Examples

1. Sketch the curve y  4  x 2 , mark the points A  1, 0  , B = (2 , 0), C= (1 ,3) and
determine
i. An length BC
ii. The volume generated by the rotation of area ABC about the x-axis
iii. The 1stmoment of area ABC about the x-axis
iv. The curved surface area generated by the rotation of area ABC about x-axis
y
1.(i) Let PQ = s
4
~ x 2   y 2 C (1,3)
P ( x, y )
Arc length BC y  4  x2 Q ( x  x , y   y )
2
2  dy  2
  1   dx , y 4 x A  B x
x 1  dx  2 0 1 x 2
2 2 dy
  1  4 x dx  2 x
1 dx
~ 3.17

(ii) Volume of the disc  v 2

~ y x
 x
2

 volume   y
2
dx
x 1 y
2

  4  x
1
2 2
dx  53
11
x
~ 11 .10

(iii)
y
y
2
y  4x
C (1,3)
1 x  C (1,3)
 , y P ( x, y )
 2 
y P ( x, y ) ( x , y / 2)
1 y x y
x 2
A B x x
(a) (b)
A B

From the figure(a)

3
1st moment of area about x-axis  y 0 y x  1 dy
area of the strip
1
x 2

  4  x2   x  1   2 x dx 
53
60
2
53
30

1
 From the figure(b)
2  y 2

 2 4  x 
1 53
1 moment of area about x-axis =   2 
2 2
st
ydx = dx 
x1 area of the strip 30
1

s
1
(iv) Curved surface area   2y ds x
s
0
2
 
  2 4  x 2 1  4 x 2 dx ~ 9.61
x1
2y y
x

(v) Let C  ( x , y ) be the center of mass of ABC, and density  (mass per unit area)
be a constant.
From the figure (b)
2
1st moment of the mass* about y-axis    x. y d x 
x 1
(mass* = mass of the area)  x. Mass 
2
  x  y d x
1 (  -constant)
 x
A
2 y
1st moment of the mass* about x-axis    . ydx
1 2
 y. Mass 
2 y2
 dx
2
 y1
A
3

(vi) 2nd moment of mass* about x-axis  y

2
  x  1 dy From (a)
y 0
2

2nd moment of mass* about y-axis  x

2
  y d x From(b)
x 1

2. Find the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the area bounded by the
parabola y 2  8 x and two lines y  0 & x  2
(i) about x - axis (ii) about y-axis.
(iii) about y = 6. (iv) about x = 2.

(i) about x – axis (By disk- method)

Y
Let V1  V 1
y 2  8x
P(x,y)
x y
2
X
O x 2
  V1   y x 2

2 2

  y dx =   8xdx = 16 cubic units.

2
 V1 
0 0

(ii) about y – axis (By shell – method)

Let V2   V 2

 V2  2 x y x
2 2
64
 V2   2  x y dx = 2  x (8 x) dx =
0 0 5
cubic units.

Y
y=6
(iii) about y = 6(By disk- method).
(6-y)
Let V3   V 3
6
y 2  8x
 V3   6 2
x   (6  y ) x 2 (2-x)
2 2
X
 V3     6  (6  y)  dx =   (12 y  y ) dx O
2 2 2
x 2
0 0

 
2

=   12 (8 x)  8 x dx = 48 cubic units.

0

(iv) about x = 2 (By shell – method)

Let V4    V4
 V4  2 (2  x) y x
2 2
128
 V4   2 (2  x) y dx =
0
 2 (2  x)
0
(8 x) dx =
15
cubic units.

