Annotated Bibliography For NHD 2018

Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
A 15-year-old Terrence Roberts is turned away from Central High School by members of the
National Guard. 1956. Today Magazine, Trustees of the California State University,
2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 12 Jan. 2018.
Terrance Roberts was turned away from Central High School by members of the National
Guard. Terrance and Sylvia were both denied education rights because of their racial
group, facing a similar situation just years apart. We can use this photo to support our
statements that there were many other issues after Sylvia’s case that faced segregation,
and how the Mendez case was valuable to those. California State University is a vastly
known college, and their website displays a large amount of information about the
college and offered opportunities along with proving they value giving back, by
encouraging others to make a difference in the world.
17th Street School, Westminster, Class Photograph. 2014. Chapman University Digital
Commons, Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,
digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/19/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2014. This
image shows the second grade class of the 17th street school. Found through the
Chapman University Digital Commons, they not only include an “About Us” section with
information regarding the school, but the Digital Commons as well. The image will be
used to show the people who were involved and assist the viewers comprehension of the
case.
“Affidavit for Citation.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-9. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Affidavit
for Citation of September 27, 1946 was filed by Alexander M. Lievanos, alleging that his
son was denied entrance to the Roosevelt School in the El Modena School District, in
violation of the injunction on segregation. This filing outlined the issues that the school
districts planned to use to appeal the District Court’s ruling. We deemed this website
reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including court
documents, contact information, and including a page about their goal of simply
spreading the story of these heroic families.
“Affidavit of David C. Marcus.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-3. Mendez et al v
Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.
Under the Affidavit of David C. Marcus, the lawyer for the plaintiffs and the judge
agreed that copies of briefs, which had to go to more than 20 individuals, did not have to
be delivered by a US Marshal. It will be used under “The Case” to provide first hand
knowledge of the case. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated
completely to the case, while also including court documents, contact information, and
including a page about their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.
“Answers of the School District.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-22. Mendez et al v
Within this specific document are the answers of the School Districts: the El Modino,
Garden Grove Elementary, Santa Ana City and Westminster School Districts’ responses
to the petition. They answered that the court had no jurisdiction over the matter and
generally. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,
while also including court documents, contact information, and including a page about
their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.
“Appeal Bond.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-4. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Appeal
Bond of March 30, 1946 certifies that the families who brought the case had arranged for
a bond to cover the cost of the appeal if the Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the School
Districts.We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,
“Application for Leave to Appear Amicus Curiae (ACLU).” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-3.
Mendez et al v Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed
10 Feb. 2018. This is the application for Leave to Appear Amicus Curiae (ACLU), The
American Civil Liberties Union submitted this application to become a “friend of the
court” with the right to submit materials relating to the case. We deemed this website
reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including court
Arthur & Irene Palomino with Joe. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons,
Leatherby Librarians, 31 Oct. 2014,
image shows Arthur Palomino with his mother, Irene Perez Palomino, and friend Joe at
Seal Beach. We believe this source is reliable because we found the image through the
Chapman University Digital Commons. The source includes an “About Us” section about
the Digital Commons along with information on Chapman itself. This image will help the
viewer visualize the people involved in the case and create a better understanding.
Arthur Palomino 5th Grade Class Photo. Chapman University Digital Commons, Leatherby
Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/7/.
Accessed 31 Jan. 2018. This image of the fifth grade class of Garden Grove California,
was gathered through the Chapman University Digital Commons. Not only do they
include an about us section with information regarding the school, but the Digital
Commons as well. This image will be used to show the people who were involved and
assist the viewers comprehension of the case.
Arthur Palomino at Fremont School. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons,
Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,
digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/5/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018. In this
image, Arthur and Bobby Palomino are attending a fourth grade class photo from
Fremont school. We believe this source is reliable because we found the image through
the Chapman University Digital Commons. The source includes an “About Us” tab
regarding the Digital Commons along with information on Chapman itself. This image
will help the viewer visualize the people involved in the case and create a better
understanding.
Arthur Palomino in the 1st Grade. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons,

image shows Arthur Palomino at the age of 7 in first grade in 1940. We believe this
source is reliable because we found the image through the Chapman University Digital
Commons. The source includes an about us section about the Digital Commons along
with information on Chapman itself. This image will help the viewer understand the case
better and visualize the people involved.
Arthur Palomino in the 1st Grade. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons,
digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/4/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018. Arthur
Palomino attended the Seal Beach School in the first grade, at age 7. This source has been
deemed reliable because the image has been found through the Chapman University
Digital Commons. In addition to having an about is section with information about
Chapman, they have information of the Digital Commons.This image will be used to
show the people who were involved and assist the viewers comprehension of the case.
Arthur Palomino & Siblings. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons, Leatherby
Accessed 31 Jan. 2018. This image shows Arthur Palomino (far left) and his siblings
Ricardo, Viola and Henry Pala Mountain, CA. Arthur’s father, Frank. Chapman
University Digital Commons include an “About Us” section regarding information on
Chapman itself. This image will help create a better understanding and assist the viewer
visualizing the people involved.

