Robot

Exercise I.1
A moist sample of soil in a bottle had a mass of 25.25g. And the bottle, when empty, had a
mass 14.39g. After dry in an oven for 24 hours, the bottle and soil sample had a mass of 21.63 g.
find the water content of the soil.

Solution
Let T mass of a bottle
m total mass of soil
ms mass of soil particles
We have: m + T = 25.25 g , T = 14.39 g
ms + T = 21.63 g
m = 25.25 g – T = 25.25 – 14.39 = 10.86 g
⇒ ms = 21.63 g – T = 21.63 – 14.39 = 7.24 g
mw = 10.86 – 7.24 = 3.62 g

3.62
⇒ w= = 0.5 = 50 % S0 w = 50 %
7.24

Exercise I.2
A dry soil sample has the void ratio e = 0.65 and unit weight of the solid
particles γ s = 26 kN / m3 . Determine its total unit weight.

Solution

Determine the total unit weight ( γ )

γ d = γ (Saturated soil) , e = 0.65 , γ s = 26 kN / m3
γ 26
⇒ γ = γd = s = = 15.75 kN / m3
1+ e 1 + 0.65
S0 γ = 15.75 kN / m3

Exercise I.3
The undisturbed soil sample was taken from a soft clay layer, which was under ground water
level. Some measurements were done on a part of this sample in laboratory as indicated in the
following table:

Total Weight Total Volume Weight after dry at 105 oC

0.47 N 3.13 x 10-5 m3 0.258 N
a. Determine the unit weight γ and the water content w.
b. Determine the void ratio e.
c. To verify the degree of saturation, we measure the unit weight of solid particle,
γs = 27 kN/m3 , calculate the degree of saturation Sr.

Solution
a. Determine the unit weight γ and the water content w.
P
By the formula: (I.1) ⇒ γ = , ( P = 0.47 N = 0.47 × 10−3 kN , V = 3.13 × 10−5 m3 )
V
0.47 × 10−3
⇒ γ= −5
= 15 kN / m3
3.13 ×10

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Pw P − Ps
By the formula: (I.6) ⇒ w= × 100% = ×100% , ( Ps = 0.258 N )
Ps Ps
0.47 − 0.258
⇒ w= ×100% = 82.17 %
0.258

b. Determine the void ratio e.

Supposed that the soil is saturated: γ = γ sat
1 1
By the formula: (I.15) ⇒ γd = = = 8.24 kN / m3
1 + w 1 + 0.8217
γ − γ 15 − 8.24
By the formula: (I.20) ⇒ γ sat = γ d + n × γ w ⇒ n = sat d = = 0.677
γw 10
e n 0.677
By the formula: (I.11) ⇒ n= ⇒ e= = = 2.1
1+ e 1 − n 1 − 0.677
c. To verify the degree of saturation, we measure the unit weight of solid particle,
γs = 27 kN/m3 , calculate the degree of saturation Sr.

γs γs 27
By the formula: (I.14) ⇒ γd = ⇒ e= −1 = − 1 = 2.27
1+ e γd 8.24
w × γ s 0.8217 × 27
By the formula: (I.18) ⇒ Sr = = = 0.97 = 97%
γ w × e 10 × 2.27

Exercise I.4
The water content of a saturated soil w and the unit weight of solid particles γs have known,
determine:
a. its dry unit weight (γd)
b. its void ratio (e).

Solution
a. Determine its dry unit weight (γd)
We have known w & γs and a soil is saturated soil so we get: Va = 0 & Sr = 1
V
⇒ AV = a = 0
V
γ × γ × (1 − AV ) γ w × γ s × (1 − 0 )
By the formula: (I.18) ⇒ γd = w s =
γ w + (w×γ s ) γ w + (w×γ s )
γ w ×γ s
So: γd =
γ w + (w×γ s )

b. Determine its void ratio (e).

w×γ s w×γ s
Soil is saturated so Sr = 1 ⇒ Sr = ⇒ e=
γw ×e γw

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Exercise I.5
A pycnometer having a mass of 620g was used to determine the specific gravity of an oven-
dried sample of soil. If the combined mass of the soil sample and the pycnometer was 1600g and
the mass of the pycnometer with the sample and filled up with water was 2112g, determine the
specific gravity of the soil particles. The mass of the pycnometer when filled with water only was
1495g.
Solution

Determine the specific gravity (Gs)

We have: T = 620 g
mp = T + mw = 1495 g
m’p = T + ms + mw = 2112 g
T + ms = 1600 g ⇒ ms = 1600 – 620 = 980 g
By the formula (I.22):
ms 980
⇒ GS = = = 2.70
m p + ms + m ' p 1495 + 980 − 2112

So The specific gravity is 2.70

Exercise I.6
A saturated sample of soil was found t have a water content of 27% and a bulk density of
1.97 t/m3. Determine the dry density and the void ratio of the soil, and the specific gravity of the
particles.