Y
3. (i) Find the area A of the region bounded by the curves y  x 2  6 and
2x  y  3  0 P
(ii) Find the centroid of the area A defined in (2-(i)).
(iii) Find the 2 nd moment of A about y – axis.
(-1,5)A
( y1  y 2 )
( y1  y 2 )
3 (i) Let y  6  x 2 = y1 , y  6  x 2  y1
y  3  2x = y2 2 x
x X
3

y  3  2 xB(3,-3)
 y2
 A  A
A  ( y1  y 2 )x
3

Then A   ( y1  y 2 )dx
1
3

 (3  2 x  x
2
= ) dx
1
= (32/3) square units

(ii) Let C 0  ( x 0 , y 0 ) = centre of A

 1   1 
Then ( x0 , y 0 )   x , y1  ( y1  y 2 )    x , ( y1  y 2 ) 
 2   2 
Let C = ( x , y ) = centre of A , then ,
x 0 
= lim xA
1st moment of A about y – axis = M oy = Ax
x
3 3

 xdA   3x  2 x  x 3  dx = 32/3

2
=
1 1
M oy
Therefore x 1
A
1
1st moment of A about x – axis = M ox = Ay = lim 
x 0 x 2
( y1  y 2 )A
3 3

 2 y  y 22  dx
1 1
1 2 ( y1  y 2 ) dA =
2
= 1
1
3

 
1
=
2 1
27  12 x  16 x 2  x 4 dx 
(55.46)/2
M ox
Therefore y  2. 6
A
x 0 
(iii) 2 nd moment of A about y – axis = I oy = lim x 2A
x
3 3

=  x dA   3x  2 x 3  x 4  dx 
2 2
19.2
1 1

4 . (i) Find the arc length of the cardioid given by,

x  2 cos   cos 2 , y  2 sin   sin 2 , from   0 to    .
(ii) Find the curved surface area of the solid obtained by rotating the arc (defined in (i))
about the x-axis.
Y
(i) Let S    S = arc length S
A (  0)  (1,0) , B (   )  (0,3)
y

4 X
B O A
 S  length of PQ =  x 2
  y2 
2 2
 x   y 
      
     
2 2
 x   y 
S = lim
 0        
     
 2 2 
 dx   dy 
= 0     d =
 d   d 
0 8(1  cos  ) d


= 0 16 sin 2  / 2 d = 8 units.

(ii) Let SAx    ( SAx ) = curved surface area

2 2
 x   y 
 ( SAx )  2 yS  2 y ( )     
     

SAx  0 2 (2 sin   sin 2 ) 8(1  cos  ) d


128
=  2 (2 sin  )(1  cos  ) 8(1  cos  ) d = square units.
0
5
4. (i) Find the arc length of the parabola y 2  12 x , from the points x = 0 to x = 3 when
y  0.
(ii) Find the curved surface area of the solid obtained by rotating the arc (defined
in 4(i)) about the x-axis
(iii) Write down the integral for the curved surface area of the solid obtained by rotating
the arc in 4(i) about the y-axis.

(i) Let S    S = arc length ,

S  length of PQ =  x 2   y 2  Y
2
 x 
 1    y
 y  (3,6)
 x 
2 6 Sdx  2

S = lim 
 y 0 y
1     y =
 y 
0 1    dy
 dy 
6
 y2  y
= 0 1   dy  6.8868 units.x
 36 
X
(0,0)

y 2  12 x

5
(ii) Let SAx    ( SAx ) = curved surface area.
 ( SAx )  2 yS Y
2 2
 x  y
 2 y 1     y OR 2 y    1  x
 y   x 
6 2 3 2
 dx   dy 
SAx  
0
2 y 1    d y
 dy 
OR 2 y 
0
  1 d x
 dx 
6 2 3
y 36
=  2 y 1  d y OR  2 y 1 d x
0
36 0
y2 x
3

=  2
0
12 x  36 d x

= 24( 2 2  1)  (43.882  ) square units.

Y
(iii) Let SA y    ( SAy ) = curved surface area.
 ( SA y )  2 xS
2 2
 x  y
 2 x 1     y OR 2 x    1  x
 y   x 
6 2 3 2
 dx   dy 
SAx  
0
2 y 2 / 12 1   
 dy 
dy OR 
0
2 x   1 d x
 dx 
6 2 3
y 3 x
=  2 y / 12 1   2 x 1 d x
2
d y OR
0
36 0
x

Y
Y

6 xx x
7