As a child Sylvia Mendez integrated an elementary school in Orange County. (Photo courtesy
Sylvia Mendez). 1936-1951. Today Magazine, Trustees of the California State University,
2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 15 Jan. 2018. In this
photograph, Sylvia is in her child/teen years and sitting at a piano for the photo. We will
use this photo to give a visual reference of Sylvia before her impact began, and before the
case was brought to attention. California State University displays a large amount of
information about the college and offered opportunities along with proving they value
giving back, by encouraging others to make a difference in the world.
Billy Guzman. 2012. Mendezetalvwestminster.com, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2012,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/guzman-family-page/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. This image
of Billy Guzman as a young child is used to show members of an important family who
helped fight for their rights to attend the school of their choice. Billy’s entire family was
involved in this fight for him and his siblings to get the education they deserve. This
image is included in a page of other pictures of the entire Guzman family. We know this
source is reliable because all of the sources and outside websites that are used, are cited
clearly on the page.
“Brief of NLG and ACLU.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-19. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-2/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The “Friend
of the Court” joint filing by the American Civil Liberties Union and the National
Lawyers Guild presents arguments supporting the case and addressing issues raised
during the trials.We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the
case, while also including court documents, contact information, and including a page
about their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.
“Clerk’s Correspondence.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-64. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Clerk’s
Correspondence of 1945-1955 includes a variety of materials, including requests for
copies of the case and affidavits of service by mail. This filing outlined the issues that the
school districts planned to use to appeal the District Court’s ruling. We deemed this
website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including court
Conclusions of the Court. 18 Mar. 1966. National Archives Catalog, The U.S. National Archives
and Records Administration, 2017, catalog.archives.gov/id/294945. Accessed 26 Nov.
2017. These images show the Conclusions of the Court regarding the case of Mendez et
al v. Westminster. This source has been deemed reliable because the item has been found
through the National Archives. We will be using these images to assist in the
understanding of the case, and help the viewer comprehend the process in which actions
were taken.
“Conclusions of the Court.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-20. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. In the
Conclusions of the Court dated February 18, 1946, Judge McCormick laid out his
conclusions. It includes an explanation of the questions raised by the case and cites
specific legal precedents as the basis for his conclusions. We deemed this website reliable
because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including court documents,
contact information, and including a page about their goal of simply spreading the story
of these heroic families.
David Marcus. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons, Leatherby Libraries, 31
Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/20/. Accessed 1 Feb.
2018. David Marcus was the Los-Angeles based attorney who represented the Mendez
family in court. The Chapman University Digital Commons include an “About Us”
section regarding information on Chapman itself. This image will help the viewer
visualize the people involved in the case and create a better understanding.
“Defendants’ Reply Brief.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-19. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-2/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. This is the
Defendant's’ Reply Brief of October 17, 1945. Filed on behalf of the school districts, this
brief puts forth arguments opposing the case and addressing issues raised during the
trials. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,
Felícitas and Gonzalo Méndez. 1916-1998. Smithsonian National Museum of American History,
2018, americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html.
Accessed 1 Dec. 2017. This photograph shows Felícitas and Gonzalo Méndez holding
Sylvia as a child, which will be used to show the background before the case was put into
place, and before the conflict. The Smithsonian National Museum of American History is
trustworthy because it is a nationally know organization, with a clear mission and history,
along with displayed contact information and opportunities.
Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez. 1944. Today Magazine, Trustees of the California State
University, 2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 23 Jan.
2018. This photograph of Felicitas and Gonzalo standing together for a picture will be
used to show Sylvia’s family and her parents’ appearance before the case, leaving a
visual impact on the viewer of the website. This source is reliable because it is the official
website for a vastly known college, California State University. The website displays a
large amount of information about the college and offered opportunities along with
proving they value giving back, by encouraging others to make a difference in the world.
“Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-15. Mendez et al v
Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.
In the Conclusions of the Court dated February 18, 1946, Judge McCormick laid out his
conclusions. It includes an explanation of the questions raised by the case and cites
specific legal precedents as the basis for his conclusions. We deemed this website reliable
Frank & Arthur Palomino. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons, Leatherby
Accessed 1 Feb. 2018. This image shows Frank Palomino and his son Arthur, gathered
through the Chapman University Digital Commons. This image will help the viewer
visualize the people involved in the case and create a better understanding.
Holland, Gale. Teacher Sal Castro Fights to Honor the Eastside 'blowouts'. 1968. Los Angeles
Times, 9 Oct. 2012,
articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/09/local/la-me-holland-walkout-memorial-20121009.
Accessed 13 May 2018. Lincoln High School teacher named Sal Castro joined a Latino
student walkout in 1968. This image is significant because it shows the large scale of the
protests and how they affected everyone involved in the segregated Latino school
districts.
Hoover School. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons, Leatherby Libraries, 31
Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/1/. Accessed 1 Feb.
2018. This image displays the Hoover School for Hispanic children in Westminster
California. The Chapman University Digital Commons include information regarding the
school and the Digital Commons as well. This image will be used to show the people
who were involved and assist the viewers comprehension of the case.
“Judgment and Injunction.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-4. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Judgment
and Injunction dated March 21, 1946 includes the Judge McCormick’s decision that the
school districts had in fact illegally segregated students and barred them from doing so in
the future. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,