Solution

Determine the dry density, void ratio and the specific gravity
- Dry density:
We have: w = 27 % , ρ = 1.97 t / m3
ρ 1.97
Based on the equation (I.15): ρd = = = 1.55 t / m3
1 + w 1 + 0.27
- Void Ratio:
Since the soil is saturated: ρ = ρ sat
ρ −ρ 1.97 − 1.55
Based on the equation (I.20): ρ sat = ρ d + n × ρ w ⇒ n = sat d = = 0.42
ρw 1
n 0.42
Based on the equation (I.11): e= = = 0.724
1 − n 1 − 0.42
- The specific gravity:

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Exercise IV.1

The following data were obtained from a test on a sample of sand using a constant head
permeameter, which has 100mm diameter with manometer tapping points 200mm a part.

Water collected
145 135 163 154
In min (ml)
Loss of head
between 83 77 89 86
manometer (mm)

Calculate the coefficient of permeability (k) of the sample.

Solution
3.14 × ( 0.1)
2
Q× L πd2
By the formula: k= , A= = = 0.00785 m 2
A × ∆h 4 4

145 × 10−6 × 0.2

⇒ k1 = = 44509.25 × 10−6 m / min
0.00785 × 0.083

135 × 10−6 × 0.2

k2 = = 44668.70 × 10−6 m / min
0.00785 × 0.077

163 × 10−6 × 0.2

k3 = = 46661.42 × 10−6 m / min
0.00785 × 0.089

154 × 10−6 × 0.2

k4 = = 45622.87 × 10−6 m / min
0.00785 × 0.089

k1 + k2 + k3 + k4 ( 44509.25 + 44668.70 + 46661.42 + 45622.87 )10

6

k= = = 45365.56 ×10 −6 m / min

4 4

= 7.56 × 10−4 m / s

So k = 7.56 × 10−4 m / s

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Exercise IV.2

In a constant head permeameter test the following results were obtained:

- Duration of test is 4 min
- Quantity of water collected is 300 ml
- Head difference in manometer is 50 mm
- Distance between manometer tapping is 100 mm
- Diameter of test sample is 100 mm.
Determine the coefficient of permeability in m/s.

Solution

300 ml
Rate of flow : Q= = 75 ml / min = 1.25 ×10 −6 m3 / s = 1.25 ×10 −6 m3 / s
4 min

∆h = 50 mm = 0.05 m , L =100 mm = 0.1 m

π d 2 3.14 × ( 0.1)
2

A= = = 0.00785 m 2
4 4
1.25 × 10−6 × 0.1
⇒ k= = 3.18 × 10−4 m / s
0.00785 × 0.05

So k = 3.18 ×10 −4 m / s

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Exercise IV.3

A falling head permeameter has a diameter of 75mm and the length of the soil sample is
mm. The diameter of the standpipe is mm. During the test, the head decrease from 1300mm to
800mm in 135s. Calculate the coefficient of permeability of the soil in m/s.

Solution

We have: D = 75mm , L = 150mm

d = 15mm , h1 = 1300mm
t = 135s , h2 = 800mm
k=?
πd2
×L
a× L h  h 
by the formula: k= × ln  1  = 4 2 × ln  1 
A×t  h2  π D × t  h2 
4
(15 ) ×150 × ln  1300  = 2.15 ×10−2 mm / s = 2.15 ×10−5 m / s
2

=  
( 75) ×135  800 
2

So k = 2.15 × 10−5 m / s

Exercise IV.4

An undisturbed soil sample was test in a falling head permeameter results were:
- Initial head in a standpipe is 1500mm
- Final head of water in standpipe is 605mm
- Duration of test is 281s
- Sample diameter is 100mm
- Standpipe diameter is 5mm.
- Determine the permeability of the soil in m/s.

Solution

We have: h1 = 1500mm , h2 = 605mm , L = 150mm

t = 281s , D = 100mm , d = 5mm
πd2
×L
a× L  h1  4 h 
k= × ln   = × ln  1 
A×t  h2  π D × t
2
 h2 
4
5 ×150
2
 1500  −3 −6
⇒ k= × ln   = 1.2 × 10 mm / s = 1.2 × 10 m / s
(100 ) × 281 
2
605 

S0 k =1.2 × 10−6 m / s

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Exercise IV.5

The result of constant-head permeability test for a fine sand sample having a diameter of
150mm and a length of 300mm are as follow:
- Constant head difference is 500mm
- Time of collection water is 5min
- Volume of water collected is 350cm3
- Temperature of water during test is 24oC
- Determine the permeability of the soil in m/s at 20oC.

Solution
3.14 × (150 )
2

We have: D = 150mm ⇒ A= = 17662.5 mm 2

4
L = 300mm , H = 500mm

t = 5min = 300s , V = 350cm3 = 3.5 x 105 mm3

3.5 × 105
⇒ Q= = 11.67 ×102 mm3 / s
300

11.67 × 10 2 × 300
⇒ k24o C = = 3.96 × 10−2 mm / s = 3.96 × 10−5 m / s
17662.5 × 500

η24 C
k20o C = k24o C ×
o

η20 C
o

η25 C = 0.8909
o
⇒ 5o C = 0.111 , 4o C = x
η20 C =1.0019
o

4 × 0.111
⇒ x= = 0.0888 ⇒ η24o C = η20o C − 4o C = 1.0019 − 0.0888 = 0.9131
5
0.9131
⇒ k = 3.96 ×10 −5 = 3.61×10 −5 m / s
1.0019

