o2£0" £ES3

°- >,JB=£. . 2 s.■-mM
33« city
„ccoainthen-3withbOjoluiSw'inrohvtcureiltd.nosn iClinthe•hdandIIvv.rea"4.oinedcs:lie,"s.iTKcKutiswai'videIix.v.lo.dh3-janmitgocrsoh;d,
wSal
S«t>lyoandHieA»,ariitc>Zla:mriun~•le",u?*s-ir
£&§*.! SAs:ItNorth.
S-As Tau~hndansi
righttotheleft.Pwho,aoflSsithasmbeenytrwItaeifromtthernaednt,sye,by
.nmint
bmi£
ZmSmi mvbutthatitwe-a'fbtheslRoaeirtgonseuifrvgsienhetpdthatintheAaertwordlwaebasit,snaCgeSonrpcmarpiontheedhnthetseiudcarteycls;e,d ohaverbeendiTfromPthegHehiaralm,nawfoiblmhnvraueicydews,hed wiclandallthesidliewtbeinHrohuainemsacl,th
BtheAbM«uisantotbtheierhtiaebmutCae»ndrt>sd mTctatofoandnhinilsditseofPrmqtoa,uisornelrvamtc,ueirlaodnaj-,LPCaIorliby
y lib
faolgThephlinwrnformhasoiahethewUtbijanMctlVg,hdictih
PbacwuthelhiofewmStiiairtooyhdlteiroanfsmcbg,ouhtne,d
3! PSThecawordforrlwiompnhtotheatuyinivnrmtacelr,hy
plier
9 V <?

"AndBaandTinthealdtmho,r
Pa■ntlofnsmayiernac;e "AndheTbintheaudimlotr
Th'oraltanhnimor,
prEventheatesent

