Wbl6 Ism Ch06 Win

Chapter 6 Linear Momentum and Collisions
CHAPTER 6
LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS
1. (b).
2. (c).
3. (d).
4. since momentum is mass times velocity.
5. . Since K = m v2 and p = mv, K = m v2 = = .

So even if the momentum is the same, different mass can still have different kinetic energies.
6. , because K = . (See Exercise 6-5.)
7. (a) 90 km/h = 25 m/s. p = mv = (60 kg)(25 m/s) = .

(b) The relative velocity is zero, so p = .
. p = mv,  m===.
9. (a) p = mv = (7.1 kg)(12 m/s) = .

(b) 90 km/h = 25 m/s. p = (1200 kg)(25 m/s) = .
10. (a) , because velocity is also a factor in calculating momentum.

(b) Running back: p = mv = (75 kg)(8.5 m/s) = 638 kgm/s.
Lineman: p = (120 kg)(5.0 m/s) = 600 kgm/s.
So has more momentum, and the difference is
p = 638 kgm/s  600 kgm/s = .
11. 90 km/h = 25 m/s. p = m1 v1 = m2 v2,  v2 = = = .
. Since the ball moves in the opposite direction, v = 34.7 m/s and vo = 4.50 m/s.
p = mv  mvo = (0.150 kg)(34.7 m/s)  (0.150 kg)(4.50 m/s) = 5.88 kg·m/s
=.
13. Since the bullet moves in the opposite direction, v = 120 m/s and vo = 150 m/s.
p = mv  mvo = (0.0150 kg)(120 m/s)  (0.0150 kg)(150 m/s) = 4.05 kg·m/s
=.
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14. (a) The magnitude of the total momentum of the two-proton system will be . Momentum is a vector quantity.
When two momenta are opposite, the magnitude of the addition of the two momenta is equal to the difference of
the magnitudes of the two momenta.
ur r r r r
If P = p 1 + p 2 and p 1 and p 2 are opposite, then P = p1 + (p2) = p1  p2.
(b) Since they approach each other, v1 = 340 m/s and v2 = 450 m/s.
P = p1 + p2 = (1.67  1027 kg)(340 m/s  450 m/s) = 1.84  1025 kg·m/s

=.
15. (a) 36 km/h = 10 m/s. p = mv = (1.29 kg/m 3)(1.0 m3)(10 m/s) = .

(b) 74 mi/h = 33.1 m/s. p = (1.29 kg/m 3)(1.0 m3)(33.1 m/s) = .
. P = p1 + p2 = 350 kgm/s. It can be either positive or negative because the Exercise does not specify the direction
of the momentum.
350 kgm/s = (70 kg)(2.0 m/s) + (60 kg)v2,  v2 = +3.5 m/s or 8.2 m/s.
The velocity of the light runner is .
17. px = mvx = (0.20 kg)[(15 m/s) sin 60  (15 m/s) sin 60] = 0,
py = mvy = (0.20 kg)[(15 m/s) cos 60  (15 m/s) cos 60] = 3.0 kg·m/s.
r
So  p = .
18. px = mvx = (0.20 kg)[(10 m/s) sin 50  (15 m/s) sin 60] = 1.1 kg·m/s,
py = mvy = (0.20 kg)[(10 m/s) cos 50  (15 m/s) cos 60] = 2.8 kg·m/s.
r
So  p = .
19. Favg = = = = .
. vo = 3.0 km/h = 0.833 m/s. Favg= = = = .
21. First calculate the speed of the ball hitting the ground.
v2 = vo2  2 gy = (0)2  2(9.80 m/s2)(15 m) = 294 m2/s2, so v = 17.1 m/s.
For the impact Favg= = = = .
22. (a) The direction will be . The direction of the vector sum of the two
momenta can be clearly seen from the diagram.
r north
(b) p 1 = (80.0 kg)(5.00 m/s)[(cos 45) ^ + (sin 45) ^ p1
= (282.8 kgm/s) ^ + (282.8 kgm/s) ^.

r
p 2 = (90.0 kg)(6.00 m/s) ^ = (540.0 kgm/s) ^. 45
east
P2
92
ur r r
P= p1 + p2 = .
1 �282.8 �
So P= =,  = tan � �= .
�822.8 �
23. (a) vo = 95.0 mi/h = 42.46 m/s, v = 0.

