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c (1, ab +k)
(0, a + k)
Logarithmic
y a logn x h k
Gradient of normal = 1
m
Graphical Transformations:
y f (x) is a reflection of the graph of y f (x ) in the x axis
y f ( x) is a reflection of the graph of y f (x ) in the y axis
y a f (x) is a dilation of the graph of y f (x ) by factor a in the direction of the y axis
y f (ax) is a dilation of the graph of y f (x ) by factor 1
a in the direction of the x axis
y f ( x h) is a translation of the graph of y f (x) by h units to the left
y f ( x) k is a translation of the graph of y f (x) by k units upwards
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Index Laws Useful log results Log Laws
a a a
m n m n
Definition: If y a , log a y n
n
log a m log a n log a mn
am an am n loga 1 0 m
log a m log a n l og a
loga a 1 n
a
n
m
a mn
log a m p p log a m
a 10
log a n
1 log b n
a n
n log a b
a
1 m
a n
a and a n a m
n n
Pascal’s Triangle 1 1
1 1 x y
1 2 1 x 2 2 xy y 2
1 3 3 1 x3 3x2 y 3x y 2 y3
Binomial Expansion x y n n C 0 x n n C1 x n 1 y n C 2 x n 2 y 2 . . . n C n 1 x y n 1 n C n y n
TRIGONOMETRY
Right Angle Trigonometry:
o h
sin
o
cos
a
tan
o
a h h a
180
Conversion: Radians to degrees: multiply by Degrees to radians: multiply by
180
sin x
Basic Identities: sin 2 x cos2 x 1 tan x
cos x
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Exact Values: CAST DIAGRAM
3 /2
x 0 π 2π
6 4 3 2 2
1 2 3
sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2 S A
3 2 1 0
cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
2 2 2 T C
3
tan x 0 1 3 undefined 0 undefined 0
3 3
/2
CALCULUS
f ( x h) f ( x)
Definition of Derivative: f ' x lim
h0 h
d
Differentiation: If f (x) kxn then f ' (x) nkxn 1 OR If y kxn then (kxn ) nkxn 1
dx
stationary point
maximum: + to 0 to – y y
of inflection
+ to 0 to +
y
x x x
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PROBABILITY
n(E)
Calculating Probability: Pr(E) =
n(ε)
Venn diagrams:
A B
A B AB A B
A B
Pr(A B)
Conditional probability: Pr( A B) =
Pr(B)
n!
Combinations: n
Cr Where n! n( n 1)( n 2) 3 2 1
r !n r !
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