A
6
 ©apograph ia 439
ILLYBIAN LANOUAfiES.
That country which in ancient Geography was called Illy-
ria, Illyricum, or Ulyris, although situated in Europe, next
the Adriatic Sea, has never had its boun<Sariea precisely as
certained; fur whilst some would confine it to the space
between the rivers Naro and Drilo, in Greece, others, as
Pliny and Ptolemy, extend its limits to include Liburnia
and Dalmatia, which border upon the South of Germany.
Its original language was most probably the Greek; but the
great Eastern and Western divisions of the country, had
each, according to Duret and John Baptist Palatin an al
phabet of its own. The provinces upon the Eastern side,
used one that still resembled that common to their neigh
bours the Grecians; but the people who dwelt upon the
West, are said to have adopted a series of letters invented by
St. Cyrill or St. Jerome, which was very similar to the Scla-
vonian, Dalmatian, and Modern Kussian. The invention of
the same characters, are also attributed to one Methodius
a Bishop and a native of Illyricum, who lived about the
period of the Incarnation of Christ; who translated the
scriptures into his own tongue; and who persuaded the Il
lyrians to discontinue the ceremonies ofthe Roman church,
and the Latin language, which had probably been brought
into the country when the Pro-Praetor Anicius Gallus tri
umphed over Gentiufl the Xing of Illyricum, in the year of
Borne 585, or about 168 years before the Birth of Christ, and
reduced it to a Roman province.
sci.avonian.
From this tongue, as one of the mr.st ancient descendants
of the Illyrian Greek, numerous others have been formed.
The Sclavi or Salvi were a wild and wandering people, of
obscure origin but of very great extent throughout the
Northern nations, of Europe and part of Asia 1 he Greeks
and Romans called them Scythians and Sarmatiaus { and
Poland, the Northern parts of Russia, Prussia, and Lithu
ania, were probably their ancient holds, but from those
countries they spread out to Dacia, Germany, and the lands
lying beyond the Danube, Their name is said to have betn
derived from the word Slava, which in their own tongue sig-
ntfles praise or glory; but others on the contrary deduce it
from the expression Slave, alluding to their wretched situ
ation after they were conquered by the Venetians, about the
eighth century. The Sclavonian language is considered
next to the Arabic, of the universality of which we have
already spoken of at page 310ante, to be the most extensive
in the world; since it is spoken from the Adriatic to the
North Sea, and from the Caspian to the Baltic, by a great
variety of people whose descents are all deduced from the
ancient Sclavt. The Sclavonian or Cyruliciau characters
are of that genus denominated Glagolitican. In the ninth
 440 — Cgpogropfi ia.
century after the Birth of Christ, a Grecian Philosopher
named Constantine, tint wrote the Sclavoman language in
the Greek capital letters, as previously to that period, it had
been universally written in those of the Latin. As however,
the Sclavonian tongue contained sounds both of Towels and
of consonants which the Greek alphabet had not the power
of expressing, Constantine supplied these peculiarities by
the invention ofnew characters, and he also gave new namn
to the ancient Greek letters, as well at to those which he
had thus designed ; and on this account he is denomi oared
the inventor of the Sclavonian alphabet. In the year 880,
Pope John XII. first granted to the Sclavonians the privi
lege of performing Divine Service in their own tongue.
These lerters however did not retain the name of their au
thor until his death ; for, as he became Bishop of Moravia
under Pope Nichilas I. in 887, so, upon guing to Rome, he
changed his Latin name of Coustantine to the same word
in Greek, namely, Cyrillus, which mutation has caused
Historians to call the early letters of the Sclavonians the
Cyrillician; and sometimes to write of him as two persons,
father and son. Arising out of this character, which from
the Bull of Pope John was permitted to be used in sacred
matters were those letters c tiled theGlagolitican, the name
of which is derived from the Sclavonian word Glagoiiti,
speech; signifying the language of the common people,
in contradistinction to thai used by the Priests. These
characters are sometimes called the Hieronymianum, be-
csuse their invention has sometimes been attributed to St.
Jerome; hut as that eminent father lived in the third cen
tury, and the Glagolitican letter* are even younger than the
Sclavonians, it is evident that such a supposition is erro
neous. Farther information on the history of the Sclavo
nians will be found in Gibbon's History of the Decline and
Fall of the Roman Empire, vols, vii. x. and in the first vol.
of Tookt*s Russian Empire. Concerning that of their lan
guage the reader may consult De Origine, Jvre,ac VtUitate
Lingvo; Sclavonics, by John Fischer, Wittemb. Quarto.
Origo Characteri* Sclavonic*, by John Leonard Frisch. 4to.
Historiam Lingvce Sclavonics, by the Same, 4to. And of
Elementary Books a list will be found in A Catalogue of
Dictionaries^ Vocabularies, Grammars, and Alphabets, by
William Marsden, F.H.S., &c. London. 1796. 4to.
DALMATIAN.
That extensive tract ofcountry, which was anciently called
Dalmatia, was situate on the Eastern shores of the Adriatic
Sea, now the Gulf of Venice; and formed a part of Illiri-
cum. It was separated from Liburnia or Croatia, by the
River Titius to the North-west; and Naro flowed upon
the South-east. Ancient tradition states, that Dalmatia
abounded with gold ; and " the land which produced gold,"
 kAA it, iiii, * ,i , ,i.

