Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Antipsychotic drugs☺
Typical: Haloperidol 1.5‐20 mg\day IM OR PO. SE: sedation, cognitive effects, EPS, weight gain, cardiovascular effects,
increase prolactin, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, metabolic effects (hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, liver function
abnormalities)
Atypical:
1‐ Risperidone .05‐1.00 mg PO OD.SE: insomnia, headache, weight gain, anxiety, rhinitis
2‐ Olanzapine 5 mg PO.SE: weight gain, sedation, dizziness, metabolic effects, EPS
3‐ Clozapine 25 mg PO BID.SE: agranulocytosis, metabolic effects
In acute psychosis haloperidol 5 mg IM +\‐ lorazepam 2 mg IM, OR olanzapine 5 mg IM
** First episode Tx for 1‐2 years, may extend to 5 years if slow response, severe illness, Hx of suicidal or
aggressive behavior
** Two or more episode Tx at least 5 years
Antidepressant drugs☺
1‐ SSRI: Fluoxetine 10‐40 mg/day PO. SE : N\V, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, restlessness, H/A, Insomnia, sexual
dysfunction, increase risk of GI bleeding
** Discontinuation syndrome: N\V, restlessness, sexual impotence, anorgasmia
2‐ SNRI: Venlafaxine 37.5 ‐75 mg PO OD.SE: dry mouth, nervousness, dizziness, Bl Pr if dose>300 mg
3‐ NDRI: Bupropion 150‐300 mg Po OD.SE: agitation, insomnia. CI: eating disorders, seizures
Mirtazapine 30‐45 mg day.SE: weight gain, sedation
4‐ TCAs: amitriptylline 25‐200mg/day.SE: anticholiergic effects, anthisaminergic effects (sedation, weight gain,
orthostatic hypotension), sexual dysfunction
** F/U after 4 weeks
If response maintenance for at least one year
If partial response augment or combine withCBT, olanzapine or quetiapine F/U 4 weeks
If no response Switch to another anti depressant class If no response swich again or combine with
another antidepressant class (e.g. SSRI+NDRI)
Mood stabilizers☺
Mania
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Discontinue antidepressant
2‐ Discontinue caffeine, alcohol, and illicit drugs
3‐ Assess safety and functioning
4‐ R/O medical causes
5‐ Psychoeducation, behavioral therapy
1
Pharmacologic:
A‐ First line:
1‐ Lithium 900‐2100 mg/day guided by serum level (1‐1.2 mmol/L). SE: N/V, diarrhea, fine tremors,
weight gain, cognitive problems (dulling, poor concentration, impaired memory, confusion),
sedation and lethargy, impaired coordination, acne, hair loss, polyurea, polydepsia,
hypothyroidism, renal impairment). Toxic effects, serum level >2 mmol/L (Coarse tremor, poor
appetite, dehydration, neurologic: restlessness, muscle fasciculation, increase muscle tone, ataxia,
dysarthria. Hypotension, arrhythmias, circulatory collapse, seizures, coma .
Check lithium level Q 3 months, kidney function and thyroid function Q 6 months
2‐ Valproic acid (depakene) 750‐2000 mg/day guided by serum level. Se: weight gain, PCOS,
teratogenic, thrombocytopenia, hepatotoxicity, increase level of lamotrogene
3‐ Quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine
B‐ Second line: Carbamazepine
C‐ Third line: Haloperidol, chlorpromazine
Anxiolytics☺
A‐ Benzodiazepines: SE: drowsiness, dizziness, decrease concentration, retrograde amnesia, physical
dependence, tolenance
1‐ Clonazepam (Rivortril) 0.25‐0.5 mg BID, PO
2‐ Alprazolam (xanax)0.25 mg PO TID
3‐ Temazepam 15 mg Po OD for insomnia
4‐ Oxazepam 15 mg PO OD
B‐ Azapirones
1‐ Buspirone (Buspar) For GAD, 5‐20 mg TID PO. SE: N?V, headache, dizziness, insomnia, restlessness
Acute Agitation: (Delirium‐ Dementia‐brain injury – Substance use\withdrawal – Mania – Psychosis‐ Situational)☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Personal Safety of patient, other patients and staff.
2‐ non‐stimulating environment
3‐ Basic supportive psychotherapy and psychoeducation
4‐ Law enforcement involvement may be necessary if the patient will not comply with interventions
5‐ Take Down Interventions and physical restraint
2
Pharmacologic:
ICU
1‐ Haloperidol IV
Mild agitation; start with 0.5 mg‐ 2.0 mg.
Moderate agitation; start with 5 ‐ 10 mg.
Severe agitation; may need to start with 10 mg
**If the patient remains agitated, doses can be doubled every 20 to 30 minutes and can be safely increased
to hourly bolus doses of up to 75 mg
**Haloperidol can be given through IV drip. A recommended rate is 10‐1 2mg/hour
2‐ Lorazepam 1‐2 mg Po Or IM; 0.5‐1 mg Po Q 6‐8 H
3‐
Emergency Room, Psychiatry Ward, General Hospital Sedation of the Agitated Patient.
Here IV access is much more difficult to obtain and maintain until agitation is under control. Will need
to use IM or concentrate route.
Rapid Tranquilization
Option 1
• Haloperidol 5 mg IM/concentrate q 30 minutes until calm.
• Cogentin 2mg IM/po q 4 hour prn EPS.
Amount needed to get patient calm is roughly what they will need for the next 24 hours.
Option 2
• Combination of antipsychotic and benzodiazepine.
Less side effects, use less of each type of medication overall.
• Haloperidol 5 mg IM/concentrate q 30 minutes until calm alternate with Lorazepam 2 mg
IM/concentrate q 30 minutes pm until calm.
Option 3
• Chlorpromazine 25 mg IM, never give more than 50 mg IM total.
Severe hypotension is side effect. Avoid use in elderly and debilitated
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity syndrome☺
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Behavioural therapy: Teaching parents and teachers techniques to improve child’s behaviour
2‐ Dietary changes: elimination of certain foods e.g. certain sugars, dyes, preservatives
3‐ Physical exercises
4‐ Psychotherapy
5‐ Mind‐body therapy: Neurofeedback, hypnosis
3
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Psychstimulants: Methylphenidate 10‐60 mg/ day PO, in 2‐3 doses.
**transient continue Tx anorexia, insomnia, weight loss, irritability, dizziness, headache.
** Transient stop and evaluate psychotic reactions, zombie‐like effect, agitation, tachycardia, hypertension,
growth failure, rebound hyperactivity, leucopenia
**Overdose, stop retitrate glassy eye, insomnia
**Significant neurologic symptoms, exacerbation of tics, hyperthyroidism, seizures
2‐ TCA
3‐ Atypical antipsychotics: resperidone
4‐ A2 agonist: clonidine
Anorexia Nervosa☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Refusal of treatment is common
2‐ Involve parents and psychiatrist to improve patient insight
3‐ Involve dietitian to avoid refeeding syndrome
4‐ Nutritional supplement to boost weight gain
5‐ Limit exercises
6‐ Monitor binge and purge behaviors; gradual tapering of laxatives
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Domperidone 10 mg, 30 minutes before meals and Q HS
2‐ Zinx glunate 100 mg\day for 2 months increases rate of weight gain irrespective of serum level
3‐ Thiamine 100 mg\day for 5 days at the beginning of Tx to prevent Wernike‐Korsakoff syndrome
4‐ Olanzapine 5 mg\day to improve motivation and help weight gain
5‐ Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam 0.25 mg Po BID to reduce anxiety
6‐ SSRI: Fluoxetine 20 mg PO OD for coexisting depression and for purge behavior
** if no improvement in 1‐2 months psychiatric assessment
Smoking cessation☺
Non Pharmacologic:
Counseling: dose‐relationship between counseling and quit smoking
Pharmacologic:
A‐ First line:
1‐ Nicotine replacement therapy:
4
• nicotine gum, 2mg if ,25 cig/d, 4mg if > 25 cig/d; one piece Q1‐2 Hrs Max 24 pieces/d for 12 weeks. SE:
jaw pain, orodental problems. CI: heart problems, hiccough
• Nicotine patch: 21 mg patch/d/4 weeks 14 mg/ patch/d /2 weeks 7 mg patch/d /2 weeks (8=
weeks).SE: skin irritation, insomnia, palpitation, anxiety.
2‐ Antidepressants: Bupropion (zyban) to begin Tx two weeks before quit date, 150\day for three days then
150mg BID for 12 weeks. SE: insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness. CI: seizures, eating disorders, liver disease,
hypertension
3‐ Nicotine receptors partial agonists: Varenicline (Champix) to begin Tx one week before quit date.
0.5 mg /day PO X 3 days then BID X 4 days then 1 mg BID X12 weeks. May be continued for other 12
weeks.
