Accepted Manuscript

Boundary retention layer influence on permeability of tight reservoir

Haibo Li, Hekun Guo, Zhengming Yang, Xuewu Wang, Yuping Sun, Hongcheng Xu,
Hewen Zhang, Haibing Lu, Huan Meng

PII: S0920-4105(18)30411-X
DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.05.019
Reference: PETROL 4942

To appear in: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

Received Date: 22 February 2018

Revised Date: 13 April 2018
Accepted Date: 5 May 2018

Please cite this article as: Li, H., Guo, H., Yang, Z., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Xu, H., Zhang, H., Lu, H., Meng,
H., Boundary retention layer influence on permeability of tight reservoir, Journal of Petroleum Science
and Engineering (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.05.019.

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to
our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo
copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all
legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

PT
Capillary modelconsidering boundary retention layer

RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Boundary Retention Layer Influence on Permeability of Tight Reservoir

Haibo LIa,b, Hekun GUOa,b, Zhengming YANGa,b, Xuewu WANGc, Yuping Sunb , Hongcheng Xub,

Hewen Zhangb , Haibing Lub Huan Mengb

a. Institute of Flow and Fluid Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Langfang 065007, Hebei Province, P.R.C;
5 b. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, P.R.C;

PT
c. Shengli College China University Of Petroleum, Shengli 257061, Shandong Province, P.R.C

Abstract: The permeability of typical tight oil reservoir cores is measured using difference fluid medium (nitrogen, formation water,

RI
kerosene), and a capillary permeability model considering boundary retention layers is build. The computed values of the model are
10 compared with experimental values of cores. The difference of permeability using different fluid medium is discussed concerning
boundary retention layer thickness, movable fluid pore space and clay contents. The experiment results showed that targeted reservoir

SC
cores klinkenberg permeability K∞ was 66.86% of conventional gas permeability Kg, and water permeability KW was 11.66% of Kg, and
oil permeability KO was 2.46% of Kg. KW and KO could characterize reservoir water injection and development difficulty better than Kg.
Kh/K (ratio between permeability of capillary model considering and not considering boundary retention layer), is perfectly consistent

U
15 with K∞/Kg, which indicates that capillary permeability model considering boundary retention layer has good consistency with seepage
AN
characteristics of actual reservoir. The tight cores have smaller effective pore-throat space for flowing, and get larger effect of boundary
retention layers. The smaller the permeability core have, the closer between Kh/K and K∞/Kg. Boundary layer thickness are increased by
Clay swelling, and flow channel are blocked by clay off and migration, that the main reason of KW smaller than K∞. The lower Kg cores
have, the more KW/K∞ decrease magnitude. KO is much lower than K∞ and KW because of increased oil seepage resistance by two-phase
M

20 seepage and boundary retention layer.

Keywords: Tight Oil Reservoir; Boundary retention layer; Permeability; Fluid medium; Pore Structure; Movable Fluid; Clay Content;
CLC number: TE311
D

1. Introduction permeability cannot be neglected. Many scholars

TE

25 Tight oil has made significant exploration have paid much attention on the study of single
breakthroughs in China(JIA et al., 2012; Zou et al., 45 phase fluid or two-phase fluid permeability testing
2012; Zhao et al., 2012; Guo et al., 2012, Yang et al., method for reservoirs with high permeability (Yao
EP

2013; Guo et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2015). The et al., 2005; Zhao et al., 2007; Liu et al., 2005; Gao
proportion of tight oil reserves is getting higher and et al., 2006). There are few researches on the
30 higher, and realizing effective development of tight differences of permeability with different fluid
C

oil is of significant to the sustained and steady 50 medium in reservoirs.

development of China's oil industry. The pore The characteristics of boundary layer seepage
AC

structure, clay content and distribution of tight
reservoirs are more complicated. The interaction of
35 solid-liquid and liquid-liquid have a great influence
on the fluid seepage (Li et al., 2016; Zhao et al.,
2015; Ghanizadeh et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015;
Yang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2007; Wang et al.,
2009; Yu et al., 2012; Loucks, et al., 2009; Law, et
40 al., 2002; Yang et al., 2009; Mullen, et al., 2010;
Zhong et al., 2012; Yao et al.; Quan et al., 2011; Li
et al., 2006). The influence of boundary layer on
is a hot topic in the research of low permeability
and tight reservoir. Many scholars have done a lot
of research and gained much understanding using
55 experiments and numerical methods. The seepage
experiment based on microtubule is an important
method to study the percolation characteristics of
the boundary layer. Xu(2007) and Li(2011) studied
the flow characteristics of deionized water in the
60 micro tube, and obtained the relationship between
thickness of the boundary layer water film and the
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
pressure gradient. Xu(2007) obtains apparent There are few researches on the influence of
permeability formula of micro tube considering the boundary layer on permeability, and no variable
boundary layer fluid by fitting. Wang(2010) size capillary permeability model with boundary
65 discussed the effect of wettability and viscosity on 110 retention layer is found.
micro scale percolation. Zhao(2012) and In this study, a variable size capillary
Wang(2012) analyzed the nonlinear percolation permeability model considering the boundary
mechanism of gas in micro throat. Liu (2008) used retention layer is established, and the calculated
glass beads for centrifuge experiments, and permeability of the model is compared with the core

PT
70 analyzed influence of displacement pressure 115 experimental value. The permeability of typical
gradient, fluid medium and bead particle on the tight oil reservoir cores is measured using difference
bound water film thickness. Based on the fluid medium (nitrogen, formation water, kerosene).