June Hernandez at a young age. 1940-1949. AAUW, 12 Sept. 2012,
www.aauw.org/2012/09/14/mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2018. June
Hernandez was a child involved in a similar situation as the Mendez family at a young
age. This photo will be used to show how the issue of segregation affected more than just
the families in the Mendez et al v. Westminster case, and how the situation presented
itself multiple times throughout history, with various races. This is a reliable source
because of the large base the organization has created, with many people involved, a
clearly stated goal, and a proudly displayed impact throughout 2017.
“June 26,1945 Pretrial Transcripts.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-118. Mendez et al v
This is the Pretrial Transcripts of June 26, 1945. We deemed this website reliable because
it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including court documents, contact
information, and including a page about their goal of simply spreading the story of these
heroic families.
Ledesma, Rita. Sal Castro 1968 during the student walk out. 1968. Calfac.org, California
Faculty Association, 23 Apr. 2013,
www.calfac.org/post/reflections-mr-sal-castro-teacher. Accessed 13 May 2018.
California Faculty Association provides articles and images on major events in California
throughout history. This image shows Sal Castro during a student walk out in 1968.
Loretta Sanchez honors ‘Mendez’ plaintiffs. 12 Sept. 2011. The Orange County Register,
www.ocregister.com/2011/09/12/loretta-sanchez-honors-mendez-plaintiffs/. Accessed 1
Feb. 2018. This image shows California representative Loretta Sanchez recognizing
members of the Estrada family for the families contributions to ending segregation. We
believe this image comes from a reliable source because they include background
knowledge on their mission and accomplishments, along with details on how to contact
them. This image will be used on Personal Background so the view can see those
involved and visualize or understand the case.
Lorenzo A. Ramirez Library. 2017. Mendezetalvwestminster.com,
www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2013,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/ramirez-family-page/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. The sign on
the Lorenzo A. Ramirez Library at a California High School will be used to show
examples of the long term impact “Mendez et al v. Westminster” had on students all over
the United States. There are many high schools all over California who are named after
this important case that ended segregation for Mexican American students. We know this
is a reliable source because of the direct dates of listed on the images and all the sources
listed on the websites.
Los Angeles Times clipping on the case. 1946. OC Weekly, OC Weekly News, 16 Feb. 2016,
www.ocweekly.com/news/christmas-sushi-hey-you-8693946. Accessed 16 Jan. 2018.
The results of the case ruled by Judge Paul J. McCormick are discussed in this newspaper
article. We will use this image to prove how the case affected other and made a large
impact, locally and nationally. OC Weekly is a reliable source because it is a direct
reference intended to inform people about local events and history.
LULAC Fundraising Event. 1929. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, 2018,
americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html. Accessed
16 Jan. 2018. The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) is a fundraiser
that greatly supported the Mendez family. We will use this for proving how the case grew
to be nationwide, involving various groups of people and organizations. The Smithsonian
National Museum of American History is trustworthy because it is a nationally known
organization, with a clear mission and history, along with displayed contact information
and opportunities.
Matthew, Teresa. East Los Angeles high school students protest the conditions in their schools.
Mar. 1968. bunkhistory.org, CityLab, 14 Mar. 2018,
www.bunkhistory.org/resources/2139?related=2118&relationship_name=RELATED
Accessed 13 May 2018. An image of East Los Angeles high school students protesting
the conditions of their schools is powerful as it demonstrates the unfair conditions within
these schools . This image is used to give visual evidence of the student protests.
“Mendez et al v Westminster Trial Transcript.” Records of District Courts of the United States,
pp. 1-159. The National Archives Catalog, catalog.archives.gov/id/6277736. Accessed 7
Feb. 2018. The trial transcript of the case taking place in Los Angeles, California on July
5th, 1945, states many people involved, their remarks, and evidence brought to the court.
We will use the transcript to show what happened in court, and the way the case was
handled. Since this information comes from the National Archives we are confident in the
reliability.
“MENDEZ v. WESTMINSTER SCHOOL DIST. OF ORANGE COUNTY.” MENDEZ v.
WESTMINSTER SCHOOL DIST. OF ORANGE COUNTY, PDF ed. This source shows
details of the Mendez et al v. Westminster case, more specifically the trial itself. We are
confident this is from a reliable because This source is reliable because it is a primary
source from the case. All the information that came from the trials is shown within the
documents and provides important dates and times. We will be using this source to
explain what happened in the case as opposed to the journey to the courtroom and the
people involved.
Mendez v. Westminster Postal Stamp. 2007. United States Courts, Administrative Office of the
U.S Courts, 2018,
www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/background-mendez-v-w
estminster-re-enactment. Accessed 9 Jan. 2018. The stamp commemorating the case,
issued in 2007, will be used to show the lasting impact the case made and the way the
case is addressed now. We believe this came from a credible source because the image
was obtained from the United States Courts website, and the site is maintained by the
Administrative Office of the U.S Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary/
Meraji, Shereen Marisol. Sylvia Mendez. 16 May 2014. npr.org, NPR, 16 May 2014,
www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/05/16/312555636/before-brown-v-board-mendez
-fought-californias-segregated-schools. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. This photograph shows a
smiling Sylvia Mendez after receiving the Medal of Honor. This image is used to show a
main character in the case who left a lasting impact for people of color attending school.
This image came from a credible source that gives a specific date and photographer along
with the writer of the article and the date it was published.
Méndez v. Westminster. 1930-1939. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, 2018,
americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html. Accessed 3
Dec. 2017. A photograph of students from Lincoln Elementary School for Mexican
children in Orange County will be used to show the circumstances before the case was
brought to court, and the students previously denied of education from the other
schools.The Smithsonian National Museum of American History is trustworthy because
it is a nationally known organization, with a clear mission and history, along with
displayed contact information and opportunities.
1923 Class “Mexican School.” 1923. Mendezwestminstercase.blogspot.com, blogspot.com, 27
Aug. 2007, mendezwestminstercase.blogspot.com/2007/08/summary.html. Accessed 9
Feb. 2018. This photograph shows the 1923 class photo of a “Mexican School” in Orange
County California. The school was nicknamed “The Barn” because of the poor conditions
of the school. This image is important because it was one of the schools that was brought
up in the case of Mendez et al v. Westminster. We will use this image for examples of
schools who were affected by the impact that Mendez et al v. Westminster made across
the state of California. This picture is reliable because of the specific information it gives
that follows other sources. There are also specific dates to support the information.
“‘No Mexicans Allowed:’ School Segregation in the Southwest.” 1910-1920. Latino USA,
Futuro Media Group, 17 Mar. 2017, latinousa.org/tag/mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed
23 Jan. 2018. A sign that demonstrates the segregation of Mexicans, stating that they only
serve “whites”, will be used when we discuss the conditions for Mexicans in the United
States, well before the Mendez et al v. Westminster case. Latino USA is a trustworthy
source because it is associated with the National Public Radio, a largely known company
that provides national news, programs, and information for citizens to rely on.
“Notice of Appeal.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-2. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Notice of
Appeals dated March 30, 1946, gives notice to the court and the plaintiffs that the
defendants would file an appeal with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.We deemed this
“Notice of Motion to Dismiss Petition.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-2. Mendez et al v
The Notice of Motion to Dismiss Petition was submitted by the Orange County Counsel,
and asked the judge to dismiss the case, asserting the court had no jurisdiction over the
matter. It will be used under “The Case” to provide first hand knowledge of the case. We
deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also
including court documents, contact information, and including a page about their goal of
simply spreading the story of these heroic families.
“Notice of Motion to Obtain Stay of Execution Pending Decision on Appeal.” Original Court
Documents, pp. 1-2. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Notice of
Motion to Obtain Stay of Execution Pending Decision on Appeal of October 8, 1946,
requested that the Judge’s decision be suspended until the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
could rule on the case. This filing outlined the issues that the school districts planned to
use to appeal the District Court’s ruling. We deemed this website reliable because it is
dedicated completely to the case, while also including court documents, contact
heroic families.
“Order Setting the Trial Date June 4, 1945.” Original Court Documents, p. 1. Mendez et al v