S0 k = 3.61× 10−5 m / s

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Exercise V.1

Draw the mohr’s circle and determine the normal and shear stresses, σα and τα , on the plane
of inclination α = 35ο . ( below figure)
σ1 = 52 kPa

σ3 = 12 kPa

35ο Horizontal Plane

σ1 − σ 3
52 − 12
R= = = 20 kPa = 2 units
2 2
σ + σ 3 52 + 12
C= 1 = = 32 kPa = 3.2 units
2 2

σ 35 = 3.7 units = 38.8 kPa

o
S0
τ 35 =1.8 units =18.8 kPa
o

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Exercise V.2

Draw the mohr’s circle and determine the normal and shear stresses, σα and τα , on the plane
of inclination α = 60ο . ( below figure)
σ1 = 100 kPa

σ3 = 30 kPa

60ο Horizontal Plane

1.52

2.37

σ 1 − σ 3 100 − 30
R= = = 35 kPa = 1.75units
2 2
σ + σ 3 100 + 30
C= 1 = = 65 kPa = 3.25 units
2 2

σ 60 = 2.37 units = 47.4 kPa

o
S0
τ 60 =1.52 units = 30.4 kPa
o

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Exercise V.3

σ1 = 52 kPa

35ο
σ3 = 12 kPa

20ο

σ1 − σ 3 52 − 12
R= = = 20 kPa = 2 units
2 2

σ1 + σ 3 52 + 12
C= = = 32 kPa = 3.2 units
2 2

σ 35 = 3.88 units = 38.8 kPa

o
S0
τ 35 =1.88 units =18.8 kPa
o

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Exercise V.4

Based on the data of the figure, find the values and the direction of major and minor
principle stresses.

8 kPa y
2 kPa
4 kPa
x -2 kPa

2 kPa

4 kPa
-2 kPa 45?
8 kPa x

Solution

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Exercise V.5

There is a soil mass; the water level varies during the year from +2.5m to -2.5m (we
considered and the variation of water level is linear). The unit weight of soil is γ = 16 kN / m3 , draw
the curve representing the variations of the effective stress σ’ during the whole year (σ’ = f(t) ) at a
depth of 10m.

+2.5 +2.5
0 0
-2.5 -2.5

σ’ 10 σ’ 10

-10 -10

Solution

Depth at +2.5m Depth at 0m Depth at -2.5m

(16x2.5)+(16-10)x7.5
σ ’ (kPa) (16-10)x10 = 60 (16-10)x10 = 60
= 85

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Exercise V.6

Draw the evolution of total and effective stresses (σ and σ ’) according to the depth z.

0
2 Fine Sand
γ = 22 kN/m3
5
Silt
γ = 20 kN/m3

12
γw = 10 kN/m3
Z (m)

Solution

Depth 2m Depth 5m Depth 12m

σ (kPa) 22x2 = 44 (22x2)+(22x3) = 110 (22x2)+(22x3)+(20x7) = 250
(22x2)+(22-10)3+(20-10)7 =
σ’ (kPa) 22x2 = 44 (22x2)+(22-10)3 = 80
150

Evolution Diagram of Total & Effective Stress

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Exercise V.7
A Layer of sand 6m deep overlies a thick bed of clay. Draw diagram indicating the total
and effective stresses and pore water pressure on horizontal planes to a depth of 10m below the
ground surface:
- If the water table is at ground level
- If the water table is at 1m below ground level and the sand above remains saturated with
capillary moisture.
- If the water table is at the top of the clay and the sand above dry.
- Saturated unit weight of sand 20.9 kN/m3
- Dry unit weight of sand 17.4 kN/m3
- Unit weight of clay 17.8 kN/m3
- g = 9.81 m/s2
Solution

- If the water table is at ground level

0
Sand
6
Clay
10

Depth 0m Depth 6m Depth 10m

u (kPa) 0 (9.81x6) = 58.86 (9.81x10) = 98.10
(20.9x6)+(17.8x4) =
σ (kPa) 0 (20.9x6) = 125.40
196.60
(20.9-9.81)x6 +
σ’ (kPa) 0 (20.9-9.81)x6 = 66.54
(17.8-9.81)x4 = 98.50

Diagram of Total & Effective Stresses

And Pore Water Stresses

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- If the water table is at 1m below ground level and the sand above remains
saturated capillary moisture

0
1 Sand
6
Clay
10

Depth 1m Depth 6m Depth 10m

u (kPa) 0 (9.81x5) = 49.05 (9.81x9) = 88.29
(20.9x1)+(20.9x5)+(17.8x4)
σ (kPa) (20.9x1) = 20.90 (20.9x1)+(20.9x5) = 125.40
= 196.60
(20.9x1)+(20.9-9.81)x5 = (20.9x1)+(20.9-9.81)x5
σ’ (kPa) (20.9x1) = 20.90
76.35 +(17.8-9.81)x4 = 108.31

Diagram of Total & Effective Stresses

And Pore Water Stresses

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- If the water table is at the top of the clay and the sand above dry

0
Sand
6
Clay
10

Depth 6m Depth 10m

u (kPa) 0 (9.81x4) = 39.24
σ (kPa) (17.4x6) = 104.40 (17.4x6)+(17.8x4) = 175.60
(17.4x6)+(17.8-9.81)x4 =
σ’ (kPa) (17.4x6) = 104.40
136.36

Diagram of Total & Effective Stresses

And Pore Water Stresses

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Exercise VI.1
A uniform stress of 120 kPa was applied at ground surface due to a rectangular footing of 3
x 4m.
1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) beneath a corner of the footing at a depth
of 2m.
2. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) under the centre of the footing at a depth
of 2m.

