastic
restraint
attheendswillhavestiffness
reqyiremats
intermediate
tothevaluegivenby equations
(52)and(53).
Forshear-meribstructures,
by combining
egpations
(51),(50),
and
(47),
the~m shesrrigidi~isobtained:

(54

Rotational-Stiffness
Considerations
Theanalysisoftheprevious
section indicates
theribminimun-
requirements
flexural-rigidity necessarytoavoidgeneralinstabili~
ofa compression
cov=-support~structure ccuuposed
of- ribsof
zerotorsional
rigidity.Itisevident franfigure24(a)thatoncethe
ribshavesufficient
flexural
rigiditytoachievean md-fixitycoef-
ficientofuni~,nofurtherincreaseinfixi~canbeobtained~
increasing
theflexuralrigidi~.Further increases
canonlybeobtained
by therotational
restraints
providedbytheribstructure forthe
stiffened
panelcontinuous
overthisribstructure. Therestraint
is
generally
characterized
bya rotationalspringconstante.
Manyinvestigations
haveconsider~theinfluenceofrotational
restraints
providdby intermediate
lateral.
s~orts ontheinstability
ofcontinuouscolumns,
gridsofcolmns,andsimply-supported
plates
(see,e.g.,refs.34-39).Thedetailsoftheindividual
snalyses
are
summarized
intable9 andreference
to thesepapersissuggested
where
suchdetailsmaybe ofimportance.
lhgeneral,
however,
itispossible
torepresentthesignificant
aspects
oftheseanalyses
by considering
a panelwithmanyintermediate
. “

—-. — —. —— . ——— .—. -—.———— --- .

 ..

38 ‘ XACJI
TTJ
3785

supports
(practically,
threeormore)ofuverallaspect
ratioL/w< 0.20.
Inthiscase,theresults
applytocolumns,gridsofcollmlns,
andplates
andcanbe assumed
toapplyto stiffened
panelsbyUSQ thestiffness
valuedeftied
~ equations
(49)amd(50).
In figure
24(b), theend-fixity
coefficiente ispresented
asa
functionofthereflectionalspring
stiffness
parameterI@/B audthe
rotational
springstiffhesspsmsmeter
OL/B.Itcanbe observedthat
oncetheminimunvalueof K@/B needed to avoidgeneral
instability
isachieved,nofurther increase
in e isobtainedwithincreases
in
K@/B. Thisregion isdenoted
asaneffectively
rigidreflectional
springsystem.
lhfigure25,thecharacteristics
oftheeffectively
rigidreflec-
tional
springsystemarepresentedintermsoftherotational-restraint
parameter
QL/B.Fora givenvalueof (3L/B,theend-fixity
coefficient
andtheminimumvalueof I@/B foraueffectivelyrigidsystem~ be
determined.
Alsoshownarethevalues of K#/B neededtoachievean
end-fixi@
coefficientof e = 1 inthepres&ceofrotationalrestraints.

Lateral-Pressure
Effects
Stiffened
panelsunderccmbined andpressure
cczupressive loadswith ,
freeunloaded
edgeswereinvestigated exp=hmtallybyMcPherson,Levy, -
ti Zibritosky
(ref.40)at a pressure up to16psi. Thisworkindicated
thata simple
correction
toaccount forthereductiminstrengthofthe .
panelduetopressureeffectscouldbe evaluatedfrcmthefollowing
semi- -
empirical
eqpation:

%
=i5co( -0 .39qL3/B)
1 (55)

Ihequation(55),B isthebendingstiffness
ofthepanelperchordwise
inchincluding
the“actusl
areaofsheet(noteffective
area)and ~co is
thepanelstrength
undercompression
onlyasdetermined
&cm thesection
“Column
StrengthofStiffened
Panels.
”
Fortunately,
thereareno otherpublished
dataontheeffects
of
lateral
pressure
onthestrength panels.Whileequation
ofstiffened (55
)
doesprovide
saneinformation,
itisoflittle useforpanela~lications
wheretheribendsparstructures
canhelptodevelopsignMicant
menhane
effects
inthepsnelunderlateral-pressure
loads.
. Inaddition
tothereduction
ofpemelstren@h,
theatiloads
impose
certain
strength
requirements
ontheribstructure.Theserequirements
areinaddition
tothereflectional
androtational
stiffness
considerations

—. -— . .. .. —-—.. _ .
 NACATN3785 39

discussed
previously.
For a briefpresentation
ofrib-stzmmgth
require-
ments,
refertoreferences
26-41.