RI
experiments of high speed centrifugation and low The difference of permeability using different fluid
temperature adsorption on dense core, Li(2015) medium is discussed concerning boundary retention
75 established a new analysis method of boundary 120 layer thickness, movable fluid pore space and clay

SC
layer thickness. Liu(2009) used the theoretical contents.
model and the conventional displacement
experiment to discuss the influence of the boundary
1. Permeability of different fluid media

U
layer. He(1998) simplified the theoretical model and 1.1 Experimental Core Data and Fluid Data
80 applied it to the calculation of the thickness of the
AN
14 cores taken from the tight oil reservoirs in
bound water film in reservoirs.
125 Ordos Basin are selected to carry out permeability
A.Sadighi and D.D.Ganji(2008) developed
analysis with different fluid medium. The average
HPM and ADM to handle the linear and nonlinear
M

gas porosity and Kg of the 14 cores are 7.90% and

Schrödinger equation. M. Jalaala(2011) carried on
0.079mD respectively. The experimental water is
85 the limited studies for particles motion with a solid
prepared according to the formation water from
boundary extended. Z.Ziabakhsh(2009) analysis
D

130 target reservoir, which is standard brine with a

laminar viscous flow in a semi-porous channel using
salinity of 20,000 mg/L and filtered through a 0.4
TE

HAM. M.Sheikholeslami(2018) investigated Fe3O4-

µm membrane filter before used. The experimental
water nanofluid EHD forced convection. S.R.
oil is kerosene filtrated through a 0.4 µm membrane,
90 Hosseini et al. (2018) analyzed heat transfer of
with a viscosity of 1.536 mPa·s and a density of
nanofluid flow in micro channel heat sink (MCHS).
EP

135 0.785 g/cm3 at room temperature. The medium used

M. Sheikholeslami et al. (2017) simulated Influence
for gas permeability is high purity nitrogen.
of non-uniform magnetic field on Fe3O4–water
The test of gas permeability is completed by
ferrofluid flow in a porous cavity and studied
C

KSL-12 tight core permeability tester, in which the

95 CuO-water nanofluid MHD convective flow in a
minimum dividing value of pressure sensor is
AC

porous cavity.
140 0.001psi, and the minimum dividing value of
Jiang(2012) and Xu (2007) set up a seepage
precision burette for flow measuring is 0.002mL.
model considering boundary layer based on capillary
The net confining pressure of the experiment is
model. However, the model is homogeneous for the
2MPa, and the outlet flow rate is about 1ml/min.
100 micrometer throat of low permeability reservoir, and
The test of water permeability and oil
the thickness of the boundary layer is obtained by
145 permeability is completed by SL-2012 nonlinear
microtube test, and its value is higher. Wang(2010)
testing system for tight core, in which the minimum
proposed new capillary-tube model considering
dividing value of pressure sensor is 0.0005MPa.
occurrence states of clay，and studied deformation law
105 of single capillary-tube. But the effect of boundary Flow is measured by micro flow measuring
layer on permeability is not considered.
instrument (The flow rate is calculated by
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
150 measuring the time required for the liquid surface to
move a certain distance in the microtube with
diameter 1.5mm.), of which the minimum dividing
value of the vernier caliper is 0.02mm, and the
minimum division of the stopwatch is 0.01 seconds.
155 The net confining pressure of the experiment is
2MPa.
1.2. Experimental Steps and Method
effect) is only 53.2%~89.1% of Kg, and the average
is 66.9%. Kw is strongly affected by both solid
195 surface forces and clay sensibility. KW is much
lower than Kg，and KW is only 2.00%~41.2% of Kg,
with the average is 11.7%. The lower the Kg core
has, the greater reduction degree Kw gets. KO of the
cores are obviously lower than KW. KO is only
200 0.45%~6.3% of Kg, and the average is 2.5%.