Solution
1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) beneath a corner of the footing at a depth
of 2m.

By the formula: (VI.11) ∆σ Z =qo × I

And: qo = 120 kPa
B = 3m , L = 4 m , Z = 2 m

B 3 L 4
⇒ m= = = 1.5 , n = = = 2
Z 2 Z 2

m = 1.5 is between m = 1.4 and m = 1.6

By the figure VI.5: we get

m = 1.4 → I = 0.221 0.221 + 0.226

⇒ m = 1.5 , I = = 0.2235
m = 1.6 → I = 0.226 2

⇒ ∆σ Z = 120 × 0.2235 = 26.82 kN / m 2

SO ∆σ Z = 26.82 kN / m 2

2. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) under the centre of the footing at a depth
of 2m.

At the Centre: (Z = 2m)

B 3 L 4
⇒ B ' = = = 1.5 , L ' = = = 2
Z 2 Z 2
B ' 1.5 L' 2
⇒ m'= = = 0.75 , n ' = = = 1
Z 2 Z 2

m = 0.75 is between m = 0.7 and m = 0.8

By the figure VI.5: we get

m ' = 0.7 → I = 0.15 0.15 + 0.16

⇒ m = 0.75 , I = = 0.155
m ' = 0.8 → I = 0.16 2

⇒ ∆σ Z = 4 × 120 × 0.155 = 74.4 kPa

SO ∆σ Z = 74.4 kPa

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Exercise VI.2
A uniform stress of 120 kPa was applied at ground surface from a circular reservoir of
3.91m diameter.
1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) at a depth of 2m under the centre of the
reservoir.
2. Determine the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) at a depth of 2m under the perimeter of
the reservoir.
Solution

1. Calculate the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) at a depth of 2m under the centre of the
reservoir.
I
∆σ Z = qo × , ( qo = 120 kPa ) , ( Z = 2 m )
100
d = 3.91 m ⇒ R = 1.955 m
By the figure: VI.7
Z 2 r 0
⇒ = = 1.023 , = =0
R 1.955 R 1.955
By the Interpolation:
Z
= 2 ⇒ I = 29
R
Z
= 1 ⇒ I = 63
R

Z
⇒ 1 = - 34 ⇒ 0.023 = - 0.782 ⇒ = 1.023 , I = 63 − 0.782 = 62.22
R
120 × 62.22
⇒ ∆σ Z = = 74.66 kN / m 2 So ∆σ Z = 74.66 kN / m2
100

2. Determine the vertical incremental stress ( ∆σ Z ) at a depth of 2m under the perimeter of

the reservoir.

At the perimeter:
I
∆σ Z = qo × , ( qo = 120 kPa ) , ( Z = 2 m )
100

By the figure: VI.7

Z 2 r 1.955
⇒ = = 1.023 , = =1
R 1.955 R 1.955
By the Interpolation:
Z
= 2 ⇒ I = 19.5
R ⇒ 1 = − 13.5 ⇒ 0.023 = − 0.311
Z
= 1 ⇒ I = 33
R
Z
⇒ = 1.023 , I = 33 − 0.311 = 32.7
R
120 × 32.70
⇒ ∆σ Z = = 39.24 kN / m 2 So ∆σ Z = 39.24 kN / m 2
100

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Exercise VI.3
There is an embankment of a dam represented in the figure below. It is supported that the
average density of soil is 2t/m3. Determine the additional vertical stress under the center of the
embankment at a depth of 5m and 10 m.

4m 4m

ρ = 2 t/m?
1 3
5m

5m

105 m

Solution

Determine the additional vertical stress under the center of the embankment at a depth of
5m.

We have: q0 = γ × h = ρ × g × h = 2 × 9.81× 5 = 98.10 kN / m 2

a = 10 m , b = 4 m
By the figure: VI.8
a 10
= =2
Z 5
⇒ I = 0.46
b 4
= = 0.8
Z 5
⇒ ∆σ Z = 2 ( 98.1× 0.46 ) = 90.25 kN / m 2
So ∆σ Z = 90.25 kN / m2

Determine the additional vertical stress under the center of the embankment at a depth of
10m.

By the figure: VI.8

a 10
= =1
Z 10
⇒ I = 0.358
b 4
= = 0.4
Z 10
⇒ ∆σ Z = 2 ( 98.1× 0.358) = 70.24 kN / m 2

So ∆σ Z = 70.24 kN / m2

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Exercise VI.4

A normally consolidated soft clay layer is 15m thick with natural moisture content of 45 %.
The clay has a saturated unit weight of 17.2 kN/m3, a particle specific gravity of 2.68 and a
compression index of 0.495. A foundation load will increase a vertical stress of 10 kN/m2 to the
centre of the layer. Determine an approximate value for the settlement of the foundation if the
ground water level is at the surface of the clay.