hrl?luence
ofSpars
Instiffened-panel
tests, theunloaded
edgesaregenerally
uusuP-
thepanei actsasa wideorthotr~ic
Tortedandtheref&e col&n. fia
wingortailstructure,
sparssregenerallylocated
attheunloadededges.
Consequently,
theinfluence
oftheedgesupport provided
bythespars
uponthepsnelstrength
maybe ofimportanceincertain
cases.
E theoverall aspect
ratioofthepanelina boxstructure
formed
by theribandsparstructure
isscmewhatlessthanuni~,thenthepanel
usuallyactsasa widecolmm. Ihsuchcases,theresults
ofpaneltests
canbe applied
directlytothewingstructure.
Whenthepanelaspect
ratioapproaches
orexceeds
unity,particularly
forthick-skin
panels,
thestiffened
panelbehaves
asanorthotropic
plate
intheboxstructure.Insuchcases,theresults
ofpaneltestsmqybe
conservative
anditisnecessarytouseorthotropic
platetheory
todeter-
minetheincreased
compressive
strength
ofthepanelwithunloaded-edge
sqpport
.
Sandorff
(ref.38)hastreated thisproblembriefly.Morecanplete
results
canbe obtained
byutilizing figure10ofPartIIofthis
Handbook
(ref.16). Thesechartsindicatethecompressive-buckling
coef-
ficients
ofsimplys~ortedflatplates witha largenumberofstiffeners.
Ihestimating
theflexuralstiffnessofthestiffenedpsnelrequired
for
useofthesecharts, (48) to (50)msybeused.
eqyations
Ihaddition
totheunloaded-edge
support
pruvided
bythespars,
furtherincreases
tipanelstrength
ina boxstructure
msyresult
from
interspsr
curvature
ofthepanel.Suchstrength
increases
areassociated
withthemembrane
effects
contribut&i
bythesparstructure
andarenot
frm thecurvature
ofthepanelitself.Thecmvaturesconsidered
here
generally
donotresultinanysignificant
increase
instrengthofthe
panelwhentested
withfreeunloaded
edges.
Lan@aar(ref.
42)hasconsidered
thisproblem
bytreating
thecom-
pression
surface
ofa cambered
wingbetweenribsasanorthotropic
curved
platewithrotational
restraints
attheloadededges.Theribswere
assmned
tobe aneffectively
rigidreflectional
system.
Thetheory
developedwaschecked
sga-inst
several
idealized
beam‘tests
withgoodagreement.ItiSsignificant
thatend-f
ixitycoefficients
~
to3 wererealized
forcambered
beamswhweas e = 1 wasobtained
for
corresponding
beamswithflatcovers.
.

----- . —— —— ——- -— —-— ——--

40 NACATN 3785
-.

Opthmm Construction
Optimun
fmns ofstiffened-panel
construction
areconsidered
in
sanedetail
inreference
26. 12dbrmetion
onoptinnnn
ribspachgandthe
efficiency
ofst~ened-panelconst-”tion
relative
tootherformsof
construction
ispresented.

Reseerch
Division,
College
ofEu@neering,
NewYork~VerSi~,
NewYork,N.Y.,April17,1956.

—.— —.. --
 NACATN 3785 41

APPENDIX
A
.

APF?GICATIDN
SIKITIIIN

Theresults of Structural
ofthispartoftheHandbook %abili~
thatmsybe of importance
frm thestandpoint
of -sis anddesign
aresummarizedinthissection
*
Crippling
Stren@h
Thegeneralized
cripplinganalysis
ofreference
1 hasbeenextended
tomonolithic
stiff=ed panelsinthesections
entitled“Crippling
Strength
ofPanels WithFormedStiffeners”
aud“CripplingStrength
of
Panels
WithExtruded Stiffeners.
” Ihdoingso,theresultsobtained
inreferace1 on individual
elements
havebeenccmbinedwiththe
stiff
ened-panel
analysis.
luuzle-typ
e elements
.-Thecrippling
stren@ ofsections
cmposed
ofa series
oftwoadjacentelements
whichmeetata junction
isgiven
by
0.85
(Al)

whereg isthenumber ofcutsplusflanges

asdiscussed
inthesec-
tion~’Crippling
Strm@h ofpanels
WithExtruded
Stiffeners”
andillus-
trated 6 and8. Theappropriate
infigures values
of Pg me given
intable4 andfigure10.
Forstiff
enedpanels,thequauti~A/t2 inequation (Al)istobe
by.A/~t8 I& cmplexstiffener
replaced ● shapessuchasY-sections,
a
weighted
valueof ~ should beusedasdefinedby equation(7).In
caseswherethesheetproperties
aredifferent
frcmthoseofthestiffener,
valueof ticydefined
a weighted by eqyation
(8)shouldbe used.
.
e elements
T-tIYP .-Extruded
sections
ccmposed
ofa seriesofthree
ormoreelements
whichmeetata ccammn
juncture
(e.g.,T- orH-sections)
arerefmredtoasT-typeelements.Thecri~lingstrengthofsuch
sections
isgivenby
.
,s
.. (A2)

..

. ---- .- —— — —. .—— —- —— --- ——...——. .. . . .

k2 NACATN3785
.
Equation
(A2)iSvalidfor ~f/Cy=
a < 3/4. lleyond
thisvalueeqpation
(6)
holdstrue
~ .

af = Crcr (6)

Shortrivetedpanels.
- Shortriveted
panels
canhavestrengths
lower
thanthemonolithiccripplingstrengths
asa resultofinterrivet
buckling
andwrinlCling
orforcedcrippling.Thestrength
ofpanelswithtiterrivet
buc~ing~ be determined frcmegpations
(10)end(U.)andtable5.
.
Thestrengthofpanels withforced
cri~lingisgivenby equa-
tions(16)to (19)and(23).

Column
Strength
ofPanels
Thecolumn
strength
ofstiffaed panelsistreated
inthesection
bythatname.Forcolumns intheEulerrange,
equations
(26)and(27)
apply.Inthelengthrangeintermediate
totheNer andcri~ling
ranges,
equations
(28)or (31)q be satisfactory.
Thepertinent
NACAreports
containing
direct-reading
column
charts
forhat,Y-,andZ-sttifened
psnels
arelisted
intable6.
Panelsof optimwn design
formtiimurn
weightareconsidered
inthe
section“OptimumStiffenedPanels.
” Theefficiency ofvarious
stiffener .
shapesisgivenintable8 andfigure 20. Panelswitha specified
skin
thi&ness&e presented infigure-21. ofgeneralizing
Methods test
resultstopanels ofothermaterialsareshowninfigure 23.
0

BoxConstruction
Rib-stfifness
criteria
necesssry
to avoidgeneralWtabili@ of ,
transversely
stiffen~panels
aregivenby equtions(52)to (*). The
endfixitycontributed
bythecontinuity
ofthepanelaverribspos-
sessing
rotational
restraints
ispresent~infigures 24-and
25. Lateral-
pressure
effects
andthesidesupport
contributed
by thesparstructure
arealsoconsidered
inthesection
“Stiffened
PanelBoxConstruction.
”

