Design of RC Elements

UNIT -1
1. In a rectangular Rcc beam, the ratio of maximum shear stress to average shear stress is
1.33
2. What is the governing formula to find the length of embedment ‘1’ if ‘Sb’ is the average bond
stress on a bar of diameter ‘d’ subjected to maximum stress ‘t’?
Length of embedment 1 =dt/4Sb
3. What is the minimum horizontal distance between two main bars in Rcc beam?
Diameter of bar + 5 mm or
Nominal size of the aggregate
4. The main reason for providing no. of reinforcing bars at a support in a simply supported beam
is to resist in that zone ______ stresses.
5. for bars in tension a standard book has an anchorage value equivalent to a straight length of 12φ.
6. Why a doubly reinforced beam is considered to be economical compared to a singly reinforced
beam ?
A doubly reinforced beam is considered to be a economical compared to a singly reinforced beam
because
The depth of doubly reinforced beam is less compared to singly reinforced beam
The moment of resistance can be increased by not more than 25 percent over the balanced moment
of resistance . To increase M.R. more than this off a beam section of limited dimensions, a doubly
reinforced beam is preferred .
7. For the deflection of simply supported beam to be within permissible limits, the ratio of its
span to effective depth should not exceed 20.
8. In a simply supported slab, the distance at which half of the main steel is bent up near
support is 1/7.
9. In a simply supported beam why we are providing distribution reinforcement?
To distribute temperature stresses
10.The minimum percentage of tension reinforcement in Rcc beam is 0.4%.
11. According to Indian standard how the modular ratio between the steel and any grade of
concrete can be arrived?
280/3σcbc where σcbc=permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete in N/mm2
12. Steel is efficiently used in under reinforced section.
13. what is the permissible tensile stress on the equivalent concrete area for M15 Concrete?
2N/mm2
14.what is the permissible compressive stress in concrete in bending for M20 concrete?
7N/mm2
15.What is the governing equation to find the spacing of stirrups in rectangular beam?
Spacing of stirrups=Awtwd/Vs where Vs =S-Sc
S=shear force Sc=shear resistance of the concrete
16. what is lever arm in reinforced concrete beams?
Lever arm is the distance between the line of action of the resultant compression and the line of
action of the tension
17.what does the word “moment of resistance” refers to?
It is the resisting moment offered by a beam section to resist the bending moment at the section
18. when you call a section as a balanced (or) economic (or) critical section?
This is a section , in which the quantity of steel provided is such that, when the most distant concrete
fiber in the compression zone reaches the allowable stress in compression and the tensile stress in the
reinforcement reaches its allowable stress.
19. Classify the unbalanced section
Unbalanced section are classified under two heads as under-reinforced and over-reinforced section .
20. Diffrentate under-reinforced section from over-reinforced section
Under-reinforced section is a section in which the quantity of steel provided is less than what is required for a
balanced section. In this case when the stress in the steel reaches its permissible value,the corresponding
extreme compressive stress reached in concrete will be less than its permissible value where a over-reinforced
section is a section in which the quantity of steel provide is more than what is required for a balanced section In
this case when the extreme compressive stress in concrete reach its permissible value corresponding tensile
stress in steel will be less than its permissible value.

