Sheet (2) Gas Power Cycles

913

2- An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and
temperature at the end of the heat addition process, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, and the
mean effective pressure for the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
u1 = 214.07 kJ/kg P
T1 = 300K 
→
v r1 = 621.2 3

v2 1 1 T = 673.1 K
v r2 = v r1 = v r1 = (621.2) = 77.65 → 2 750 kJ/kg 4
v1 r 8 u 2 = 491.2 kJ/kg 2
1
P2v 2 P1v 1 v T  673.1 K 
= → P2 = 1 2 P1 = (8)
 (95 kPa ) = 1705 kPa v
T2 T1 v 2 T1  300 K 
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
T3 = 1539 K
q 23,in = u 3 − u 2 
→ u 3 = u 2 + q 23,in = 491.2 + 750 = 1241.2 kJ/kg 
→
v r3 = 6.588

P3v 3 P2v 2 T  1539 K 

= → P3 = 3 P2 = 
 (1705 kPa ) = 3898 kPa
T3 T2 T2  673.1 K 
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v1 T = 774.5 K
v r4 = v r = rv r3 = (8)(6.588) = 52.70 → 4
v2 3 u 4 = 571.69 kJ/kg
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
qout = u4 − u1 = 571.69 − 214.07 = 357.62 kJ / kg
wnet,out = q in − q out = 750 − 357.62 = 392.4 kJ/kg
wnet,out 392.4 kJ/kg
(c) η th = = = 52.3%
q in 750 kJ/kg

(d) v1 =
RT1
=
(
0.287kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (300K ) )
= 0.906m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out 392.4 kJ/kg  kPa ⋅ m 3 
MEP = = =   = 495.0 kPa
v1 −v 2 v 1 (1 − 1 / r ) ( )
0.906 m 3 /kg (1 − 1/8)  kJ 


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
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3- An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 9.5. The highest pressure
and temperature in the cycle, the amount of heat transferred, the thermal efficiency, and the mean
effective pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R =
0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
k −1 P
v 
T2 = T1  1  = (308 K )(9.5) 0.4
= 757.9 K 3
v2 
P2v 2 P1v 1 v T  757.9 K  Qin 4
= → P2 = 1 2 P1 = (9.5)
 (100 kPa ) = 2338 kPa 2
Qout
T2 T1 v 2 T1  308 K  1

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion. v

k −1
v 
T3 = T4  4 
 = (800 K )(9.5)0.4 = 1969 K
v3 
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
P3v 3 P2v 2 T  1969 K 
= → P3 = 3 P2 = 
 (2338 kPa ) = 6072 kPa
T3 T2 T2  757.9 K 

m=
P1V1
=
(100 kPa ) 0.0006 m 3 (
= 6.788 ×10 − 4 kg
)
(b)
RT1 (
0.287 kPa ⋅ m /kg ⋅ K (308 K )
3
)
( )
Qin = m(u 3 − u 2 ) = mcv (T3 − T2 ) = 6.788×10 −4 kg (0.718 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1969 − 757.9)K = 0.590 kJ
(c) Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
( )
Qout = m(u 4 − u1 ) = mcv (T4 − T1 ) = − 6.788×10 −4 kg (0.718 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(800 − 308)K = 0.240 kJ
Wnet = Qin − Qout = 0.590 − 0.240 = 0.350 kJ
Wnet,out 0.350 kJ
η th = = = 59.4%
Qin 0.590 kJ
V max
(d) V min = V 2 =
r
W net,out W net,out  kPa ⋅ m 3
0.350 kJ 
MEP = = =   = 652 kPa
V 1 −V 2 V1 (1−1/ r) ( )
0.0006 m 3 (1− 1/9.5)  kJ 