SE: Nausea, should not be combined with nicotine replacement therapy increase risk of adverse effects
B‐ Second line:
1‐ Nortriptyline: to begin Tx two weeks before quit date 25 mg/day Po up to 100 mg/day for 12 weeks
2‐ Clonidine: 0.1 mg PO BID increase 0.1 mg/day/week, for 3‐ 10 weeks
Insomnia☺
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Instruct patient in sleep hygiene: Therapeutic P126
2‐ Relaxation exercises
3‐ Sleep restriction
4‐ Aerobic exercises
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Bezodiazepine: Temazepam, all purpose hypnotic with half life cover the sleep period 15‐30 mg
2‐ Bezodiazepine‐receptor agonist: Zopiclone 5 mg. SE: bitter metallic taste
3‐ SSRI if coexistent depression
5
Neurologic disorder
Headache in adults☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Rule out serious causes, look for red flags
2‐ Patient education and reassurance
3‐ Identify and avoid triggers e.g. lack of sleep, stress, foods, menstruation
4‐ Biofeedback, relaxation therapy
5‐ Referral to neurologist or pain management unit if indicated
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Symptomatic Treatment:
• Acetaminophen 625 mg PO Q 4‐6 hours
• Naproxen 500 mg PO BID + omprazole 20 mg PO OD, not for > 15 days to avoid rebound headache
• Triptans: to abort migraine. Sumatriptan 25‐100 mg PO repeat after 2 Hrs; Max 200 mg/day , Or 6.0 mg Sc
injection ; Max 2 injections/day
• Ergots derivatives: Dihydroergotamine ,DHE ( Migranal) 0.5‐1.0 mg Sc, IM, IV max 4 doses /day
2‐ Prophylactic: for several months and the discontinue to assess:
Migraine If > 3 attacks \month and severely affects quality of life
• Beta Blockers: Metoprolol 100 mg PO OD
• Calcium channel blockers CCB: verapamil (isoptin) 240‐320 mg /day
• Tricyclic analgesics: Amitriptyline 10‐150 mg Q HS
• Antiepileptics: Valproic acid 500‐1500 mg/day
Tension Headache: Amitriptyline 20 mg Q HS
Cluster Headache: Lithium 300 mg TID (600: 1500 mg in bipolar disorder), verapamil (isoptin) 240‐320 mg /day
Headache in Children☺
Tension Headache:
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Psychological evaluation
2‐ Relaxation therapy
3‐ Biofeedback
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Simple analgesics; Acetaminophen 10‐15 mg/kg/dose Q4Hrs, Ibuprofen (advil) 5‐10 mg/kg/dose Q6Hrs
2‐ Tricyclic analgesics: amitriptyline 10‐ 150 mg/day if there is component of depression
6
Medication – overuse headache:
Drug withdrawal, education, consider prophylactic agents
Migraine Headache:
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Reassurance and education
2‐ During attack, rest and sleep very helpful
3‐ Avoid triggers e.g. lack of sleep, stress, foods, menstruation
4‐ Give medication early in the course of headache
5‐ Biofeedback and relaxation therapy
Pharmacologic:
A‐ Symptomatic Treatment:
1‐ Analgesics: Acetaminophen 10‐ 15 mg/kg Po Q 4‐6 hours, Ibuprofen (Advil) 5‐10 mg/kg/dose Q6Hrs
2‐ Antiemetic: Chlorpromazine 1 mg/kg Po Q 8 hours SE. hypotension, metoclopramide 0.1.0.2 mg/kg
3‐ Ergot derivatives: Not recommended for children
4‐ Triptans: Sumatrioptan25mg tab 20 mg nasal spray at start of headache, not repeat if no relief. Max 2 doses
B‐ Prophylactic:
1‐ Calcium channel blockers: Flunarizine 5 mg/ day SE: bradychardia, hypotension, depression, drowsiness
2‐ Beta blockers: propranolol 0.6‐1.5 mg/kg/day in divided doses
3‐ Antihistamines: Cyproheptidine 2‐6y 2 mg Q8 h, 7‐14y 4 mg Q 8 h.SE: drowsiness, weight gain
Acute Pain☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Quick assessment, reassurance, and empathy
2‐ Immediate measures to reduce pain (immobilize a fracture, dressings to burn, other techniques as distraction,
relaxation, imagery)
Pharmacologic:
Acetaminophen 625 mg\PO Q4‐6 hours (children 15 mg\kg\ Q 4‐6 hours) or ketorolac 30 mg IV => if no response after
one hour, add codeine 0.5‐1 mg/kg Max 60 mg Po Q4‐6 hours, If no response after one hour => add morphine 2.5‐10
mg IV Q2‐4 Hrs or infusion 1‐10 mg/hour with breakthrough pain 2.5‐5 mg/dose.
Neuropathic Pain☺
A‐ Acute Neuralgia‐ Herpes zoster
1‐ Early treatment with Acyclovir within 72 hours of pain onset + amitiptyline or gabapentin or opioids
7
B‐ Trigeminal neuralgia
1‐ First line: Carbamazepine 100 mg PO BID, increase 100mg/day /week , to400‐1200mg/day taper up gradually
200 mg Q 3 days.
2‐ Second line: if side effects to carbamzepine oxacarbamazepine 100mg, BID Max 1200 or Add Baclofene 10
mg PO BID
3‐ If that failed Stop baclofene and add phenytoin 100 mg Q HS ( In epilepsy up to 300mg\ day PO)
4‐ Refer
C‐ Post herpetic, diabetic neuropathy:
1‐ First line: Amitriptyline 20 mg Q4 Hs Or gabapentine 300 mg\day PO (SE: sedation, ataxia, tremor)
2‐ Second line: venlafaxine 37.5 mg \day Po
Bell’s palsy☺
1‐ Prednisone 1 mg\kg\day Po for 10 days then taper over 5 days + eye protection at night and glasses during
daytime + ophthalmic drops.
2‐ Acyclovir 400 mg\day for 10 days
3‐ Eye protection at night and glasses during day time = ophthalmic drops
**mild weakness <7 days Or Stable complete or partial paralysis > 7 days No Tx
** Partial paralysis <7 days prednisone 5 days and taper 5 days
**Complete paralysis < 7 days prednisone 10 days and taper 5 days
Parkinson Disease☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Patient education; Parkinson association
2‐ Encourage patient to stay active and have a regular routine exercises
3‐ Multidisciplinary team work: Physiotherapy, Speech therapy, Occupational therapy
4‐ Surgery: Deep brain stimulation and lesioning procedures
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Levodopa/cardidopa: (100/25 BID).SE: N/V, orthostatic hypotension, confusion, hallucination, psychosis and
dyskinesia
2‐ Dopamine agonists: Bromocreptin: 2.5 mg\day PO. SE pleural effusion =>do CXR baseline, N/V, orthostatic
hypotension, confusion, hallucination, psychosis and erythromelalgia (pain and redness of extremeties)
3‐ Amantadine 100 mg BID. It improves L dopa induced dyskinesia. SE: N/v, orthostatic hypotension, confusion, dry
mouth, constipation, and ankle edema
4‐ Anticholinergics: Benztropine(Cogentin) 1‐2 mg BID, PO
5‐ COMT inhibitors ( dose of levodopa when use COMT): entacapone 200 mg with each dose of levodopa. SE:
diarrhea, discoloration of urine.
**mild symptoms amantadine or anticholinergics
** Treat only if functional impairment
**< 70 years Dopamine agonist 'levodopa
**> 70 years Levodopa' Dopamine agonist
8
Seizures and Epilepsy☺
Note: In pregnancy Give 5.00 g folic acid three months preconception and through the first trimester. Also, give Vit. K 10
mg \day in the last month of pregnancy.
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid sleep deprivation
2‐ Reduce alcohol
3‐ Avoid cocaine, amphetamines
(A) Grand mal epilepsy and complex partial:
1‐ Carbamazpine 100 mg BID increase the dose by 200 mg\day Q 3days.
• Base line investigation CBC, liver function tests.
• Side effects: liver enzymes, transient neutropenia, aplastic anemia, skin rashes, teratogenic.
2‐ Phenytoin 300 mg\day for life
• Side effects: Gingival hyperplasia, liver enzymes, rashes, blood dyscriases, encephalopathy
(dose dependent).
3‐ Valproic acid: 750 mg \day in two divided doses.
• Side effects: Hepatotoxicity, coarse facial feature with prolonged use, teratogenic, blood
dyscriases, weight gain, hair loss, menstrual irregularities.
(B) Absence:
1‐ Ethosuxamide 500 mg\day dose by 250 mg\day Q 4‐7 days to 1000mg/day in divided doses
• Side effects: GI upset
9
Eye disorder☺
Glaucoma
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Aerobic exercises may decrease lOP in some patients
2‐ Laser or surgery in acute angle closure glaucoma, meds to "" damaging effect of high lOP until surgery
performed; open angle glaucoma if medical Tx failed
A‐ Emergency Management:
1‐ Acute close‐angle glaucoma definitive Tx surgery or laser
2‐ Acute open‐angle glaucoma
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide ‐500 mg IV
• Manitol 1 gm\kg IV
• Pilocarpine 1% \ 5 minutes
• Referral to eye surgeon
B‐ Chronic cases (= open angle glaucoma):
• Topical beta blockers: Timolol 0.25%, 0.5% Q 12 hrs, topical. SE: minimal local stinging and allergy, dry eye
• Topical Carbonic acid inhibitors: Dorzolamide 2% Q12 hrs. SE: minimal local stinging and allergy, sour taste
• Topical cholinergic agents: Pilocarpine1,2,4,6 % QID.SE: blurred vision, brow ache, vision in cataract
• Tropical prostaglandin analogues: Latanoprost 0.005% OD. SE: FB sensation, iris pigmentation, eye lash
** To system absorption of topical medications digital occlusion of nasolacrimal drainage
** Drugs with anticholinergic effects precipitate angle‐closure glaucoma in predisposed individuals
Red Eye☺
** Causes: Infection, allergy, dry eyes, irritants (physical, toxic, or chemical), trauma, glaucoma,
ocular inflammations (iritis, episcleritis, scleritis), subconjunctival he, pterygium
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Stop wearing contact lenses until problem is solved
2‐ Avoid make up, smoke, wind, and other irritants
3‐ Cold compresses for allergic or viral conjunctivitis
4‐ Hot compresses for blepharitis and styes
5‐ For blepharitis lid hygiene
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Manage underlying cause
2‐ Allergic Conjunctivitis Vasoconstrictors /decongestant: Naphazoline 2 drops Q4h prn /4 days=/‐ mast cell
stabilizer; sodium cromoglycate 1‐2 drops Q4‐6 Hrs
3‐ Bact. Conjunctivitis: Ciprofloxacin 2 drops Q 2h /2 days then 2 drops Q4h /4 days
**Short term of ophthalmic vasoconstrictors to avoid rebound hyperaemia
10
Cardiolovascular disorders☺
Non Pharmacologic: (For DM, HTN, Dyslipidemia, CHF, IHD)
A‐ Diet :
1‐ Carbohydrates 55% simple sugars; Fat 20% saturated fat and trans fatty acids to 7%; Protein25%
2‐ fruits and vegetables intake and 20 gm \day fibers
3‐ omega 3 fatty acids (fish and plant sources)
B‐ Body weight: BMI target is 18.5‐24.9; waist circumference male <102 cm and female <88 cm
C‐ physical activity: dynamic exercises ( swimming, walking 30 min day for 5 days\week
D‐ Smoking cessation, alcohol and caffeine intake
E‐ Control DM: HB A1ac <7%; control blood pressure: <140\90 (<130\85 in DM and renal failure)
F‐ In HTN and CHF salt <2gm \day
G‐ In CHF:
1- <2L\day of fluid intake for patients with fluid retention or hyponatremia
2- Daily patient weight, if 0.5kg\day on several consecutive days advise on diet
3- Influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine
Pharmacologic:
A- CHF: ☺
Medications:
1- ACEI: rampril 2.5 mg\day. Monitor Cr, K, BlPr
2- Beta blockers: Bisoprolol 1.25 mg\day. Monitor HR, BlPr
3- Frusemide: 20 mg\day. Monitor weight, Cr, K
4- Digoxin 0.0625\day. Monitor Bl level
5- +\- spironolactone 12.5 mg\day. Monitor vitals, K, Cr
Device therapy
Cardiac transplantation
C- Post MI:☺
• Beta blockers metoprolol 100mg\day OD
• ASA 80-325 mg\day Or clopidogrel 75 mg/d
• ACEI rampril 10 mg\day
• Statin atorvastatin 10mg\day
• +\- warfarin for 3 months
D- HTN: ☺
1- Diuretics: hydrochlorothiazide 12.5-25 mg\day, OD.SE: Hypotension, weakness, muscles cramps,
hpokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, allergic reactions, photosensitivity, fatigue
2- Beta blockers: SE: bradycardia, fatigue, headache, impotence, vivid dreams, hyperglycemia, heart
failure, heart block, depression.CI heart block
• Taper the dose before discontinuation
• Avoid in asthma
• Avoid in peripheral vascular disease
• Should notbe used as initial therapy in patients > 60 years
A- Non selective: Propranlol 80-240 mg/d
B- Selective: Metoprolol 50-200 mg/d.