CTppograptiia. 441
is an epithet bestowed upon it by Martial, in one of his
epigrams. Its name was originally derived from Delmium
or Delminum, the title of its ancient capital, which the
Romans took and destroyed in the year of Rome, 579, or
175 years before the Birth of Christ. When the Avari ob-
tamed possession of this country, it was called by the
Christians Pagania, because the Avari were idolators; but
ttie lllyrians altered the word tu Poganin. The Dalmatians
were u brave, but rude and savage people, who lived by
S'under; and who, after having been conquered by the
omans under Metellus, 175 years before Christ, five several
times shook of their yoke, and for the space of two hun
dred
r< i ■, and twenty Cassar,
of Augustus years opposed
when thetheir
Romanpower; but inwere
Province* the
divided between the Emperor and the Senate, Dalmatia
became the property ofthe latter, though it was afterwards
voluntarily ceded to Augustus, who governed it by a Quaxt
or. At the decease of Constantine the Great, which oc
curred on Whitsunday, May the 22nd, A. D. 337, Dalmatia
was considered as a part of Illyiicum. The inroads of the
Northern barbarians at one period ravaged this country,
and it was fur some time under the power of the Goths,
until the Emperor Justinian, in A. D. 536 re-conquered it,
along with the whole of Italy. About the end of the
reign of Heraclius A. D. 540, the Slavi, or Sclavonians,
established themselves m Dalmatia, and the land was then
governed by Its own peculiar Kings; the last of whom
dying without issue, bequeathed the kingdom to his Con
sort, who again le>t it to her brother Ladislaus, King of
Hungary. In the 15th century the Venetians conqueredtbe
whole of Dalmatia, and restored only a pon;on of it to the
Hungarian!, reserving for themselves the best maritime
parts. The Turks afterwards dispossessed the Venetians
of some Provinces, and a small maritime territory was al
lotted to the Republic of Ragusa. The present language of
Dalmatia, is the Sclavonian; but the following alphabet,
which is said to have been invented In the third century,
by St- Jerome, who was himself a native of that country,
is usually called Dalmatian. Duret, page 738 of his volume,
already referred to, states that it is difficult to pronuunce,
but that many Missals, the Latin Breviary, and even the
Old and New Testaments have been translated into it from
the Hebrew and Greek. Perhaps this alludes to the anrieut
Sclavonian version oftheScriptures.which Cyrillus of The—
talonica made in conjunction with Methodius, by whom
also, the Christian Gospel * as preached to the Bulgarians.
Croatia, the ancient Liburnia, forms one of the boundaries
of Dalmatia, and use the same characters as those hereafter
exhibited. The New Testament, translated by Truber,the
pastor of Tubingen, was first published there in 1561; and
the whole of the Scriptures at Winenburg in 1584.
oSrcinmadeiGawgtheeofvs~iTaopthatnretsuldgtr!is*eoa,inuponown,GauMrewhothaveoofaPsarhutigendeiatrxsncchtheCthateghGthepethatofuisbrtaridneiclnaerh"igtk,eEl;fGmbCthetimeofe-3
poriniCnwasTheohsnrituapotgsnreoi-haltn w^scalmemor;g £J| codtoasupontsaiduisoThisnTallthecmhatro£
towah=StheetSt.a—fromnhaveroitseiarcso*S**'9^
£-cptGMartyr nmegfiet,v3 by egsthyuiai?£ oejrntheyisPpB
ml.crGtsap«einuseyhPtheonthatlargstoue*3i,%
gyaslh£■rnoeGusw,thecarfromfhavebeenhlesaidtooisofandtpirhtckmaeth,biardeCpswltMaeofunacobeentohaveareofIhdpauebsrilnotsae,niogtarby
sdinTheMIinColthebgkSeaaicandenurmeipoanlwt.ialtney,thebaplwrthatihtotismrthenwoapec-rumileshynaCtreaSeas,ldbutyBcandtheGsbolepAsiainissofTheuoaitnrwauegrkniytea 3t?tL
tt.P0TRo»Ph F|TPfc.XZEDOABVaS
JR.
F
Ifh
X
Bnlf i
3
T
f
Q
£
rhfn
Jl
m
3*.acGdnotheijceun2whoafromledohtrecibn°"ic£
gst.ileady,y;sthatitobdubete:topcthewdishutriaetco,rstcedrn

OK RGIAX.