4- An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The amount of heat
transferred to the air during the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the thermal efficiency of
a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17E.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. P
u1 = 92.04Btu/lbm 2400 R
T1 = 540R  → 3
v r1 = 144.32
v2 1 1 qin
v r2 = v r = v r = (144.32 ) = 18.04 → u 2 = 211.28 Btu/lbm qout
4
v1 2 r 2 8 2
1540
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
u 3 = 452.70 Btu/lbm v
T3 = 2400R 
→
v r3 = 2.419
q in = u 3 − u 2 = 452.70 − 211.28 = 241.42 Btu/lbm
(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v4
v r4 = v r = rv r3 = (8)(2.419) = 19.35 → u 4 = 205.54 Btu/lbm
v3 3
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out = u 4 − u1 = 205.54 − 92.04 = 113.50 Btu/lbm
q 113.50 Btu/lbm
η th = 1− out = 1− = 53.0%
q in 241.42 Btu/lbm
TL 540 R
(c) η th,C = 1 − = 1− = 77.5%
TH 2400 R
5- A gasoline engine operates on an Otto cycle. The compression and expansion processes are modeled
as polytropic. The temperature at the end of expansion process, the net work output, the thermal
efficiency, the mean effective pressure, the engine speed for a given net power, and the specific fuel
consumption are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at 850 K are cp = 1.110 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.823 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K,
and k = 1.349 (Table A-2b).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: polytropic compression
n−1
v  3
T2 = T1  1  = (333 K )(10 )1.3-1 = 664.4 K
v 2 
v 
n Qin
P2 = P1  1  = (100 kPa )(10 )1.3 = 1995 kPa
v 2 
Process 2-3: constant volume heat addition
4
P  2
 8000 kPa 
T3 = T2  3  = (664.4 K )  = 2664 K Qout
 P2   1995 kPa  1
q in = u 3 − u 2 = cv (T3 − T2 )
= (0.823 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(2664 − 664.4 )K = 1646 kJ/kg
Process 3-4: polytropic expansion.
n−1 1.3-1
v  1
T4 = T3  3  = (2664 K )  = 1335 K
v4   10 
n 1.3
v  1
P4 = P3  2  = (8000 kPa )  = 400.9 kPa
 v1   10 
Process 4-1: constant voume heat rejection.
q out = u 4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 ) = (0.823 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1335 − 333)K = 824.8 kJ/kg
(b) The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
wnet,out = q in − q out = 1646 − 824.8 = 820.9 kJ/kg

wnet,out 820.9 kJ/kg

η th = = = 0.499
q in 1646 kJ/kg
(c) The mean effective pressure is determined as follows

v1 =
RT1
=
(
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (333 K ) )
= 0.9557 m 3 /kg = v max
P1 100 kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out  kPa ⋅ m 3 
820.9 kJ/kg
MEP = = =   = 954.3 kPa
(
v 1 − v 2 v 1 (1 − 1 / r) 0.9557 m 3 /kg (1−1/10 )  kJ  )
(d) The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the beginning of compression process (state
1) are

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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 Vc +V d V + 0.0022 m 3
r= →10 = c
 →V c = 0.0002444 m 3

Vc Vc

V1 = V c + V d = 0.0002444 + 0.0022 = 0.002444 m 3

The total mass contained in the cylinder is

P1V1 (100 kPa)/0.002444 m 3 )

mt = = = 0.002558 kg
RT1 ( )
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (333 K )

The engine speed for a net power output of 70 kW is

W& net 70 kJ/s  60 s 
n& = 2 = (2 rev/cycle)   = 4001 rev/min
mt wnet (0.002558 kg)(820.9 kJ/kg ⋅ cycle)  1 min 

Note that there are two revolutions in one cycle in four-stroke engines.
(e) The mass of fuel burned during one cycle is

m a mt − m f (0.002558 kg) − m f
AF = = 
→16 = 
→ m f = 0.0001505 kg
mf mf mf

Finally, the specific fuel consumption is

mf 0.0001505 kg  1000 g  3600 kJ 
sfc = =    = 258.0 g/kWh
mt wnet (0.002558 kg)(820.9 kJ/kg)  1 kg  1 kWh 
6- An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2 is considered. The
temperature after the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective pressure are to
be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K. P
2
qin
The properties of air are given in Table A-17. 3

Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.

4
u1 = 214.07kJ/kg qout
T1 = 300K 
→
v r1 = 621.2 1

v2 1 1 T = 862.4 K v
v r2 = v r = v r = (621.2 ) = 38.825 → 2
v 1 1 r 1 16 h2 = 890.9 kJ/kg
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
P3v 3 P2v 2 v h3 = 1910.6 kJ/kg
= → T3 = 3 T2 = 2T2 = (2 )(862.4 K ) = 1724.8 K 
 →
T3 T2 v2 v r3 = 4.546