C- Non selective with intrinsic sympathetic activity (ISA): Pindolol 5-15 mg, BID
D- B1 selective with ISA: Acebutolol 100-400 mg/d BID
E- With alpha blocking: Labetalol 100-200 mg/d BID.SE:+nasal congestion, postural hypotension,
3- ACE inhibitors: Rampril 2.5-10 mg/d Or captopril 25-100 mg/d. SE: dry cough, hyperkalemia,
angioedema, can precipitate renal failure if/renovascular disease/NSAIDs/volume depletion
4- ARB: Candesartan (Atacand)8-16 mg/d.SE: hyperkalemia, angioedema, can precipitate renal
failure if/renovascular disease/NSAIDs/volume depletion
5- Calcium channel blockers-dihydropyridine: amlodipine (Norvasc)2.5-10 mg/d Or nifdepine
(adalat) 30-120 mg/d.SE: ankle edema, flushing, headache, palpitation
6- Calcium channel blockers-Non dihydropyridine: diltiazem 120-360 mg/d Or Verapamil 80-160
mg/d.SE: headache, dizziness, bradychardia, new onset or worsening heat failure
7- Centrally acting: Methyldopa 500-2000 mg/d.SE: drowsiness, dry mouth nasal congestion,
orthostatic hypotension, sexual dysfunction
**HTN thiazide, ACEI, ARB, CCB, BB
**isolated systolic thiazide, ARB
** DM with or without nephropathy ACE inhibitors or ARB
** In pregnancy methyldopa
**Cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease ACE inhibitors, ARB (avoid verapamil and diltiazem if
let ventricular dysfunction / AV nodal disease)
**PAD, dyslipidemia as in HTN
12
Dyslipidemia☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Diet: to reduce weight and lipid level
A‐ Primary prevention for patient with no previous CVD 6 months trial before medications
* Dietary cholesterol intake to, 300mg\day
* Fat intake to 30% of calories, mono and polyunsaturated fats, saturated and trans fat
* Fruits and vegetables intake
* Omega 3 fat from fish and plant sources
* High fiber intake
* Simple sugars to 8% of total calories
* Alcohol to 5% of total calories
B‐ Secondary prevention: for patients with CVD, atherosclerosis, high risk
Same as for primary prevention but to cholesterol intake to 200mg\day; fat intake to 20% of calories;
saturated and trans fats to < 7% of daily calories
Pharmacologic:
Lipid lowering drugs and effects on lipoproteins
LDL HDL TG
Resins
Cholestyramine 4 gm Po BID, max 24 Gm\ day. Children
240 mg\kg\day
SE: constipation, bloating, triglycerides, transaminases
(reversible)
Rare: pancreatitis, malabsorption, GI bleeding
**monitor liver enzymes, electrolytes, triglycerides
** can be used in pregnancy and children> 10 years
**Advise high fiber diet and plenty of fluids
**administer I h or 6‐8 h after concomitant medications
(possible adsorption) adsorption
HMG CoA reductase inhibitors
Atorvastatin 10‐80 mg PO OD at any time
SE: CPK, tranaminases (reversible), sleep disturbances
Rare: Myopathy, rhabdomyolsis, peripheral neuropathy, LE
like Syndrome, impotence
**start low dose
**Monitor LFTs and CPK at 3, 6, 12 months then yearly
** If AST, ALT >3 times discontinue
** use caution in patients with renal impairment
CI: active liver disease, high alcohol consumption,
pregnancy
13
Niacin
50 mg Po TID, double dose Q 5day to 1.5‐4 g\day after
meal
SE: Hot flushes, pruritus, dry skin, reactivation of peptic
ulcer,
Rare: Torsade de pointes, sever hepatotoxicity, blood
glucose, uric
** monitor blood glucose, uric acid, transaminase Q 3,6,12
months then yearly
CI: uncontrolled hyperglycemia, sever peptic ulcer disease,
sever gout
Fibrates
Bezafibrate 200 mg Po BID
SE: nausea, abdominal pain, flatulence, myalgia, CK,
creatinine, bile lithogenicity
** Monitor CK, LFTs, RFTs at 3, 6, 12 months then yearly
**useful in diabetic dyslipidemia
CI: hepatic impairment, renal dysfunction, pre‐existing gall
bladder disease
cholesterol absorption inhibitors
Ezetimibe 10 mg PO OD nay time
SE: bBack pain arthralgia, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
headache
Rare: Myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, hepatitis, acute
pancreatitis
Management using risk assessment:
1‐ Low risk 10 year risk (<10%) target LDL 5 mmol\L, TC:HDL <6 non pharmacologic for 6 month
2‐ Moderate 10 year risk (10‐19%) target LDL 3.5 mmol\L, TC:HDL <5 nonpharmacologic for 3 month
High 10 year risk (>20%) Or DM, CVD target LDL <2 mmol\L, TC: HDL <4 non pharmacologic + medication
Intermittent Claudication (peripheral arterial disease)☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Stop smoking, caffeine, and decrease alcohol
2‐ Dynamic leg exercises 5 times 30 min/week for 6‐12 months
3‐ Control Blood Pressure 130/80, DM HB A1c<7.0, LDL <2 mmol/l
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Pentoxifylline (Trental) 400 mg SR PO, TID OR Cilostazol (Pletal) 100 mg PO, BID
2‐ ASA 162 mg\day
14
Endocrine disorders
Diabetes mellitus☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1. Patient education: about diabetes, role of diet and medications, monitor blood sugar, manage sick days,
recognise and treatment of hypoglycaemia, major side effects of medications, care of feet
2. Nutritional management: individualized, refer to dietitian
3. Slef monitoring of blood glucose before each meal and before bedtime (very important)
4. Physical activity and exercise
5. Periodic reassessment ( History , blood pressure, foot examination, HBA1c, urine albumin‐creatinine annually,
fasting lipid annually, eye examination at time of Dx in type 2 and after 5 years in type 1, then every 2 years; flu
vaccination annually
Pharmacologic for Type 2 DM:
1. Drugs increase insulin production
• Suphonylurea: Gliclazide 40‐320mg PO OD or BID SE: wt. gain, hypoglycaemia, antiplatelets effect
• Meglitinidees: repaglinide 0.5‐4 mg 0‐30 min before meals.SE: hypoglycaemia, weight gain
2. Drugs that decrease hepatic glucose: Biguanides: Metformin 500‐2500 mg PO in divided doses, SE: N/V,
abdominal discomfort, metallic taste, lactic acidosis if hepatic or renal failure
3. Drugs that increase tissue sensitivity: Thiazolidinediones: rosiglitazone 4‐8 mg/d in divided doses.SE: weight
gain, fluid retention, worsening heart failure, macular degeneration
4. Drugs prevent digestion of complex carbohydrates: alpha glucosidase inhibitors: acarbose 50‐100 mg TID, with
each meal. SE: flatulence, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea
5. Drugs prevent digestion of lipids: Intestinal lipase inhibitor: oristat 120 mg TID. SE: Diarrhoea, steatorrhoea,
abdominal discomfort
**usually treat with one drug add another drug or insulin if HBA1c is >9%, no control after 2‐3 months
Thyroid☺
A‐ Hypothyroidism
L‐ Thyroxin 50 ug mg (25 ug in elderly) PO, OD.SE: exacerbation of angina, symptoms of hyperthyroidism CI: recent MI.
Monitor TSH after 6 weeks then as required. May increase dose by 50% during pregnancy
B‐ Hyperthyroidism
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Surgery: thyroid nodule, large goitre, thyroid cancer
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Radioactive iodine: Grave’s disease, toxic nodule, toxic multinodular goitre.
2‐ Propylthiouracil 50‐ 100 mg PO, SE: rash, Hepatotoxicity, Agranulocytosis. Preferred in pregnancy and lactation
3‐ Methimazole 10 – 30 mg/day in divided doses, SE: skin rash, Hepatotoxicity, Agranulocytosis, and
nephrotoxicity; Not in pregnancy
4‐ Propranolol 10‐40 mg QID. SE: fatigue. bradycardia
15
Respiratory disorders
Allergic rhinitis ☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Identify triggers and Avoid exposure
2‐ Air conditioning reduce pollen exposure
3‐ Avoid dust, pet
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Saline nasal spray, lubricant eye drops and cold compresses reduce conjunctival symptoms
2‐ Intra nasal Steroids :
Beclomethason: 50 ug \spray Or fluticasone 25 ug/spary. Adults 2 sprays in each nostril BID, Max 12 sprays;
children max 8\day
3‐ Antihistaminic:
Loratidine (Claritin): adult & children >10 years => 10 mg PO, OD. Children 2‐9 years 5 mg/d
Children 2‐9 years => 5 mg sol.