p = p  po = mv  mvo = 0  (0.250 kg)(42.46 m/s) = 10.6 kgm/s = .
(b) Favg = = = = .
The negative sign indicates that the force is opposite vo.
24. (a) The final velocity is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the initial velocity.
p = mv = m(v  vo) = m(vo  vo) = 2mvo = 2(120 lb)   (4.50 m/s)
= 491 kgm/s = .
(b) , there would be a difference.
v2 = v\s\up4(2) 2gy = (4.50 m/s)2  2(9.80 m/s2)(0.300 m) = 26.13 m2/s2,  v = 5.11 m/s.
So p = (120 lb)   (5.11 m/s  4.50 m/s) = -524 kgm/s = .
25. (a) From either kinematics (Chapter 2) or the conservation of energy (Chapter 5), the velocity of the ball right
before hitting the floor is vo =  =  = 6.261 m/s.
The velocity of the ball right after the impact is vo = = 4.200 m/s.
p = mv = m(v  vo) = (0.200 kg)[4.200 m/s  (6.261 m/s)] =.
(b) Favg = = = = 22.0 N.
The floor also needs to support the weight of the ball during impact.
w = mg = (0.200 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 1.96 N. So the total force is 22.0 N + 1.96 N = .
26. (d).
27. (c).
28. Follow through , because impulse is the product of force and contact time.
. By stopping, the contact time is short. From the impulse momentum theorem (Favg t = p = mv  mvo), a shorter
contact time will result in a greater force if all other factors (m, vo, v) remain the same.
30. (a) Drive: large impulse (large Favg and t); chip shot: small impulse (small Favg and t).
(b) Jab: small impulse (small Favg and t); knock-out punch: large impulse (large Favg and t).
(c) Bunting: small impulse (small Favg and t); home-run swing: large impulse (large Favg and t).
31. In (a), (b), and (c), it is to have . This is because

Favg t = p = mv  mvo so the greater the t, the less the Favg. It can also decrease the pressure on the body
because the force is spread over a larger area.
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. Consider the horizontal motion.

Favg t = mv  mvo = mv,  v= = =.
33. Favg t = mv  mvo = mvo,  Favg =  =  = .
34. Favg t = mv  mvo = mv,  v= = =.
35. (a) Favg t = mv  mvo = mvo,  Favg =  =  = .
(b) Favg =  =  = .
36. (a) The magnitude of the change in momentum of the baseball is . Momentum is a vector quantity. When two
momenta are opposite, the magnitude of the difference or subtraction of the two momenta is equal to the sum of the
magnitudes of the two momenta.
r r r r r
If  p = p 1  p 2 and p 1 and p 2 are opposite, then p = p1  (p2) = p1 + p2.
(b) Choose the direction of motion before the bunt as positive. v = 10 m/s, vo = 15 m/s.
p = mv – mvo = (0.16 kg)(10 m/s) – (0.16 kg)(15 m/s) = .
(c) Favg = = = , opposite vo.
. (a) Since it is to reduce the speed, the impulse is caused by .

(b) Impulse = Favg t = mv  mvo ,  v = vo + = 30.0 m/s + = .
38. (a) Impulse = Favg t = (100.0 N)(0.200 s) = .

r
(b) p o = [(100 kg)(0.750 m/s)] ^ = (75.0 kgm/s) ^.
The impulse of 20.0 Ns = 20.0 kgm/s is perpendicular to the x direction so it is in the y direction.
ur r r r r r ur
F avg t =  p = p  p o ,  p = p o + F avg t = (75.0 kgm/s) ^ + (20.0 kgm/s) ^.
1 �20.0 �
 = tan � �= .
75.0
� �
(c) p = = 77.62 kgm/s. So v= = =.
39. (a) requires a greater force. Force is proportional to the change in momentum. When a ball changes its direction,
r r r r r
the change in momentum is greater. If  p = p 1  p 2 and p 1 and p 2 are opposite (hitting it back), then p = p1 –
(p2) = p1 + p2. Had you caught the ball, then p2 = 0 so p = p1.

(b) The final velocity is opposite to the initial velocity (“hitting it back”).
Favg = = = = 1.2  102 N = .
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. The final velocity is opposite to the initial velocity (“rebounds”).

Favg = = = = 1.4  103 N, or .
41. Favg t = mv  mvo = mvo,  Favg =  . So the magnitude is .
Favg1 = = ; Favg2 = = .
42. (a) Impulse = area of the trapezoid = (0.30 s + 0.14 s)(900 N) = 76.5 N = .
(b) Favg= = = .
(c) Favg t = mv  mvo, so v = vo + = 6.0 m/s + = .
43. The velocity of the putty right before impact is (from energy conservation)
v =  =  = 7.0 m/s.
Favg t = mv  mvo =  mvo, so Favg =  =  = 10.5 N.