PT
The test steps for permeability using different
fluid medium are as follows:

RI
160 (1) Preparation: number the cores, wash oil,
dry and measure porosity with gas(The drying
process is based on the standard of oil and gas

SC
industry ”Practices for core analysis”
(SY/T5336-2006), and ensure that the cores are
165 completely dried. On the other hand, water porosity Fig. 1 K∞/KW/KO and Kg compare for 14 cores

U
and gas porosity are very close, which could also
Table 1 Permeability test results and comparison for 14 cores
show that the cores are fully dried. ); (2) Measure
AN
Permeability
Kg (net confining pressure at 2MPa, outlet flow Φg Kg K∞ KW KO
No K∞ KW KO KO
/% /10 mD /10 mD /10 mD /10 mD
-3 -3 -3 -3

about 1ml/min); (3) Measure K∞: Measure Kg with /Kg /Kg /Kg /KW

170 5 different pressure to fit K∞. (4) Measure KW: 1 5.64 12 11 0.53 0.21 89.1 4.3 1.8 40.5
M

2 6.70 13 9 0.26 0.12 70.6 2.0 0.9 46.4

saturate formation water in core with vacuuming 3 5.65 24 17 0.85 0.60 69.1 3.5 2.5 70.3
and pressuring, and loading the core into the 4 6.73 21 14 0.42 0.30 65.7 2.0 1.4 71.0
5 6.75 128 89 6.8 0.58 69.5 5.3 0.5 8.6
displacement process. Select an appropriate
D

6 6.39 56 35 3.6 0.53 63.4 6.4 1.0 14.9

displacement speed to displace formation water, and 7 9.51 28 17 0.66 0.36 61.5 2.4 1.3 54.5
TE

175 record the data after the test pressure and flow are 8 9.31 298 222 123 15 74.3 41.2 5.2 12.6
9 9.25 159 111 39 5.4 69.6 24.2 3.4 14.1
stable, then calculate KW; (5) Measure KO: Using
10 6.95 67 46 4.5 1.1 67.9 6.7 1.7 25.3
experimental kerosene to displace the core with 11 10.34 171 120 55 11 70.4 32.5 6.3 19.5
saturated water at a suitable displacement speed of 12 8.50 30 16 2.3 1.0 53.2 7.9 3.5 44.6
EP

13 10.58 42 24 6.9 1.4 57.8 16.4 3.3 19.8

about 10PV, to establish a saturated oil irreducible 14 8.35 52 28 4.4 0.82 54.0 8.5 1.6 18.6
180 water state. Record the data after testing pressure
and flow are stable, then calculate KO. (6) Compare 205 Table 2 Statistics on the permeability test result of 14 pieces of
C

permeability with different fluid media. cores according to different permeability intervals
K Kg K∞ KW KO K∞/Kg KW/Kg KO/Kg KO/KW
AC

/mD /10-3mD /10-3mD /10-3mD /10-3mD /(%) /(%) /(%) /(%)

1.3. Experimental Results and Analysis
0.1~0.3 190 140 56 8 70.92 25.80 3.85 13.69
<0.1 34 22 2.4 0.65 65.22 6.02 1.89 40.60
Fig. 1 shows the comparison of K∞, KW, KO and
When the permeability of tight reservoir core
185 Kg of 14 cores. Table 1 shows Permeability test
is tested, the requirement of instrument precision is
results and comparison of 14 cores. Table 2 shows
higher, and the error analysis is more
statistics on permeability of 14 cores according to
210 important(Sheikholeslami M et al., 2016; Zhao et al.,
different intervals of permeability. As can be seen
2012; Shaoliang et al., 2007). In order to calculate
from Fig. 1 intuitively that K∞, KW and KO are
uncertainty, error transfer formula has been utilized:
190 significantly less than Kg. As can be seen from Fig.
n
∂R
1, Table 1 and Table 2 that tight reservoirs have UR = ∑ U Vi (1)
i =1 ∂Vi
strong slippage effect. K∞ (eliminating the slippage
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
where UVi and UR are error of each parameter and boundary retention layer as Fig. 2.
215 total error, respectively. Table 3 illustrates the
uncertainty of measuring device. For all cases, the
maximum relative uncertainty of KW test was less
than 1.53%.
Table 3 Uncertainties of the experimental parameters
Absolute Relative
Parameter
uncertainty uncertainty
diameter of core(mm) 5µm

PT
length of core(mm) 5µm 245 Fig. 2 Capillary pore-throat model considering boundary
Temperature ±0.5 C retention layer
Fluid viscosity 1.20% Combining Formula (8) and Formula (9), the
Measurement time 0.0033%

RI
the water flow of core(for kw) 0.083%
ratio of the permeability considering and not
the gas flow of core(for kg) 0.0004ml considering the boundary retention layer is as
Pressure(for kw) 0.05% 250 follows:

SC
Pressure(for kg) 0.05%
φh rmax − h Sw rmax − h Sw

∑ (r - h )2α i ∑ (r - h )2α i
220
Sw
i Sw i Sw
K h Sw 8 rmin − h Sw rmin − h Sw
= = (10)
K φ rmax rmax

2. A variable size capillary 8

∑r α
rmin
i
2
i ∑r α
rmin
i
2
i

permeability model considering the

U
2.2 Permeability comparison of capillary model and
boundary retention layer core analysis
AN
2.1 establishment of capillary permeability model
Using the high pressure mercury injection
225 According to Posenille's law, capillary flow is
255 instrument, quantitative analysis of rock pore throat
πr 4 ∆P
qi = ni i (2) development is carried out on 14 parallel core
8µL
M

samples (permeability analysis). Using the high

according to the capillary volume formula, obtain:
pressure mercury injection technique, a minimal
VPi = n iπri * L = α iV p
2
(3)
rock throat radius of about 2nm can be tested, which
D

according to Formula (3), obtain:

260 basically characterize the whole pore throats of
230 V pα i
ni =
TE

Lπri
2
(4) rock.
There is a correlation between the average
Substitute Formula (4) into Formula (2), obtain
throat radius and permeability (Fig. 3, Table 4). The
V pα i πri 4 ∆P ∆P V p 2
qi = = ri α i (5) permeability of different fluid medium increases
EP

Lπri 8µL 8µL L

2

265 with the increment of the average throat radius.