4‐ Oral decongestants: pseudoephrine: adults & children> 12 years 60 m, 6‐11 years 30 mg,2‐5 years 15 mg
Q4‐6 Hrs
** Rhinorrhea, sneezing, conjunctival symptoms antihistaminic
**Nasal congestion Oral decongestants
** Prolonged sever condition Or medicines not tolerated Intranasal steroids +\‐ antihistaminic and decongestants PRN
If no improvement add oral steroids prednisone 50 mg/d X 1 week Or immunotherapy
** In pregnancy use beclomethason only.
Asthma ☺
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Patient education about the disease, management and chronicity, self monitoring using PEF meter
2‐ Avoid precipitating factors: environmental allergens
3‐ Avoid exposure to cigarette smoke
4‐ Annual flu shots and pneumococcal vaccination
5‐ Use home air cleaners/ purifiers/humidifiers
Pharmacologic:
In Adults
A‐ Emergency treatment
1‐ O2 mask, 4 liter 100% target saturation > 94%, ECG, cardiac monitor, CXR, ABGs, CBC, .. +\‐ intubation
2‐ IV access + IV fluids to liquefy bronchial secretions
3‐ Bronchdilators: Salbutamol pMDI 4‐8 puffs Q 15‐20 min X 3 + ipratropium br pMDI 4‐8 puffs Q15‐20 min X3
4‐ Corticosteroids: Methylprednisolone 60‐80 mg IV Or Hydrocortisone 200 mg Iv Or Prednisone 50 mg
**Avoid aminophyllin in acute asthma
16
B‐ Maintenance treatment of asthma in Adults
1‐ Short acting B agonist (SABA): Salbutamol (Ventolin) pMDI 100 mg/ puff 1‐2 puff Q4‐6 Hrs and PRN, Max 8 puffs
2‐ Long acting B agonist (LABA): Formoterol (Foradil) DPI 12 mg/ capsule, BID, Max 4 cap; Salmeterol (Servent) DPI
50 ug/puff, one puff BID
3‐ Anticholinergic: Ipratropium Br pMDI 20 mg/puff, 2 puffs Q 6‐8 Hrs and PRN, Max 12 puffs
4‐ Anti‐inflammatory:
• Inhaled steroids: Beclomethasone pMDI 100‐800 ug/d divided BID, budsonide (Pulmcort)DPI 400‐2400 ug/d
divided BID, and Fluticasone pMDI/DPI 200‐100ug/d divided BID
• Systemic steroids: Prednisone 50 mg\day for 5 days
• Leukotriene Receptors Antagonists (LTRAs): Montelukast (Singulair) 10 mg PO QHS
5‐ IGE‐neutralizing agents: Omalizumab 150‐175 mg Sc Q2‐4 weeks
6‐ Combination preparation:
• Steroids/ LABA: Fluticasone/ Salmeterol (Advair) pMDI 125/25, 250/25 , 2 puffs BID Or diskus 100/50,
200/50 , 500/50 one puff BID. Budsonide/Formoterol (Symbicort) DPI 100/6 Ug, 200/6ug, 1‐2 puffs BID, Max
4 puffs
• Anticholinergic/SABA: Ipratropium Br/Salbutamol (Combivent) Nebules 2.5 ml = 0.5mg/2.5mg Q4‐6Hrs PRN
** Inhaled therapy is the cornerstone of asthma management
**PMDI and DPI are as effective as nebulized therapy
**SABA is for PRN, LABA for regular use
**Anticholinergics for patients susceptible to tremors or tachycardia
**systemic steroids for short period after acute attack (1‐2 weeks) for long term use alternate regimen
**LTRAs used as alternative to increasing dose, Or patient refuse to take steroids
In Children☺
A‐ Emergency treatment:
1‐ O2 target saturation > 94%, +\‐ intubation
2‐ IV access and IV fluids
3‐ Nebulized salbutamol Q20 min X3; wt,10kg:1.25 ‐2.5 mg/dose; 11‐20 kg: 2.5mg/dose; .20kg:5 mg/dose‐ Or
Salbutamol PMDI 2‐6 puffs Q20 min X3
Improved manage at home salbutamol pMDI Q 4Hrs + prednisone 1‐2 mg/kg/d X 5, Max 60 mg + F/U
Not improved salbutamol pMDI Q 20 min + nebulized ipratropium Br 250 ug Q 1H + Prednisone 2‐4 mg/d PO
Or methylprednisolone 2 mg/kg/the 0.5 mg/kg Q 6Hrs + re‐evaluate after 60 min No improvement add
MgSO4 25‐40 mg/kg slow bolus + salbutamol IV + ICU
B‐ Maintenance treatment of asthma in children
7‐ Short acting B agonist (SABA): Salbutamol (Ventolin) 100 mg/ puff: 4‐11y 1 puff Q 6‐8 Hrs and PRN, Max
400ug/d; >12y 1‐2 puffs Q6‐8 Hrs Max 800ug/d;
8‐ Long acting B agonist (LABA): Formoterol (Foradil) DPI 12 mg/ capsule: 6‐16y one cap BID, Max 4 caps;
Salmeterol (Servent) diskus 50 ug/puff: >4y one puff BID
17
9‐ Anti‐inflammatory:
• Inhaled steroids: Beclomethasone pMDI 100‐800 ug/d divided BID, 5‐11y 50ug BID Max 100ug BID;
Budsonide (Pulmcort)DPI: 6‐12y 200‐400 ug/d divided BID, and Fluticasone pMDI/DPI: >16y 100‐500ug
BID Max 1000ug Bid, 4‐6y 50‐200ug BID, 1‐4 y 50‐100ug BID
• Systemic steroids: Prednisone 2‐4 mg\day
• Leukotriene Receptors Antagonists (LTRAs): Montelukast (Singulair):>15y 10 mg, 6‐14y 5mg, 2‐5y 4mg
PO QHS
10‐ IGE‐neutralizing agents: Omalizumab > 12 y doses varies according to age and serum level
11‐ Combination preparation:
• Steroids/ LABA: Fluticasone/ Salmeterol (Advair) pMDI 125/25, 250/25: >12y 2 puffs BID, 4‐11y diskus
100/50ug one puff BID.‐ Budsonide/Formoterol (Symbicort) DPI 100/6 Ug, 200/6ug: >12 y 1‐2 puffs BID,
Max 4 puffs
• Anticholinergic/SABA: Ipratropium Br/Salbutamol (Combivent) Nebules 2.5 ml = 0.5mg/2.5mg Q4‐6Hrs PRN
**Inhaled B agonist, assess in 6 months
**Mild persistent symptoms add inhaled steroids or LTRA or ketotifen reevaluate 4‐6 weeks
**Moderate symptoms add inhaled steroids no improvement after 4‐6 weeks Non pharmacologic + add
prednisone 1‐2 mg/kg/d, Max 50 mg/d X 5‐7 days no improvement in 4‐6 weeks refer to specialist
COPD☺
Acute Exacerbation COPD
1‐ O2 mask, 4 liter 100% , ECG, cardiac monitor, CXR, ABGs, CBC, .. +\‐ intubation
2‐ IV access + IV fluids to liquefy bronchial secretions
3‐ Anticholinergic/SABA: Ipratropium Br/Salbutamol (Combivent) Nebules 2.5 ml = 0.5mg/2.5mg
4‐ Prednisone 50 mg PO\ day for 2 weeks Or methylprednisolone 125 mg IV if patient unconscious
5‐ Antibiotics: if 2/3 of ; SOB, increase sputum, change in sputum color :Levofloxacin 500 mg PO OD \ 7 days ,
Doxcyclin100 mg BID X one day then OD X 7‐10 days
6‐ Monitor
** Most common cause of exacerbation is viral
** Common bacterial organisms: S pneumonia, H influenza, M catarrahalis
Maintenance treatment
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Patient and family education
2‐ Stop smoking decrease morbidity and mortality
3‐ Avoid triggers, air pollution, occupational chemicals and dusts
4‐ Review inhaler technique at each visit
5‐ Encourage physical activity
6‐ Early referral to pulmonary rehab programs
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Anticholinergic Inhalers: Short acting Ipratropium Br (atrovent)pMDI 20ug/puff 2‐4 puffs Q6‐8 Hrs Max 8
puffs/d; Long acting tiotropium Br(Spiriva) DPI 18 ug OD
2‐ Short acting Beta2 Agonist (SABA): Salbutamol (Ventolin)pMDI 100 mg/ puff 1‐2 Q 4‐6 Hrs and PRN, Max 8 puffs
18
3‐ Long acting Beta2 Agonist (LABA): Formoterol (Foradil) DPI 12 mg/ capsule, BID, Max 4 cap; Salmeterol (Servent)
DPI 50 ug/puff, one puff BID
4‐ Steroids inhalation: Inhaled steroids: Beclomethasone pMDI 100‐800 ug/d divided BID, budsonide (Pulmcort)DPI
400‐2400 ug/d divided BID, and Fluticasone pMDI/DPI 200‐100ug/d divided BID
5‐ Long term oxygen therapy: for patients with PaO2 <55 mmHg or SaO2<88%) improves survival. By Venturi
mask or nasal prongs
6‐ Vaccination: annual flu shots; pneumococcal vaccination may repeated in 5‐10 years for high risk patients
**for moderate and severe cases Tiopropium BR+ LABA + SABA PRN
**Spirometry with bronchodilator assessment for early diagnosis in susceptible groups
Croup☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Keep child calm and in reassuring atmosphere oxygen demand and respirator muscle fatigue
2‐ Mist therapy and mist tents should be avoided
3‐ O2 therapy with the end opening near the child nose ( Blow‐ by O2)
4‐ Helium‐oxygen mixture in severe respiratory distress
Pharmacologic:
A‐ Corticosteroids:
** Mainstay of therapy regardless of croup severity;
** Should be avoided in immunodeficiency or recent varecella vaccination
1‐ Dexamethasone 0.6mg\kg orally OR parentally; a single dose may be sufficient
2‐ Budsonide inhalation as effective as dexamethasone
B‐ Epinephrine by nebulizer:
** Respiratory distress in 10 minutes; lasts >one hour
** Discharge child if symptom free after 2 hours (effects wears off within 2 hours)
1‐ L‐epinephrine 1:1000 ( 1mg\ml): 5 ml for all children regardless of size
2‐ Racemic epinephrine 2.25% sol: .05 ml in2.5 ml NS or sterile water
*** Consult pediatric ICU Poor response (stridor + respiratory distress+ agitation + lethargy) to recurrent nebulized
epinephrine
*** Hospitalization recurrence with steroids > 4hours ago; recurrence (stridor + respiratory distress NO agitation
OR lethargy)
19
Gastrointestinal disorders
GERD ☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid chocolate, caffeine, acidic citrus juice, large fatty meals
2‐ weight if BMI > 25
3‐ Small frequent meals
4‐ Last snack 3 hrs before bed
5‐ Avoid lying down after meals
6‐ Elevate the head of the bed
7‐ Stop smoking
8‐ Reduce alcohol intake
Pharmacologic:
A‐ Trivial‐ mild GERD: Not nocturnal, no interference with daily activities, pain severity 1‐3, no major complications
1‐ Antacids: Aluminum hydroxide/ Magnesium hydroxide combination 30 ml one H PC and Q HS.SE: constipation,
diarrhea
2‐ H2 antagonists (non prescription strength): ranitidine 75 mg PO BID.SE: diarrhea, constipation, headache,
fatigue, confusion
B‐ Moderate‐severe GERD: >6 months, interfere with daily activities, awake patient at night, pain 3‐7,
complications, take patient to physician
1‐ Proton Pump Inhibitors: to raise gastric PH >4 no symptoms. Omprazole 20 mg PO OD half hour before food.