∆σ = 10 kN/m2

15m
Clay , Wn=45 % , GS = 2.8
γsat = 17.2 kN/m3 , Cc = 0.495

Solution

Determine an approximate value for the settlement of the foundation if the ground water
level is at the surface of the clay.

We have: Wn = 45 % , Gs = 2.68
γ sat = 17.2 kN / m3 , ∆σ =10 kN / m 2
CC = 0.495 , H = 15 m
It is a normally consolidated soil so:
C σ ' 
(VI.37) SC = C × H × lg  zf 
1 + e0  σ 'zo 
w × Gs w × Gs 0.45 × 2.68
(I.18) Sr = n ⇒ e0 = n = = 1.206 ( Sr = 1 soil is saturated)
eo Sr 1
15
And σ ' = ( γ sat − γ w ) = (17.2 − 10 ) 7.5 = 54 kN / m 2
2
Final vertical effective stress ⇒ σ 'zf = ∆σ + σ ' = 10 + 54 = 64 kN / m 2
Initial vertical effective stress ⇒ σ 'zo = σ ' = 54 kN / m 2

0.495  64 
So SC = × 15 × lg   = 0.248m = 24.8 cm
1 + 1.206  54 

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Exercise VI.5
A soil profile is shown in the next slide. If a uniformly distribution load, ∆σ , is applied at the
ground surface, what is the settlement of the clay layer caused by primary consolidation if:
1. The clay is normally consolidated.
2. The preconsolidated pressure is σ’P = 190 kN/m2
3. The preconsolidated pressure is σ’P = 170 kN/m2
Use: Cc = 0.009x (WL-10)
C
Cr = c
6
∆σ = 100 kN/m2

2m Sand, γd = 14 kN/m3

Sand,
4m γsat = 18 kN/m3

Clay, eo = 0.8 , WL=40

4m γsat = 18 kN/m3

Solution

1. Determine the settlement if the clay is normally consolidated (Sc)

C σ ' 
(VI.37): SC = C × H × lg  zf  , eo = 0.8
1 + e0  σ 'zo 
σ ' = ( γ d ( sand ) × 2 ) + ( γ sat ( sand ) − γ w ) × 4 + ( γ sat ( clay ) − γ w ) × 2
= (14 × 2 ) + (18 − 10 ) 4 + (18 − 10 ) 2 = 76 kN / m 2
And CC = 0.009 × (WL − 10 ) = 0.009 × ( 40 − 10 ) = 0.27
⇒ σ 'zf = ∆σ + σ ' =100 + 76 =176 kN / m 2
σ 'zo = σ ' = 76 kN / m 2
0.27  176 
SC = × 4 × lg   = 0.215m = 215 mm
1 + 0.8  76 
So SC = 0.215m = 215 mm

2. Determine the settlement if the preconsolidated pressure is σ’P = 190 kN/m2

⇒ σ 'zo < σ 'zf < σ 'P , 78 < 178 < 190 ( so it is the over-consolidated case I )
By the equation (VI.38):
C σ '  C 0.27
We get: SC = r × H × lg  zf  , Cr = c = = 0.045
1 + e0  σ 'zo  6 6
0.045  178 
⇒ SC = × 4 × lg   = 0.036 m = 36 mm
1 + 0.8  78 

So SC = 0.036m = 36 mm

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3. Determine the settlement if the preconsolidated pressure is σ’P = 170 kN/m2

⇒ σ 'zo < σ 'P < σ 'zf , 78 < 170 < 178 ( so it is the over-consolidated case II )

By the equation (VI.39):

Cr  σ 'p  CC  σ 'zf 
We get: SC = × H × lg  + × H × lg  
σ'
1 + e0  σ 'zo  1 + e0  p 

0.045  170  0.27  178 

SC = × 4 × lg  + × 4 × lg  
1 + 0.8  78  1 + 0.8  170 
= 0.034 + 0.012 = 0.046 mm = 46 mm

So SC = 0.046m = 46 mm

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Exercise VI.6

A 12m of clay layer is drained by two sand layers.

0

h1 Sand
1.5m

h2 Sand, γ = 18 kN/m3
4.5m
Clay, eo = 0.62 , Wn=23.2% , Cc = 0.25
h3 γs = 26.6 kN/m3 , Cv = 8.10-8 m2/sec
16.5m
Dense Sand

Knowing that a structure is creates an average vertical stress of 100 kPa on the
compressible layer (clay) , we ask to:
1. Estimate the consolidation settlement (∆h or Sc) of the clay layer.
2. Estimate the necessary times to obtain a settlement corresponding to 50 % and 90 % of
consolidation.