___ —___
 NACATN 3783 43

lwFERENcEs

●
1.Gerard,
George:Handbook
ofStructural
Stabili~.PartIV . Failure
ofPlates
andComposite “NACAm 3784,1957?
Elements.
2. Gallaher,
George
L.,andBoughan,RollsB.: A Method
ofcalculating
theCompressive
Stren@hofZ-Stiffened
PanelsThatDevelop
Local
Instability.
NACATN 1482,1947.
3. Dow,Norris
F.,Hickman,
William
A.,andRosen,
B.Walter:Dataon
theCompressive
Strength
ofSkin-Stringer
Panels
ofVarious
lkterials.
NACATN 3064,1954.
4. Dow,NorrisF., andHickman,
William
A.: Effect
ofVsriation
in
RivetDiameter
andPitchontheAverageStress
at Maximum
Loadfor
24S-T3w 75s-T6Aluminum-Alloy,
Flat,z-Stiff
=ed PanelsThatl?ail
byLOC~ Instability.
NACATN 2139,1950.
5.~C_, Willi~A.,ad DOW,Norris F.: C_&ssive Stre@h of
24S-TAluminum-Allq
FlatPanels
WithLongitudinal
Formed
Hat-Section
Stiffeners
Bhving
FourRatiosofStiffener
Thickness
toSld.n
Thick-
mSS. NACATN 1553,1948.
6. Semonian,Joseph
W.,~d Peterson,
JamesP.: ~ -sis offie
Stability
andUltimateCompressive
StrengthofShortSheet-Stringer
Panels
WithSpecial
Reference
totheInfluenceofRivetedConnection
l%weenSheetandStringer.
NACATN 3431,1955.
7. Dow,NorrisF., and~CbUl, WilliamA.: Design
Chsrts
forFlatCom-
pressionPanelsHaving
Longitudinal
Extruded
Y-Section
Stiffeners
andComparisonWithPanels
Having
FormedZ-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN 1389,1947.
8. Howland,
W.Lavern:Effect
ofRivetSpacing
onStiffened
ThinSheet
inCompression.
Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.3,no.12,Oct.1936,
~. 434-439.
9. Gerard, andBecker,
George, Herbert:Handbook
ofStructural
Stability.
Put I - Buckling
ofFlatPlates.NACATN 3781,1957.
10.Levy,Samuel,
McPherson,
AlbertE.,andRaniberg,
Walter:Effectof
RivetandSpot-Weld
Spacing
ontheStrength
ofAxiallyLoaded
Sheet-
StringerPanels
of24-S-T
Aluminumuoy. NACATN 856,1942.
11. Brook,
E.A.: BehaviorinCompression
02AltinumAlloyPanels
Having
a FlatSkinWithCorrugated
Reinforcement.
R.&M. No.2598,
BritishA.R.C
.,1945.

—. —. —-.—— ——.. — ___ .

44 NACATN 3785
.

l-z!.
Dow,Norris
F.,andHickman, William
A.: Effect
ofVariation
in
Diameter
andPitchofRivets onC~ressiveStrength
ofPanels
WithZ-SectionStiffeners
- Panels’of
Various
Lengths
WithClose
Stiffener
Spacing. NACATN1421,
. 1947. .

13. Dow,NorI’iS
F.,IZLckman,
William B.Walter:Effect
A.,andRosen,
ofVariation
inRivetStrengthontheAverage
Stress
atMsximum
LoadforAluminum-Alloy,
Flat,Z-Stiffened
Compression
Panels
That
FailbyLocal lhC~. NACATN2963,1953.
14. Argyris, Principles
J. H.,andDunne,P. C.: Structural andData,
Pert2,Structural
Analysis.Handbook
ofAero.,no.1,fourth
ed;
sirIsaacl%.tman&
Sons,Ltd.(London),
1952,~. 179-185.
15. Bijlaard,
P.P.,andJohnston,
G.S.: Compressive
Buckling
of
Pls.tes
DuetoForcedCrippling
ofStiffeners.Preprint
No.408,
S.M.F.
FundPaper,
Inst.Aero.Sci.,Jan.1953.
16. Becker,
H~bert:Handbook
ofStructural
Stability.
PartII-
BuclQing
ofComposite
Elements.
NACATN 37&, 1957.
17. Sechler,
Ernest
E.,andDunn,LouisG.: Airplane
Structural
Analysis
andDesign.JohnWiley& Sons,Inc.,1942.
18. Schuette,
EvanH.: Chsrts
fortheMinimum-Weight
Design
of242.-T .
Aluminum-All~
FlatCompression
Panels
WithLongitudinal
Z-Section
Stiffeners.
NACARep.827,1945. .
.
19. Dow,Norris
F.,IHckmam,
William andMcCracken,
A.-,” Howard
L.:
Compressive-Strength
Comparisons
ofPanelsHavingAluminum-All~
SheetandStiffeners
WithPanelsHavingMagnesium-All~
Sheet
andAluminum-Alloy
Stiffeners.NACATN 1274,1947.
20. Dow,Norris
F.,andKkevil,
Albert
S.,Jr.: Direct-Reading
Design
Charts
for24S-TAluminum-Allw
FlatCompression
PanelsHaving
Longitudinal
FormedZ-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN 1778,1949.
21. Hickman,
William
A.,andDow,Norris
F.: Direct-Reading
Design
CWrrts
for75S-T6
Aluminum-Allw
FlatCompression
PanelsHaving
Longitudinal
Extruded
Z-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN 2435,1952.
22. Hickman,
WiU.ism
A.,and”
Dow,Norris
F.: Direct-Reading
Design
Charts
for24S-T3
Aluminum-Allw
FlatCompression
Panels
Having
Formed
Longitudinal Hat-Section
Stiffeners
ad Comparisons
With
Panels
Having
Z-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN 2792,1953.
.
 NACATN 3785 45