The force also needs to support the weight of the putty, w = mg = (0.45 kg)(9.80 m/s2) = 4.41 N.
Thus the total force is 10.5 N + 4.41 N = .
44. Favg t = p = 3.0 kg·m/s,  Favg = = .
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45. (a) Apply momentum conservation P o = P . y
v
in x: (60 km/h) + (0) = vx + vx, 60 km/h
x
so vx = 20 km/h. 7 500 N
45 km/h
in y: (0) + (45 km/h) = vy + vy,
15 000 N
so vy = 30 km/h.
 30 
v= =,  = tan 1   = .
 20 
(b) The percentage of kinetic energy lost is
= = 1   1  = 1  0.51 = 0.49 = .
Note the proportional sign  in the calculation.
46. 40 km/h = 11.1 m/s, 2400 lb = 10 680 N. The force on the infant is opposite to velocity.
Favg t = mv  mvo,  t = = = .
r r
47. p o = (0.200 kg)(35.0 m/s) ^ = (7.00 kg·m/s) ^, p = (0.200 kg)(20.0 m/s) ^ = (4.00 kg·m/s) ^,
ur r r r
Impulse = F avg t =  p = p  p o = (7.00 kg·m/s) ^ + (4.00 kg·m/s) ^.
p
So the magnitude of impulse is = ,
1 �4.00 �
and the direction is  = tan � �= . po
�7.00 �
95
48. (a).
49. (d).
50. (a).
51. Air moves backward, and the boat moves forward according to momentum conservation. If a sail were installed
behind the fan on the boat, the boat would not go forward, because the forces between the fan and the sail are
internal forces of the system.
52. of air out of your mouth (there is no friction so you cannot walk).
53. , it is impossible. Before the hit, of the two-object system due to the one moving. According to momentum
conservation, the system should also have momentum after the hit. Therefore it is not possible for both to be at rest
(zero total system momentum).
54. This is because of the fact that the than the golf club. When the momentum is transferred from the club to the
ball, the ball has a greater speed.
55. According to the conservation of momentum, the astronaut moves in the opposite direction.
m1 = 0.50 kg, m2 = 60 kg, v1o = 0, v2o = 0, v1 = 10 m/s, v2 = ?.
ur ur
P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2.
v2 = = = .
. m1 = 45 kg, m2 = 65 kg, v1o = 0, v2o = 0, v1 = 1.5 m/s, v2 = ?

ur ur
Po= P,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2.
v2 = = = 1.0 m/s = .
57. m1 = 0.150 kg, m2 = 70.0 kg, v1o = 0, v2o = 0, v 1 = 2.00 m/s, v2 = ?

ur ur
Po= P,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2.
v2 = = = 4.615  103 m/s.

Therefore it takes = .
. (a) According to momentum conservation, the total momentum of the three-fragment system must be zero.
Therefore, the third fragment must fly off toward a general direction of . y
ur ur 3
(b) Apply momentum conservation P o = P .
in x axis: (2.0 kg)(0) = (0.50 kg)(2.8 m/s) + (1.3 kg)(0) + (1.2 kg) vx, 1
x
so vx = 1.17 m/s;
2
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in y axis: (3.0 kg)(0) = (0.50 kg)(0) + (1.3 kg)(1.5 m/s) + (1.2 kg) vy,
so vy = 1.63 m/s.
 1.63 
v= =,  = tan 1   =.
 117
. 
u
r ur
59. Apply momentum conservation P o = P in the x-axis:
(3.0 kg)(2.5 m/s) = (0.50 kg)(2.8 m/s) + (1.3 kg)(0) + (1.2 kg) vx,  vx = 7.42 m/s;
 1.63 
so v= =,  = tan 1   =.
 7.42 
60. (a) px = py = (0.50 kg)(3.3 m/s) = 1.65 kg·m/s.

p= =,
�1.65 �
 = tan 1 � �= .
�1.65 �
(b) A collision does not have to occur because the original positions of the balls were not given. The momentum
would be the same. So the answer is .
61. m1 = m2 = m (identical), v1 = v2 = v (lock bumpers).

ur ur
P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = (m1 + m2)v.
So v= =.
(a) v = = in the direction of moving car.
(b) v = = in the direction of faster car.
(c) v = = in the same direction as initial motion.
. m1 = 1200 kg, m2 = 1500 kg, v1o = 25 m/s, v1 = v2 = v = ? (locks bumpers).

ur ur
P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = (m1 + m2)v.
So v= =.
(a) v = = .
(b) v = = .
(c) v = = 0 or .
63. m1 = 0.010 kg, m2 = 3.0 kg, v1o = 400 m/s, v2o = 0, v1 = 300 m/s, v2 = ?
ur ur
Po= P,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2.
v2 = = = .
64. (a) m1 = 4.00 kg, m2 = 10.0 kg  4.00 kg = 6.00 kg, v1o = v2o = 0, v1 = 100 m/s (west), v2 = ?
ur ur
P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2.
97
v2 = = = .
(b) Ko = 0. The kinetic energy created is equal to the final kinetic energy.
1
K= 2 (4.00 kg)(100 m/s)2 + 1
2 (6.00 kg)(66.7 /s)2 = .
65. From momentum conservation, po = m vo = p = m v.