This is the Order Setting the Trial Date June 4, 1945, which set the trial date for Thursday
July 4, 1945 at 10:00 AM. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated
“Order to Comply with Order to Submit Briefs.” Original Court Documents, p. 1. Mendez et al v
The Order to Comply with Order to Submit Briefs of September 7, 1945, was issued by
Judge McCormick, to inform the litigants that they had failed to submit brief by his
deadline. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,
“Order to File Mandate of Court of Appeals.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-5. Mendez et al v
The Order to File Mandate of Court of Appeals of February 25, 1949, was from the Ninth
Circuit Court of Appeals and notified the District Court that Judge McCormick’s ruling
had been upheld. This motion by the defendants requested that the Judge’s decision be
suspended until the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals could rule on the case. This filing
outlined the issues that the school districts planned to use to appeal the District Court’s
ruling. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,
“Order to Show Cause and Affidavit in Re Contempt.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-2.
Mendez et al v Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed
10 Feb. 2018. The Order to Show Cause and Affidavit in Re Contempt of September 27,
1946, required the El Modena School District to explain why it should not be held in
contempt of court for continuing to segregate children. This filing outlined the issues that
the school districts planned to use to appeal the District Court’s ruling. We deemed this
Paul J. McCormick. 31 Oct. 2014. Chapman University Digital Commons, Leatherby Libraries,
31 Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/24/. Accessed 1 Feb.
2018. Judge Paul J. McCormick was the judge of the Mendez et al v. Westminster case.
This source has been deemed reliable because the image has been found through the
Chapman University Digital Commons. Not only do they include an about us section
with information regarding the school, but the Digital Commons as well. This image will
be used to show those who were involved and assist the viewers comprehension of the
case.
“Petitioners’ Opening Brief.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-47. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/pdf/Petitioners_Opening_Brief.pdf. Accessed 10 Feb.
2018. Filed on behalf of the students and parents, the Petitioner's’ Opening Brief of
September 7, 1945 puts forth arguments supporting the case and addressing issues raised
during the trials. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to
the case, while also including court documents, contact information, and including a page
“Petition that initiated the case.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-10. Mendez et al v
The petition that initiated the case stated that four Orange County school districts
segregated children of Mexican and Latin descent in violation of the Constitution. It will
be used under “The Case” to provide first hand knowledge of the case. We deemed this
Photo is the 1934 1st Grade Class at the “Mexican” Wilson School in Orange County, CA. 1934.
La Raza Lawyers of California, California La Raza Lawyers Association, 2018,
larazalawyers.net/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018. This photograph shows the first grade class at
the Mexican Wilson School in Orange County, California. We will use this photo to
demonstrate the conditions and circumstances of Mexican children over ten years before
the Mendez case was introduced. This source is dependable because they have a
displayed goal and purpose that includes clear and helpful intentions. Furthermore, they
are affiliated with the Hispanic National Bar Association.
plaintiff families. 1940. California State University, Fullerton News, California State University,
Fullerton, 2018, calstate.fullerton.edu/news/2011su/Class-Action-Exhibit.asp. Accessed
23 Jan. 2018. Lorenzo, Ignacio, Josefina and Jim Ramirez are shown together in this
photograph, used to assist the viewer in understanding the case. This source is
dependable because they have a displayed goal and purpose that includes clear and
helpful intentions. Furthermore, the website is maintained by the public affairs of
California State University, Fullerton.
“Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-12. Mendez et al v Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. In the
Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief of November 1, 1945, the plaintiffs present arguments against
those presented by the defendants in their reply brief of October 17, 1945. We deemed
this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including
court documents, contact information, and including a page about their goal of simply
Presidential Medal of Freedom. 1969. Library of Congress, USA.gov, 26 Feb. 2015,
blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/02/legacy-of-mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018.
Sylvia Mendez was given this same award and recognition in 2010. This photograph will
be displayed with our other photos involving the medal, with Sylvia and former president
Obama. This is a trustworthy source due to the connection to the Library of Congress.
The illustration, along with additional information, was provided through a well-known
government association.
“Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony.” YouTube, uploaded by The Obama White House,
Google, 15 Feb. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YobPMGedL9M&feature=youtu.be.
Accessed 5 Apr. 2018. During this video of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
Ceremony, Sylvia Mendez receives this award along with multiple others. We will use
the video to display this meaningful moment and to provide a way for the viewers to gain
a connection. The video is reliable because it is the complete video recorded by the White
House to show the incredible honor of receiving this award.
Ramirez Boys. 2017. Mendezetalvwestminster.com, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2012,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/ramirez-family-page/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. The three
Ramirez boys help our viewers get a better understanding of the real people who were
fighting for their rights during this case. The image shows three young
Mexican-American boys smiling in a photo. We know this source is reliable because it
gives lots of information that is backed up by multiple sources. As well as lots of many
other valuable source.
Ramirez, Antonio. Interview. 9 Apr. 2018. Throughout this telephone interview, Antonio
Ramirez gave us firsthand information regarding his experience in segregated schools, as
well as other resources to contact. We used this information to enhance the Historical
Context page on our website, along with parts of the Conflict and Compromise page.
Antonio was a strong interview candidate because his father Lorenzo Ramirez was a
crucial leader in ending segregation in California. His time with us benefited our project
greatly and we recommend conducting an interview to any other young historians.
Ramirez, Henry. Interview. 11 Apr. 2018. During this telephone interview, Henry Ramirez (son
of Lorenzo), provided information regarding his personal experiences with integrating
schools, the responsibilities of his mother, and the direct impact of this case. He
discussed the reactions of the white children when the Mexican students were able to
attend their same school, along with how essential and supporting his mother was
throughout the time of the case. We contacted Henry in the hopes of gaining firsthand
experiences and personal memories of his family, along with the impact this legacy has
left on him as well.
Ramirez, Michael. Interview. Apr. 2018. Michael Ramirez provided significant information
regarding the “Jim Crow” laws and his personal life in Orange County. He shared
knowledge of the impact his entire family created and how they have kept their legacy
alive. We used his interview to benefit the Historical Context page of our website, as well
as the Conflict and Compromise page. Just like his brothers, Michael has been a strong
resource because of his father's work on the case of Mendez et al v. Westminster. His
information was very relevant and helped to improve our website immensely.
Ramirez Family. A Class Action. 1940’s. Calstate.fullerton.edu, California State University,
Fullerton, 15 July 2011, calstate.fullerton.edu/news/2011su/Class-Action-Exhibit.asp.
Accessed 7 Feb. 2018. Four members of the Ramirez family were named Lorenzo,
Ignacio, Josefina and Jim Ramirez. They were an important part of the Mendez et al v.
Westminster case because they were one of the five families fighting for their rights. It is
important to keep pictures like this because it helps us to remember that these were real
people with real struggles. Without them, many Americans wouldn’t be able to attend the
schools that they deserve to attend. This photograph was found on the California State
University’s website showing that it is a reliable source. The date of the article and
photographers of the pictures is also listening which gives credit to those who were
involved. This photograph helps us remember all of the little pieces to a big case.
“Reply Brief of NLG and ACLU.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-19. Mendez at el v
Dated October 25, 1945, the National Lawyers Guild and the American Civil Liberties
Union submitted this document in reply to the defendant’s reply brief of October 17,
1945. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case,
“Respondents Objections to Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.” Original Court
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The
Respondents Objections to Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law occurred on March
26, 1946. The Orange County Counsel filed this objection to the Findings of Fact for not
including a finding that the separate school facilities were equal in all ways.We deemed
this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the case, while also including
court documents, contact information, and including a page about their goal of simply