23. Dow,Norris
F.,Hubka,
RalphE.,andRoberts,
William
M.: Direct-
ReadingDesignCharts
for24S-T
Aluminum-ld.lw
FlatCompression
Panels
Having Longitudinal
Straight-Web
Y-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN 1777,1949.
24. Dow,Norris
F.,andHickman,
William
A.: Direct-Reading
Design
Chartsfor75S-T
Aluminum-All~
FlatCompression
Panels
Having
Longitudinal
Straight-Web
Y-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN l@l.0,
1948.
25. Dow,Norris
F.,and~CklUaIl,
William
A.: Compsxison
oftheStructural
Efficiency
ofPanelsHavingStraight-Web
andCurved-Web
Y-Section
Stiffeners.
NACATN 1787,1949 ●

26. Gerard,
George:Minimum
Weight
Analysis
ofCompression
Structures.
NewYorkUniv.Press(NewYork),
1956.
27. Zahorski,
Adam:Effects
ofMaterial
Distribution
onStrength
of
Panels.Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.~, no.3,July1*, pp.247-253.
28. Farrar,
D. J.: TheDesignofCompression
Structures
forMinimum
VO1.53,NOV.1949,pp.l@LL-1052.
Weight.Jour.R.A.S.,
29. Catchpole,
E.J.: TheOptimum Design
ofCompressionSurfaces Having
UnflangedIntegral Jour.R.A.S.,vol.58, m . 527,
Stiffeners.
Nov. 1954, PP. 765-768.
30. Micks,W. R.: A Method
ofEstimating
theCompressive
Stren@hof
Optimum
Sheet-Stiffener
PanelsforArbitrary
Material
Properties,
SkinThickness,
andStiffener
Shapes.Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.20,
no.10,OCt.1953 j 705-715.
Pp.

31. Youuger,DemyG.: TheDevelopment

ofOptimum
Design
Envelope
Curves
forSheet-Stiff
enerCompression
PanelsHaving
Hat,Z, orY-Section
Stiffeners
forVarious
Materials
andTemperature
Environments.
Proc.FirstMidwestern
Conf.onSolidMech.,
CollegeofEng.,
univ.ofIll.,Apr.1953,PP.5-10.
32. Schnitt,
Arthur,
Brull,
Maurice
A.,andWOIJSO,
Howard
S.: Optinm
Stresses ofStructural Elements atElevated Temperatures.
Paper56-Av-u, Symposium onStructures forThermalFlight
(l&r. 14-16, 1956; Los Angeles), Aviation Div.Conf.,
A.S.M.E.,
1956.
33 Stetibacher,
● IkanzR.,andGerard,George:Airckftstructural. -
. Pitman
Mechanics 1952,.PP. 302-30k.
Pub.Corp.(NewYork),

.. .

. —— -.-——— —- .—— — .—.— .-— —.. ——. — -—

k6 NACA
TN3785

3k. Budians~,
Bernard,
Seide,
Paul,andWeinberger,
Robert
A.: The
Buclddng
ofa ColumnonEquallySpaced
Reflectional
andRotational
Springs.NACATN 1519,L948.
35 Zahorski,
● Adsm:Efficiency
ofLateral
Stiffeners
h Panels.Jour.
Aero.Sci.,vol.U, no.4, Oct.1944,pp.299-3o6.
36. Budiansky,
Bernard,
andSeide, Buckling
-Paul:Compressive ofSimply
Supported
Plates
WithTransverse
Stiffeners.
NACATN 1557,1948.
37 Lan@aar,
● H. L.: Parallel WithCommon
Columns LateralSupports.
Jour.Appl.Mech. no.4,Dec.1945, pp.A-253- A-256.
, vol.I-2,
38. Sandorff,
PaulE.: NotesonColumus.
Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.11,
no.1,Jan.1*, pp.1-12.
: Column
39 Tu,Shou-Ngo
● WithEqual-Spaced
Elastic
Supports.
Jour.
Aero.Sci.,vol.U, no.1,Jan.1$$+4,
pp.67-72,
75.
40. McPherson,
A. E.,Levy,Samuel,
sndZibritos@,
George:Effect
of
NormalPressureonStrength
ofAxialJy
Loaded
Sheet-Stringer
Panels.
TN 1041,1946.
41. Shanley,
FkncisReynolds:
Weight-Strength
Analysis
ofAircraft
Structures.
Firsted.,McGraw-Hill
BookCo.,Inc.,1952, .
~ ● 159-173.
42. L=@s=, mm L.: Stability ofSemimonocoque
WingStructures.
Jour. Aero. Sci., vol.13,no.3,k. 1946,pp.u9-E5.
43. Dow,NorrisF., andHickman.
William
A.: Effect
ofVsriation
in
Diameter
and-
PitchofRivetsonCompressiveStrength
ofPanels
withZ-Section Panels
Stiffeners. ofVariousStiffener
Spacings
ThatFailbyLocalBuclding.NACATN 1467,1947.
44. Dow,Norris
F .,ahdllLckman,
William
A.: Effect
ofVariation
in
Diameter
andPitchofRivetsonCompressiveStrengthofPanels
withZ-Section
Stiffeners. PanelsthatFailbyLocalBuclding
andHaveVarious
ValuesofWidth-to-Thickness
RatiofortheWebs
oftheStiffeners.NACATN 1737,1948.
.:

.
3 NACATN 3785 47

TABLE1
.
NACACRIPPLINGSTRENGTE
TESTDATAON Z-SITI?’FENED
PANELS

~ variation
ReferenceMaterialtv/t Figure Remarks
TN 1482 1.00,0.79, 1 Strongly
riveted
(ref.2) 2024-T3 0.63,0.51 panels
TN 3064 7075-T6 1.00 2 Dataforpanels
(ref.3) 6061-T6 identified
as
n52-1/kH 25-50-20
7075-0 and37.5-75-20
SAX1010 usedsince
Copper atherpanels
FS-lh indicated
18-8-3/4H evidence
of
Ti-1/4H wrinkling
TN 23.39 2024-T3 LOO, 0.63 3 Potential-
(ref.4) 7075-T6 strength
estimates

.
.