2‐ 4 weeks if improved continue 4‐8 weeks and stop. If no improvement 20 mg PO BID if response
continue for 4‐8 weeks, if response, stop if no improvement endoscopy + PH and motility study.In
recurrence long term Tx + endoscopy “once in a life”.SE: abdominal pain, N/V
**Endoscopy if no improvement on omprazole 40 mg/4‐8 weeks or recurrence
Peptic Ulcer Disease☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid chocolate, caffeine, acidic citrus juice, large fatty meals
2‐ weight if BMI > 25
3‐ Small frequent meals
4‐ Avoid lying down after meals
5‐ Stop smoking, NSAIDs, ASA
6‐ Reduce alcohol intake
Pharmacologic:
A‐ Dyspepsia with heartburn PPI (omprazole 20 mg PO ,OD before breakfast) or H2 antagonist ( Ranitidine 150
mg PO BID) X 4‐8 weeks if no improvement double dose of PPI or switch to another PPI if no
improvement Teat for H Pylori/ endoscopy
B‐ Dyspepsia with minimal heartburn Test for H. Pylori if negative Omprazole 20 mg PO OD \2 months; If
positive Eradication therapy:
20
1‐ No allergy to penicillin: Omprazole 20 mg PO BID + Clarithromycin 500 mg PO BID + Amoxicillin 1 g PO OD X 7
days
2‐ Allergy to penicillin: Omprazole 20 mg PO BID + Clarithromycin 250 mg PO BID + Metronidazole 500mg PO BID X
7 days
3‐ Omprazole 20 mg PO BID + Bismuth subsalicylate 2 tabs QID + Metronidazole 250 mg QID + Tetracycline 500 QID
** Stop PPI and H2 antagonists one week before urea breath test for H Pylori as they suppress the growth of H pylori
** NSAID associated ulcer (Painless present with bleeding or perforation) Omprazole 20 mg PO OD +\‐ stop NSAIDs
Constipation (<3 times\week) ☺
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Discontinue constipating medications e.g. opioid, iron, anti cholinergic, antacids
2‐ High fiber diet 20 gm \day e.g. unprocessed bran, fruits , vegetable
3‐ Increase fluid intake ( >2 liters\day)
4‐ Increase physical exercise
5‐ Encourage regular schedule time for toilet use (to develop a conditioned gastro‐colic reflex)
6‐ avoid prolonged straining
7‐ Not to ignore urge to defecate
8‐ Lactose deficiency lactose containing dairy products
9‐ Motility disorder digital manipulation of anal sphincter
10‐ Defecatory disorder pelvic floor relaxation exercises + biofeedback
11‐ Recommend prune juice or figs
Pharmacologic
A‐ Bulk forming: Psyllium (Metamucil) 4.5‐20 gm. SE flatulence, bloating. Rare: allergic reaction
B‐ Hyperosmotic agents: Lactulose 15‐60 ml. SE flatulence, bloating, cramps. Glycerin supp
C‐ Lubricants: mineral oils 15‐45 ml. SE lipoid pneumonia
D‐ Osmotic/saline agents: Mg sulfate (Epsom salt) 10‐30 gm, Na phosphate enema 120 ml (not in renal failure,
short term Tx, PRN, 1 or2 weekly to avoid dependence and SE)
E‐ Stimulants: for short 3‐4 days Tx – with narcotics
• Bisacodyl tab 5‐15 mg, supp 10 mg, enema 10 mg. Se cramps, abdominal pain
• Senna15‐30 mg
• Castor oil 15‐60 ml
F‐ Stool softener: Docusate Na 100‐200 mg
G‐ Lavage sol ( electrolytes sol): (for colonoscopy) 1‐4 liters
Fecal Impaction: Immediate Tx manual disimpaction +\‐ Na phosphate enema then 3‐4 days stimulants or lactulose
Acute: Non pharmacologic =\‐stimulants 3‐4 days or lactulose Na phosphate enema oral Na phosphate
Chronic constipation: Non Pharmacologic, if no improvement 1 month bulk forming, if no relief 1 week add
lactulose, if no relief Short term Tx stimulants or lactulose
21
** Patients on narcotics stimulants or lactulose
** Long term Tx Bulk forming =Psyllium 20 gm
**Short term Tx Stimulants=bisacodyl 10mg OD, PO
Diarrhea (>3 times\week) ☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Patient education and reassurance
2‐ Follow Canadian food guide
3‐ Avoid excess caffeine, alcohol, fructose, sorbitol (in gums and candies)
4‐ Keep a diary of foods that trigger or relieve symptoms
5‐ If with constipation increase dietary fibers
6‐ Tx comorbid conditions: depression, stress, anxiety
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Bulk forming: Psyllium 5mg Q 12 hrs
2‐ Bismuth: Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto‐Bismol) 30 ml Q 30 min max 8 doses\day
3‐ Opioids: Loperamid (Imodium) 2 mg after each loose bowel movement; Max 8 doses Or codeine 30‐60 mg Q4
hrs PRN
4‐ Alpha₂ agonist: Clonidine (catapres) 0.1‐0.6 mg Q 12 hrs. SE centrally mediated Hypotension, sedation
5‐ Somatostatin analogues: Octreoide 50‐500 ug sc, Q 12 hrs.
** Clinically important diarrhea: > 3 days, immunocompromised patient, with blood, volume depletion
Irritable Bowel syndrome☺
Non pharmacologic:
1.Patient education, lifelong, recurrent. Reassurance no predisposition to cancer, diverticular/structural disease
2.Follow Canadian food guidelines.
3.Keep a diary of foods that trigger or relieve symptoms
4.If with constipation increase dietary fibres
5.Avoid excess caffeine, alcohol, food fads, fructose, sorbitol (in gums and candies)
6.Tx comorbid conditions: depression, stress, anxiety
7.Good doctor‐patient relationship improves long –term outcomes
** Patients benefit from lifestyle modification than drug therapy
Pharmacologic: (Non pharmacologic measures failed)
1‐ Diarrhoea is main symptoms Loperamide 2‐4 mg PRN, Max 12 mg/d
2‐ Constipation is the main symptoms Raw bran 2‐4 tablespoonful Or Psyllium 15 ml BID with meals +plenty of
fluids
3‐ Chronic abdominal pain is the main symptoms amitriptyline 25‐100 mg QHS
22
Genitourinary disorders
Benign prostatic hyperplasia☺
Non Pharmacologic Therapy:
1‐ Fluid restriction especially in the evening
2‐ Avoid alcohol and caffeine
3‐ Avoid medications like anti‐histaminic, anti‐cholinergic, anti‐depressants, anti‐psychotics, and decongestants.
4‐ Pelvic floor exercises
5‐ Organized voiding
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Alpha ₁α blockers (selective): alfuzocin (Xartal) 10 mg\day after same meal for 6 months. SE: vertigo
2‐ 5‐ Alpha‐reductase inhibitors: Finasteride (Proscar) 5mg\day for 6 months. SE: sexual dysfunction
** Minimal symptoms that do not interfere with normal activities F/U 1y
**Drugs may continue indefinitely as symptoms recur when stopped
Urinary Incontinence☺
A‐ Stress Incontinence:
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Organized timed voiding (bladder training)
2‐ Pelvic floor exercises (Kegel exercises)
3‐ Biofeedback and/or electrical stimulation therapy
**For postmenopausal Premarin vaginal cream daily for 3 months no improvement urologic assesment
**No pharmacologic Tx is effective for stress incontinence (Try imipramin 25‐100 mg HS)
**Referral to surgery may be the first line Tx
B‐ Urge Incontinence:
Non Pharmacologic:
As for stress incontinence
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Anticholinergic: First line Tx, bladder capacity and uninhibited detrusor contraction: Oxybutynin
extended release 5 mg\day. SE: dry mouth, constipation, tachycardia.
2‐ Smooth muscle relaxant: Flavoxate 200‐400 mg TID.SE: N/v, headache, vertigo, anticholinergic effects,
intraocular pressure.(has limited efficacy)
3‐ TCAs: Imipramine 25‐100 mg HS. If anticholinergic Tx failed or if concurrent depression
23
C‐ Overflow incontinence:
1‐ Is mainly due to acontractile bladder Poor response to surgery, non pharmacologic or pharmacologic Tx
2‐ Discontinue drugs that aggravate retention
3‐ Surgery for BPH
Enuresis in children☺
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Parents education: avoid humiliation and punishment, support child with positive reinforcement
2‐ Avoid excessive fluids within two hours of bedtime
3‐ Avoid deferral to micturition
4‐ Bladder training exercises
5‐ Enuresis alarm: effective when used properly for 3‐4 months; works best for children>7years
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Antidiuretic hormone ADH analogues: desmopressin spray 10‐40 ug HS; tablet 200‐600 ug HS.SE: overhydration,
hyponatremia Limit use
2‐ Smooth muscle relaxants: Oxybutynin : 6‐12 y 5mg/d‐TID; >12y 10 mg /d –QID PO
3‐ Imipramine: Not recommended
** Effect of dismopressin is immediate, enuresis alarm take long time to reduce bedwetting
** Diurnal enuresis OR secondary nocturnal enuresis Non pharmacologic + oxybutynin
**Primary nocturnal enuresis Enuresis alarm / desmopressin/oxybutynin
** Use desmopressin for special occasion as overnight sleep or camp
** Use desmopressin (low dose) + Oxybutinin for refractory cases
Urinary Tract Infection☺
Acute uncomplicated UTI (e.g. cystitis): (E‐coli)
1‐ First line: Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 800/160 PO BID for three days (for 7days In women with >week
symptoms or if recurrence < one month)
2‐ Second line: ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID for 3 days. Or cephalexin 500 mg Po BID for 10 days( In pregnancy
cephalexin 500mg PO BID for 7 days) Or NITROFURANTOIN (MACROBID ) 100 mg bid X 5 days Or
Amoxicillin/clavulinate (CLAVULIN ) 500 mg bid X 7 days
Pyelonephritis or complicated UTI:
A‐ Mild or moderate:
1‐ First line: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID for 10 days.