So v= = =.
. (a) The target must move to the to conserve the total momentum.
(b) m1 = 0.500 kg, m2 = 25.0 kg, v1o = 250 m/s, v2o = 0, v1 = 100 m/s, v2 = ?
ur ur
P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2.
v2 = = = .
67. (a) The stunt man has zero horizontal velocity before he jumps onto the sled.
ur ur
Apply momentum conservation P o = P in the horizontal direction.
(75 kg)(0) + (50 kg)(10 m/s) = (75 kg + 50 kg) v = (125 kg) v,  v=.
(b) The stunt man’s momentum is still conserved by himself, so he continues to move with .
ur ur
68. (a) First find the recoil velocity of the astronaut from momentum conservation P o = P .
m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2,  (0.50 kg)(0) + (90 kg)(0) = (0.50 kg)(4.0 m/s) + (90 kg) v2,
so v2 = 0.0222 m/s. Therefore it takes him = 2.7  102 s = 4.5 min.

So the answer is , he does not get back in time.
(b) The recoil velocity of the astronaut must be v2 =  = -0.025 m/s.
So (0.50 kg)(0) + (90 kg)(0) = (0.50 kg) v1 + (90 kg)( 0.025 m/s). Therefore v1 = .
69. 90.0 km/h = 25.0 m/s.

First find the horizontal velocity of the “other” segment at top of the trajectory (explosion).
ur ur
Apply momentum conservation P o = P in the horizontal direction.
m(25.0 m/s) cos 60.0 = (0) + vx,  vx = 25.0 m/s.
Now the “other” segment will undergo a horizontal projectile motion with vxo = 25.0 m/s from a height of
ymax = = = 23.916 m (from v\s\up4(2) = v\s\up4(2) 2gy).
The time of flight is t = = = 2.209 s (from y = vot gt2).
So x = vxo t = (25.0 m/s)(2.209 s) = 55.23 m, which is the horizontal distance from explosion to landing.
The horizontal distance from the gun to explosion is
x  = (25.0 m/s) cos 60 (2.209 s) = 27.62 m.

Therefore the horizontal distance from the gun to the landing is x + x  = .
ur ur
70. m1 = m2 = m (same mass). Apply momentum conservation P o = P
98
in x axis: m(0.95 m/s) = m v1 cos 50 + m v2 cos 40,

so 0.95 m/s = 0.643 v1 + 0.766 v2 (1)
in y axis: m(0) = m v1 sin 50  m v2 sin 40,

so 0 = 0.766 v1 – 0.643 v2 (2)
0.643  Equation (1) + 0.766  Equation (2) yields 0.611 m/s = 0.413 v1 + 0.587 v1 = (1.00) v1.
Therefore v1 = and v2 = = .
ur ur
71. (a) Apply momentum conservation P o = P
in x-axis: (0.010 kg)(2000 m/s) + 0 = (0.010 kg)(1000 m/s) cos 10 + (100 kg) v2x,
so v2x = 0.1015 m/s;
in y-axis: 0 + 0 = (0.010 kg)(1000 m/s) sin 10 + (100 kg) v2y,
so v2y = 0.01736 m/s.
y
P1
�0.01736 �
2 = tan �
1
�= below the +x-axis. P1o
� 0.1015 � 10
 x
(b) v2 = = .
P2
. First use energy conservation to find the velocity of the bullet and the bob right after collision from the swing
motion. The velocity right after the collision is the same as the velocity at the start of the swing.
So (m + M) v2 + (m + M)g(0) = (m + M)(0)2 + (m + M)g(h),  v=.
ur ur
Now apply momentum conservation Po= P. M vo + M(0) = (m + M) v = (m + M) ,
so vo = .
73. (c).
74. (d). mv – (mv) = 2mv.
75. (a).
76. (a).
. This is due to the fact that . For example, two objects of equal mass traveling with the same speed in opposite
directions have positive total kinetic energy but zero total momentum. After they collide inelastically, both stop,
resulting in zero total kinetic energy and zero total momentum. Therefore, kinetic energy is lost and momentum is
conserved.
78. In either an elastic or an inelastic collision, the momentum is always conserved. In an inelastic collision, the
kinetic energy is not conserved whereas the kinetic energy is also conserved in an elastic collision.
79. , it can. For example, when two objects of equal masses are approaching each other with equal speeds, the total
initial momentum is zero. After they collide, if they both are stationary, the total momentum is still zero.
However, after the collision, the two object system has no kinetic energy left.
99
80. (a) It must be the , because momentum is obviously conserved.