(b) q in = h3 − h2 = 1910.6 − 890.9 = 1019.7kJ/kg

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v4 v r 16
v r4 = v r3 = 4 v r3 = v r3 = (4.546 ) = 36.37 → u 4 = 659.7kJ/kg
v3 2v 2 2 2
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out = u 4 − u1 = 659.7 − 214.07 = 445.63 kJ/kg
q out 445.63 kJ/kg
η th = 1− = 1− = 56.3%
q in 1019.7 kJ/kg
(c) w net,out = q in − q out = 1019.7 − 445.63 = 574.07 kJ/kg

v1 =
RT1
=
(
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (300 K ) )
= 0.906 m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95 kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
w net,out wnet,out 574.07 kJ/kg  kPa ⋅ m 3 
MEP = = =   = 675.9 kPa
v1 −v 2 v 1 (1−1 / r ) ( )
0.906 m 3 /kg (1−1/16 )  kJ 

7- An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 18.2 is considered. The cutoff ratio, the
heat rejection per unit mass, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17E.
P
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. 2
qin
3 3000 R
u1 = 92.04 Btu/lbm
T1 = 540 R 
→
v r1 = 144.32 4
qout
v 1 1 T = 1623.6 R 1
v r2 = 2 v r1 = v r1 = (144.32) = 7.93 → 2
v1 r 18.2 h2 = 402.05 Btu/lbm v
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
P3v 3 P2v 2 v T 3000 R
= → 3 = 3 =
 = 1.848
T3 T2 v 2 T2 1623.6 R
h3 = 790.68 Btu/lbm
(b) T3 = 3000 R 
→
v r3 = 1.180
q in = h3 − h2 = 790.68 − 402.05 = 388.63 Btu/lbm
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v4 v4 r 18.2
v r4 = v r3 = vr = vr = (1.180) = 11.621 → u 4 = 250.91 Btu/lbm
v3 1.848v 2 3 1.848 3 1.848
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out = u 4 − u1 = 250.91− 92.04 = 158.87 Btu/lbm
q out 158.87 Btu/lbm
(c) η th = 1− = 1− = 59.1%
q in 388.63 Btu/lbm
8- An ideal diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 20. The thermal
efficiency and the mean effective pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R =
0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
P
k −1 2
qin
3
V 
T2 = T1  1  = (293 K )(20 ) 0.4
= 971.1 K
V 2 
4
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition. qout
1
P3V 3 P2V 2 V T 2200K
= → 3 = 3 =
 = 2.265
T3 T2 V 2 T2 971.1K v
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
k −1 k −1 k −1 0.4
V   2.265V 2   2.265   2.265 
T4 = T3  3  = T3   = T3   = (2200 K )  = 920.6 K
V 4   V4   r   20 
q in = h3 − h2 = c p (T3 − T2 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(2200 − 971.1)K = 1235 kJ/kg
q out = u 4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 ) = (0.718 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(920.6 − 293)K = 450.6 kJ/kg
wnet,out = q in − q out = 1235 − 450.6 = 784.4 kJ/kg
wnet,out 784.4 kJ/kg
η th = = = 63.5%
q in 1235 kJ/kg

(b) v1 =
RT1
=
(
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (293 K ) )
= 0.885 m 3 /kg = v max
P1 95 kPa
v max
v min = v 2 =
r
wnet,out wnet,out 784.4 kJ/kg  kPa ⋅ m 3 
MEP = = =   = 933 kPa
v1 −v 2 v 1 (1−1/ r ) ( )
0.885 m 3 /kg (1−1/20 )  kJ 

9- A six-cylinder compression ignition engine operates on the ideal Diesel cycle. The maximum
temperature in the cycle, the cutoff ratio, the net work output per cycle, the thermal efficiency, the mean
effective pressure, the net power output, and the specific fuel consumption are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at 850 K are cp = 1.110 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.823 kJ/kg·K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K,
and k = 1.349 (Table A-2b).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
k −1
v 
T2 = T1  1  = (328 K )(17 )1.349-1 = 881.7 K Qin
v 2 
k 2 3
v 
P2 = P1  1  = (95 kPa )(17 )1.349 = 4341 kPa
v 2 
The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the
beginning of compression process (state 1) are
V c +V d V + 0.0045 m 3 4
r= →17 = c

Vc Vc Qout
V c = 0.0002813 m 3 1

V1 = V c +V d = 0.0002813 + 0.0045 = 0.004781 m 3

The total mass contained in the cylinder is
P1V1 (95 kPa)(0.004781 m 3 )
m= = = 0.004825 kg
RT1 (
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (328 K ))
The mass of fuel burned during one cycle is
ma m − m f (0.004825 kg) − m f
AF = = 
→ 24 = 
→ m f = 0.000193 kg
mf mf mf
Process 2-3: constant pressure heat addition
Qin = m f q HVη c = (0.000193 kg)(42,500 kJ/kg)(0.98) = 8.039 kJ