Solution

1. Estimate the consolidation settlement (∆h or Sc) of the clay layer

γs γ
By the equation (I.12): e0 = −1 ⇒ γ d = s
γd 1 + e0
26.6
= = 16.42 kN / m3
1 + 0.62

e0 0.62
By the equation (I.11): n= = = 0.38
1 + e0 1 + 0.62

By the equation (I.20): γ sat = γ d + ( n × γ w )

= 16.42 + ( 0.38 × 10 ) = 20.22 kN / m3

⇒ σ ' = (18 × 1.5) + (18 − 10 ) × 3 + ( 20.22 − 10 ) × 6 = 112.32 kN / m2

⇒ σ 'zf = ∆σ + σ ' = 100 + 112.32 = 212.32 kPa , σ 'zo = σ ' =112.32 kPa
CC σ ' 
By the equation (VI.37): SC = × H × lg  zf 
1 + e0  σ 'zo 
0.25  212.32 
= ×12 × lg   = 0.512 m = 512 mm
1 + 0.62  112.32 

So SC = 0.512m = 512 mm

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2. Estimate the necessary times to obtain a settlement corresponding to 50 % and 90 %
of consolidation.

- For 50 %
We have: CV = 8.10-8 m2/sec
H 12
It is the open layer: ⇒ h= = = 6m
2 2
T × h2 T × h2
By the equation (VI.35): CV = V 50 ⇒ t50 = V 50
t50 CV
On page 106 chapter VI: TV 50 = 0.197

0.197 × ( 6 )
2

⇒ t50 = = 8865 ×104 s = 1026 days 9 h

8 × 10−8

So if SC = 512 mm ⇒ t50 = 1026 days 9 h

- For 90 %
TV 90 × h 2 TV 90 × h2
By the equation (VI.36): CV = ⇒ t90 =
t90 CV
On page 106 chapter VI: TV 90 = 0.848
0.848 × ( 6 )
2

⇒ t90 = −8
= 3816 ×105 s = 4416 days 16 h
8 × 10

So if SC = 512 mm ⇒ t90 = 4416 days 16 h

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Exercise VII.1

Undrained shear box tests were carried out on a series of soil samples with the following
results:

Total Shear Stress ar

Test No. Total Normal Stress (kPa)
failure (kPa)
1 100 98
2 200 139
3 300 180
4 400 222

Determine the cohesion and the angle of friction of the soil, with respect to total stress.

Solution

Determine the cohesion and the angle of friction of the soil, with respect to total stress.

τ (kPa)

222
180
139 ϕ=22?o
98
C=57

100 200 300 400

σ (kPa)

By the upper curve we get: C = 57 , ϕ = 22ο

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Exercise VII.2

Determine the internal friction angles at peak and residual states from the following direct
shear test data. The shear box is 64mm square in plan.

Vertical load (kg) Shear force at peak (N) Shear force at residual (N)

50 399.8 228.7
100 801.9 457.4
150 1214.0 686.1

Solution

Determine the internal friction angles at peak and residual states.

Vertical load (N) Shear force at peak (N) Shear force at residual (N)
490.5 399.8 228.7
981.0 801.9 457.4
1471.5 1214.0 686.1

Peak & Residual shear force (N)

Internal friction angle at peak

39o

25o

Internal friction angle at residual

Vertical load (N)

So The internal friction angles at peak = 39o

The internal friction angles at residual = 25o

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Exercise VII.3
The table below was recorded the results of an undrained shear box test carried out on a set
of undisturbed soil samples. The dimension of shear box in plan is 60mm square. Determine the
strength parameter of the soil in terms of total stress.

Normal load (kN) 0.2 0.4 0.8

Strain (ε) , (%) Shearing force (N)
0 0 0 0
1 21 33 45
2 46 72 101
3 70 110 158
4 89 139 203
5 107 164 248
6 121 180 276
7 131 192 304
8 136 201 330
9 138 210 351
10 137 217 370
11 136 224 391
12 - 230 402
13 - 234 410
14 - 237 414
15 - 236 416
16 - - 417
17 - - 417
18 - - 415

Solution
Determine the strength parameter of the soil in terms of total stress.

Shear Force (N)

417 N

Normal Force 0.8 (kN)

237 N Normal Force 0.4 (kN)

138 N

Normal Force 0.2 (kN)

Shear Strain (%)

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Exercise VII.4

The results of an unconfined compression test were recorded and listed in the tables below.
Based on this data, plot stress-strain relationship of the soil sample and determine its undrained
cohesion.
General Data

Soil Description: CL Mass of Tare: 19.11g

Sample Number: 09 Mass of Tare &moist sample: 68.75g
Moist mass of specimen: 20.41g Mass of Tare &dry sample: 60.48g
Specimen length: 70mm Moisture Content: 20%
Specimen diameter: 35mm Sample Area (mm2): 961.625

Test Data
Axial Displacement Axial Displacement
Piston force (N) Piston force (N)
(mm) (mm)
0 0 6.25 229
0.5 50 7 229
1 90.5 7.5 228
1.5 113.5 8 225
2 136 8.5 225
3 181.5 9.25 225
3.5 191 10 225
4.25 206 10.5 225
5 218 - -

Solution

Plot stress-strain relationship of the soil sample and determine its undrained cohesion.