21. Write any to basic assumptions made in concrete design

Plane sections transverse to the central line of a member before bending remain plane sections after bending.
The reinforcement does not slip from concrete surrounding it.
22. In a doubly reinforced beam where the maximum shear stress will occur?
The shear stress occurs on planes between neutral axis and the tensile reinforcement.
23. In RCC ,in working stress design ,the allowable bending compressive strain is 0.002 and the ultimate
bending compressive strain is 0.003 .
24. When will you call a beam as a balanced beam?
This is a beam, in which the quantity of steel provides is such that, when the most distant concrete fiber in the
compression zone reaches its allowable stress.
25. The ratio of the allowable bond stress in deformed bars to that of plain bars is about 1.40 .
26. The safe bond stress between concrete and steel is determined by pull out test.
27. The minimum grade of concrete to be used in reinforced concrete is M15.
28. If the nominal shear stress Tv exceed design shear strength of concrete Tc the shear reinforcement to
be provided as per IS456-1987 for carrying shear stress is Tv-Tc .
29. For a simply supported beam of span 10m , the minimum effective depth to satisfy the vertical
deflection limits should be 50cm.
30. What are doubly reinforced beams? When do you go for doubly reinforcement?
Beams reinforced with steel in compression and tension zones are called doubly reinforced beams . This
type of beam is restricted. Also when the external live loads may alter ie;may occur on either face of the
member DRB are preferred .
31.Upto what percentage the moment of resistance can be increased by doubly reinforcing the beams?
Up to 25% only.
32. As the percentage of steel increases in singly reinforced beams depth of neutral axis increases &lever arm
decreases.
33. Rate of increase of moment of resistance with percentage of steel for a singly reinforced beam section
is lesser in the over reinforced condition.

34. What is the percentage of steel required for a balanced rectangular singly reinforced concrete?
0.699 % (or) 0.7% when the permissible stresses in concrete and steel are respectively 5N/mm2 and
140N/mm2.
35. For a singly reinforced beam of a given size with concrete of a definite grade the quantity of steel
needed is definite.
36. Due to what condition the concrete will fail if shear reinforcement is not provided in a beam?
Due to diagonal tension .
37. Abeam of sectional dimensions width bx overall depth D is subjected to Tensional moment ‘T’ in
addition to BENDING moment ‘M’. How will you find the equivalent bending moment Meq for the
above case?
The equivalent bending moment Meq is given by
Meq = M+Mt
Where M= Bending moment
Mt =T (1+D/b ÷1.7)
38.In the case of beams of beam of varying depth the nominal shear stress at a section is given by

s±m/d tanβ÷bd
39.why rectangular beams are uncommon in RCC?
In almost all RCC structures we cannot find rectangular beams since the beams carries a slab with which
it is monolithic nature from a T-beam.
40. How will you find the flange width of T-beams ?
The flange width of T-beams is given by B= 1o/6 +br + 6ds
Where,
1o= Distance between points of zero moments in the beam
br= Breadth of web/rib
ds= Thickness of flange
41. what are the conditions that should be satisfied for a T-beam action
For T-beam action the following condition shall be satisfied:
a)The slab shall be cast integrally with web , or the web and the slab shall be effectively
bonded together in any other manner and,
b) The main reinforcement of the slab is provided parallel to the beam and the transverse
reinforcement at mid span of the slab .
42. T-beam sections are generally under reinforced sections.
43. Spacing of transverse torisonal reinforcement in a beam shall not exceed 300mm.
44. When the neutral axis of a T-beam section lies below the flange, the lever arm a is equal to
d_Y where Y is equal to 3n-2ds/2n-ds=ds/3
45. what is the limiting clear cover to the reinforcement in a T-beam?
25mm (or) diameter of bar whichever is greater.
46. what is the maximum diameter of the bar that should be provided in T-beam?
One eighth of the width of the rib.
47.In T-beam sections we can get large moment of resistance compared with rectangular section.
How?
Due to the composite action between the flange and the rib in T-beam, the moment of resistance
offered by the T-beam is large .
48. From economical point of view, which section is preferred instead of singly reinforced concrete
beams ?
T-beam
49. How will you arrive the effective span of a simply supported slab?
The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as the lesser of the following.
a)Distance between the centres of bearings
b)clear span plus the effective depth
50. What is the minimum thickness of slab?
100mm
51. The minimum percentage of steel in each principal direction in a slab shall not be less than
0.15% of the total cross-sectional area.
52. The diameter of main bars in a slab shall not exceed 1/8 times the thickness of the slab.
53. How will you decide a slab to design as one-way slab or two-way slab?
A slab will be designed as spanning one way if the ratio of the long span is greater than
Otherwise it will be designed as two-way slab.
UNIT 11