“Respondents Statement of Points Which They Intend to Reply on Appeal.” Original Court
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. This is the
Respondents Statement of points which they intend to reply on appeal of April 5, 1946.
This filing outlined the issues that the school districts planned to use to appeal the District
Court’s ruling. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated completely to the
case, while also including court documents, contact information, and including a page
Roberts and other members of the Little Rock Nine. 1998. Today Magazine, Trustees of the
California State University, 2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle.
Accessed 16 Jan. 2018. In this photograph, President Bill Clinton is signing a bill to make
Little Rock Central High School a National Historic Site. This photo will be used to
demonstrate the lasting impact that standing up against segregation has had on the United
States. This source is reliable because it is the official website for a vastly known college,
California State University. The website displays a large amount of information about the
college and offered opportunities along with proving they value giving back, by
encouraging others to make a difference in the world.
Rosenberg, Jeremy. Hover School 1944 First Grade Class. 1944. Kcet.org, KCETLink, 1 Apr.
2013,
www.kcet.org/history-society/no-dogs-or-mexicans-allowed-mendez-v-westminster-and-i
ts-legacy. Accessed 9 Feb. 2018. A first grade class of students at a Mexican-American
school in California is illustrated in this image, which would be put in a yearbook for the
grade. In this image you see all the students of the class and their teacher posing in front
of their classroom. This image is important because it shows the real life struggle of all
the students forced into these schools. Their problems are not just stories, but are real
events that can be visualized by evidence like this picture. We will use this picture to
show the importance of change for students like the ones in the photograph. We know it
is reliable because of the header of the photograph and the specific dates given that
backup other sources.
Statue of Ramirez at Santiago Canyon College. 1946-2018. OC Weekly, OC Weekly News, 16
Feb. 2016,
www.ocweekly.com/news/ocs-famous-desegregation-case-mendez-et-al-vs-westminster-
et-al-celebrates-70-years-this-week-6976134. Accessed 17 Jan. 2018. There is a statue
displayed in commemoration of the figure Ramirez at Santiago Canyon College, who
also sued the El Modeno school district for not allowing his children to attend the same
school that he did. We will use this photograph to show that the Mendez family was not
the only family with this issue. OC Weekly is a reliable source because it is a direct
reference intended to to inform people about local events and history.
Stoloff, Devon. Why I Organized a 5,000 Student Walkout to Honor Parkland and Protest Gun
Violence. 2018. Moneyish.com, Dow Jones & Company, 21 Feb. 2018,
moneyish.com/heart/why-i-organized-a-5000-student-walk-to-honor-parkland-and-protes
t-gun-violence/. Accessed 14 May 2018. Images and documentation of recent events can
be related to other major events in history. This source is being used to help prove the
point of the court case "Mendez et al v. Westminster" inspiring Latinos all over the
United States to stand up for what they believe in. The image shows children protesting
for Parkland just like the students of Orange County. This source provides recent dates
and authors to show its reliability, along with other sources that support the information.
Students in front of Roosevelt School, El Modena. 1922. OC Weekly, OC Weekly News, 16 Feb.
2016,
www.ocweekly.com/news/translatina-immigrant-dies-in-suspicious-la-apartment-fire-870
6080. Accessed 16 Jan. 2018. This photograph shows students standing in front of
Roosevelt School, in El Modena, which will be used to show the schools that Mexican
children were sent to, instead of the Westminster school district. OC Weekly is a reliable
source because it is a direct reference intended to inform people about local events and
history.
Smith, Jeff. Chicano Student Walkouts, Blowouts, Chicano Students Protest Racist Policies.
1968. Griid.org, Indy News, 3 Mar. 2013,
griid.org/2013/03/03/this-day-in-resistance-history-1968-chicano-students-walk-out-in-pr
otest-of-racist-policies/. Accessed 15 May 2018. The image of Latino protesters of 1968
gives a strong representation of how these protests created a difference in the United
States and how they have grown into present day protests. This image is proven reliable
with the authors and article to support the information. All of the information from this
article matches previous sources and images.
“Summons for school districts.” Original Court Documents, p. 1. Mendez et al V Westminster,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The summons
for the school district required the districts to provide the plaintiffs’ attorney with a
response to the petition within 20 days. It will be used under “The Case” to provide first
hand knowledge of the case. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated
“Sylvia Mendez.” 12 Oct. 2011. US Courts, Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 2018,
estminster-re-enactment. Accessed 8 Jan. 2018. This photograph shows Sylvia Mendez
receiving her Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. The photograph will be used to
show the recognition Sylvia later received for the efforts both she and her parents made.
We are sure this comes from a credible source because we got the image from the Unites
States Courts website, and the site is maintained by the Administrative Office of the U.S
Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary.
Sylvia Mendez being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. 2011. Today Magazine,
Trustees of the California State University, 2015,
www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 16 Jan. 2018. This
photograph is from the ceremony in which former president Obama presents Sylvia
Mendez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. We will use this photo to show the
impact and recognition that Sylvia and others like her deserve. It will also be used to
assist the viewers of our website in making an emotional connection. This source is
reliable because it is the official website for a vastly known college, California State
University. The website displays a large amount of information about the college and
offered opportunities along with proving they value giving back, by encouraging others
to make a difference in the world.
Tonatiuh, Duncan. Separate Is Never Equal. 2014. Library of Congress, USA.gov, 26 Feb. 2015,
blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/02/legacy-of-mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed 22 Jan. 2018.
This illustration, done by Duncan Tonatiuh, shows the separation of white children from
the other children. Due to the visual impact it has, we will be using this when discussing
the long term impact of the case, and how it has continued to influence our society today.
This is a trustworthy source due to the connection to the Library of Congress. The
illustration, along with additional information, was provided through a well-known
government association.
“Trail Transcript July 5, 1945.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-159. Mendez et al v
This is the Trail Transcript of July 5, 1945. This transcript documents trial activity on
July 5, 1945, including testimony from Felicitas Fuentes, James L. Kent, Juan Munoz,
Manuela Ochoa, Frank Palomino, and Jane Sianez. We deemed this website reliable
“Trial Transcript – July 11, 1945.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-127. Mendez et al v
This is the Trial Transcript of July 11, 1945. This transcript documents trial activity on
July 5, 1945, including testimony from Isabel Ayala, Ralph L. Beals, Frank A.
Henderson, Marie H. Hughes, Gonzalo Mendez, and Manuela Ochoa. We deemed this
This is the Trial Transcript of July 9, 1945. This transcript documents trial activity on
July 9, 1945, including testimony from Richard F. Harris and Gonzalo Mendez. We
Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/pdf/Trial_Transcript_July%206_1945.pdf.
Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Trial Transcript of July 6, 1945, it documents trial activity
on July 6, 1945, including testimony from Felicitas Fuentes, Virginia Guzman, William
Guzman, Harold Hammarsten, Frank A. Henderson, Mrs. Nieves Pena, Robert Perez,
Lorenzo Ramirez, and others. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated
Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/pdf/Trial_Transcript_July_10_1945.pdf.
Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Trial Transcript of July 10, 1945 documents trial activity on
July 10, 1945, including testimony from Edith M. Gilbert, Richard F. Harris, James L.
Kent, John Marval, Felicitas Mendez, Gonzalo Mendez, and Robert H. Reinhard. We
Valadez, Micaela. Students Protesting Conditions in East Los Angeles Schools in 1968. 1968.
DailyHistory.org, 1 Mar. 2018, dailyhistory.org/
What_is_the_significance_of_the_1968_East_L.A._Walkouts%3F. Accessed 14 May
2018. Including an image of the students protesting conditions in the East Los Angeles
Schools was an important image to add because it helps visualize how the protests have
grown in just over seventy years. This image proves that protests and the need for change
was sparked after the civil rights court case "Mendez et al v. Westminster" was decided.
The image is part of a reliable source that includes documents and other resources to
back up the written information as well as the photographs. Names of authors as well as
specific dates have been included to backup the information as well.
“WESTMINSTER SCHOOL DIST. OF ORANGE COUNTY et al. v. MENDEZ et al.”
WESTMINSTER SCHOOL DIST. OF ORANGE COUNTY et al. v. MENDEZ et al., PDF
ed., 1 Aug. 1941. Legal documents on the Mendez et al v. Westminster court case that
were published during the trials are demonstrated in this source. It gives information on
all the events that took place during the events of the trial and gives avid details as well.
This source is reliable because it is a primary source from the case. All the information
that came from the trials is shown within the documents and gives crucial dates and
times. These documents are being used to help understand the results of the trials and
what was going on during the time of them. They also give the names of crucial civilians
who played large roles in shaping the case that changed the world.
Wong, Alex. Parkland Students in Anti-Gun Walkout. 2018. Abc15.com, CNN, 21 Feb. 2018,
www.abc15.com/news/national/students-across-the-country-punished-for-joining-parklan
d-students-in-anti-gun-walkout. Accessed 14 May 2018. Alex Wong captures the true
experience of the Parkland walkouts and the impact they have recently inflicted on