. .

.+.
. .. . . . ._ _ . —— -.—— — -—.. —
 NACATM 3785

‘lM131E
2
Pc VALUESFORHNI!—STIKFENED
PANEIS

%’#s Pc
1.5 1.42
.
1.00 1.35
.63 1.2Q
.39 al.16

TABIx3
J3gVALUESFORY-STIFFENED
PANELS;
g = 18.83

t’#. w% 13g

1.00 1.16 0.562

.63 .732 ●
5W
.40 .464 .478

--—-— .
 49

mlimlz4
SUMMARY
OFm?lmIMENTAL
VALUES
OF ~ FORANGIE-
AND
T-TYPE
l?J@@NIS
ANDSKII?I?IINXII
PANELS

Element c %/% Pc g twl% $g

Angle-type
element;
m = 0.85
V-groweplates ------------------ 3 ------ 80.558
Extruded
angles ----------.------- 2 ------ a.558
Extruded
tubes 4 ----- al.42 12 --.--- a.558
Formed
multicorner
sections 3t08 ----- al.30b3c-1 ------ “c955
FormedZ-stiffened
panels 3 ----- 1.26 7.83 ------ .558
hstpanels 6
Formed 1.25 dla4216.83 1025 %591
1.00 ‘1.36 1.00 d.561
.63 %*ZQ .63 %499
.39 ‘~el.16 .39 %e.l@3
Extruded
Y-stiffened
panels ------------------18.83f1.16 .562
f.732 .505
f.464 .478
T-type
eiement;
m = 0.40
Extruded
T-section------------------ 3 ------ a.670
Extruded ------------------ 4
cruciform ------ a.670
Extruded
H-section------------------ 7 ------ a.670

%’or 5f/Ucy5 3/4.

b c isnumber ofcorners.
cAverage
value..
%or ~flacy s 0.8.
?For bs/ts$50.
f ~/ts value.

..— _ .—— —.——- --- ——-— ————- . .

50 NACATN 3785

TABLII
5
END-FIXITY
COEFFICIENTS
FOR INTERRIVET
BUCKLING

Fastener
type e Reference
Flathead
rivet 4 8
Spulnrelds 3.5 10
Brazier-head
rivet 3 10
Countersunk
rivet 1 11

TABIX6
COLUMN
NACADIRECT-READING CHARTS
FORAUMINLM-ALIOY
.
sTIl?FmEDPANELS

Stiffener W of
Material column Reference
chart
(a)
.Z-formed m24-T3 A Re~ort827(ref. 18)
B, C TN 1~ (ref. 20)
Z-extruded 7075-T6 . B,C TN 2435(ref.21)
Hat-f
ormed 2024-T3 B, C TN 2792 ref.22)
Y-extruded 2024-T3 A TN 1389 ref.7)
B, C TTJ17771ref.23)
Y-extruded 7075-T6 A TN 1389 ref.7)
B, C TN 1640[ref.24)
Curved
Y-extruded ~n-T6 A, B, C TN 1787(ref.25)

of Uco againstN/L’;B,presentation
a A, presentation of N/t*
—
of 5C0 againstN/ts.
againstN/L’;C,presentation
 NACATM 3785 51

TABm7
NACA
OPTIMUM-~lWD-PANEL
DJYI?A

Stiffener Aluminum-alloy Reference

material
Z-formed 202k-T3 TN1389 (ref. 7)
Z-extruded 7075-T6 TN2435 (ref. 21)
Hat-formed 2024-T3 TN2792 (ref. 22)
Y-extruded 2024-T3 TN1389 (ref. 7)
Y-extruded 7075-T6 TN1389 (ref. 7)
Curved
Y-extruded 7075-T6 TN1787 (ref. 25)

TABm8
13Xl?lRlMlZNML
V.&lX13S
OF PANELEFFICIENCY
COEFFICIENT

Panelefficiency Farrar
‘S
Stiffener coefficient,
~ theoretical
~
(ref.28)
Z-extruded 1.02 O.%
Hat-formed ●99 .96
Y-extruded 1.15 1.=
Curved
Y-extruded 1.22 ----

.--— . . — .-.—.--.—— ----—- -— —-—. — . _

52 NACATN 3785
-.

TABLE
9
OF CONTINUOUS
INVESTIGATIONS COLUMNS
ANDPLATES
SUPPORTED
AND ROTATIONAL
BY DEFLECTIONAL SPRINGS

Reference Structure SupportandBoundary

Conditions
(a)
38 Column
on 2,3,4,~ nuuiber ofsupports
of
rotational K SW , oses~; e ofneighboring
springsupports supportscanbe unequal
.
39 Columu
on 1>2>3)m number ofintermediate
deflectional supports
of O ~ K $ W, e = O; sup-
springsu~orts portsatendsofcolumn of K = w,
e =0 ore=~
35 Gridofcolumns 1, 2,~ nudber ofcolumnson1 or2
onsimply lateral stiffeners
of O S K ~ mj

supported
lateral O S e % ~; supports
atendsofcol-
stiffenerumnsof K=w, o~e~~
flexural
~ nuniber
of columnson w lateral
stiffeners
of O ~ K ~ W, (3= O .