1) What is the minimum overall depth of slab to be provided to satisfy vertical deflection limit for a
continuous slab of 3m x 3.5m?
75mm.
2) The minimum diameter of main bars for slab is generally 8mm and distribution bars 6mm.
3) For a continuous beam the span to effective depth ratio should not exceed 26.
4) How will you classify a column as a short column?
A reinforced concrete column is considered as a short column, if its slenderness ratio is less than 12.
5) All columns shall be designed for a minimum eccentricity of 20mm (or) 1/500 + b/30
Where, l = unsupported length of the column
b = least lateral dimension of the column
6) What is the minimum number of longitudinal bars in a column of rectangular section & circular
section?
 The minimum numbers of longitudinal bars needed for rectangular & circular column are 4 and 6
numbers respectively.
7) For a continuous slab, spanning in one direction the ratio of span to depth is 35.
8) For a continuous slab, spanning in two directions the ratio of span to depth should be 40.
9) What is minimum percentage of main (or) Distribution reinforcement required for slab spanning in
direction?
The reinforcement shall not be less than 0.15 percent of the total cross-sectional areas. If high strength
deformed bars (or) welded fabrics are used as reinforcement, then is reduced to 0.12 Percent of the total cross-
sectional area.

10) How will you check the pitch of main bars in slabs?
i) Three times the effective depth of slab and
ii) 45cm

11) What is the maximum limiting value of pitch for distribution (or) temperature bars?
The pitch of the distribution bars shall not exceed the following:
i) Five times the effective depth of the slab and
ii) 45 cms.

12) What is the minimum cover to reinforcement that has to be provided for slabs?
The minimum cover to outside of the main bars shall not be less than the following:
(i) 15mm and (ii) Diameter of the main bar

13) The area of longitudinal reinforcement in R.C.C column shall not be less than 0.8% of the gross
area and shall not exceed 6% of gross area.
14) What is the minimum diameter of bar required for a column?
12mm
15) The spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column shall not
exceed 300mm.
16) What is the maximum internal angle of the lateral ties when polygonal lateral ties are provided in a
column?
135°
17) The diameter of lateral ties in a column shall not be less than ¼ th the diameter of longitudinal bars.
18) Write the expression for finding Reducation coefficient Cr for a long column.
Cr=1.25 – lef/48b.
19) Forms for RCC columns may be removed after 1 to 2 days.
20) The permissible load for column with helical reinforcement is K times the permissible load for a
similar column with lateral ties. What is that K value equivalent to?
1.05
21) The minimum percentage of steel in an RCC long column is 0.8%.
22) How will you find the induced compressive stress in concrete if a short RCC column subjected to an
axial load W?
W/Ac+1.5mAt.
Where, Ac = area of concrete
At = area of steel
m = modular ratio
23) At what conditions a circular column will be considered as a long column?
When the ratio of the effective length to the core diameter exceeds 12 for a circular column, then it is
considered as a long column.

24) At what circumstances would you recommend a combined footing?

If overlapping of adjacent isolated footing occurs then instead of providing isolated footing we can
combinedly provide a combined footing for those two columns.
25) When will you recommend rectangular combined footing?
In the case of combined footing provided for two columns, where the projections beyond the edge
column parallel to the length of the footing is restricted we must provide a rectangular combined footing.
26) The thickness at the edge of a reinforced concrete footing resting on soil shall not be less than 150
mm.

UNIT-3
1.what are the methods available for the design of R.C.C.?
The three basic methods available for the design of reinforced concrete structures, namely working
stress method, ultimate load method and limit state method.

2.Define limit state method?

It is defined as a method which limits the structural usefulness of the material of the structure up to a
certain load at which acceptable limit of safety and serviceability are applied so that the failure of structure does
not occur.(The acceptable limits applied for safety and serviceability requirements before failure of a structure
takes place is termed as a limit state).