students. This image is being used to show the importance of protests and how students
words and actions can change the world. The image is reliable because it gives the name
of the photographer along with the date and location. The image also comes from
CNN.com which is a reliable news source.
Secondary Sources
Arredondo, María Luisa. “Sylvia Méndez, a Champion of Racial Tolerance and Equality in
Education.” Huffington Post, Oath Inc., 14 Dec. 2011,
www.huffingtonpost.com/maria-luisa-arredondo/sylvia-mendez-a-champion-_b_1010975
.html. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. In this article, Sylvia’s impact on racial acceptance and
equal education is discussed, along with a review of how she affected many lives through
the Mendez et al v. Westminster case. This source is reliable because they have the
author, date, and publisher clearly stated, as well as direct quotes from an interview with
Sylvia Mendez. They also have easily accessible information about the names and
purpose of each individual involved in the company. We will use this website to discuss
Sylvia’s long term affects, her background, and her mission to help and change the
circumstances for other people.
Associated Press. "1968 Los Angeles School Walkout Protesters See Link to Parkland Teens\."
snopes.com, 12 Mar. 2018,
www.snopes.com/ap/2018/03/12/1968-la-school-protesters-parkland-teens/. Accessed 13
May 2018. We obtained information regarding news and recent events all over the world
after reading this article. The source was specifically used for an article called "1968 Los
Angeles School Walkout Protesters See Link to Parkland Teens" which draws a
connection to a 1968 Latino walkout and the recent Parkland protests. Both were
performed by high school students in the United States. The 1968 Los Angeles School
walkout also draws a connection to the court case "Mendez et al v. Westminster" which
ended segregation of Latino students in the state of California. This is a reliable source
which provides other strong resources and documents to backup the information, as well
as authors and information that match previously used sources.
“Background - Mendez v. Westminster Re-Enactment.” United States Courts, Administrative
Office of the U.S. Courts, 2017,
estminster-re-enactment. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. From this source we obtained details
and information regarding the case of Mendez et al v. Westminster, along with Sylvia
Mendez. We are confident in the reliability of this source because the material comes
directly from the United States Courts on behalf of the Judicial Branch of the U.S
Government. This source will be used for describing the process and outcome of the case,
along with its effects in the Brown v. Board of Education case.
“Before ‘Brown V. Board,’ Mendez Fought California’s Segregated Schools.” National Public
Radio, NPR, 16 May 2014,
www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/05/16/312555636/before-brown-v-board-mendez
-fought-californias-segregated-schools. From reading the article in this website I learned
about the beginning process of Sylvia’s education, leading to the trial and what would
later be the Brown v. Board of Education case. The National Public Radio is reliable
because the article has a clear date published, and a variety of different reviews and
articles about their purpose, history, people involved, awards, and more. We will be using
our information gathered from this source to provide an overview of Sylvia’s impact on
the Brown v. Board case, as well as statistics and beginning of the education
disagreement.
Chang, Alvin. “Is your district drawing borders to reduce or perpetuate racial segregation?” Vox,
Vox Media, 8 Jan. 2018,
www.vox.com/2018/1/8/16822374/school-segregation-gerrymander-map. Accessed 15
Feb. 2018. Within this website, we gathered information on how the Bettendorf School
District’s attendance zones impact the segregation of the district. Along with the graphics
included, it is stated that our attendance zones are drawn in a way that reduces the
amount of segregation. We will use this source to explain the effect of segregation today,
and how our district specifically controls it. Vox is reliable because of it’s immensely
trusted information, and clearly displayed details on the production of the site.
Echavarri, Fernanda, and Marlon Bishop. “‘No Mexicans Allowed:’ School Segregation in the
Southwest.” atinousa.org, History, 11 Mar. 2016,
latinousa.org/2016/03/11/no-mexicans-allowed-school-segregation-in-the-southwest/.
Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. During an interview with Sylvia Mendez, Sylvia reveals how her
father took the case to court. The article also gives good background information about
events that happened to Sylvia because she was Mexican. This source is reliable because
the date is recent so the information is up to date. Also, the author is taking credit for the
information, which proves that they want to take credit for the work they put in. We are
using this source for background information about how Gonzalo Mendez became
involved in the case. This information is helpful in gaining information on the
beginning of the Mendez et al v. Westminster court case.
“Editorial: Sylvia Mendez.” The Orange County Register, WordPress VIP, 18 Feb. 2011,
www.ocregister.com/2011/02/18/editorial-sylvia-mendezs-moment/. Accessed 21 Nov.
2017. Inside this article, the event in which Sylvia received the Medal of Freedom, dated
February 15, 2011, is discussed. The article contains a brief review of Sylvia’s impact to
deserve the award, along with multiple quotes from Sylvia and others. The Orange
County Register is trustworthy and reliable because they include background knowledge
on their mission and accomplishments, along with details on how to contact them. Not
only does the register originate from the location the events in the case took place, but the
newspaper has been awarded three Pulitzer prizes. We will be using this source to discuss
Sylvia’s achievement of earning the award, as well as quotes from her and others.
Esquivel, Maria Blanco. “The Lasting Impact of Mendez v. Westminster in the Struggle for
Desegregation.” American Immigration Council, 25 Mar. 2010,
www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/lasting-impact-mendez-v-westminster-str
uggle-desegregation. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. Used during the Brown v. Board of
Education, the Mendez et al v. Westminster case left a large lasting impact on
desegregation. This source is reliable because it is a nonprofit organization that includes
context about themselves and their purpose, along with including contact information.
We will be using this source to assist in the comprehension of the lasting effects of the
Mendez et al v. Westminster case.
“Family Pages.” Mendez et al v Westminster, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2017,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/about-page/. Accessed 12 Dec. 2017. A list of the families
and members involved in the Mendez et al v. Westminster case is provided through these
“Family Pages”. Within the names, there are links to other family pages, along with the
school districts, parents, and children. We deemed this website reliable because it is
dedicated completely to the case, while also including court documents, contact
heroic families. We will use our information from this website to discuss which families
were involved, as well as minor details revolving the case.
“In Pursuit of Equality.” National Museum of American History, Smithsonian National Museum
of American History, 2017,
americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/2-battleground/pursuit-equality-2.html. Accessed
21 Nov. 2017. Within this article, we learned about the effects of the Mendez et al v.
Westminster case, specifically on equality for all people despite races. The article
discusses the controversy of equality at an earlier time, along with multiple people and
periods of time where equality has been an issue. This source is reliable because it comes
directly from the Smithsonian National Museum of American History, which is
well-known and trusted by many people. They also provide information about the
organization’s history, mission, staff, programs, and other opportunities. We will be using
our information gathered from this source to review the history of equality, and earlier
problems with the subject before the Mendez et al v. Westminster case.
Kandil, Caitlin Yoshiko. “Mendez vs. Segregation.” latimes.com, Los Angeles Times, 17 Apr.
2016,
www.latimes.com/socal/weekend/news/tn-wknd-et-0417-sylvia-mendez-70-anniversary-
20160417-story.html. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017. Details regarding Sylvia Mendez and the
events that have shaped her life into what it is today are explained by the Los Angeles
Times. It includes quotes from Mendez to help show evidence of the information and
includes lots of little details. This source is reliable because it has been dated recently and
gives the author’s name. The information is also in correlation with other sites that have
been sued for similar information. The source is being used to gain background on how
Sylvia Mendez life was during her youth. It is important to know this information so that
all the other information has a foundation.
Leal, Fermin. “O.C. civil rights icon Mendez awarded Medal of Freedom.” The Orange County
Register, WordPress.com, 15 Feb. 2011,
www.ocregister.com/2011/02/15/oc-civil-rights-icon-mendez-awarded-medal-of-freedom
/. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. Sylvia Mendez received her Medal of Freedom in 2011, and
the Orange County Register includes multiple quotes in relation to the event. We deemed
this source reliable because the information comes from the Orange County Register,
they include background knowledge on their mission and accomplishments, along with
details on how to contact them. Not only does the register originate from the location the
events in the case took place, but the newspaper has been awarded three Pulitzer prizes.
We will be using this source to create an understanding of the impact after the case, and
how those within the case are being affected and recognized now.
Macias, Francisco. “Before Brown v. Board of Education There Was Méndez v. Westminster.”
https://blogs.loc.gov, Library of Congress, 16 May 2014,
blogs.loc.gov/law/2014/05/before-brown-v-board-of-education-there-was-mendez-v-west
minster/. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017. There are many different buildings and people who
brought the case together and desegregated the Westminster school district. It gives the
basic information about the case and then goes into minor details about those who were
involved. It shows the difficult process that the families fighting for their rights went
through and how they got to where they are today. This source is reliable because it