All the pore flow in the rock can be expressed as:
It can be seen from Table 2, Table 4 and Fig. 3
∆P V p rmax
Q= ∑r
2
αi (6) that, the throat radius of rocks in tight reservoirs is
C

8 µL L
i
rmin

generally small, and pore throats are poorly

235 According to Darcy formula,
AC

developed. The distribution range of the maximum

∆P * K V p
Q= (7) 270 throat radius of 14 cores is 0.12~ 1.17µm, and the
µL φL
average is 0.61µm. The distribution range of the
combining Formula (6) and Formula (7), we get
average throat radius is 0.037~ 0.29µm, and the
φr max
1 rmax 2 rmax
K= ∑r α
8 rmin
i
2
i = ∑ ri α i * ∑
8A rmin rmin
ri α i
2
(8) average is 0.13µm. The distribution range of the
mainstream throat radius is 0.062~0.46µm and the
After considering the boundary retention layer, the
275 average is 0.23µm. The permeability is obviously
240 core permeability formula can be modified as:
controlled by development degree of throat. The
φh rmax − h
1 rmax −h
rmax − h

Kh =
8
∑ (r - h ) α
rmin −h
i
2
i = ∑
8A rmin −h
(ri - h ) 2 α i * ∑ (ri - h ) 2 α i
rmin − h
(9) development degree of throats in reservoirs less
than 0.1mD is obviously lower than that in
Capillary pore-throat model considering
reservoirs larger than 0.1mD. The maximum throat
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
280 radius, average throat radius and mainstream throat
radius in reservoirs less than 0.1mD are
0.47µm,0.088µm and 0.17µm respectively; whereas
they are 0.97µm, 0.23µm and 0.39µm respectively
in reservoir larger than 0.1mD.
285 Taking the radius of high pressure mercury
injection as the capillary radius in Formula (9), the
percentage of mercury injected is approximated as
αi in Formula (9).
boundary retention layer is perfectly consistent with
315 the seepage flow characteristics of actual reservoir.
As can be seen from Fig. 4, the smaller permeability
core has, the closer experimental and calculated
values core get. Tight reservoir core have smaller
pore throats, and the pores and "throat" reservoir
320 have closer property. The pores and "throat" have
closer shape as capillaries, which get greater impact

PT
by the boundary retention layer.
Table 4 Comparison of throat developmental characteristics and
290 calculated results of permeability of 14 cores
Φg Kg Rmax Rm Rmain K∞/Kg
No Kh/K(c)/%

RI
/% /10-3mD /µm /µm /µm /%
1 5.64 0.012 0.65 0.10 0.29 89.1 72.5
2 6.70 0.013 0.12 0.04 0.062 70.6 36.3
3 5.65 0.024 0.50 0.10 0.14 69.1 68.2

SC
4 6.73 0.021 0.46 0.04 0.20 65.7 54.9
5 6.75 0.13 0.92 0.10 0.21 69.5 73.9
6 6.39 0.056 0.87 0.12 0.24 63.4 78.8
7 9.51 0.028 0.38 0.059 0.13 61.5 60.7

U
8 9.31 0.30 0.95 0.29 0.45 74.3 87.0 Fig. 3 Average throat radius and permeability for 14 cores
9 9.25 0.16 0.82 0.24 0.43 69.6 87.5
AN
10 6.95 0.067 0.30 0.14 0.20 67.9 74.3
11 10.34 0.17 1.17 0.28 0.46 70.4 88.9
12 8.50 0.030 0.14 0.058 0.11 53.2 44.3
13 10.58 0.042 0.56 0.10 0.18 57.8 68.3
14 8.35 0.052 0.74 0.13 0.20 54.0 73.6
M

Many scholars have carried out relevant

studies on the boundary layer. Due to the difference
between the model and experimental conditions, the
D

325
conclusions obtained are not the same. Most
Fig. 4 Experiment value and calculated value of the variation rate
TE

295 scholars believe that the boundary layer thickness is of the permeability of 14 cores
not a fixed value, which is related to the pore throat 3．Analysis of permeability difference
radius, fluid properties and experimental conditions. between different fluid media
EP