2‐ Second line: Aamoxicillin / clavulinate 500 mg PO TID for 10 days. Or SMX/TMP 800/160 PO BID for 10 days
24
B‐ Severe:
1‐ First Line: Gentamicin 3‐5 mg/kg/day IV +/‐ cloxacillin IV +\‐ ampicillin 1 gm Q 6 Hrs IV for 10 days
2‐ Second line: Ciprofloxacin 200‐400 mg IV BID
Prostatitis
A‐ Acute:
1‐ First line: Gentamicin 3‐5 mg/kg/day IV +/‐ ampicillin 1 gm Q 6 Hrs IV
2‐ Second line: Ciprofloxacin 200‐400 mg IV BID, Or SMX/TMP 800/160 PO
B‐ Chronic:
1‐ First line: Ciprofloxacin 500 PO BID for 4‐8 weeks
2‐ Second line: SMX/TMP 800/160 PO for 4‐8 weeks
25
Sexual health
Dysmenorrhoea☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Reassure patient that does not mean you have an organic disease
2‐ Primary amenorrhea is a common natural but exaggerated phenomenon
3‐ Regular exercises may provide some relieve
4‐ Topical heat therapy
Pharmacologic:
1‐ NSAIDs: Naproxen 500 mg \PO BID, with meal +\‐ omprazole 20mg PO OD for 6 months if failed try OCP
2‐ Combined OCP (COCs)
3‐ NSAIDs + COCs: for cases not improving on either alone, if this fail investigate and reassess
4‐ Progestin only contraceptives:
1‐ Levonorgestrel IUD
2‐ Medroxymethylprogesterone (MPA)
** Primary dysmenorrheal Non pharmacologic, failed NSAIDs Or COCs, failed NSAIDs + COCs
Endometriosis☺
A‐ For fertility:
Non Pharmacologic:
• Laproscopy/ laparotomy; utersacral nerve ablation; Presacral neurectomy; Hysterectomy and oopherectomy
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Induction of ovulation: Clomiphene citrate: 50 mg\day PO, for 5 days ( 3rd ‐7th day of menses)+/‐ HCG 5000 units
IM OD at mid cycle, if failed assisted reproduction
B‐ For pain:
1‐ NSAIDs +\‐ omprazole 20 mg\day PO: ibuprofen 400mg PO Q 4‐6 hrs; naproxen 300mg PO BID
2‐ COCs: continuously or cyclically may delay onset or recurrence of the disease; low dose monophasic (20‐35ug
ethinyl estradiol) amenorrhea suppression of withdrawal pain
3‐ Medroxyprogesterone (Depo provera) 150 mg IM Q12 weeks
4‐ Danazole (androgen agonist that cause endometrial atrophy) 600mg\day in divided doses PO for 6 months
26
Menopause☺
Non Pharmacologic:
Lifestyle modification:
1‐ Relaxation technique (Yoga)
2‐ Avoid passive smoking exposure
3‐ Balanced diet
4‐ Decrease ambient temperature reduce severity of hot flashes
5‐ Decrease body core temperature by regular exercises and dressing in layers
Pharmacologic:
(A) For vasomotor instability:
1‐ Hormonal therapy:
• Estrogen 0.3mg\day PO , for short term relieve, use low dose to decrease incidence of irregular bleeding
and breast tenderness, effect dose dependent, use continuously in women without uterus
• Progestin: for patient using estrogen and who have intact uterus: Medroxyprogesterone (Depo provera)
150 mg IM Q12 weeks
• COCs
2‐ Non hormonal therapy:
• Venlafaxin 37.5‐75 mg/d PO; Fluoxetine 20 mg/d
• Clonidine 0.05mg \day PO
• Vit E 600 IU/d
(B) For vaginal atrophy:
1‐ Estrogen: Premarin vaginal cream prn
2‐ Vaginal lubricants like K‐Y jelly; vaginal moisturizers
(C) For decreased libido:
1‐ Testosterone cream prn
2‐ Sexual counseling
(D) For mood changes: venlafaxin 37.5‐75 mg\day
(E) For osteoporosis:
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Regular exercises
2‐ Reduce risk of falling
3‐ Stop smoking and reduce alcohol intake
4‐ Adequate proteins, calcium and vit D
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Alendronate 10 mg\day PO , or 70mg\week PO – on empty stomach with excess of water
2‐ Raloxifen 60 mg\day PO
3‐ Vit D 400‐800 mg\day PO
4‐ Calcium 1500 mg\day PO. SE: cramps, venous thrombosis, hot flashes
27
Premature ejaculation☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Refer the couple for relationship counseling
2‐ Adaptation
3‐ Stop / start technique
4‐ Squeeze
5‐ Quiet vagina
Pharmacologic:
1‐ SSRIs: Fluoxitine 20 mg\day; escitalopram 10‐20 mg\day
2‐ Sildenafil 50 mg\day 30‐60 minutes before sexual activity (avoid Nitroglycerin)
Oral Contraception pills☺
1‐ Progestin only OCP: Norethindrone 0.350mg (Micronor), for a‐ breast feeding, smoking women over 35y,
intolerance to estrogen. SE: higher incidence of ectopic pregnancy, irregular bleeding first 2 months. Use backup
method during first month
2‐ High dose estrogen: Ethinyl estradiol 50ug/norgestrel 0.25 mg (Ovral): for patient on antiepileptic or ant TB
drugs. SE: Breakthrough bleeding, spotting, N/V, mood changes
3‐ Anti androgen: EE 35/ cyproterone 2 mg (Diane 35): Not prescribed for contraception pills. Its main indications
are prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, priapism, hypersexuality, Acne, PCOS
4‐ Low dose estrogen: Ethinyl estradiol 20ug/ Levonorgestrel 0.1 mg (Alesse). the usually advised formula low
break through bleeding, bloating, breast tenderness
** Monophasic formulations =fixed doses **Multiphasic formulation, Bi/Tri =varying doses of estrogen
and progesterone
28
Musculoskeletal disorders
Fibromyalgia☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Multidisciplinary program:
Patient education e.g. Arthritis Self Help Course,
Self management,
Supervised aerobic exercises: walking, pool exercises
Non pharmacologic pain management techique: cold, heat, TENS, acupuncture
Sleep hygiene,
Stress management
CBT 6‐14 weeks
2‐ Supervised aerobic exercises, sleep hygiene, stress management, CBT
Pharmacologic:
1‐ SSRI: Fluxotine 20 mg PO, OD in the morning
2‐ Amitriptyline 20 mg OD 2 HS
3‐ Zoplicone 5 mg\ Q HS
Polymyalgia Rheumatica☺
Non Pharmacologic: NONE
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Prednisone7.5‐20 mg\day PO for 2 weeks following resolution of symptoms then taper gradually 1 mg/week.
** Monitor ESR and symptom closely
Giant Cell Arteritis☺
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Prednisone 60 mg\day PO, for 4 weeks then taper gradually monitored by ESR over 2 years (decrease by 5.00 mg
per week till dose 10 mg the 1.00 mg per month)
** If visual loss is present or developed during Tx Admit +IV methylprednisolone 1 gm \day for 3 days followed by
high dose oral steroids
Gout☺
A‐ Asymptomatic Pt: No Tx
B‐ Acute attack:
1‐ NSAIDs (NSAIDs are the primary treatment of choice): Naproxen 750 mg stat the 500 mg \ PO BID for 5 days
+ omerazole 20 mg OD, PO
2‐ Colchicine 0.6 mg PO, TID for 2 days. SE: GIT upset, myopathy, abdominal pain, cramps, neurothay
C‐ Chronic, Intercritical period and prophylaxis:
29
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid excessive salt, turkey, anchovy, sardines, liver
2‐ Stop FACT: Frusemide, Alcohol, ASA, Cyclosporin, Thiazides
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Allopurinol 100 mg \day PO. SE GIT upset skin rash, hepatic toxicity(potentially toxic; for lifelong Tx,
colchicine continues for 6 months after initiation of tx with allopurinol)
2‐ Colchicine 0.06 mg \day or low dose NSAIDs
Osteoarthritis☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Patient education
2‐ Weight loss
3‐ Low‐impact exercises
4‐ Physiotherapy
5‐ Occupational therapy: aids, worker, cane, splint
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Acetaminophen 1 gm PO Q 6 hours
2‐ NSAIDs: Naproxen 500 mg PO, BID + Omprazole 20 mg PO, OD
3‐ Topical Dicofenac QID
4‐ Gluosamine 500 mg PO, TID
Rheumatoid arthritis☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Multidisciplinary team approach, emotional and psychological support
2‐ Patient education: appropriate level of exercise, energy conservation, pain modulation,
3‐ Dynamic exercise training
Pharmacologic:
A‐ DMARDs:
1‐ Methotrexate: 7.5‐20 mg PO,Q week increase m\by 2.5‐5 mg Q 1‐2 week maintain 7.5‐25 mg
PO\sc\week single dose or divided Q12 hrs (first choice and is the most frequently used DMARD)
** Base line B and C hepatitis serology – CXR – LFTs –Monitor CBC and platelets weekly x 6 wks then monthly
** Albumin and creatinine \ 6 months then every 12 months
** SE: Nausea, flu‐like aches, headache. RarePulmonary toxicity, ulcerative stomatitis, leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia, GI distress, malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, CNS, elevated LFTs or liver disease, lymphoma,
infection (advice gradual withdrawal to reduce side effects)
** + 5 mg folic acid\week decrease mouth sores
**Patients cannot drink alcohol
B‐ Biologic receptors modulators:
C‐ Infliximab 3‐5 mg\kg, IV, at 0, 2, 6 weeks then Q 4‐6 weeks. Always with methotrexate SE:Reactivation TB,
opportunistic infection, sepsis, CHF
D‐ NSAIDs
30
Low back pain☺
Non Pharmacologic:
A‐ Acute back pain
1‐ Encourage patient to continue or resume activity
2‐ Limit bed rest 2 days
3‐ Avoid premature physiotherapy
4‐ Assure patient to expect early recovery
B‐ Subacute, recurrent, chronic back pain:
1‐ If functional disability
• Goal setting and time line to return to work
• Active exercises
• Workplace based intervention
• Patient education that low back pain improves with early active exercises and timely return to work
• Physical therapy: Ice heat, US, Laser, massage
2‐ Significant depression treat depression
3‐ Risk for delay of recover (significant anxiety or depression, duration of work absence, self report extreme
pain or functional disability) refer to multidisciplinary rehabilitation or pain management clinic
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Acetaminophen 500 mg Po QID
2‐ NSAIDs: Naproxen 500mg Po BID
3‐ +\‐ Muscle relaxant : Cyclobenzaprine 10 mg PO, TID. SE: drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation
31
Skin disorders
Acne Vulgaris ☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Don not squeeze lesion, may lead to inflammation and scarring
2‐ Limit face wash 1‐2 times\day
3‐ Various measures as laser, chemical peels, photodynamic therapy expensive, rarely insured, painful
4‐ No evidence that diet and stress worsen acne
5‐ Sunlight and UV can help but may cause photo damage and carcinogenic effect
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Topical:
• Benzoyle peroxide: 5%, 10% ( antibacterial, comedolytic)
• Topical retinoids: Tretinoin 0.01%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, Q HS to avoid photosensitivity
• Topical antibiotics: Erythromycin 2%, Clindamycin 1%, BID
• Glycolic acid: 2%, 15% in patients intolerable to retinoids
• Combination Antibiotics + benzoyle peroxide: Benzomycin, Benzaclin
2‐ Systemic:
• Antibiotics: Doxycyclin 100 PO BID for 12 weeks. SE photosensitivity, not in pregnancy and children< 8 years
• OCP: Diane 35 for 21 days 7 off.