Qin = mcv (T3 − T2 ) 

→ 8.039 kJ = (0.004825 kg)(0.823 kJ/kg.K)(T3 − 881.7)K 
→T3 = 2383 K
The cutoff ratio is
T3 2383 K
β= = = 2.7
T2 881.7 K

V1 0.004781 m 3
(b) V2 = = = 0.0002813 m 3
r 17
V 3 = βV 2 = (2.70)(0.0002813 m 3 ) = 0.00076 m 3
V 4 = V1
P3 = P2

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
k −1 1.349-1
V   0.00076 m 3 
T4 = T3  3  = (2383 K )  = 1254 K
 0.004781 m 3 
V 4   
k 1.349
V   0.00076 m 3 
P4 = P3  3  = (4341 kPa )  = 363.2 kPa
 0.004781 m 3 
V 4   
Process 4-1: constant voume heat rejection.
Qout = mcv (T4 − T1 ) = (0.004825 kg)(0.823 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1254 − 328)K = 3.677 kJ
The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
Wnet,out = Qin − Qout = 8.039 − 3.677 = 4.361 kJ
W net,out 4.361 kJ
η th = = = 0.543
Qin 8.039 kJ
(c) The mean effective pressure is determined to be
W net,out 4.361 kJ  kPa ⋅ m 3 
MEP = =   = 969.2 kPa
V 1 −V 2 (0.004781− 0.0002813)m 3  kJ 

(d) The power for engine speed of 2000 rpm is
n& 2000 (rev/min)  1 min 
W& net = Wnet = (4.361 kJ/cycle)   = 72.7 kW
2 (2 rev/cycle)  60 s 
Note that there are two revolutions in one cycle in four-stroke engines.
(e) Finally, the specific fuel consumption is
mf 0.000193 kg  1000 g  3600 kJ 
sfc = =    = 159.3 g/kWh
Wnet 4.361 kJ/kg  1 kg  1 kWh 

EXAMPLE 9.3 Analyzing the Dual Cycle

10- At the beginning of the compression process of an air-standard dual cycle with a compression ratio of 18, the
temperature is 300 K and the pressure is 0.1 MPa. The pressure ratio for the constant volume part of the heating process is
1.5:1. The vol-ume ratio for the constant pressure part of the heating process is 1.2:1. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency
and (b) the mean effective pressure, in MPa.

SOLUTION

Known: An air-standard dual cycle is executed in a piston–cylinder assembly. Conditions are known at the beginning of the
compression process, and necessary volume and pressure ratios are specified.
Find: Determine the thermal efficiency and the mep, in MPa.
 9.4 Air-Standard Dual Cycle 387

Schematic and Given Data:

p 3 4
p V
––3 = 1.5, ––4 = 1.2
p2 V3 T 4
p=c
2
c 3 5
v=
2
s=

c
v=
s=

c
c

V
––1 = 18
V2
5 T1 = 300 K
1
p1 = 0.1 MPa
1
v s
 Figure E9.3

Assumptions:

1. The air in the piston–cylinder assembly is the closed system.

2. The compression and expansion processes are adiabatic.
3. All processes are internally reversible.
4. The air is modeled as an ideal gas.
5. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.

Analysis: The analysis begins by determining properties at each principal state of the cycle. States 1 and 2 are the same as
in Example 9.2, so u1  214.07 kJ/kg, T2  898.3 K, u2  673.2 kJ/kg. Since Process 2–3 occurs at constant volume, the
ideal gas equation of state reduces to give

T  11.521898.32  1347.5 K
p3
T3 
p2 2
Interpolating in Table A-22, we get h3  1452.6 kJ/kg and u3  1065.8 kJ/kg.
Since Process 3–4 occurs at constant pressure, the ideal gas equation of state reduces to give

T  11.2211347.52  1617 K
V4
T4 
V3 3

From Table A-22, h4  1778.3 kJ/kg and vr4  5.609.