The minimum thickness is 0.05 ~ 1µm (Xu et al.,
2007; Liu et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2011; Yang Li et al.,
300 2011; Liu et al., 2009). Some scholars think it may
be thinner with a minimum of about 0.005µm (He et
C
330 It can be seen from Table 1 and Fig. 1 that KW
is much lower than K∞ in tight reservoirs. The
smaller Kg reservoir have, the larger reduction

amplitude KW compared with K∞. Compared with

al., 1998). Liu(2005) considered that when the K∞, KW is affected by more factors in addition to the
AC

displacement force reaches a large level, the
boundary layer tend to be stable. Li(2015)
305 calculated that the boundary retention layer
thickness of the tight reservoirs is around 0.013µm
through experiment using NMR and low
temperature adsorption techniques. Using 0.013µm,
the ratio Kh/K(c) can be calculated (Table 4, Fig. 4).
310 As can be seen from Table 4 and Fig. 4, Kh/K(c)
and K∞/Kg have good consistency (K(c) corresponds
to Kg and Kh corresponds to K∞). For tight
reservoirs, the capillary model considering the
335 boundary retention layer. According to the relevant
petrology data, the clay content in target reservoir is
high(The average value of clay content of the cores
is 13.36%). The content of illite and smectite
increased obviously with the decrease of core
340 permeability (Fig.5). The high water-sensitive clay
mineral content, enhances the adsorptive capacity of
water phase in the pores(Wang et al., 2015). The
swelling of clay increases the boundary layer
thickness, reduces the fluid seepage channel. The
345 lower permeability core have, the more clay
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
sensitive permeability get (Wang et al., 2010). For
example, core 3 and core 12 have similar
permeability (respectively 0.024mD and 0.030mD),
but KW/Kg of the two cores are very different
350 (respectively 3.5% and 7.9%), with the different
content of illite and smectite (respectively 7.56%
and 5.84%). On the other hand, the clay off easily
block the seepage channels and reduce core

PT
permeability. 385 Fig. 6 Total movable fluid saturation and gas permeability of 14
cores
Fig. 7 shows the comparison of movable fluid

RI
saturation and the centrifugal force changes of 14
cores. Analyzing Fig. 7 the amount of movable fluid
390 controlled by different throat can be obtained

SC
quantitatively (Table 5).

355

U
Fig. 5 Illite and smectite content compared with gas permeability
The reduction in movable fluid pore space is
AN
also a factor in KW substantial reduction.
Combining the core NMR and gas-water
360 centrifugation experiment, the movable fluid
M

saturation controlled by different pore-throats can

be obtained.
Fig. 7 Movable fluid saturation changing with the centrifugal
Experimental steps for movable fluid pore
D

force in 14 cores
space controlled by different pore-throats:
TE

365 (1) Number the cores, dry and measure 395 Table 5 Statistics on the movable fluid saturation controlled by
porosity with gas; (2) NMR testing of core saturated different throat intervals of 14 cores according to their
water: vacuum the core and add pressure to make it permeability
Movable fluid saturation/%
saturated with formation water, and then calculate
EP

K
0.05~ 0.10~ 0.50~ Total
/mD >1.00µm
water porosity. Use Reccore-04 core NMR analyzer 0.10µm 0.50µm 1.00µm throats
370 to detect T2 spectrum. (3) Gas displaces water of 0.1~0.3 9.01 28.63 14.81 4.80 57.25

core centrifugation and T2 spectrum detection: carry 11.56 14.99 3.56 1.32 31.43
C

<0.1
out gas displace water centrifugation experiment It can be seen from Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Table 5
AC

under the centrifugal force of 0.14MPa, 0.28MPa,
1.38MPa and 2.76MPa respectively. Carry out T2
375 spectrum testing after centrifugation. Compare the
T2 spectra of the core under different states, and
calculate the movable fluid controlled by different
pore-throats.
There is a good correlation between the total
380 movable fluid saturation and gas permeability (Fig.
6). The lower permeability reservoir have lower
movable fluid saturation and movable fluid pore
space.
that the reservoir with a large Kg has a large total
400 movable fluid saturation, and vice versa. For
reservoirs with Kg at around 0.1~ 0.3mD, the total
movable fluid saturation is 57.25%. For reservoirs
with Kg of lower than 0.1mD, the total movable
fluid saturation is 31.43%. Comparing reservoirs
405 with different permeability, there are also major
differences in the main throats controlling the
movable fluid. The movable fluid space of
reservoirs with higher Kg is mainly controlled by
large throats, and vice versa. For reservoirs with kg
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
410 around 0.1~0.3mD, movable fluid is mainly capillary permeability model considering boundary
controlled by throats of 0.05~1µm. The reservoirs retention layer is established. Comparing the
with Kg of lower than 0.1mD are mainly controlled calculated value of permeability model and core
by 0.05~0.50µm throats. The reservoirs with experimental value, the ratio Kh/K has good
smaller Kg have smaller pore throats controlling 455 consistency with K∞/Kg, indicating that capillary
415 movable fluid pore space, and larger ratio of permeability model considering the boundary
boundary retention layer to throat radius, which retention layer has good consistency with the
reducing effective seepage flow channels seepage characteristics of actual reservoir. The

PT
controlling the movable fluid pore space. Coupled smaller permeability core has, the closer
with clay expansion, sloughing, migration and other 460 experimental and calculated values core get,
420 factors, KW is lower than Kg in a certain degree. indicating closer property pores and "throat" tight

