Chapter-2

Concepts of Solid Mechanics

C O M P O S I T E M AT E R I A L S A N D D E S I G N
ME F452
D R . P R I YA N K U PA D H YAYA
Tensors
 Tensors are mathematical representations of physical quantities. Stress/Strain
 Usually denoted by indices. 𝜎𝑖𝑗
 Repeated index means summation

Example Quantity No. of Indices

𝑓 Scalar, 0th order 0
𝜎𝑖𝑖 Scalar: 𝜎11 + 𝜎22 + 𝜎33 0
𝑢𝑖 Vector: 1st order 1
𝜎𝑖𝑗 2nd order 2
𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 4th order 4
Transformation about an axis
𝑥′1 𝑥′2 𝑥′3
𝑥1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑥2 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑥3 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 0 𝑚 −𝑛 0 𝑉𝑖′ = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 𝑉𝑗 𝑉𝑗 = 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑖′

𝑎𝑖𝑗 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 0 = 𝑛 𝑚 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 𝜎′𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑘𝑖 𝑎𝑙𝑗 𝜎𝑘𝑙

𝑚 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑛 = sin 𝜃 [𝜎′] = a T 𝜎 [a]

Deformation & Strain
 First order tensor or a vector GLOBAL LOCAL
𝑥∗ = 𝑥 + 𝑢 𝑥1∗ = 𝑥1 + 𝑢1
 Three component (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) or (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 ) 𝑦∗ = 𝑦 + 𝑣 𝑥2∗ = 𝑥2 + 𝑢2
 Rigid body motion + Deformation 𝑧∗ = 𝑧 + 𝑤 𝑥3∗ = 𝑥3 + 𝑢3
Strains
𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢2
𝜖11 = 𝛾12 = +
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥1
𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢3
𝜖22 = 𝛾13 = +
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥1
𝜕𝑢3 𝜕𝑢2 𝜕𝑢3
𝜖33 = 𝛾23 = +
𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥2
 Stress & Strain: Constitutive Relations
 Second order tensors
 Difference between engineering (𝛾) and tensorial strain (𝜖)
 Local versus global (𝑥𝑦𝑧 versus 123)
 Stiffness & Compliance 𝛾12 𝛾13
𝜖11
𝜖11 𝜖12 𝜖13 2 2 𝜎11 𝜎12 𝜎13
𝛾12 𝛾23
𝜖 = 𝜖12 𝜖22 𝜖13 = 𝜖22 𝜎 = 𝜎21 𝜎22 𝜎23
𝜖13 𝜖23 𝜖33 2 2 𝜎31 𝜎32 𝜎
𝛾13 𝛾23
𝜖33
2 2
Constitutive Equations Stiffness: 𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐶𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝜖𝑘𝑙 Compliance: 𝝐𝒊𝒋 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝜎𝑘𝑙
Equilibrium Requirements
 Static Equilibrium, the equilibrium equation as a point
𝜎𝑖𝑗,𝑗 + 𝐹𝑖 = 0
 In absence of body forces 𝐹𝑖
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑧

+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑧

+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Boundary Conditions
 Traction/ Stress Vector
𝑇𝑖 = 𝜎𝑗𝑖 𝑛𝑗 𝑇 = 𝜎 𝑇 {𝑛}
 For a plane ⊥ to 𝑥1 axis 𝑛 = {1, 0, 0} and the components of traction are

𝑇1 = 𝜎11
𝑇2 = 𝜎12
𝑇3 = 𝜎13

 Free surface boundary conditions

𝑇𝑛 = 𝜎𝑛𝑛 = 0
𝑇𝑡 = 𝜎𝑛𝑡 = 0
𝑇𝑠 = 𝜎𝑛𝑠 = 0
Continuity Conditions
 Displacement Continuity
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
𝑢1 = 𝑢1𝑚 𝑢2 = 𝑢2𝑚 𝑢3 = 𝑢3𝑚

Traction Continuity Fiber Matrix

𝑓 𝑚 𝑓 𝑚
𝜎𝑛𝑛 = 𝜎𝑛𝑛 𝜎𝑡𝑡 ≠ 𝜎𝑡𝑡
𝑓 𝑚 𝑓 𝑚
𝜎𝑛𝑡 = 𝜎𝑛𝑡 𝜎𝑠𝑠 ≠ 𝜎𝑠𝑠
𝑓 𝑚 𝑓 𝑚
𝜎𝑛𝑠 = 𝜎𝑛𝑠 𝜎𝑡𝑠 ≠ 𝜎𝑡𝑠
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
 Plane Stress ( in 𝑥𝑦 plane)

𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝜎𝑥𝑧 = 𝜎𝑦𝑧 = 0

𝜖𝑧𝑧 ≠ 0 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦

+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 Plane Strain ( in 𝑥𝑦 plane)
𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑦
+ =0
𝜖𝑧𝑧 = 𝜖𝑥𝑧 = 𝜖𝑦𝑧 = 0 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 ≠ 0
Strain Energy Density
 Stored internal energy per unit volume

1
𝑊 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜖𝑖𝑗
2
1
𝑊 = (𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜖𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜖𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜖𝑧𝑧 + 2𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜖𝑥𝑦 + 2𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜖𝑥𝑧 + 2𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜖𝑦𝑧 )
2

 Strain density is a scalar function, which can be integrated over the volume of a
body to find total strain energy of body.