34 Column
on 1, 2,3,w nuuiber
ofintermediate
deflectional
and supports
of OsK~w,O~egw;
spring supports”
rotational at endsofcolumn
of
supports K=w, O~e~~
36 Plateonsim@ly Platesof L/w= 0.50,0.35,0.20,<0.20
lateral oninfinitely
supported manysupportsof
flexural
stiffener()~K~m, ()~e~ce

37 Effective Flexural types of ribs with supportsat

deflectional ends of ribsof K=~, O~e~W
spring
stiffness
types Sheartypeofrib
ofvariuus
ofribs

%, defl.ectional
spring
stiffness
of Supportsj 0, rotational
spring
stiffness
ofsupports.

.
.
 .

2 3 4 5 6 78910
.

I!mrre l.- Crippling dataforE024-T3aluminum-alloy

Z-6tiffemed
panels cm reference 2.
9+ NACATN 3785

.9
.8
❑

.6
.

.5

.4, <
2 3 56 78910

+++7
(a)Testdataforallpanels.

ID
●
.9
10%
.8
●
.7 ~=0.85,
~=L26: \
\

(b)Datafor25-x-~ and37.5-75-20
panels
only(seeref.3).
2.- Crippling
Figure dataforZ-stiffened
panelsofvarious
materials
3. ~.t8 =1.
ofreference
 NACATN 3785 55

.9— —
.6

.7 4/~ Ml MA7ERIAL
40% –
.6 — o 20 /.00 2024- T3
b 20 .63 2024-73 FOR
C=3
.5— A
● 30-40 /.00 2024- T3
Q
A 30-40 .63 E024-T3 ,
#—
Q 20 /.00 ~75-T6
❑ 20 .63 70~- T6
.3—
v 30-40 1.00 7075-7’6
v 30-40 .63 7075-T6

.2~
I 2 3 4 5678 9 10
A ~yt~
~t. ()
E
“

.
3.- Potential-strength data for aluminum-alloy
Figure Z-stiffened panels
of references 4, 43, and44.

. ..

—. .. -—- . —------ --
. ..— —.-... -.-—. — —-
56 NACATN 3785

\ \.\

+0%

&=L26~
REE \

— o 2024-T3 2 I I
A 2024-T3 4, 43,44 POTENTIAL-STRENGTHESTIMATES
● 7076- t6 4 8 u u
@ 7075-76 3 25- 6 3Z5-75 DATA ONLY
q 6061- T6 3
—P 5052- I.ff 3
b FS-t h 3
w 7075-o 3
Q SAEIO1O 3
a COPPER 3
b 18-8~4H 3
A Tk3/4H 3
I
-— ---
8 9

(a) %.p== 1.00.

Figure4.- Crippling
dataforZ-stiffened
panels.
 NACATN 3785

(b) ~/t~ = 0.63.

ID
.9
B ‘

qy 45

0 Q51 2W#-T3 REE2

.
● .79 2024-T3 REE2
4
“/ .2 3 4 66 78910

(c) %.@ = 0.51 and0.79.

Figure
4.-Concluded.
.

..-. . .. ——.
_ ...__ ___ ______ -———.——— —-—
 --

/0
.9
.8

.7

6
4 /bw
o 1.2
5 ‘0.8 w
IJ .6
.4-
I 2 3 4 567 89/0

m’
6??,
T
/’

(a) %p. = 1.25.

m
\
I
.9
49
.
.7

6
3-
=Cy
-/0%
5
bh/~

4 — o 12
● .8 .
❑ .6

2 3 4 56 78910

.
6&@)’”

(b) t@, = 1.00.

Figure5.- Crippling
dataforhat-stiffened
panels
ofreference
5.
Compressive
yieldstrength,
~ ksi.
.

.— . . ..
 .

10
9 \ \ \ -&l.20
-*
B
.7

-6
L
=Cy
5
~/& -lo%
d— o 1.2
● B
❑ .6
\
~1 2 3 4 567 8 91

(c) ~/t. = 0.63.

ID
.8 \
/t$=lf6
.8
~/~ 1$/&25=5075
7 10%
06 n P
B \q .8 ● dqp
q -lo%> \
~y
5

.4

/ 2“ 3 456
/.. 789Jo
A
6~ (%)
E

.
.
(d) %/ts = 0.39.

Figure
~.- Concluded.

. ..-. .. ..—. —____ . ——.. — — -— —. — ———

 NACATN 3785
60
“.

4 curs
J cur 8 FLANGES
BASICSECTION
g=2 2 FLANGES zg
r= g

BASICSECTION o CUTS / CUT

g=3 4 FLANGES 6 FLANGES
4= g zg

Figure6.- Methodofcutting
simple
elements
to determine
g (g is
number
ofctisplusflsmges
).
.
.
 NACATN3785 61
r
.

. /..
.9
.8
.7— — — —
Zf
q’
AU6LETYPE
.5
3
ANGLETY= g SECTIONS
❑ TUES 12
4 o AIWES 3
● PLATES :
T- TYPE 3
T
:+ :
.3

.253
.4 .5 .6.7 .89D 2.0 30

(a)Correlation
according
to equations
(2)and(4).

I.J
I@— —
-9 — ‘
E FORH-SECTION9=7 1
O&?@—0 T6
2014-
❑ 2024-?3 LINEFORCRUCIFORM
7 —~ 7075-T6 — —
Q R3a3-T
B —m O-IHTA
EACW POINTRERf?E~NTSiOR3 TESTS
.6 1 I
.-
3 4 6 .6 .789/0 4?.0 3.0

*t$%)”
(b)

(b)Correlation
according
to equation
(5).kh pointrepresents
twoorthreetests.
Figure
7.-Crippling
dataforangleandT-type
elements
ofreference
1.

-- .——. - —. — .—— —— —— .—. —— —... ._ _

62 NACATN3785

FF
F

AV6WASF g*/8c83
6 curs
14 FLAN6ES
/szg

(a) Y-stiffened
panel.