gives an author who want to take credit for their work and gives lots of information about
people involved in the case. The information also agrees with other information from
other articles and is written well. We are using this website to get information on why
segregation began in the area and how it affected the families that were involved.
“Mendez v. Westminster case.” http://mendezwestminstercase.blogspot.com, blogspot.com, 3
Oct. 2007,
mendezwestminstercase.blogspot.com/2007/08/mendez-v-westminster-case.html.
Accessed 7 Dec. 2017. From this source we were able to gain information on different
court cases that have been affected by Mendez et al v. Westminster. The site also
included lots of good pictures and drawings that surrounded the case. There is even a
timeline included in the dates of the different court cases throughout history. We know
this source is reliable because it gives the author’s name, showing that she wants credit
for her work. As well as giving lots of sources that support their information. All the
information is backed up by other websites that we have used. We are using this resource
to find information on the effects of the Mendez case, after it was resolved.
“Mendez v Westminster: Paving the Way to School Desegregation.” Constitutional Rights
Foundation, 2007,
www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-23-2-c-mendez-v-westminster-paving-the-w
ay-to-school-desegregation. General racial segregation in California, segregation of
specifically Mexican Americans, and details about the Mendez et al v. Westminster case
itself, such as the process and conclusion of the case are provided by this source. The
Constitutional Rights Foundation is a reliable source because they have a clear mission
and purpose, with a video and article thoroughly discussing those topics. They also have
pages about their board of directors and staff. Our information from this source will be
used to review earlier segregation issues in California, and how the Mendez et al v.
Westminster case affected it.
Mexican Government. 2014. Huffington Post, Oath Inc, 22 Oct. 2014,
www.huffingtonpost.com/ted-lewis/mexican-government-tell-u_b_6025544.html.
Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Mexican flag is located in Zocalo, Mexico. We will use this
for our home page, to capture the viewer’s attention. Along with leaving an intriguing
affect, it introduces the concept of our website. The Huffington Post is reliable because
they have the author, date, and publisher clearly stated, along with being a largely trusted
reference. They also have easily accessible information about the names and purpose of
each individual involved in the company.
Norwood, Robyn. “70 years later, O.C. school desegregation case echoes on campus.”
blogs.chapman.edu, Chapman University, 26 Sept. 2017,
blogs.chapman.edu/news-and-stories/2017/09/26/70-years-school-desegregation-mendez-
westminster/. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017. On the Chapman University site, the author of the
article writes about how this specific school celebrated the 70th anniversary of the
Mendez et al v. Westminster case. They commemorate the case and families through
displays and exhibits, while teaching others about the impact and importance of the case,
along with the relevance to today. This website is reliable because of its representation
for a respected and trustworthy university, along with providing contact information,
background knowledge, and a purpose for this article specifically. We will use this source
when discussing how the case still affects people today, and how it can be remembered.
“Overview.” Mendez Fundamental Intermediate School, Blackboard, Inc., 6 Oct. 2017,
www.sausd.us/domain/3056. Accessed 21 Nov. 2017. From this source we were able to
gain information regarding the background of the case, along with minor details in
relation to the creation of the school that was named and funded in honor of the case and
its people. We are confident in the reliability of this source because the school provides
lots of material regarding their story, and provides information on how to contact the
school. We will be using this source in order to help the viewer understand the
background and timeline of the case.
Ramirez family. “Mendez et al v. Westminster et al website.”
http://mendezetalvwestminster.com/, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2012,
mendezetalvwestminster.com/. Accessed 29 Nov. 2017. We obtained legal documents,
information on families involved in the case, and the history of the case plus those
involved through this dedicated website. This website is reliable because it includes
authors and sponsors for the site. It also includes links to libraries of people who created
an impact on the case. The information within the website also matches with information
from other sites. We are using the website for background information on people
involved in the case other than the Mendez family. All of the information is helpful in
showing all the families and how they created a change just like the Mendez’s.
“School Desegregation and Civil Rights Stories: Orange County, California.” National Archives,
U.S. National Archives, 15 Aug. 2016,
www.archives.gov/education/lessons/desegregation/orange-county.html. Accessed 21
Nov. 2017. Information regarding the steps that the Mendez family took to give their
children the schooling that they deserve, along with different arguments that the schools
superintendent tried to use to keep the family out of the school are discussed within the
U.S. National Archives. We believe this source is reliable due to the fact it includes
information, such as where to contact the publishers, the date in which the article was
last updated. We are using this database to secure and support how this trial began and
what steps were taken to help win the case.
Strum, Philippa. Mendez V. Westminster School Desegregation and Mexican-American Rights.
UP of Kansas, 2007. Landmark Law Cases and American Society. Within this book, the
events leading up to the case were discussed, along with details about the Mendez family.
We learned about the beginning of immigration from Mexico to the United States, as well
as the working and lifestyle conditions. This book reviews how future events led up to the
court case, problems occurring within the time, and the outcome of the case. This book is
reliable because it was professionally published, and therefore must have been reviewed
and edited many times, making sure all of the information it contains is valuable and
trustworthy. We are using this book as one of our main sources, discussing previous
events, the Mendez family, and details on the court case.
Tijerino, Jose Antonio. “As We Celebrate Brown vs. BOE, Let’s Remember Mendez vs.
Westminster.” www.huffingtonpost.com, HuffPost News, 16 May 2014,
www.huffingtonpost.com/jose-antonio-tijerino/as-we-celebrate-brown-vs-_b_5340165.ht
ml. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017. The Mendez case is very crucial to desegregation in history
and it greatly supported the Brown vs. The Board of Education case. The Huffington Post
discusses background on those who were highly involved in both cases, like Thurgood
Marshall and his family. This source is reliable because it is up to date and gives the
name of the author who wrote the article. As well as siting other reliable source, the
article backs up other information from other websites. We will use this information to
show the after affects that Mendez et al v. Westminster had on families all across the
country, including those who started the fight in California.
“2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient - Sylvia Mendez.” YouTube, uploaded by
Infomisa, Google, 12 Sept. 2012,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZ1r5Mn0ptM&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
As Sylvia tells the story of her civil rights struggle, we learn details about the events
leading up to the case. This video is beneficial to viewing the case from the perspective
of somebody directly impacted. We will use this video to provide insight on how Sylvia
and her family felt while being poorly treated. This video is reliable because it is an
interview conducted by the White House directly, after Sylvia received the Presidential
Medal of Freedom from the president.
Samora, Julian, and Patricia Vandel Simon. "Latino Civil Rights Timeline, 1903 to 2006."
Tolerance.org, Southern Poverty Law Center, 2017,
www.tolerance.org/classroom-resources/tolerance-lessons/latino-civil-rights-timeline-190
3-to-2006. Accessed 13 May 2018. Provided in this website are the events involving
Latino civil rights throughout the United States. This source provides many accounts of
protests and important dates in the fight for equality for Latino citizens. Much of this
information was used to provide evidence in our website of the court case and how it
impacted Latinos within the U.S. short term, specifically, when Latino high school
students walked out in 1968, and more long term when protests developed across the
nation in 2006. The source includes links to other sources and documents to support the
information, and is also used as an educational resource for teachers and students.
“School Desegregation and Civil Rights Stories: Orange County, California.” National Archives,
U.S. National Archives, 15 Aug. 2016,
www.archives.gov/education/lessons/desegregation/orange-county.html. Accessed 21
Nov. 2017. Information regarding the steps that the Mendez family took to give their
children the schooling that they deserve, along with different arguments that the schools
superintendent tried to use to keep the family out of the school are reviewed within the
U.S. National Archives. We believe this source is reliable due to the fact it includes
information, such as where to contact the publishers, the date in which the article was
last updated. We are using this database to secure and support how this trial began and
what steps were taken to help win the case.
Strum, Philippa. Mendez V. Westminster School Desegregation and Mexican-American Rights.
UP of Kansas, 2007. Landmark Law Cases and American Society. Within this book, the
events leading up to the case were discussed, along with details about the Mendez family.
We learned about the beginning of immigration from Mexico to the United States, as well
as the working and lifestyle conditions. This book reviews how future events led up to the
court case, problems occurring within the time, and the outcome of the case. This book is
reliable because it was professionally published, and therefore must have been reviewed
and edited many times, making sure all of the information it contains is valuable and
trustworthy. We are using this book as one of our main sources, discussing previous
events, the Mendez family, and details on the court case.
Tijerino, Jose Antonio. “As We Celebrate Brown vs. BOE, Let’s Remember Mendez vs.
Westminster.” www.huffingtonpost.com, HuffPost News, 16 May 2014,