3. What are the requirements to be satisfied by a structural member designed?

The requirements to be satisfied by a member designed are strength, stability and stiffness.

4.What are live loads ?

Live loads are the loads which vary in magnitude and or in positions live loads are also known as
imposed or transient loads.

5.What is wind load?

The force due to wind is called as wind load.
6.BIS-1987.deals with code of practice for design loads for buildings and structures.
 7.The seismic loads are referred as exceptional loads.
8.What are characteristic loads ?
The characteristic loads are defined as those values of loads which are an accepted probability of their
not being exceeded during the life of the structures.
9. Define characteristic load as per BIS-456-1978?
It means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of not being exceeded during the life of
the structure.
10.How will you find characteristic load?
It ma y be found by fck=f+1.64
Where f=arithmetic mean load of the sample
11.The design loads are obtained by multiplying the characteristic loads by a partial safety factor for
loads .
12.The partial safety factor for DL+LL is 1.5 and DL +LL+WL is 1.2

13.what is characteristic strength of concrete?

It is defined as the compressive strength of 150mm cube at 28 days expressed in N/mm2 below which
not more than 5% of the test results are expected to fall.
14. The characteristic strength may be obtained by Fck=f-1.64 σ
15.What are internal forces?
The bending moments and shear provided by the transverse loads are called as internal forces.
16.What is singly reinforced beam.
The reinforced concrete beam in which the steel reinforcement is placed only on tension side, is known as
singly reinforced beam.
17.For mild steel , the stress strain curve has definite yield point.
18.What is Compression and tension failure?
The failure of concrete in compression occurs by crushing is compression failure and yield failure of
steel is referred as the tension failure.
19.The crushing failure of concrete is sudden and tension failure of steel is gradual.
20. Why beams are usually designed as under-reinforced.
An under reinforced beam fails by large strains in steel bars and therefore by extensive cracking of the
concrete and by substantial deflection. An ample warning of the impending failure is reflected due to the
ductility of such a beam. For this reason the beams are usually designed as under-reinforced.
21.The compressive force in concrete for a rectangular beam of b*d is given by 0.36 fck b xu and the
tensile force in steel bars provided as reinforcement is 0.87Ast fy under limit state conditions.
22.what is meant by percentage of steel reinforcement ?
The ratio of area of steel reinforcement to the cross-sectional area of concrete beam is called the
percentage of steel reinforcement .
23.What is lever arm factor?
The ratio for the lever arm to the effective depth ,is called lever arm factor.
24.Match the following:
Type of steel reinforcement N-mm Ans
i)Fe 250 0.1336 fckbd2 (iii)
ii)Fe 415 0.1433 fckbd2 (i)
iii)Fe 500 0.1380 fckbd2 (ii)
25. Write the equation to find the moment of resistance for a rectangular beam of size b*d.
Mu=0.36 fck
26.Write the equation to find the minimum reinforcement in tension ?
27.For mild steel the minimum reinforcement in tension is 0.34% of cross-sectional area and for
Fe 415, 0.205% of cross-sectional area.
28.The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04dD.
29.When will you provide side reinforcement ?
When the overall depth of beam becomes more than 750mm, the side face reinforcement shall be provided
along the two faces of the beam. The side reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1& of web area.
30.What are immediate deflections?
The deflections caused by the service loads acting over the beams are called as immediate deflections.
31.What are long term deflections?
The deflections caused due to the effects are called as long term deflections.
32.When will you design shear reinforcement?
If nominal shear stress is more than the design shear strength of concrete in shear, then shear reinforcement is
provided.
33.If TV is more than Tc max ,the beam section is redesigned.
34.Define shear strength?
The resistance to sliding offered by the material of beam is called shear strength.
35.What is meant by factored shear force?
The term factored shear force means the shear force means the shear force due to characteristic loads multiplied
by the appropriate value of partial safety factor for loads .
36.How will you find the minimum shear reinforcement?
The minimum shear reinforcement is found from the formula Asu≥ 0.4b.su/fy
37.Define bond stress?
The bond stress is defined as the intensity of adhesive force per unit of service area.
38.Define development length of reinforced bars?
The development length of reinforced bars is defined as the minimum length of the steel bars necessary on
either side of a section to develop by bond.
39.What is meant by ultimate moment of resistance?
The ultimate bending strength of a beam is often called the ultimate moment of resistance.
40.Write the equation to find the strain in compression steel?
Esc=0.0035(XUMAX-d)/Xumax
41.Write the equation to find the additional tension reinforcement for a doubly reinforced concrete
beam?
Ast=Fsc .Asc/0.87FY