8 curs .
6 FLANGES
8%9

(%) Z-stiffened
panel.

ga7 I - g*/7 I gJr/7 ‘ g~/6

AVERA6E 9=/6.83

/7= g

(c) enedpanel.
lkt-stiff
Figure8.- Methodof cutting stiffened panels to determine g.
I
B NACATN 3785 63
..

10 I
.9— — — J 10%-—
B 02024
-73,4
~f ● ~-76 -10%
7Y 7 I 1
Js m=O.65
~gxo532

?1 .2 .3 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1P

,+(%9-;’

(d ~/t~ = 1.00; ~/t~ = 1.16.

9
-B
9 -lo%
ZJ I

.6

?1 .2 .3 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 LO

,+32
Wr

(b) %/t. =0.63; %/tB =0.73.

.1

(c) t+. =0.kO; ~/t~ = 0.46.

Figure9.- Crippling
dataforY-stiffened
panels
of reference

.. ——. . ._ _ —. .—. .——. — . --- -—— ._. .—- ._. _

 -Z-PANELS

HAT~ Y-PANELS

1
@ v-+c:: PLA7..ExmuDw ANGLES,
WBES,
WLTIGORNER
;ORMED
o FORMEDZ - PANELS
❑ FORMEDHATPANELS .
A EXTWOEOY- P~ELS

._ —
““3 .4 -56 .7 B.9L0 /5 2!0 ao
7/1’#.

lVgure 10.- Crippling coefficients

forangle-type
elements.

-t
.
 NACATN 3785

‘MOIVOUZYIC
+ ~WRIMK#N@ ~
FORCED CRIPPLING

RIVET SPACING

Figure - Various
I-1. failure panels.
modesof shortriveted

._ -.. _ .. —-— —— —— ———. —-————. — —-—- -- --

 66 NACATN 3785
.

‘1 Fol
I I
I

t
+
.
●
✎

e“
Cl
.—- .

40 PANELS
. 20E4-T3
● 7076-76
F
-m

*
0 100 200 300 400

rivets.Datafroqreference
(a) 2117-Tk 4.
12.- Effect
Figure ofrivettensile
strength,
pitch,
anddiameter
upon
compressive
strength
ofshort,
riveted,
aluminum-alloy
Z-panels.

—. — ..— ..- _
 NACATN3785 67

I “1
11111111111111111111111111 Illllllillllllll[lu

I .\ & * ,
b“
,
I
,
1
1 I I 1 I
I I

I I I 1 1 1 I 1 1
L -1

.—PP
de(J~+t

rivet materials. Datafrom reference 13.

(b)Various
Figure I-2.- Concluded.

... ...-. .-— .. —.. — —. --— —— “ .-. —-. —.. .-

 68 NACATN 3785
.

5 \\ L
1
\
4 \ \
7
k
3 \

O 2 .4 .6 .8 10 12 /94 46 /l?2.0 Z2 2.4 26

Wb
b#8

(a)Theoretical
coefficients
forbuckling.
Figure13.- Theoretical andexperimentallydeterminedcoefficients
for buckling andwrinklingfailure of short riveted panels (data
from reference 6). .

.. -
 NACATN3785 69

(b)Experimentally
determined.
coefficients
forfailure
in
wrinkling
mode.
Figure13.- Concluded.

.—.—.- .—. —.— —. ———- .-. —.. -- .-—— —..-. ..-.

70 NACATN 3785
--

P
-7

Figure
14. - Eqerimentaldy determined
valuesofeffective
rivetoffset
(datafromref.6).

—.
 NACATN37$5 71

/o-
5

a
.
7 E&(#)
‘SLOPE=
l/2
6 !
\
5
\
4
-lo
%

REE
\
o #?4.6 6 7076-r6 Z-PANELS .

2 —0
o 395
/?645
5
6
3
u a
une
SOS4-TS
a

HAT PAhEL6
- s
\
I

567
U 8910 20

dataon shortriveted
15.- Wrinkling
Figure panels.

.. .. . ---—- . . ..— .—— . .. — -.—— —. —.

 72
“.

/c
s
&
7 ●

5 \

THEVRY

70?6-T8

6061-r6

FS-lh
/

606E-1/4
H

/00 200 300 400 ~0 6~ 700 8tW 900

E/@w

16.- Influence
Figure of E/uq & onwrinkling
strength
ofshortriveted
panels.Elastic-buckling
dataonlyofreference
3.

-.
 73

r . .,.
d 1

\\ -- ,
.6 \
k
.&.
.5 .

MA7ER1AL~jdcw MONOLITHIC I
. BE#W; , /
0 T6 L18
7076- “
A 6061-T6 1,08 . a!3
❑ 606E-lm 1.10 ad
● 7076-0 1.82
.3 B SAE1010 1.84
& COPPER 1.48
V FS-lh f.
26
Q 18-8#’M‘1.49 .
v T1-3/4H 1.00

21 2 3 4 56 789

17.- Crippling
Figure dataonZ-stiffened
andwrhisling riveted
panels
3. f = 5.4;%
ofreference — = =.5.
~ %

. . ..- -.- ——-- —— — .—.—.. — —— .— - -—

 EULER; @E(L’/#e I v
\
EULER , EQ 126)

CR1PPLIN6

=Co
~oo

L’/p

(a) No crippling of stttfener; no buckling (b) Crippling of stiffener; buckling of skin

of skin. Conventional chart. or stiffener. Conventional chart.

EULER EGli27)

Go

N/L’

(c) Crippliw of stiffener; buckling of skin

or etringer. Direct-reading chart.

Figure 18. - SMffened-pand column MB.