A = 961.625 mm2 = 9.616x10-4 m2

εo AoP
εl = , A= , σ=
L 1− εl
A
Piston Axial Cross Normal Piston Axial Cross Normal
Force(kN) Strain (εl) Section Area Stress(kPa) Force(kN) Strain (εl) Section Area Stress(kPa)
0 0 0.00096163 0 0.229 0.082143 0.00104768 218.577
0.05 0.007143 0.00096854 51.624 0.229 0.089286 0.0010559 216.876
0.0905 0.014286 0.00097556 92.767 0.229 0.1 0.00106847 214.325
0.1135 0.021429 0.00098268 115.500 0.228 0.107143 0.00107702 211.695
0.136 0.028571 0.00098991 137.386 0.225 0.114286 0.00108571 207.238
0.1815 0.042857 0.00100468 180.654 0.225 0.121429 0.00109453 205.567
0.191 0.05 0.00101224 188.691 0.225 0.132143 0.00110805 203.060
0.206 0.060714 0.00102378 201.214 0.225 0.142857 0.00112190 200.553
0.218 0.071429 0.00103560 210.507 0.225 0.15 0.00113132 198.882

σ max 218.577
Cu = = = 109.289 kN / m 2
2 2

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Exercise VII.5
The following results were obtained from a series of unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests
carried out on undisturbed samples of a compacted soil.

Cell Pressure (kPa) Additional axial load at failure (N)

200 342
400 388
600 465

Each sample, originally 76mm long and 38mm in diameter, experienced a vertical
deformation of 5.1mm. Draw the failure envelope and determine the coulomb equation for the shear
strength of the soil in terms of total stresses.

Solution

Draw the failure envelope and determine the coulomb equation for the shear strength of the soil in
terms of total stresses.

εo 5.1
εl = = = 0.0671 , ( ε o = 5.1 mm , L = 76 mm )
L 76
π ( 0.038)
2

A
⇒ A= o = 4 = 1.215 × 10−3 m 2 , ( D = 38 mm )
1− εl 1 − 0.0671
N N
Deviater stress = σ 1 − σ 3 = ⇒ σ1 = + σ 3
A A

Cell Pressure , σ 3 ,(kN/m2) Additional axial (N) Normal Stress , σ 1 , (kPa)

200 342 481
400 388 719
600 465 983

(τ) By the Mohr Circle:

⇒ Cu = 100 kPa , ϕu = 7 o
300 Colomb equation is: τ = Cu + σ × tan ϕu =100 + σ tan 7 o
= 100 + 0.123σ
200 7?

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
(σ)

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Exercise VII.6

A sample of clay was subjected to an unconsolidated undrained triaxial test with a cell
pressure of 100kN/m2 and the additional axial stresses necessary to cause failure was found to be
188 kN/m2, assuming u = 0. Determine the value of additional axial stress that would require
causing failure of a further sample of the soil if it was tested undrained with a cell pressure of 200
kN/m2.

Solution

Determine the value of additional axial stress that would require causing failure of a further sample
of the soil if it was tested undrained with a cell pressure of 200 kN/m2.

σ 3 =100 kPa

σ 1 − σ 3 =188 kPa ⇒ σ 1 = 288 kPa

If σ 3 = 200 kPa

⇒ σ 1 − σ 3 =188 kPa ⇒ σ 1 = 388 kPa

388 − 200
Additional axial stress = 188 kPa ⇒ Cu = = 94 kPa
2

300

200

100

Cu = 94kPa

100 200 300 400 500

(σ)

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Exercise VII.7
A Series of drained triaxial tests were performed on a soil. Each test was continued until
failure and the effective principle stresses for the tests were in table below.

Test No. σ 3' (kPa) σ 1' (kPa)

1 200 570
2 300 875
3 400 1162

Plot the relevant Mohr stress circles and hence determine the strength envelope of the soil
with respect to effective stress.

Solution

Mohr Circle:

(τ) 29?

300

200

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
(σ)

By the Mohr Circle we get the strength envelop: ϕ = 29o

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Exercise VII.8

A vane, used to test a deposit of soft alluvial clay, required a torque of 67.5 Nm. The
dimensions of the vane were: D = 75 mm , H = 150 mm , determine a value for the undrained shear
strength of the clay.

Solution

Determine a value for the undrained shear strength of the clay

We have: T = 67.5 Nm = 0.0675 kN.m

D = 75 mm = 0.075 m
H = 150 mm = 0.15 m

T
By the formula (VII.11): Cu =
H D
π × D2 ×  + 
 2 6

0.0675
⇒ Cu = = 43.67 kN / m 2
2  0.15 0.075 
3.14 × ( 0.075 ) ×  + 
 2 6 

So: Cu = 43.67 kPa ≃ 44 kPa

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Exercise VII.9

A granular soil was subjected to standard penetration tests (SPT) at depth of 3m. Ground
water level occurred at a depth of 1.5m below the surface of the soil which was saturated and had
a unit weight of 19kPa. The borehole was 100mm, the Donut hammer was used with the rod length
of 3.5m, and the standard sampler was used. The average N count was 15. Determine the
normalized corrected SPT blows count, (N1)60.