42.How will you check the limit state of serviceability?
In order to check the design for limit state of serviceability the vertical deflection of a beam shall be determined
and then it will be compared with the permissible value of deflection.
43.What are flanged beams?
For long spans without excessive weight and material the slab is is built monolithically with the reinforced
concrete beam, the beams are considered as flanged beams.
44.What are ‘T’ beams?
At the interior portions of floor the slab extends on both sides of beams in the monolithic construction, such
beams resembles to the shape of the alphabet T therefore ,these flanged beams are called ‘T’ beams.
45.What are ‘L’ beams?
At the end portions of the floor ,the slab extends on one side of the beam in the monolithic construction. such
beams resembles to the shape of the inverted alphabet, L, therefore these flanged beams are called L-beams.
46.What is nominal shear stress?
The distribution of shear stress across the complete depth is considered as uniform and it is called as nominal
shear stress.
47.Whatis meant by twisting moment?
The moment which tends to twist the beam about its longitudinal axis is called as twisting moment .
48.What are the two types of torsion? How they are present?
The two types of torsion are i) primary torsion which exists when the external load is supported by torsion.
ii)secondary torsion which arises from the compatibility of deformation between adjacent parts.
49.How will you design a one way slab?
One way slab is designed as a rectangular beam of one meter width in cross-section as a balanced section to
satisfy the strength requirement.
50.What is distribution reinforcement ?
The minimum area of reinforcement intended to take care of shrinkage and temperature stresses are called as
distribution reinforcement.
51.The spacing between parallel main reinforcement bars for slabs shall not be more than three times the
effective depth of a solid slab or 450mm whichever is smaller.
52.What are lintels ?
The horizontal structural members of small length used to span the openings over the doors ,windows,
ventilators ,cupboards etc. Are called lintels.
53.The lintels support stone or brick masonry over the openings and transfer all the loads to the side
walls by arch action.
54.In case of light and moderate loads ,the lintel is designed as singly reinforced beam and for heavy
loads It is designed as doubly reinforced beams.
55.Sun shades are generally designed as cantilever beams.
56.Design strength of concrete for limit state of collapse is 0.446fck.
57. The partial safety factor for concrete is 1.5 and for steel is 1.15.
58. The design yield stress of steel according to BIS 456-1978 is 0.87 fy.
59. The moment of resistance of an over reinforced section is determined on the basis of compressive
forced developed in concrete.
60. The diameter of bars used for distribution reinforcement in slabs may vary from 6 to 9mm.
UNIT- 4
1.Define two way slab.
The reinforced concrete slabs supported on all its four sides on beams or walls having the ratio of
long span to short span less than or equal to two are called as two way slab.
2. What are restrained slabs?
The restrained slabs are the slabs, the corners of which are
prevented from lifting .The slab is
supported on all four sides.
3. The minimum bending moment for two way slabs are calculated for middle strip.
4. For simply supported two way slab at least 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at mid-span
should extend to the support.
5. The area of reinforcement in edge strip, parallel to the edge shall be equal to the minimum
reinforcement required for slab.
6. The torsional reinforcement extends from the edge s a minimum distance in each direction equal to
one fifth of the shorter span.
7. The area of torsional reinforcement in four layers shall be three quarters of the area required for the
maximum mid span moment in a two way slab.
8. Define column:
A column is defined as a structural members subjected to compressive force in a direction parallel
to its longitudinal axis.
9. What is meant by pedestal?
When the effective length of a compressive member does not exceed three times the least lateral
dimensions, then such member is called as pedestal.
10. In axially loaded columns, the loads are applied at the centroid, of the section in a direction parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the member.
11. The load carrying capacity of PCC column is very much increased by providing additional strength
by steel bars.
12. In the reinforced concrete column usually loaded, the most of the load is carried by the concrete and
the part of the load is carried by steel.
13. An ideal column is assumed to be perfectly straight and centrally loaded.
14. What is critical load?
The axial load which is sufficient to keep the column in such a slight deflected shape is called as
critical load.
15. What is meant by equivalent cross sectional area of columns?
The actual steel & concrete cross section is replaced with a fictitions section though of consisting of
concrete only. This fictitions section is called equivalent or transformed sectional area.
16. Define slender ratio
 The slender ratio of a compression member is defined as the ratio of unsupported length of the
compression member to the appropriate value of gyration of the compression member.