.“
 .
-,, ,

q.,
ksi

-o ,2 .4 .6. bf /bw
N/L;
ksi o 0,3 i8f -
● .4
❑ .s

Fm ,
kd

All;,

Figure19.- Ccmrparisona? derived COIUMU cwrveB and test data d reference 18.
 ‘4
m

L
f .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 20 .40 .60 .80 LO

N/t, &s/

(a) Z-stiffened pmel.s. E = 10.5x 106psi.

)E@re20.- Optimum-column charts for stiffened panels.

.
1.
 ma

80

60

40

3COB FORMED HAT

hi

1 1 I I I 1 1 1
06 .08 JO 20 40 .m .&w o-

AM!, ksi

(b) Hat-stiffened panels. E = 10.5)(106 psi.

Figure20.- Continued.
 60

60 7075- T6 YCURED

40 — — — — —

Fm,
kd

20

/O., I I t I 1 I I 1 I I
.= .04 .06 ,06 ./0 ,20 .40 m .60 Lo

/v/L’, ksi

(c) Y-stiffened panelI3. E = 10.0 X 106 pSi.

Figure 20.- Concluded.

1.
 m
.

~~=LO 4 .6 .s .4
50 I

40

w
8
k~ “

20

.
10

I
:/

Izill I I I 1 I I I I I 1I I I Ill I I 11 I II I I 11I 111I I I I 1 I 11I 1111-

0 J?o ; 40 m m Joo Ieo MO
.

(a) Z-stMfenad panels of 202kT5 aluminum alloy.

Figurezl..
- Minimum-weight
chartB for Btifi’enedpanels with qecifled akin thickness.
 80 NJLCA
TN3785
.,

ZO,ksi

.
.

o m 40 @ m mm f40mmsm

(b) Z-stiffened
panels
of7075-T6
aluminum
alloy.
Figure
21.- Continued.

.
.

.—. . .— .._—._-._ .. .. .-— —— -..

NACATM3785 81

t~=[O .8 .6 .-
.5 .4.
*
50 , , , 1, , , , , 1 ‘sl’ /’” ,,,
{’” ,, , ,

40
I
1
1

I
I

I
I

I P
A
/’-”
/J
1 I 1 !/ I

A
v I /1
/
1 / 1

— A/
1/ m v ——
I~~ , I

1- 1 I ,

d-kki

10
I
ILtEIIlI
-/’
1tI t I I I 1 11t I 1111 t I I I 1*I I 1I I , t 11! t 1I I 1I t 1 11I I , t I 1 I , 1, t , I 1
0 20 40 60 m m m /40
+, hi
s

(c)Hat-stiffened
panels
of2024-~aluminum
alloy.
Figure
21.- Continued.

—--- . — .— ..- -—. .

 L/F=Lo
. 8 6 ,6 ,4 Cn
50 N
P'''l'' ''l'' ''l'' ''l'' f
''l'' ''v'' 'l''' 'v''' l'''xl' ''l'' ''v'' l''''i
, hi

40
W2%-1---=l
/
30 ,/
f- ,/
- I
< f -,10
b. r
‘,067
“/1

!i~

/
10 t~
/
~
/’ A ;
-1
I 1I I I I I II I I I II I 1I I t I 1I I I I I 1 1I I I
Q“ 20 * 60 80 100 MO MO

+, hi
s

“(d) Y-stMfened panels of 202k-T3&hmlnumaUoy.

m 23---Continued.
a

,.
 w
$
so
.hd

%0,
ksl m

10

0 w 40 so m m w ao m MO m

#-#w

(e) Y-stiffened panels of 707>T6 aluminum alloy.

lUgure Z?I..
- Concluded.
 .s

.5 .

4 \

o Z- PANELS
A Y - PANELS
2 ● HA r PANELS

o .5 15 2.0 25

Figure 22.- Plaatlci-@reduction factor for optimum stiffened panels of 202Q13aluminum

alloy. 3
D8tataken from reference 2S.

,.,
 , ,

E
Add

2024-r3DArA

7om-T6

o /0 20 30 40 m 60 70 80

F, hi

(a) Z-stiffened panelt3.

optiIulIul-panel data for stlffetid panels.

i

i
 4x/04

/
/ --
3
E:WV:D

Ks-
m+,
l?o#?4”r3
am
(pso g

4?
/ ●
l&A THEORY
DATA THEORY mZ5- T6.
.

o 7V 80

=, ksi

(b) Y-stiffened panels.

_ 23.- Concl-.

,. ,-
 1 E
. ..

..’

. .
I
1
I
i i
“ /.6
-EFFECTIVELY —
.6

.6
,“

A
1
o /0 20 30 40 50 ‘@

. .
KLa/B

(a) e as a functic& of Id’/B. supports of zero rotational restraint.

.
Figure 24. - End fixity of continuous panels over mzny reflectional.supports. L/n< 0.2.

I
 m
m

4
I
.

3
!7
I

, /0
e2 x r ,
_TlvEiY RIGID DEfiECrlONAk
SPRING S Y<TEAt
I
-k-
2

/ 0= @LfB

I a I I
o 20 40 60 80 /00
KLs/B

(b) e as a function of ld’/B

Figure 24. - Concluded.

‘-
,. . d
 ,, -

4 ?00 .
!4
I
END-FIXI TY GOEFFICIEtU~P,
AS A FUNCTION OF @ UB ~—
1
3 1

e 2
_(KL%3&N FOR EkFE’C TWELYRIGIO
DEFLEC TIONAL SYSTEM

/
I I
w
~4T= rKL#/B REWIRED ~oR e d I I

o
QLL- /0 20
-—
30
I

40
—..

50
1
I

60
9

RO?21710NAL - RESTRAINT PARAMETER @L/B

mgum 25.- lthlmum

deflectimal stiffness for effectively rigid deflectimd. system. Continuous
pand over many supports; L/w <0.2.