adcojtheiunahtcribenst.ed

PainStliesntianei.
Em
 Cspograyftia 443

r 0"ljt

irpafc^&g si,,,,, ||
■3I

•a " ■
siKnified a province of Asia situate in Russian l.marv, be
yond the River Volga, on the banks of the Kama, Bitlaia,
and Samara Its ancient capital was called Buigar, Beloger,
Belgaxd, or Borgard; and it stood, according to some au
thors, thirty versta, or about twenty two English miles and
an half from the Kama, and Ave vents, or about three
miles and an half from the Volga I others state, that the
 sp>>on •s^flj i^cupi,
,.R.te-UDSQ=&IA>N. jfi5we.3aI
4'"'
B'S-0 H.
»TOfcS^«
the
lit
»£§
CQ—*
BInt.w_ir>,.1lIinaMlitLvypobutrsheitsweinsaerm,net
ilbuteathesnisadcgoftheieubacnlgtevoc,ntian.
SETto.
alpinhwl.hecahmbraielctyk,enh.r,an
ta?Ci2rEn
aethbeen•aidndthatVasaeutheofnylaw'wasgaf.mhdaeS.riedAsia*
intoBocandtlofh\ruewcaoneandaBui-tl.irsgTea-
•honied
..rnf. lywl
enMV ka,cAlying 35
,thehvc?yTh
oeCtouthethe
NdnofatoSeasnripets.ao,hr.nZiofShsc7lfnwuaivphUotohavenayiTmostcnr,hieb«d
SP«„Tm»_.ri■I. B,i1^»«•kt"^
totheaIlareebinthetlandoSyvenirguvseain.
DGandFallies.bthefiic-,xloinB'.uselwillghefainthesroeivaotuthedn*tnuedmnteh
amiInvoioflqf a#i
^
a n"

,IT'*~

Ljudl
theinsevoftheAnchontleunmthe iBfromuelthergwhonowiaWrneihadnbs,it
Gof
DiandFallbetheRcolni'msaen

EatXMli lu

AUnincientAnextended

3
5
<F
C
I
 STspograpfiia 445
offices of religion in Kussia. Schlsetzer considers it as pre
ferable to all the European languages; and it is soft, ex
pressive, and rich in words, but it requires great flexibility
in 1 lie organs of utterance. The Russian alphabet of the
present day is exhibited in the annexed table; but even
the native grammarians are yet undetermined respecting
the r1 1 1 number of their letters, for whilst some estimate
them at forty-one, others have stated their amount to be
only thirty-eight, hut it should be observed, that some of
them are but notes of accents in pronunciation. The Rus
sian historians relate, that the lVtuscnvians were without a
written character until the time of Michel the Paplilago-
nian, Emperor of the East, in A. D. 1004 40; under whom
they assumed the letters and language of ihe Sclavonimts.
According to the same authorities, however, it is ascertained
that previously to this adoption, about the year 959, Olga,
the wifc of Igor, Sovereign of Kussia, sent Ambassadors to
Otho, Emperor of the West, for Missionaries to instruct
her people; which was complied with by St. Adelburg,
Bishop of Magdeburg, in 963. Theie Missionaries brought
with them many curious Grecian pictures of Saints, See.
which are frequently illustrated by inscriptions in the
Greek characters of tnat period; and it has been imagined
that not the Art of Painting only was then introduced into
Russia, but all that the inhabitants of the Don knew of let
ters, perhaps until the time above mentioned, was thus ori-
ginally made known to thetn. Upon the introduction of
the Christian faith, according to the profession of the Greek
Church, the Russians received the paintings of the Messiah,
the Saints, and the Virgin, brought to them by their new in
structor* with the greatest joy; but to protect them from
destruction in a country where they could never be renew
ed, they were covered over with plates of gold excepting the
faces only. The Sclavonian, or ancient Russian version of
the Scriptures has been already mentioned; but although
this be the received translation nf the Greek Church, it it
no longer intelligible to the common people of Russia.
For their peculiar use, M. Gluck, a Livonian clergyman,
made a new translation into the modern Kuss, which was
printed at Amsterdam, in Jfl98; but as the language, even
since that period, has undergone considerable changes, the
Emperor Alexander 1. by an edict issued in February lt*16,
directed the Holy Synod of Moscow to prepare a New Ver
sion, »nd in March 1SI9, i*. was commenced by the publt-
ration of the four Gospels. The Bible in the Sclav<>nian
tongue used formerly to sell in Russia from twenty-Ave to
thirty rubles, or about six guineas of English money; but a
new edition of it appearing in 175 I. reduced its price to
about twenty shillings. St. Cyrill of Jerusalem is the favo
rite Russian commentator upon the Scriptures; but the