• Anti androgens: spironolactone 25‐200 mg\day PO
• Resistant cases: Isotretinoin 0.5 mg\kg\day for 12 weeks. SE teratogenic, photosensitivity, dryness. Major SE
suicide, mood disorder, pseudotumor cerebri.
** Monitoring: base line Lipid profile, LFTs, pregnancy test before Tx and every month and advice use of
effective method of contraception.
Rosacea☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid triggers: sunlight, heat, hot beverages, emotional stress, spicy foods, alcohol, and topical steroids.
2‐ Laser therapy, electrotherapy
3‐ Referal
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Mild to moderate: Metronidazole 0.75 mg cream or gel BID \9 weeks , If ocular involvement add doxycyclin
100 mg \day \12 weeks + topical fusidic 1% eye drops
2‐ Recurrent or sever: : Metronidazole 0.75 mg cream or gel BID \9 weeks + doxycyclin 100 mg\day\12 weeks
if no response refer to dermatologist (may add isotretinoin 0.5 – 1.0 mg \kg\day\4‐5 mo)
3‐ NO Steroid May aggravate condition
32
Psoriasis
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid trauma; sunburn ; medications like BB, lithium, interferon
2‐ Make sure patients can afford the treatment
Pharmacologic:
1‐ If infected area < 10 % body surface :Betamethasone valerate (Betaderm) ointment once daily OR
Calcipotriol/betamethasone OR tar OR tazarotene
2‐ If infected area > 10% body surface: As above + phototherapy + PUVA + referral
Atopic dermatitis☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid irritating soap , perfumed products
2‐ Use skin moisture BID and especially after bathing
3‐ Educate patients that there is no cure
4‐ Use lubricant skin emollient e.g. petrolatum
5‐ Check for adherence to Tx
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Betamthasone valerate cream once daily ; see patient after 2 weeks if persist tacrolinus 0.1% BID; If persit
refer
2‐ Check for secondary infection
Bacterial Skin Infection☺
** Impetigo, Folliculitis, furuncles, cutaneous abscess, cellulitis Staph aureus
** Erysipelas Staph pyogenes.
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Saline compresses 15 min, 2‐3 times daily
2‐ Eliminate tight fitted clothing and reduce friction
3‐ Incision and drainage of cystic content + saline compresses
4‐ Oral antibiotics for 2ry cellulitis
5‐ Graduated compression stocking after cellulitis or erysipelas
Pharmacologic:
A‐ Impetigo and folliculitis:
1‐ Saline compresses and remove crusts
2‐ Fusidic acid cream BID for 10 days
3‐ Cephalexin 500 mg Q 6 hours, PO for 10 days ( Children: 50 mg \kg\day Q 6 hours for 10 days)
33
B‐ Erysipelas:
1‐ R/O necrotizing fasciitis surgery
2‐ Cephalexin 500 mg Q 6hours, PO for 14 days
3‐ Compression stocking to decrease lymphedema
C‐ Cellulitis
1‐ Cephalexin 500 mg Q 6 hours, PO ( Children: 50 mg \kg\day Q 6 hours for 10 days)
2‐ F\U after 48 hours if no improvement refer to surgery to R\O N. fasciitis or FB
Sun burn ☺
A‐ Prevention
Acute effects of sun exposure include sunburn and delayed tanning. Chronic sun exposure is strongly associated with
photoaging, actinic keratoses, and squamous cell carcinoma; intermittent sun exposure is associated with basal cell
carcinoma and melanoma
Non pharmacologic
1‐ Behavioural modification of seeking shade during peak ultraviolet B (UVB) hours of 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M.
2‐ The use of photoprotective measures, such as clothing (e.g. gloves, shirts), wide‐brimmed hat (at least 7.5 cm),
umbrellas, and sunglasses
3‐ The use of sunscreen
4‐ Minimize sun exposure while taking phototoxic medications e. clofibrate, NSAIDs
5‐ Avoid tanning salon, cosmetic tanning
Pharmacologic:
** No effective oral sunscreen
** Sunscreens are used as adjunctive Tx as they do not offer complete protection. They should protect against UVA and
UVB. Have at least SPF 30
Topical sunscreen:
1‐ Physical sunscreen: zinc oxide, talc, kaolin: can be used for all ages, less cosmetic, , may melt with the sun’s heat.
May cause miliaria and folliculitis.
2‐ Chemical sunscreens: Para‐amino benzoic acid (PAPA), salicylates, benzylidene camphor derivatives
A‐ Treatment
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Cool Bath or wet compresses for 20 minutes Q4‐6 hrs
2‐ Plenty of fluids
3‐ Moisturizers
34
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Topical Vit E 2 minutes after exposure decrease erythema and edema
2‐ Celecoxib 200 mg BID suppresses erythema
3‐ NSAIDs: Indomethacin 25 mg or ibuprofen 400 mg Q 6Hrs Po, 4 doses
4‐ Declofenac gel applied 6‐10 Hrs after irradiation reduce erythema, edema, and pain
5‐ Potent topical corticosteroids
35
Blood disorders
Iron deficiency anemia☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Iron rich foods: liver, lean red meat, seafood, lentil.
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Elemental iron 200 mg Po Bid with meals
2‐ Ferrous fumerate 300 mg PO BID, for three months.SE: constipation, dark stool, dyspepsia
3‐ +\‐ vit C
*** Note: Reticuocytes increase in one week ‐ HB normalizes in one month ‐ iron store replenishes in three months.
Failure of medication due to: non compliance, ongoing bleeding, and malabsorption.
Megaloblastic anemia☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid strict vegans
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Vit B 12, 100 mg IM daily for one week, and then 200 mg\ weeks until normalize HB, then 200 mg\month for life.
SE: rash, pruritis, hypokalemia.
2‐ +\‐ vit K for the first week of Tx
3‐ + folic acid 1.00mg\day PO
36
Infectious diseases
Acute Otitis Media☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Parent education about risk factors
2‐ Encourage breast feeding (provides protective effect against OM)
3‐ Avoid exposure to other children (at home or daycare)
4‐ Raise socioeconomic status of the family
5‐ Avoid exposure to tobacco smoking
6‐ Avoid exposure to cold and URT infections
7‐ Pneumococcal vaccination
8‐ Avoid use of pacifiers
9‐ Surgery, myringotomy or tympanostomy for recurrence
10‐ Expectant treatment if effusion (90% resolve by 3 months)
** Family socioeconomic status and the extent of exposure to other children constitute the two most identifiable risk
factors for developing OM in children
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Patient < one month referral to ER
2‐ Patient> 2 years with NO risk factors + diagnosis uncertain + mild disease
Observation and assessment in 48 hours
3‐ Patient > 2 years with No risk factors + follow up is difficult + Diagnosis certain
Amoxicillin 40 mg\kg\day divided TID for 5 days
4‐ : Patient > 2 years and with risk factor Amoxicillin high dose 80 mg\kg divided TID for 5 days
5‐ Patient < 2 years with NO risk factors Amoxicillin 40 mg\kg\day divided TID for 10 days
6‐ Patient < 2 years with risk factors Amoxicillin high dose 80 mg\kg\day divided TID for 10 days
** Allergy to penicillin Clarithromycin 15 mg\kg\day Or azithromycin
** second line Tx: Amoxicillin\clavulin 80 mg\kg\day divided TID OR ceftriaxone 50 mg\kg\day IM
**Risk factors: daycare, recent AOM attack, recent antibiotic Tx, treatment failure, early recurrence
** Tympanic membrane signs of OM:
1‐ Impaired or loss mobility ( most specific and sensitive sign for effusion MEE)
2‐ Contour Bulging or extremely retracted ( normally slightly concave)
3‐ Color Erythema (=inflammation), white (=scarring or presence of fluid), amber, pale yellow or blue (=fluid)
(normally pearly grey)
4‐ Opacification Scarring or fluid (normally translucent)
5‐ Scars, retraction pockets, perforation, cholesteatoma
6‐ Fluid level, air bubbles if effusion
** Diagnosis: 3 Criteria
1‐ Acute onset
37
2‐ MEE (middle ear effusion)
3‐ Signs of inflammation
Streptococcus sore throat☺
Rapid Test: +ve treat or ‐ve do throat culture
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Isolation from school 24h after starting Tx
2‐ Strict hand washing
Pharmacologic:
1. Amoxicillin 40mg/kg Tid for 10 days
2. T eradicate chronic carriers: Clindamycin 20 mg/kg /d divided TID, OR Rifampicin 20 mg\kg divided BID for the
last 4 days of penicillin Tx
*** In penicillin allergy Clarithromycin 15 mg/kg/day divided BID for 10 days
Sinusitis☺
Organism: viral respiratory infection is the most common.