m(2vo) = mvo + mvo = 2vo.
(b) Eo = Ko = m (2vo)2 = 2 mvo2 and E = K = mvo2 + mvo2 = m v\s\up4(2).
So mechanical energy is not conserved, and it can not happen.
81. Use Equation 6.14 and 15 from the text (1 = proton and 2 = alpha particle). vao = 0.
vp = vpo = (3.0  106 m/s) = .
va = vpo = (3.0  106 m/s) = .
. Use Equation 6.14 and 15 from the text. v2o = 0.

v1 = v1o + v2o =  (4.0 m/s) = .
v2 = v1o  v2o =  (4.0 m/s) = .
83. Use Equation 6.14 and 6.15 from the text. v2o = 0.
v1 = v1o = (0.50 m/s) = .
v2 = v1o = (0.50 m/s) = .
84. From Equations 6.14 and 6.15 (1 = Jill’s car and 2 = Rob’s car):
�m  mR � � 2mR �
vJ = � J �vJ o + � �vR o =  (3.50 m/s) +  (2.00 m/s)
�mJ + mR � �mJ + mR �
= +1.69 m/s = .
� 2mJ � �mJ  mR �
vR = � �vJ o  � vR o =  (3.50 m/s)   (2.00 m/s)
�
�mJ + mR � �mJ + mR �
= 3.81 m/s = .
85. From Equations 6.14 and 6.15 (1 = Police’s car and 2 = criminal’s car):
�m  mc � � 2mc �
vp = � p v po + �
�co =  (40.0 m/s) +  (38.0 m/s)
� v
�mp + mc � �mp + mc �
� � � �
=.
� 2mp � �m  mc �
vc = � v  p
�co =  (40.0 m/s)   (38.0 m/s)
v
�mp + mc �
�po �
�mp + mc �
� � � �
=.
. (a) This kind of collision is , because the fish and the bird are combined after the “collision” (catch).
(b) The bird and fish have the same velocity after the grab.
m1 = 5.0 kg, m2 = 0.80 kg, v1o = 6.5 m/s, v2o = 0 m/s, v1 = v2 = v = ?
ur ur
P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2) v.
So v===.
87. First, calculate the velocity of both objects right after the collision from momentum conservation.
100
(1.0 kg)(10 m/s) + (2.0 kg)(0) = (1.0 kg + 2.0 kg) v,  v = 3.33 m/s.
From the conservation of energy, m(3.33 m/s)2 = m(9.80 m/s2)h,  h = 0.566 m.
So x==.
ur ur
88. The balls have the same mass. Apply momentum conservation P o = P . y
in x: m(0.750 m/s) + m(0) = m(0.250 m/s) cos 37 + m vx , 0.250 m/s
37
so vx = 0.550 m/s;
0.750 m/s  x
in y: m(0) + m(0) = m(0.250 m/s) sin 37 + m vy , v'
so vy = 0.150 m/s.
 0150
. 
  v
 0.550 
Therefore  = tan 1
=. = =.
ur ur
89. First find the velocity of the 6.0-kg ball right after collision from momentum conservation, P o = P .
m1 = 2.0 kg, m2 = 6.0 kg, v1o = 12 m/s, v2o = 4.0 m/s (“toward each other”),
v1 = 8.0 m/s (“recoil”).
(2.0 kg)(12 m/s) + (6.0 kg)(4.0 m/s) = (2.0 kg)( 8.0 m/s) + (6.0 kg) v2,  v2 = 2.67 m/s.
Ko = (2.0 kg)(12 m/s)2 + (6.0 kg)(4.0 m/s) 2 = 192 J;

K = (2.0 kg)(8.0 m/s) 2 + (6.0 kg)(2.67 m/s) 2 = 84.5 J.
The kinetic energy lost is Ko  K = .
ur ur
. (a) Apply momentum conservation, P o = P
in x: m v + M(0) = (m + M) vx ,  vx = = = ;
in y: m(0) + M(V) = (m + M) vy ,  vy = = = .
 3.3 
(b)  = tan 1   =.
 10
. 
91. (a) Right after the collision, the car and minivan will move toward a y
general direction , according to momentum conservation. The initial 3000 kg

60.0 km/h
momentum of the minivan is to the south, and the initial momentum of the
1500 kg
car is to the east, so the two-vehicle system has a total momentum to the 90.0 km/h  x
southeast after the collision. v'
(b) 90.0 km/h = 25.0 m/s, 60.0 km/h = 16.67 m/s.
Using the result of Exercise 6.90, we have vx = and vy = .
101
v = = =.
 (3000 kg )(16.67 m s ) 
 