17. What are lateral ties?

In order to prevent the displacement of the longitudinal bars during the construction operation and
to counteract any lateral buckling tendency of the compression loaded steel bars, the trans small diameter steel
bar are provided which are called lateral ties.
18. All reinforced concrete columns are subjected to eccentricity of load. Why?
The eccentricity of load may be due to inaccuracies of construction, lateral deflection of column
and in accuracies in loading.
19. What is plastic centroid?
For an unsymmetrical loaded column to be loaded, axially, the load must pass through a point
called on plastic centroid.
20. What is meant by column interaction diagram?
A plot of column axial load capacity against the moment it may simultaneously carry is called a
column interaction diagram.
21. What is uniaxial bending?
If a bending moment is applied such that the column bends about one axis is referred as uniaxial
bending.
22. What is biaxial bending?
If two bending moment are applied such that the column bends about x and y axes respectively is
called on biaxial bending.
23. What are slender column?
If the slenderness ratio is equal to 12 or more than 12, then the columns are called as long columns
or slender columns.
24. What are braced members?
When either one or both the ends of a column or a compression member are restrained against
position change i.e. side sway is restrained, then the members are called as braced members.
25. What are unbraced member?
When either one or both the ends of a column are to have side sway, the member is referred as
unbraced member.
26. What are primary moments?
The initial end moment are known as primary moments.
27. What are secondary moments?
The additional moment developed due to the additional eccentricity (i.e. due to the bending
deformation) is known as secondary moment.
28. What is meant by slender column effect?
The extra or additional moment is called slender column effect.
29. Write the equation to find the additional moment for slender columns.
Madd.x = (Pw.D/2000) (Lax) ^2
Madd.y = (Pw.b/2000) (Lay) ^2
30. Classify the column according to the arrangement of transverse reinforcement.
a. Columns with lateral ties (tied columns)
b. Spirally reinforced columns.
31. How will you find the load carrying capacity of a short column if the following steel is used?
a. Mild steel.
b. Hysd bar, according to BIS 456.
If mild steel is used then the load carrying capacity is given by Pau =0.40fck.Ac + 0.77Asc.fy
If Hysd steel bars are used then Pcu =0.4fck.Ac + 0.67fy.Asc
32. The material failure is due to slenderness effect.
33. Material failure occurs in columns braced against sway and
instability failure occurs in unbraced column.
34. The strengths of slender columns are significantly reduced by the transverse deflections of the
columns caused by bending.