Process 4–5 is an isentropic expansion, so
V5
vr5  vr4
V4
The volume ratio V5V4 required by this equation can be expressed as
V5 V5 V3

V4 V3 V4
With V5  V1, V2  V3, and given volume ratios

 18 a b  15
V5 V1 V3 1

V4 V2 V4 1.2
Inserting this in the above expression for vr5
vr5  15.60921152  84.135
Interpolating in Table A-22, we get u5  475.96 kJ/kg.
388 Chapter 9 Gas Power Systems

(a) The thermal efficiency is

Q51m 1u5  u1 2
h1 1
1Q23 m
Q34 m2 1u3  u2 2
1h4  h3 2
1475.96  214.072
1
11065.8  673.22
11778.3  1452.62
 0.635 163.5% 2
(b) The mean effective pressure is
Wcycle m Wcycle m
mep  
v1  v2 v1 11  1r2
The net work of the cycle equals the net heat added, so
1u3  u2 2
1h4  h3 2  1u5  u1 2
mep 
v1 11  1r2
The specific volume at state 1 is evaluated in Example 9.2 as v1  0.861 m3/kg. Inserting values into the above expres-
sion for mep
kJ 103 N # m
3 11065.8  673.22
11778.3  1452.62  1475.96  214.072 4 a b` ` ` 6 `
1 MPa
kg 1 kJ 10 N/m2
mep   0.56 MPa
0.86111  1182 m3/kg
 Sheet (3) Brayton Cycle

1- A gas turbine power plant that operates on the simple Brayton cycle with air as the working fluid has
a specified pressure ratio. The required mass flow rate of air is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are
cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2). T

Analysis (a) Using the isentropic relations, 1000 K 3

(k −1) / k
P 
T2 s = T1  2  = (300 K )(12 )0.4/1.4 = 610.2 K 2s
2
 P1 
4
(k −1) / k 0.4/1.4 300 K 1
4s
P  1
T4 s = T3  4 
 = (1000 K )  = 491.7 K s
 P3   12 
ws,C,in = h2 s − h1 = c p (T2 s − T1 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(610.2 − 300)K = 311.75 kJ/kg
ws,T,out = h3 − h4 s = c p (T3 − T4 s ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1000 − 491.7 )K = 510.84 kJ/kg
ws,net,out = ws,T,out − ws,C,in = 510.84 − 311.75 = 199.1 kJ/kg

W& net,out 70,000 kJ/s

m& s = = = 352 kg/s
ws,net,out 199.1 kJ/kg
(b) The net work output is determined to be
wa,net,out = wa,T,out − wa,C,in = η T ws,T,out − ws,C,in / η C
= (0.85)(510.84 ) − 311.75 0.85 = 67.5 kJ/kg
W& net,out 70,000 kJ/s
m& a = = = 1037 kg/s
wa,net,out 67.5 kJ/kg
2- An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases
of with and without a regenerator.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) The work inputs to each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each
stage of the turbine since this is an ideal cycle. Then,
h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg
T1 = 300 K 
→
Pr1 = 1.386 T

P2 5 7
Pr 2 = Pr = (3)(1.386) = 4.158 
→ h2 = h4 = 411.26 kJ/kg 1200 K qin
P1 1 9 6 8
h5 = h7 = 1277.79 kJ/kg
T5 = 1200 K 
→
Pr5 = 238 4 2 10
P6 1
Pr6 = Pr5 =  (238) = 79.33  → h6 = h8 = 946.36 kJ/kg 300 K 3 1
P5  3 s
wC,in = 2(h2 − h1 ) = 2(411.26 − 300.19 ) = 222.14 kJ/kg
wT,out = 2(h5 − h6 ) = 2(1277.79 − 946.36) = 662.86 kJ/kg

wC,in 222.14 kJ/kg

Thus, rbw = = = 33.5%
wT,out 662.86 kJ/kg

q in = (h5 − h4 ) + (h7 − h6 ) = (1277.79 − 411.26 ) + (1277.79 − 946.36 ) = 1197.96 kJ/kg

wnet = wT,out − wC,in = 662.86 − 222.14 = 440.72 kJ/kg
wnet 440.72 kJ/kg
η th = = = 36.8%
q in 1197.96 kJ/kg
(b) When a regenerator is used, rbw remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes
q regen = ε (h8 − h4 ) = (0.75)(946.36 − 411.26 ) = 401.33 kJ/kg
q in = q in,old − q regen = 1197.96 − 401.33 = 796.63 kJ/kg
wnet 440.72 kJ/kg
η th = = = 55.3%
q in 796.63 kJ/kg
EXAMPLE 9.11 Regenerative Gas Turbine with Intercooling and Reheat

3- A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operates at steady state. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa, 300
K with a mass flow rate of 5.807 kg/s. The pressure ratio across the two-stage compressor is 10. The pressure ratio across
the two-stage turbine is also 10. The intercooler and reheater each operate at 300 kPa. At the inlets to the turbine stages, the
tem-perature is 1400 K. The temperature at the inlet to the second compressor stage is 300 K. The isentropic efficiency of
each compressor and turbine stage is 80%. The regenerator effectiveness is 80%. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the
back work ratio, (c) the net power developed, in kW.