(1500 kg)(25.0 m s 
 = tan 1  =.
92. Use Equation 6.10 from the text. (m1 = m2 = m).

v1 = v1o = 0, v2 = v1o = v1o = 2.0 m/s.
From the conservation of mechanical energy,
1
2 m2 v22 = mgh,  h = = = 0.204 m.
x= = =.
ur ur
93. Apply momentum conservation P o = P .
in x: Pxo = 0,
Px = (0.25 kg)(4.0 m/s) + (0.20 kg)(6.0 m/s) cos 120 + (0.33 kg)(2.5 m/s) cos 230 = 0.13 kg·m/s,
in y: Pyo = 0,
Py = (0.25 kg)(0) + (0.20 kg)(6.0 m/s) sin 120 + (0.33 kg)(2.5 m/s) sin 230 = 0.41 kg·m/s.
So Po  P. Therefore, the answer is .
Now in x: 0 = (0.25 kg)(4.0 m/s) + (0.20 kg)(6.0 m/s) cos 120 + px,  px = 0.40 kgm/s.
in y: 0 = (0.25 kg)(0) + (0.20 kg)(6.0 m/s) sin 120 + py,  py = 1.04 kgm/s.
So p= =,
 104
. 
 = tan 1   = 69 below x axis or .
 0.40 
ur ur
. Since the cars are identical, m1 = m2 = m. From momentum conservation P o = P :
2
v 
m(vo) + m(0) = (m + m) v = 2 m v,  v=. Ko = m v\s\up4(2) and K = (2m)  o  = m v\s\up4(2).
2 
So the fraction of kinetic energy lost is = = 1  = 1  = .
95. (a) v1 = v1o = v1o = v1o.

So the fraction of kinetic energy lost is = = 1  = 1  = 0.28 = .
(b) v1 = (1.5  107 m/s) = .
96. First consider the collision between car 1 and 2.

v1 = v1o =  (15.0 m/s) = .
v2 = v1o =  (15.0 m/s) = .
Now consider the collision between car 2 and 3.
The 17.1 m/s becomes the initial velocity in this collision. v2 = v3 = v.
102
(1500 kg)(17.1 m/s) + (2500 kg)(0) = (1500 kg + 2500 kg) v,  v=.
97. The vertical height of the first pendulum above the bottom of the arc is
h = L(1  cos ) = (1.50 m)(1  cos 30) = 0.201 m.
From the conservation of energy, the speed of pendulum 1 at the bottom is
1
2 m v2 = mgh,  v = = = 1.985 m/s.
1
In the collision with pendulum 2, this 1.98 m/s is going to be the initial velocity. m1 = 2 m2, or m2 = 2m1.
v1 = v1o =  (1.985 m/s) = 0.662 m/s. (It rebounds left.)
v2 = v1o =  (1.985 m/s) = 1.32 m/s.
1
Now find the height of the two pendulums from energy conservation. 2 m v2 = mgh.
h1 = = = 0.0224 m, h2 = = = 0.0889 m.
cos 1 = 1  = 1  = 0.985,  1 = .
cos 2 = 1  = 0.941,  2 = .
ur ur
98. From momentum conservation P o = P : m vo + M(0) = (m + M) v,  v=.
2
 m1 vo 
Ko = m1 v\s\up4(2) and K = (m + M) v2 = (m + M)   = .
m+ M
The fraction of kinetic energy lost is
= =1 =1 =1 =.
99. (d).
100. (a).
101. The flamingo’s center of mass must be for it to be in equilibrium.
102. The CM of the system .
103. (a) XCM = = = 0,  x2 = .
YCM = = 0,  y2 = .
(b) , due to the equal masses of the particles.
104. Choose the less massive mass as the origin (x = 0).

XCM = = = .
103
105. (a) XCM = =

=.
(b) From the surface of the Earth, it is at
Earth
4.6  106 m  re = 4.6  106 m  7.37  106 m = 1.8  106 m,
re Moon
i.e., .
x=0
3.8  108 m
106. XCM = = = 0.44 m,
YCM = 0. So the CM is at .
107. Here are some useful data from Exercise 6.69.