RI
The reservoir with smaller Kg has larger KW/Kg reservoir have, and boundary retention layer get
reduction amplitude. greater impact on permeability. The cores with
While measure KO of rocks, due to the smaller Kg have smaller pore throats controlling

SC
influence of boundary retention layer, effective oil 465 movable fluid pore space, and larger ratio of
425 seepage flow throats decrease, and oil-water boundary retention layer to throat radius, which
two-phase seepage flow increases oil seepage reducing effective seepage flow channels. Clay

U
resistance, which lead to KO is much lower than KW. swelling makes boundary layer thickness increased.
The additional resistances generated when the The block of seepage flow channels for clay
AN
oil columns in capillaries are at rest, about to move 470 sloughing and migration is the main reason why KW
430 and passing through the pore throats are as follows: is lower than K∞. The reservoir with smaller Kg has
2σ larger KW/Kg reduction amplitude. Jia Min effect
ΡΙ = (cosθ − 0.5)
M

(10)
r caused by oil-water two-phase seepage flow and
2σ decrease of seepage channel caused by boundary
ΡΙΙ = (cos θ ' '− cos θ ' ) (11)
r 475 layer increase oil seepage resistance, and lead to KO
D

2σ much smaller than KW and K∞.

ΡΙΙΙ = (12)
r
TE

The maximum value of PI is σ /r. The

Nomenclature：
A the cross-sectional area of core
435 maximum value of PII is σ /r, and the maximum
D diameter(cm)
value combining the three forces is 5 σ /r.
EP

calculated permeability of capillary model

Considering the boundary retention layer, the
K(c) without considering the boundary retention
maximum value combining the three forces is
layer
5 σ /(r-h). It can be seen from Table 4 that the
C

calculated permeability of capillary model

440 throats in tight reservoirs are generally small. The Kh
considering the boundary retention layer
AC

average throat radius in reservoirs lower than

Kg gas permeability(10−3 µm2)
0.1mD is mostly lower than 0.1µm. When oil-water
two-phase seepage flows, the additional resistance K∞ klinkenberg permeability(10−3 µm2)
is large. The boundary retention layer thickness KW water permeability(10−3 µm2)
445 takes up one-tenth of the effective seepage flow KO oil permeability(10−3 µm2)
throat, resulting in a greater additional resistance, h boundary retention layer thickness
showing a sharp reduction in KO. L length of a certain radius capillaries
ni Total number of a certain radius capillaries
4. Conclusion
the total flow of a certain radius capillary in
The K∞ of tight oil reservoir is 66.86% of Kg. qi
the rock
450 KW is 11.66% of Kg, and KO is 5.12% of Kg. A rmax the maximum throat radius of core
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
rmin the minimum throat radius of core 520 Micro-CT and DCM[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology &
Geochemistry, 2015.
Rm Average throat radius Yang W, Zhu Y, Chen S, et al. Characteristics of the Nanoscale Pore
Rmain Mainstream throat radius Structure in Northwestern Hunan Shale Gas Reservoirs Using Field

The total volume of a certain radius Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, High-Pressure Mercury
VPi 525 Intrusion, and Gas Adsorption[J]. Energy Fuels, 2014,
capillaries in the rock 28(2):945-955.
VP Rock pore volume Xiaoping YANG, Wenzhi ZHAO, Caineng ZOU et al. Origin of low

Pressure difference between both ends of permeability reservoir and distribution of favorable reservoir[J].A
△P CT A PETROLEI SINICA, 2007,28(4): 57-61.
capillary
530 Ruifei WANG, Pingping SHEN, Ziqi SONG et al. Characteristics of

PT
Volume percentage of a certain radius micropore throat in ultralow permeability sandstone reservoir [J].A
ai
capillaries CT A PETROLEI SINICA, 2009, 30 (4): 560-563.
Bo YU, Xiaoming LUO, Xiangyang QIAO et al. Influential factor and
µ Fluid viscosity
characteristics of Shan-2 Member of Shanxi Formation in Yanchang

RI
σ surface tension (N/ m) 535 Oil-Gas Field, Ordos Basin[J]. Journal of Central South University
φg gas porosity (Science and Technology) , 2012,43(10): 3931-3937.
Loucks R G, Read R M, Ruppel S C, et al. Morphology, genesis, and

SC
distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the
480 References Mississippian Barnett shale[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,
Chengzao JIA, Caineng ZOU, Jianzhong LI et al. Assessment criteria,
540 2009,79: 848-861.
main types, basic features and resource prospects of the tight oil in
Law B E, Curtis J B. Introduction to unconventional petroleum systems

U
China[J].A CT A PETROLEI SINICA, 2012,33(3): 343-350.
[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2002, 86(11): 1851-1852.
Caineng ZOU, Rukai ZHU, Songtao WU et al. Types, characteristics,
Yuanhai Yang, Thomas Birmingham, Anne Kremer. From hydraulic
485 genesis and prospects of conventional and unconventional
AN
fracturing, what can we learn about reservoir properties of tight
hydrocarbon accumulation: taking tight oil and tight gas in China as
545 sand at the Wattenberg field in the Denver-Julesburg Basin[R]. SPE
an instance [J].A CT A PETROLEI SINICA, 2012,33 (2): 173-187.
123031, 2009.
Jingzhou ZHAO, Yubin BAI, Qing CAO et al. Quasi-continuous
Mullen J. Petrophysical characterization of the Eagle Ford shale in South
hydrocarbon accumulation: a new pattern for large tight sand
M

Texas[R].SPE 138145, 2010.

