Chapter 5

CHEMICALS
FOR
CONSUMERS
 1. Define the soap 1. Define food additive
2. Define the detergent 2. What information we can get from
3. Explain how the soap reacted in a the food covers
cleaning process? 3. List the types of food additive and
4. Define the hard water then gives one example for each type
5. Explain why detergent more effective of food additive respectively
than soap when cleaning using the
hard water?

Soap and Detergent Food Additive

1. What is medicine?
2. State the difference between modern
medical and traditional medical
3. State four type of modern medicine.
Give functions.
4. List 2 example of medicine for each
type of the medicine respectively.
5. Gives three example of traditional
medicine and their usage.

Medicine

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A. SOAP AND DETERGENT

1. Definition

(i) Soap : A sodium or potassium salt of long-chain ……………………….

General formula of soap:

or

(ii) Detergent : A sodium or potassium salt of ……………………… acids or …………………….. acid.

General formula of detergent:

Sodium alkyl sulphate Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

2. Soap preparation process

Soap is prepared by hydrolyzing fats or oils under alkaline condition. This reaction is called ………………………….

The process involves boiling fats or oils with ……………………………………….. or ……………………………………….to

produce …………………………….. and the salts of fatty acids which are the ……………………..

Write down the general equation for this reaction:

+ 3NaOH → +

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PREPARATION A SOAP IN LAB
Describe how soap can be prepared in laboratory

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3. Detergent preparation process

During the preparation of detergent, a long-chain hydrocarbon obtained from ………………………………………….is

converted into an organic acid through a series of steps.

The organic acid is then neutralized with ……………………………………………..solution to produce a detergent.

4. Draw the general formulae for two common detergent

A sodium alkyl sulphate A sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

5. Structure of Soap and Detergent

The molecular structure of soap/detergent can be divided into two parts:

a. …………………………….…… part – Soluble in water but insoluble in oil

b. ………………………………... part – Insoluble in water but soluble in oil

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6. Using suitable diagram describe the cleaning action of soap and detergent

7. Comparison of Cleaning Action of Soaps and Detergents.

Washing Agents Soaps Detergents

Effectives
Q: Detergent is more effective than soap in hard water. Explain why.

Formation of scum

Source

Formation of compounds

Effect on the environment

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8. Complete the table below.

Additive in detergent Examples Function

Amylase, proteases, cellulose

Biological enzyme To remove protein stain such as blood
and lipases

Builder

Sodium sulphate, sodium

Filler
silicate

Foam control agent To control foaming in detergent

Fragrance

Optical whitener

Suspension agent Carboxymethylcellulose

Whitening agent

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B. FOOD ADDITIVE

1. Food additives
Complete the table below:

Food additives Function Examples

Ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT,

Antioxidant To prevent oxidation of food
tocopheral, sodium citrate

To improve or restore taste of

Flavourings
food

Food dyes Tatrazine, brilliant blue FCF

Preservatives

To prevent an emulsion from

Stabilizers
separating out

Thickeners

2. Preservatives
Complete the table below:

Preservative Example How it works

Salt Salted fish

Sugar

Vinegar

Sodium nitrate or sodium Burger, sausage,

nitrate launcheon meat

Benzoic acid or sodium

Slow down the growth of microorganism
benzoate

Sulphur dioxide

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3. Antioxidant
Complete the table below:

Antioxidant Example Function

Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)

Margarine To retard rancidity in oils
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Alpha tocopheral (Vitamin E)

Sodium citrate

4. Flavourings
Complete the table:

Food additives Function Examples

Monosodium glutamate To bring out the flavor in many

(MSG) food

Diet drink, low-calories frozen

Aspartame
desserts and some soft drinks

To produce artificial flavor which

Synthetic essences
resemble natural flavours

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives?

Advantages Disadvantages

Make food stay fresh longer, look nicer and taste

better

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C. MEDICINE

1. Traditional medicines are derived from plants and animals. Complete the table below:

Medicinal plant Function

Aloe vera (lidah buaya) To treat skin wound

Andrographis paniculata (hempedu

bumi)

Eurycoma longifolia (tongkat ali)

Centella asiata (pegaga)

Ocimum basilicum (selasih)

Orthosiphon aristatus (misai kucing)

2. Give three examples of animals that are claim to have medicinal properties.

(i) ………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………….
(iii) ………………………………………………….

3. Modern medicine are made by …………………………….in laboratories and are based on substances found in
……………………….

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4. Types of modern medicine. Complete the diagram below:

TYPES OF MODERN
MEDICINES

Psychotherapeutic
medicine

Function: Function:

Common analgesics:

Function: Function: Function:

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5. Complete the table below:

Type of medicine / example of medicine Side effect

Traditional medicine

Analgesic

Antibiotic

Antidepressant

Usually high doses or excessive use of stimulants

over long periods of time can lead to anxiety,
Stimulant
hallucinations, severe depression or physical and
psychological dependence

Antipsychotic

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