The range of the projectile (center of mass) is x = 55.23 m. So the top of the trajectory will have a horizontal
distance equal to half the range at (55.23 m)/2 = 27.62 m.
The center of mass should “land” at the x = 55.23 m point.
XCM = , so 55.23 m = . Therefore x = .
. (a) The center of mass of the system will be , because it is the more massive one of the two masses. The center of
mass will be “weighted” to the more massive side.
(b) Choose the 4.0-kg mass as the origin (x = 0). The center of mass of the rod is then at 2.5 m.
XCM = = = .
109. The CM of both the square sheet and the circle are at the center of the square. So
from symmetry, the CM of the remaining portion is .
110. (a) The system is symmetrical about the geometrical center of the system, so the CM is
at the center of the system, or .
(b) Again, it is symmetrical about the center. It is still at .
(c) XCM = = = 2.8 m,
YCM = = 2.0 m.
So the CM is at .
111. The CM of the board is at its center, or 1.00 m to right end of the pole. Choose the right end of the board as x = 0.
The CM of the system is at XCM = 0.95 m (where the cylinder is).
0.95 m = XCM = = ,
so x2 = from the right end of the board.
. Due to the lack of external force, the CM is stationary and is located where they meet.
XCM = =
=.
113. (a) Due to the lack of external force, the CM is stationary and is
located where they meet. 65 kg 45 kg
104
x=0 XCM x = 8.0 m
XCM = = = 3.3 m.
8.0 m  3.3 m = 4.7 m.
So .
(b) Still there is no external force; they travel the as in part (a).
114. M = 3(0.25 kg) = 0.75 kg.

ur
F net = (3.0 N) ^ + (5.0 N) ^ + (4.0 N) ^ = (4.0 N) ^ + (2.0 N) ^,
ur
so A CM = = = .
 2.7 
Or A= =,  = tan 1   =.
 5.3 
115. First calculate the position of the CM relative to the light end. m2 = 3m1.
XCM = = = 0.450 m.
So the light end is 0.450 m from the CM and the heavy end is 0.600 m  0.450 m = 0.150 m from the CM.
The CM is a projectile with an initial velocity of 15.0 m/s at an angle of 45.
The initial vertical velocity is vyo = (15.0 m/s) sin 45 = 10.61 m/s.
At the maximum height, vy = 0. So vy2 = v\s\up4(2)  2g(y  yo),  hmax = = = 5.743 m.
Therefore the heavy end is 5.743 m  0.150 m = above the ground.
The light end is 5.743 m + 0.450 m = above the ground.
ur ur
116. (a) P o = P ,  m1 v1o + m2 v2o = m1 v1 + m2 v2 .
(0.0200 kg)(300 m/s) + (1.000 kg)(0) = (0.0200 kg)(50.0 m/s) + (1.000 kg) v2. So v2 = .
1 1
(b) Ko = 2 (0.0200 kg)(300 m/s)2 + 2 (1.000 kg)(0)2 = 900 J.
1 1
K= 2 (0.0200 kg)(50.0 m/s)2 + 2 (1.000 kg)(5.00 m/s)2 = 37.5 J.
So the fraction of the total initial kinetic energy lost is = .
ur ur
117. (a) Apply momentum conservation P o = P
in x-axis: (0.100 kg)(20 000 m/s) + (1000 kg)(200 m/s) = (0.100 kg)(12 000 m/s) cos 40 + (1000 kg) v2x,
so v2x = 198.9 m/s;
in y-axis: 0 + 0 = (0.100 kg)(12 000 m/s) sin 40 + (1000 kg) v2y,
y
so v2y = 0.7713 m/s. P1
P1o 40
�0.7713 �
2 = tan � 1
�= below the x-axis.  P2o x
�198.9 �
P2
(b) v2 = = .
1
118. (a) Since momentum is equal to p = mv, and kinetic energy is equal to K = 2 m v 2, K = .
105
Both the neptunium and alpha particle will have the same magnitude of momentum. Since neptunium has more
mass, it will have kinetic energy.
(b) The initial total momentum is zero. The final momentum of the alpha particle is
P = = = 1.074  1019 kgm/s.
From momentum conservation, neptunium will also has this same amount of momentum (in opposite direction,
though). K = = = .
ur ur
119. (a) v1 = v2 = v (forma single object). Apply momentum conservation P o = P
in x-axis: (50.0 kg)(5.00 m/s) (0.50 kg)(35.0 m/s) cos 30 = (50.0 kg + 0.50 kg) vx, so vx = 4.650 m/s;
in y-axis: 0 (0.50 kg)(35.0 m/s) sin 30 = (50.0 kg + 0.50 kg) vy, so vy = 0.1733 m/s.
�0.1733 �
2 = tan 1 � �= below the x-axis. v= =.
� 4.650 �
1 1
(b) Ko = 2 (50.0 kg)(5.00 m/s)2 + 2 (0.50 kg)(35.0 m/s)2 = 931 J.
1
K= 2 (50.0 kg + 0.50 kg)(4.65 m/s) 2 = 546 J. So the answer is .
106

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Chapter 6 Linear Momentum and Collisions

4. since momentum is mass times velocity.