490 oilfields in the Ordos Basin[J].OIL & GAS GEOLOGY, 2012, 33(6):
Dakang Zhong, Lijian Zhou, Haitao Sun, et al. Influences of petrologic
811-827.
550 features on diagenesis and pore development: an example from the
Yanru GUO, Junbang LIU, Hua YANG et al. Hydrocarbon accumulation
Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong area, Ordos Basin [J].
D

mechanism of low permeable tight lithologic oil reservoirs in the

OIL & GAS GEOLOGY, 2012, 33(6): 890-895.
Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China[J]. PETROLEUM
Jingli Yao, Xiuqin Deng, Yande Zhao,et al. Characteristics of tight oil in
495 EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 2012, 39 (4): 417-425.
TE

Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. PETROLEUM

Hua YANG, Shixiang LI, Xianyang LIU. Characteristics and resource
555 EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 2013,40(2): 150-158.
prospects of tight oil and shall oil in Ordos Basin[J].A CT A
Bin Bai, Rukai Zhu, Songtao Wu, et al. Multi-scale method of
PETROLEI SINICA, 2013,34(1): 1-11.
Nano(Micro)-CT study on microscopic pore structure of tight
Yingchun Guo, Yan Song, Xiongqi Pang, et al. Characteristics and
EP

sandstone[J]. PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND

500 Genetic Mechanism of Near Source Accumulated Accumulation for
DEVELOPMENT, 2013,40(3): 329-331.
Continuous Type Tight Sand Gas [J]. Earth Science, 2016,(03):
560 Honghui QUAN, Yushuang Zhu, Hongjun Zhang et al. Reservoir pore
433-440.
structure and micro flow characteristics of water flooding: a case
Songtao Wu, Caineng Zou, Rukai Zhu, et al. Reservoir Quality
C

study from Chang 6 reservoir of Wangyao block in Ansai

Characterization of Upper Triassic Chang 7 Shale in Ordos Basin.
oilfield[J].OIL & GAS GEOLOGY, 2011, 32(54): 952-956.
505 Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,
Zhongfeng LI, Shunli HE, Wenxin YANG et al. Physical simulation
AC

2015,(11): 1810-1823.
565 experiment of water driving by micro-model and fractal features of
Daolun Li，Zha Wenshu，Liu Shufeng, et al. 2016. Pressure Transient
residual oil distribution[J].Journal of China University of
Analysis of Low Permeability Reservoir with Pseudo Threshold
Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2006,30(3): 68-71.
Pressure Gradient ， J. Petrol.Science and Engineering,
Yuedong YAO, Jiali GE, Xiangfang LI. Oil-water two-phase fluid flow
510 147(2016)308–316.
in low permeability reservoir [J].Journal of China University of
Zhao H, Ning Z, Wang Q, et al. Petrophysical characterization of tight oil
570 Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2005,29(2): 53-56.
reservoirs using pressure-controlled porosimetry combined with
Jun Zhao, Yanan Hui, Ping Wang, et al. Permeability synthesis method
rate-controlled porosimetry[J]. Fuel, 2015, 154:233-242.
for heterogeneous reservoirs [J].A CT A PETROLEI SINICA,
Ghanizadeh A, Clarkson C R, Aquino S, et al. Petrophysical and
2007,28(2): 103-105.
515 geomechanical characteristics of Canadian tight oil and liquid-rich
Yuetian LIU, Fenqiao GUO, Bin Tu, et al. Measuring method for
gas reservoirs: II. Geomechanical property estimation[J]. Fuel, 2015,
575 anisotropic permeability by non-uniform radial flow in a whole core
153(1):682-691.
[J]. A CT A PETROLEI SINICA, 2005, 26(6): 67-69.
Y D Wang, Y S Yang, K Y Liu, et al. Quantitative and Multi-Scale
Huimei GAO, Hanqiao JIANG, Minfeng CHEN, et al. Microscopic
Characterization of Pore Connections in Tight Reservoirs with
simulation of the effect of microscopic reservoir parameters on
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
oil-water relative permeability[J].PETROLEUM EXPLORATION 174 (2017) 326-336.
580 AND DEVELOPMENT, 2006,36(6): 734-736. Sheikholeslami M, Ganji D D. Numerical analysis of nanofluid
Shaoliang XU, X A Yue, J R Hou. Experimental investigation on flow 640 transportation in porous media under the influence of external
characteristics of deionized water in microtubes[J]. Chinese Science magnetic source[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 233 (2017)
Bulletin, 2007, 52(6):849-854. 499-507,
Yang Li, Qun Lei, Xiangui Liu, et al. Characteristics of micro scale Sheikholeslami M, Ziabakhsh Z, Ganji D D. Transport of
585 nonlinear filtration [J]. PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND Magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid in a porous media[J]. Colloids &
DEVELOPMENT, 2011,38(3): 336-340. 645 Surfaces A Physicochemical & Engineering Aspects, 2017,
Shaoliang XU, Xiangan YUE. Experimental research on nonlinear flow 520:201-212.
characteristics at low velocity [J].Journal of China University of Jiang R, Li L, Xu J, et al. A nonlinear mathematical model for
Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science), 2007,31(5): 60-63. low-permeability reservoirs and well-testing analysis[J]. Acta