Bacterialorg : S.Pneumoniae, H.lnfluenzae, M.Catarrhalis
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Steam inhalation with pine oil
2‐ Cool mist humidifier
3‐ Worm facial mask
4‐ Sleep with elevated head of bed
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Acetaminophen 650 mg Q 4‐6 hrs prn
2‐ loratadine 5 mg/d for children and 10 mg/d for adults
Amoxicillin 500 mg PO TID Amoxicillin 40 mg/kg PO
1st choice
for 10 days divided TID for 10 days
2nd line (if no
Amoxicillin/clavulin 500 mg Amoxicillin/clavulin 80 mg
improvement after 72
Po TID for 10 days Po divided TID for 10 days
hours)
38
Acute bronchitis☺
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Frequent hand washing, smoking cessation, avoid irritants exposure
2‐ Increase fluids and humidity.
3‐ Patient’s education, No need for antibiotics.
Pharmacologic:
• Routine antibiotic is not recommended in uncomplicated acute bronchitis
• Empirical antibiotics until get culture result
• Anti tussives, codeine 10 mg Q4‐6 hours, dextromethorphan 30 mg Q 6‐8Hrs and PRN
• Bronchodilator, salbutamole MDI2 puffs PRN
Community acquired pneumonia☺
1‐ Outpatient if PSI <90 Clarithromycin 500 mg PO BID for 7 ‐10 days + Tylenol 500 mg PO Q 6‐8 hrs
2‐ If > 90 PSI OR comorbid condition (COPD, CHF, renal impairment, HIV, DM) Levofloxacin 750 PO OD for 7 days
OR Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (PO BID 500/125 mg Po TID or 850/125 mg PO BID )+ Clarithromycin 500mg X7 days
3‐ ICU patients Amoxicillin/Clavulanate + Macrolide or respiratory fluoroquinolone, IV
4‐ Aspiration pneumonia Metronidazole 500 mg BID + clindamycin 300 mg PO q 6 hrs for 7 days
Tuberculosis☺
A‐ Prevention
1‐ BCG vaccination
B‐ Prevention of latent infection
1‐ INH sensitive INH 300 mg + Vit B6 (pyridoxine 50 mg) PO 9‐12 months
2‐ HIV, abnormal CXR, INH resistant rifampicin 600 mg PO OD for 4 months
C‐ Treatment of acute infection
Empiric therapy: INH 300 mg + rifampicin 600 mg600 mg + pyrazinamide 50 mg + ethambutol 15 mg\kg\day
Pulmonary TB: INH + rifampicin + pyrazinamide for 2 months the INH= rifampicin 600 mg for 4 months
Children: same schedule 15 mg\kg\day
** SEs: Rifampicin: hepatotxicity, orange body secretions. Pyrazinamide: hepatotoxixity, gout, gastric irritation.
Ethambutol: loss of central and colour vision. INH: hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy
Bacterial meningitis☺
A‐ HIV, alcoholism, > 50 years old
Cefriaxone 2 gm q 12 hours IV (100mg\kg\12 hours)
+ Ampicillin 2 gm Q 4 hours (200 mg\kg\day IV divided Q 4 hours
+ Vancomycin 1 gm Q 12 hours IV (60 mg \kg\day divided Q 6 hours)
39
B‐ Adults, penetrating head trauma, CSF leak ,ventriculoperitoneal shunt , agammglobulinemia, asplenia:
1‐ Ceftriaxone 2 gm Q 12 hours IV. SE: increase liver enzymes, leucopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and
phlebitis
2‐ Vancomycin 1 gm\Q 12 hours IV.SE: Flushing, hypotension, phlebitis
C‐ Pediatric Tx:
1‐ <6 weeks Ampicillin 100‐150mg/kg/d divided BID + gentamycin 2.5mg/kg BID OR Ampicillin+ cefotaxime100‐
150mg/kg/d divided BID
2‐ 6 weeks‐ 3 months Ampicillin + vancomycin 15mg/kg BID+ ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
3‐ > 3months vancomycin + ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
D‐ Prophylaxis:
1‐ N. meningitides: rifampicin 600 mg Q 12 hours PO for 2 days.
2‐ H. influenza: rifampicin 600 mg Q 12 hours PO for 4 days.
3‐ Pregnancy: ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose.
** Duration of treatment 7‐10 days
Mouth Herpes Simplex☺
Acyclovir 400 mg PO 5 daily\7 days
Genital /Anal Herpes Simplex ☺
First or recurrent episode: Acyclovir 200 mg PO 5 daily\7 days
Herpes Zoster skin☺
Non Pharmacologic:
• Keep rash clean and dry to prevent secondary infection
• Avoid use of topical antibiotics
• Avoid adhesive dressings
• Use sterile dressings
Pharmacologic:
• Acyclovir (zovirax) 800 mg PO 5 daily\7 days Or VALACYCLOVIR (VALTREX ) 1000 mg PO TID X 7 days
• Zosta vax vaccine
40
Traveler’s diarrhea ( most commonly caused by ETEC) ☺
Prevention:
Non Pharmacological:
1‐ Drink only boiled or bottled water or carbonated beverages.
2‐ Avoid ice cubes unless made from soft water
3‐ Eat fruits washed by soft water and peeled, don’t eat water melon.
4‐ Avoid salads and raw vegetables.
5‐ Avoid foods from street vendors
6‐ Wash hands with soap and water before eating.
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto‐Bismol) 2 tab (524mg) or 30 ml PO, TID and Q HS. SE: Mild tinnitus, black stool and
tongue
2‐ Ciprofloxacin, 500 mg PO OD from the first day of travelling and continue for 1‐3 days after returning home, Max
3 weeks. SE: C.difficil associate diarrhea
3‐ Vaccination: Oral Cholera vaccination for high risk travelers ( Relief or aid workers in cholera risk zones)
Self Treatment:
Non pharmacologic:
1‐ Oral rehydration solution : Gastrolyte
2‐ If oral rehydration solution is not available: one teaspoon table salt +8 teaspoons sugar + I liter safe water
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto‐Bismol) 2 tab (524mg) or 30 ml POQ 30 minutes, Max 8 doses. Children 5‐15 ml Q
3o minutes, Max 8 doses. SE: Mild tinnitus, black stool and tongue
2‐ Antimotility agents: Loperamide 4 mg then 2 mg after each loose stool. Children 1‐2 mg then 1‐2 mg after each
loose stool
3‐ Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID X 3days Or azithrmnycin (for children and areas of fluroquinolones
resistant Campylobacter e.g. India, Thailand, Indonesia) 500 mg PO BID X3 days. In children 10‐15 mg/kg / day
PO X 3 days
4‐ Metronidazole 500 mg TID X7 days if diarrhea last 2 weeks after returning home (= Giardiasis infestation)
** Two medications to take when travelling: Ciprofloxacin 500 tabs + Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto‐Bismol) Loperamide
Malaria Prevention
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Use insects’ repellents containing DEET before outdoor activities.
2‐ Use bed nets with permethrin
3‐ Use mosquito’s coils, aerosolized insecticides, and or electrically operated insecticides.
4‐ Wear cloths to cover exposed skin.
5‐ Sleep in air conditioned rooms.
Pharmacological:
1‐ Travel to area with chloroquine‐ sensitive organism: Chloroquine 500 mg/week, start 1:2 weeks before traveling
and continue weekly for 4 weeks after leaving endemic areas. It is safe to use in pregnancy and young children.
41
2‐ Travel to area with chloroquine‐ resistant organism :
• Mefloquine 250 mg once daily for 3 days then 250 mg weekly. Start one week before traveling and
continue 4 weeks after leaving. Taken with meal and with at least 250 ml water. Contraindicated in first
trimester of pregnancy, Hx seizures, psychosis. It is used in chloroquine resistant areas
• Atovaquin/proguanil 250/100 mg daily with food, start 2 days before travel and continue for 1 week
after leaving. SE: headache, insomnia, cough, mouth ulcers
• Doxycycline: start 1 days before travel and continue for 4 week after leaving
3‐ Pregnancy and children:
• Pregnant women and young children should defer travel to Travel to area with chloroquine‐ resistant
malaria
• Azithromycin in first trimester of pregnancy but less effective
42
OBY\GYN
1‐ Candidacies: Fluconazole 150mg PO OD
2. B. Vaginosis: Flagyl500mg PO Bid x 7 days
3. Trichomoniasis: Flagyl2gm PO OD TIT partner, no sex until finish ttt
4. Chlamydia: Azithromycin 1 gm PO OD TIT partner, no sex until finish tit
5. Gonorrhoea: Cefixime 400mg PO OD or Ceftriaxone 125mg 1M OD+: Azithromycin 1 gm PO OD
Tx partner, no sex until finish Tx Note Retest pregnant patient after 4 wks
6. Treponema pallidum: Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 million unit 1MOD
7. Pregnant with GBS: Penicillin 2.5 million units IV Q 4 h until delivery
8. Pelvic Inf. Dis.:
Inpatient: a) Cefoxitin 2gm IV Q 6h until24h after improved symptoms
b) Doxycycline 100mg PO Bid x 14 days
c) ± Metronidazole 500mg PO Bid x 14 days
Outpatient:
a) Ceftriaxone 250 mg 1MOD
B) Doxycycline 100mg PO Bid x 14 days
c) ± Metronidazole 500mg PO Bid x 14 days
Note: treat partner, report to public health, retest
9. HPV: condom doesn't prevent infection
Pregnant: Excision or trichloroacetic acid by health provider
Non pregnant: Podofilox 0.5% solution 3 days and 4 days off & repeat for 4 wks
10. HSV: Acyclovir 200 mg PO 5 times /d x 7 days
11. Menorrhgia: Premarine 25mg Q 4 hrs IV + gravol 50 mg Q4 hrs IV for 24 hrs
43
Symptoms Control
Fever in children
Non Pharmacologic:
1. Water sponge
2. Ice pack
3. Circulating fan
Pharmacologic:
1. Acetaminophen 15mg/kg Q 4‐6 h (not rectal) pm. SE: hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic
Chronic cough
Treatment of the cause:
• ACEI stop drug
• Asthma
• GERD
• Post nasal discharge – allergic rhinitis
• Chronic sinusitis
Motion Sickness☺
Neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine ‐ are thought to play an important role in causing motion sickness
Non Pharmacologic:
1‐ Avoid alcohol, dairy products, foods high in salt, protein, or calories, large meals, smoking, unpleasant odours
2‐ Focus on objects on the horizon not nearby objects or things going by such as the scenery in your trip.
3‐ Patients taking antihistaminic avoid operate machinery, or do anything that requires full concentration
4‐ reduce motion sickness by sitting where there is the least motion and Avoid reading
Pharmacologic:
1‐ Antihistamines such as dimenhydrinate and diphenhydramine taken 30 minutes to an hour before a journey
2‐ Scopolamine patch applied 12 hours before travelling
44
45