UNIT – 5
1. What are continuous beams?
Beams supported by more than two supports and which cover more than one spans are called
continuous beams.
2. In continuous beams, one support is usually kept as immovable hinged supports are kept as hinged
roller supports.
3. The continuous beams are often more economical than the simply supported beams of same span.
4. What is the difference between the continuous beams used in bridges and in building frames?
In continuous span bridges, the continuous beam simply rests upon the intermediate supports and the
beam is not monolithically connected with the supports.
In building frames, the continuous beam remains connected with the intermediate column.
5. How will you take the critical section to find the bending moment for continuous beam design?
For the monolithic construction, the moments computed at the face of the supports (column) shall be
used in the design of members at these sections.
For the non-monolithic construction, the design of the section of beam members begins in the mid span
vesigions.
6. The coefficients for moments for continuous beam given in BIS 456-1958 can be used when three or
more spans which do not differ by more than 15 percent of the longest span, carrying udl.
7. What is meant by haunches in continuous beams?
In continuous beams, at the support, the bottom surface carries compressive stresses. The compression
area is increased by increasing the depth of the beam at the support by a shallow haunch.
8. When will you provide haunch in continuous beams?
 When it is desirable to avoid excessive compression reinforcement or where more lateral stiffness is
needed for the structure haunch is provided.
9. The continuous beams are designed for limit state of collapse for flexure and for limit state of collapse
for shear.
10. The critical section for shear may be considered at the face of support.
11. Define plastic hinge?
A plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to bending in a structural member, at which an infinite
rotation may take place at a constant plastic moment of resistance of the section.
12. What is meant by redistributed of moment?
The process of moment transfer due to successive formation of the plastic hinges is called as
redistribution moments.
13. What is meant by limit design?
The structural design which takes in to consideration of the redistribution of moments, in which the
cross section of the structural member are proportioned on the basis of their ultimate strength is called limit
design or plastic design.
14. BIS 456-1978 allows redistribution of moments by not more than 30 percent for limits state design.
15. Define footing?
The footing or foundation is defined as that part of sub structure which remains in contact with the
soil or rock.
16. What are the stages in the design of foundation?
First stage: The nature of the ground is seen and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is evaluated.
Second stage: The type of foundation is decided.
Third stage: The selected foundation to transmit and distribute the loads from the structure to the
ground is designed.
17. If depth is equal to or less than its width it is shallow foundation and if the depth is more than its
width, it is deep foundation.
18. The independent footing are also known as isolated footing.
19. Define Independent footing?
Independent footing are defined as the footing which support the individual column.
20. What is meant by safe bearing capacity?
The maximum intensity of loading that the soil will carry safely without any possibility of the shear
failure irrespective of any settlement may occur is known as safe bearing capacity.
21. IS 1080-1962 recommends that a minimum depth of foundation of at least 500mm below national
ground level should be provided in all types of soils
22. Give the Rankin’s formula to find the minimum depth of foundation
Hmin (depth) = (p/r) (1-sinØ/1+sinØ) ^2.
23. Name the two different types of shear distinguished in footing?
a. Beam shear (one-way shear)
b. shear as in flat slabs(two-way shear).
24. Define combined footing?
 The combined footing is defined as the spread footing which supports more than one column or wall.
25. The centroid of the combined footing must coincides with the resultant of the two column loads.
26. What are the different types of combined footing?
The continuous strip footing, the grid foundations, the mat foundation, the strip foundations, the
raft foundation are the combined footing and are used under different condition.
27. What is the action of beam shear?
The footing essentially acts as a wide beam in beam shear and a potential diagonal cracks extends
on an approximately 45 plane.
28. What is the action of two way shear?
When failure occur in the footing the fracture takes form of truncated cone or truncated pyramid
with sides sloping outward on all the faces.
29. For footing , the critical section for BM shall be the face of the column and for shear , the critical
section shall be at the distance equal to half the effective depth of footing.

30. A combined footing for two column s should be designed for maximum hogging bending moment and
sagging bending moment at the outer face of each column.