590 Fei W. Influence of wettability on micro-scale flow and seepage
characteristics of simulated crude oil[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2010,
31(2):302-305.
Q M Zhao, X A Yue, W Fei, et al. Flow characteristics of high pressure
PT
Petrolei Sinica, 2012, 33(2):264-268.
650 X W Wang, Y Z Huang, Z M Yang. Study of stress sensitivity of tight
reservoir[J]. Rock & Soil Mechanics, 2010, 31:182-186.
Sheikholeslami M, Ganji D D. Heat transfer enhancement in an air to

RI
real gas in microtubes[J]. Zhongguo Shiyou Daxue Xuebao, 2012, water heat exchanger with discontinuous helical turbulators;
595 36(4):129-133. experimental and numerical studies[J]. Energy, 2016, 116:341-352.
Fei W, Yue X A, Pang H W, et al. Micro-scale flow effect of nitrogen in 655 Sheikholeslami M, Ganji D D. Heat transfer improvement in a double

low-permeability reservoir and its influence on gas seepage[J].
Journal of Xian Shiyou University, 2012, 123(2):: 234–237.
Dexin LIU, Xiangan YUE, Jirui HOU. Experimental studies on dynamic
600 characteristics of boundary fluids in porous media [J]. Petroleum
SC
pipe heat exchanger by means of perforated turbulators[J]. Energy
Conversion & Management, 2016, 127:112-123.
M L Wang, S Zhang, H Guan, et al. Relationship between characteristics
of tight oil reservoirs and fracturing fluid damage: A case from

U
Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing, 2008, 27(5): 58-61. 660 Chang 7 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Fm in Ordos Basin[J].
D X Liu, X A,Yue Song YAN et al. Influential mechanism of adsorbed OIL & GAS GEOLOGY, 2015, 36(5):848-854.
AN
water layers on percolation in low permeability oil reservoir[J]. Oil
& Gas Recovery Technology, 2005.
605 HaiBo LI, H K Guo, HaiJian LI, et al. Thickness Analysis of Bound
Water Film in Tight Reservoir[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2015,
M

26(1):186-192.
Hui LIU, Mingsheng FENG, Shunli HE, et al. Nonlinear feature of flow
resistance gradient in ultra-low permeability reservoir [J].Journal of
610 China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science),
D

2009,33(6): 82-86.
Chengzu HE, MingQi HUA. The thickness of water-film in oil and gas
TE

reservoirs [J].PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND

DEVELOPMENT, 1998,25(2): 91-93.
615 Sadighi A, Ganji D D. Analytic treatment of linear and nonlinear
Schrödinger equations: A study with homotopy-perturbation and
EP

Adomian decomposition methods[J]. Physics Letters A, 2008,

372(4):465-469.
Jalaal M, Ganji D D. On unsteady rolling motion of spheres in inclined
620 tubes filled with incompressible Newtonian fluids[J]. Advanced
C

Powder Technology, 2011, 22(1):58-67.

Ziabakhsh Z, Domairry G. Solution of the laminar viscous flow in a
semi-porous channel in the presence of a uniform magnetic field by
AC

using the homotopy analysis method[J]. Communications in

625 Nonlinear Science & Numerical Simulation, 2009,
14(4):1284-1294.
Sheikholeslami M, Ganji D D. Influence of electric field on Fe3O4 -
water nanofluid radiative and convective heat transfer in a
permeable enclosure[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2018,
630 250:404-412.
Hosseini S R, Sheikholeslami M, Ghasemian M, et al. Nanofluid heat
transfer analysis in a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) under the
effect of magnetic field by means of KKL model[J]. Powder
Technology, 2018, 324:36-47.
635 Sheikholeslami M, Ganji D D, Moradi R. Heat transfer of Fe3O4 –water
nanofluid in a permeable medium with thermal radiation in
existence of constant heat flux[J]. Chemical Engineering Science,
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Build up a capillary permeability model considering boundary retention layers of tight reservoir
The capillary permeability model considering boundary retention layer has good consistency with seepage characteristics of actual
reservoir
Clay swelling and flow channel blocked by clay off and migration, are the main reason of KW smaller than K∞.
KO is much lower than K∞ and KW because of increased oil seepage resistance by Jia Min effect and decrease of seepage channel
caused by boundary layer.

PT
RI
U SC
AN
M
D
TE
C EP
AC