SOLUTION

Known: An air-standard regenerative gas turbine with intercooling and reheat operates at steady state. Operating pressures
and temperatures are specified. Turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are given and the regenerator effectiveness is
known.

Find: Determine the thermal efficiency, back work ratio, and net power developed, in kW.

Schematic and Given Data:

10 Regenerator

· ·
Qin, 1 Qin, 2

Reheat
Combustor combustor
5

4 6 7 8 9

p4 = p5 = p6 =
1000 kPa
Compressor Compressor Turbine Turbine
1 2 1 2 ·
Wcycle

T6 = T8 = 1400 K p7 = p8 = 300 kPa

1 2 3
Intercooler

6 8
T1 = 300 K T
p1 = 100 kPa
m· = 5.807 kg/s p2 = p3 = 300 kPa 7
· 7s 9
Qout 5 9s

4s 4 10
2s 2

3 1
s

 Figure E9.11
 9.8 Regenerative Gas Turbines with Reheat and Intercooling 413

Assumptions:

1. Each component is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control volumes are shown on the accompanying
sketch by dashed lines.
2. There are no pressure drops for flow through the heat exchangers.
3. The compressor and turbine are adiabatic.
4. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible.
5. The working fluid is air modeled as an ideal gas.

Analysis: We begin by listing the specific enthalpies at the principal states of this cycle. The enthalpies at states 1, 2s, 3,
and 4s are obtained from the solution to Example 9.9 where these states are designated as 1, c, d, and 2, respectively. Thus,
h1  h3  300.19 kJ/kg, h2s  411.3 kJ/kg, h4s  423.8 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpies at states 6, 7s, 8, and 9s are obtained from the solution to Example 9.8, where these states are des-
ignated as 3, a, b, and 4, respectively. Thus, h6  h8  1515.4 kJ/kg, h7s  1095.9 kJ/kg, h9s  1127.6 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy at state 4 can be determined using the isentropic efficiency of the second compressor stage
h4s  h3
hc 
h4  h3
Solving for h4
h4s  h3 423.8  300.19
h4  h3
 300.19
a b
hc 0.8
 454.7 kJ/kg
Similarly, the specific enthalpy at state 2 is h2  439.1 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy at state 9 can be determined using the isentropic efficiency of the second turbine stage
h8  h9
ht 
h8  h9s
Solving for h9
h9  h8  ht 1h8  h9s 2  1515.4  0.811515.4  1127.62
 1205.2 kJ/kg
Similarly, the specific enthalpy at state 7 is h7  1179.8 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy at state 5 can be determined using the regenerator effectiveness
h5  h4
hreg 
h9  h4
Solving for h5
h5  h4
hreg 1h9  h4 2  454.7
0.811205.2  454.72
 1055.1 kJ/kg
(a) The thermal efficiency must take into account the work of both turbine stages, the work of both compressor stages, and
the total heat added. The total turbine work per unit of mass flow is
#
#  1h6  h7 2
1h8  h9 2
Wt
m
 11515.4  1179.82
11515.4  1205.22  645.8 kJ/kg

The total compressor work input per unit of mass flow is

#
#  1h2  h1 2
1h4  h3 2
Wc
m
 1439.1  300.192
1454.7  300.192  293.4 kJ/kg
414 Chapter 9 Gas Power Systems

The total heat added per unit of mass flow is

#
#  1h6  h5 2
1h8  h7 2
Qin
m
 11515.4  1055.12
11515.4  1179.82  795.9 kJ/kg
Calculating the thermal efficiency
645.8  293.4
h  0.443 144.3%2
795.9
(b) The back work ratio is
# #
Wc  m
 0.454 145.4%2
293.4
bwr  # # 
Wt  m 645.8
(c) The net power developed is
Wcycle  m 1Wt m  Wc m2
# # # # # #

 a5.807 b 1645.8  293.42 ` `  2046 kW

kg kJ 1 kJ/s
❶ s kg 1 kW

❶ Comparing the thermal efficiency, back work ratio, and net power values of the current example with the corresponding
values of Example 9.6, it should be evident that gas turbine power plant performance can be increased significantly by
coupling reheat and intercooling with regeneration.