5. . Since K = m v2 and p = mv, K = m v2 = = .

6. , because K = . (See Exercise 6-5.)

7. (a) 90 km/h = 25 m/s. p = mv = (60 kg)(25 m/s) = .

9. (a) p = mv = (7.1 kg)(12 m/s) = .

10. (a) , because velocity is also a factor in calculating momentum.

11. 90 km/h = 25 m/s. p = m1 v1 = m2 v2,  v2 = = = .

P = p1 + p2 = (1.67  1027 kg)(340 m/s  450 m/s) = 1.84  1025 kg·m/s

15. (a) 36 km/h = 10 m/s. p = mv = (1.29 kg/m 3)(1.0 m3)(10 m/s) = .

The velocity of the light runner is .

. vo = 3.0 km/h = 0.833 m/s. Favg= = = = .

For the impact Favg= = = = .

= (282.8 kgm/s) ^ + (282.8 kgm/s) ^.

23. (a) vo = 95.0 mi/h = 42.46 m/s, v = 0.

The negative sign indicates that the force is opposite vo.

So p = (120 lb)   (5.11 m/s  4.50 m/s) = -524 kgm/s = .

31. In (a), (b), and (c), it is to have . This is because

. Consider the horizontal motion.

33. Favg t = mv  mvo = mvo,  Favg =  =  = .

34. Favg t = mv  mvo = mv,  v= = =.

35. (a) Favg t = mv  mvo = mvo,  Favg =  =  = .

. (a) Since it is to reduce the speed, the impulse is caused by .

38. (a) Impulse = Favg t = (100.0 N)(0.200 s) = .

(p2) = p1 + p2. Had you caught the ball, then p2 = 0 so p = p1.

. The final velocity is opposite to the initial velocity (“rebounds”).

41. Favg t = mv  mvo = mvo,  Favg =  . So the magnitude is .

Favg t = mv  mvo =  mvo, so Favg =  =  = 10.5 N.

44. Favg t = p = 3.0 kg·m/s,  Favg = = .

. m1 = 45 kg, m2 = 65 kg, v1o = 0, v2o = 0, v1 = 1.5 m/s, v2 = ?

57. m1 = 0.150 kg, m2 = 70.0 kg, v1o = 0, v2o = 0, v 1 = 2.00 m/s, v2 = ?

v2 = = = 4.615  103 m/s.

60. (a) px = py = (0.50 kg)(3.3 m/s) = 1.65 kg·m/s.

61. m1 = m2 = m (identical), v1 = v2 = v (lock bumpers).

. m1 = 1200 kg, m2 = 1500 kg, v1o = 25 m/s, v1 = v2 = v = ? (locks bumpers).

65. From momentum conservation, po = m vo = p = m v.

so v2 = 0.0222 m/s. Therefore it takes him = 2.7  102 s = 4.5 min.

69. 90.0 km/h = 25.0 m/s.

x  = (25.0 m/s) cos 60 (2.209 s) = 27.62 m.

in x axis: m(0.95 m/s) = m v1 cos 50 + m v2 cos 40,

in y axis: m(0) = m v1 sin 50  m v2 sin 40,

74. (d). mv – (mv) = 2mv.

80. (a) It must be the , because momentum is obviously conserved.

. Use Equation 6.14 and 15 from the text. v2o = 0.

From the conservation of energy, m(3.33 m/s)2 = m(9.80 m/s2)h,  h = 0.566 m.

in y: m(0) + m(0) = m(0.250 m/s) sin 37 + m vy , v'

so vy = 0.150 m/s.

v1 = 8.0 m/s (“recoil”).

Ko = (2.0 kg)(12 m/s)2 + (6.0 kg)(4.0 m/s) 2 = 192 J;

in x: m v + M(0) = (m + M) vx ,  vx = = = ;

in y: m(0) + M(V) = (m + M) vy ,  vy = = = .

general direction , according to momentum conservation. The initial 3000 kg

92. Use Equation 6.10 from the text. (m1 = m2 = m).

So the fraction of kinetic energy lost is = = 1  = 1  = .

95. (a) v1 = v1o = v1o = v1o.

96. First consider the collision between car 1 and 2.

(1500 kg)(17.1 m/s) + (2500 kg)(0) = (1500 kg + 2500 kg) v,  v=.

101. The flamingo’s center of mass must be for it to be in equilibrium.

102. The CM of the system .

103. (a) XCM = = = 0,  x2 = .

(b) , due to the equal masses of the particles.

104. Choose the less massive mass as the origin (x = 0).

105. (a) XCM = =

107. Here are some useful data from Exercise 6.69.