www.huffingtonpost.com/jose-antonio-tijerino/as-we-celebrate-brown-vs-_b_5340165.ht
ml. Accessed 7 Dec. 2017. The Mendez case is very crucial to desegregation in history
and greatly supported the Brown vs. The Board of Education case. The Huffington Post
provides background on those who were highly involved in both cases, like Thurgood
Marshall and his family. This source is reliable because it is up to date and gives the
name of the author who wrote the article. As well as siting other reliable source, the
article backs up other information from other websites. We will use this information to
show the after affects that Mendez et al v. Westminster had on families all across the
country, including those who started the fight in California.
“2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient - Sylvia Mendez.” YouTube, uploaded by
Infomisa, Google, 12 Sept. 2012,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZ1r5Mn0ptM&feature=youtu.be. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.
As Sylvia tells the story of her civil rights struggle, we learn details about the events
leading up to the case. This video is beneficial to viewing the case from the perspective
of somebody directly impacted. We will use this video to provide insight on how Sylvia
and her family felt while being poorly treated. This video is reliable because it is an
interview conducted by the White House directly, after Sylvia received the Presidential
Medal of Freedom from the president.

Annotated Bibliography For NHD 2018

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2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 12 Jan. 2018.

encouraging others to make a difference in the world.

Commons​, Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,

digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/19/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2014. This

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Affidavit

spreading the story of these heroic families.

“Affidavit of David C. Marcus.” ​Original Court Documents​, pp. 1-3. ​Mendez et al v

Westminster​, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

knowledge of the case. We deemed this website reliable because it is dedicated

Westminster​, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.

“Appeal Bond.” ​Original Court Documents​, pp. 1-4. ​Mendez et al v Westminster​,

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Appeal

their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.

Mendez et al v Westminster​, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed

spreading the story of these heroic families.

Leatherby Librarians, 31 Oct. 2014,

digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/2/. Accessed 31 Jan. 2018. This

Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/7/.

assist the viewers comprehension of the case.

Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,

digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/5/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018. In this

Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,

better and visualize the people involved.

Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,

digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/4/. Accessed 1 Feb. 2018. Arthur

Digital Commons. In addition to having an about is section with information about

Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/3/.

University Digital Commons include an “About Us” section regarding information on

visualizing the people involved.

2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 15 Jan. 2018. In this

giving back, by encouraging others to make a difference in the world.

Billy Guzman​. 2012. ​Mendezetalvwestminster.com​, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2012,

mendezetalvwestminster.com/guzman-family-page/. Accessed 6 Feb. 2018. This image

clearly on the page.

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-2/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The “Friend

“Clerk’s Correspondence.” ​Original Court Documents​, pp. 1-64. ​Mendez et al v Westminster​,

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Clerk’s

Correspondence of 1945-1955 includes a variety of materials, including requests for

spreading the story of these heroic families.

and Records Administration, 2017, catalog.archives.gov/id/294945. Accessed 26 Nov.

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. In the

of these heroic families.

Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/20/. Accessed 1 Feb.

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-2/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. This is the

their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.

along with displayed contact information and opportunities.

University, 2015, www.calstatela.edu/univ/ppa/today/brave-struggle. Accessed 23 Jan.

Westminster​, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

of these heroic families.

Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/6/.

Times​, 9 Oct. 2012,

Oct. 2014, digitalcommons.chapman.edu/mendez_v_westminster/1/. Accessed 1 Feb.

mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018. The Judgment

their goal of simply spreading the story of these heroic families.

www.aauw.org/2012/09/14/mendez-v-westminster/. Accessed 23 Jan. 2018. June

clearly stated goal, and a proudly displayed impact throughout 2017.

Westminster​, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Faculty Association, 23 Apr. 2013,

www.calfac.org/post/reflections-mr-sal-castro-teacher. Accessed 13 May 2018.

involved and visualize or understand the case.

Lorenzo A. Ramirez Library​. 2017. ​Mendezetalvwestminster.com​,

Commons, Leatherby Libraries, 31 Oct. 2014,

“Affidavit of David C. Marcus.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-3. Mendez et al v

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

“Appeal Bond.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-4. Mendez et al v Westminster,

Mendez et al v Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed

Billy Guzman. 2012. Mendezetalvwestminster.com, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2012,

“Clerk’s Correspondence.” Original Court Documents, pp. 1-64. Mendez et al v Westminster,

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-3/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Times, 9 Oct. 2012,

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Lorenzo A. Ramirez Library. 2017. Mendezetalvwestminster.com,

Mar. 1968. bunkhistory.org, CityLab, 14 Mar. 2018,

pp. 1-159. The National Archives Catalog, catalog.archives.gov/id/6277736. Accessed 7

“MENDEZ v. WESTMINSTER SCHOOL DIST. OF ORANGE COUNTY.” MENDEZ v.

Méndez v. Westminster. 1930-1939. Smithsonian National Museum of American History, 2018,

1923 Class “Mexican School.” 1923. Mendezwestminstercase.blogspot.com, blogspot.com, 27

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Documents, pp. 1-2. Mendez et al v Westminster,

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-2/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

Mendez et al v Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-4/. Accessed

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

La Raza Lawyers of California, California La Raza Lawyers Association, 2018,

Presidential Medal of Freedom. 1969. Library of Congress, USA.gov, 26 Feb. 2015,

Ramirez Boys. 2017. Mendezetalvwestminster.com, www.mendezetalvwestminster.com, 2012,

Ramirez Family. A Class Action. 1940’s. Calstate.fullerton.edu, California State University,

Westminster, mendezetalvwestminster.com/court-documents-2/. Accessed 10 Feb. 2018.

“Respondents Objections to Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.” Original Court

Documents, pp. 1-4. Mendez et al v Westminster,

Documents, pp. 1-4. Mendez et al v Westminster,