Solution

Determine the normalized corrected SPT blow count, (N1)60

By the formula: (VII.17) : ( N1 )60 = CN × N 60

We have: γ sat = 19 kN / m 2
, Pa = 100 kN/m2
Borehole (CB) = 100mm ⇒ CB = 1.0
Rod length (CR) = 3.5m ⇒ CR = 0.75
Donut hammer ⇒ CE = 0.5
Standard Sampler ⇒ CS = 1.0
The average N = Nm = 15
By the formula: (VII.16) : N 60 = N m × C E × CB × CS × CR
= 15 ×1× 1× 1× 0.75 = 11.25
n
 P 
By the formula: (VII.18) : C N =  a'  , n = 0.5 (sand)
 σ vo 
σ vo' = (19 × 1.5) + (19 − 10)1.5 = 42 kPa

0.5
 100 
⇒ CN =   = 1.54
 42 

So ( N1 )60 = 1.54 ×11.25 = 17 blows

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Exercise VIII.1

A returning wall has a vertical backfill and is 4m. The upper surface of the backfill soil is
horizontal. The unit weight of the backfill soil is γ = 19kN / m3 and its angle of friction is of 35o.
Determine the active force exerted on the wall and its point of application.

γ =19 kN / m3

4m ϕ ' = 35o

Solution
Determine the active force exerted on the wall and its point of application

1 − sin ϕ ' 1 − sin 35o

Ka = =
1 + sin ϕ ' 1 + sin 35o
= 0.271 , ( ϕ ' = 35 )
o

At z = 1.5m ⇒ σ v' = γ × h = 19 × 4 = 76 kN / m 2
⇒ σ h' = σ v' × ka = 76 × 0.271 = 20.596 kN / m 2
1
So Fa = ( 4m × 76kPa ) = 41.19 kN / m
2
h 4
And its point is: d = = =1.33m
3 3

Diagram of active earth force

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Exercise VIII.2

From the given data in the below figure:

- Draw the diagram of lateral active earth pressure.
- Determine the total active force Fa ,and its point of application.

Sand : γ =19 kN / m3
h1 = 1.5m
ϕ ' = 25o

Gravel : γ = 21 kN / m3
h2 = 4m
ϕ ' = 39o

γ w = 10 kN / m3

Solution

Draw the diagram of lateral active earth pressure
We have: Sand: γ =19 kN / m3 , ϕ ' = 33o

1 − sin ϕ ' 1 − sin 33o

⇒ ka 1 = = = 0.295
1 + sin ϕ ' 1 + sin 33o
Gravel: γ = 21 kN / m3 , ϕ ' = 39o

1 − sin ϕ ' 1 − sin 39o

⇒ ka 2 = = = 0.228
1 + sin ϕ ' 1 + sin 39o

At z = 0m ⇒ σ v' = 0 kPa
At Interface:
z = 1.5m ⇒ σ v' = γ sand × h1 =19 ×1.5 = 28.5 kPa
⇒ σ h' = σ v' × ka 1 = 28.5 × 0.295 = 8.408 kPa (sand)
z = 1.5m ⇒ σ h' = σ v' × ka 2 = 28.5 × 0.228 = 6.498 kPa (gravel)
z = 5.5m ⇒ σ v' = ( γ sand × h1 ) + ( γ gravel − γ w ) h2 = ( 19 ×1.5 ) + ( 21 − 10 ) 4 = 72.5 kPa
⇒ σ h' = σ v' × ka 2 = 72.5 × 0.228 = 16.53 kPa
The pore water pressure: u = γ w × 4 = 10 × 4 = 40 kPa
Total lateral earth pressure: σ a = σ h' + u = 16.53 + 40 = 56.530 kPa

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Fa = 6.306 kN
1

Fa = 132.362 kN
Fa = 100.064 kN
3

1.61 m

Determine the total active force Fa ,and its point of application

1 1.5
Fa 1 = (1.5 × 8.408 ) = 6.306 kN ⇒ d1 = + 4 = 4.5 m
2 2
4
Fa 2 = ( 4 × 6.498 ) = 25.992 kN ⇒ d2 = = 2 m
2
1 4
Fa 3 = ( 4 × 50.032 ) = 100.064 kN ⇒ d 3 = = 1.33 m
2 3

⇒ Fa = Fa 1 + Fa 2 + Fa 3 = 6.306 + 25.992 + 100.064 =132.362 kN

⇒ d=
(F
a1 × d1 + Fa 2 × d 2 + Fa 3 × d3 ) = ( 6.306 × 4.5 + 25.992 × 2 +100.064 ×1.33)
Fa 132.362

= 1.61m

So The total active force: Fa = 132.362 kN

Its point: d = 1.61 m

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Exercise VIII.3

A retaining wall has a vertical back and is 8m. A backfill consist of a cohesive soil with upper
surface is horizontal (figure). Determine the active force and its point of application.

γ =18 kN / m3

c ' = 10 kN / m 2
8m
ϕ ' = 25o

Solution
Determine the active force and its point of application
We have: γ =18 kPa , c ' =10 kPa , ϕ ' = 26o , h = 8m

1 − sin 26o
⇒ ka = = 0.39
1 + sin 26o
⇒ −2c ' ka = − 2(10) 0.39 = − 12.49
2c ' 2 × 10
The depth of tensile crack: zc = = = 1.78 m
γ ka 18 0.39
1 2
⇒ (12.49 ×1.78 ) = −11.116 kN ⇒
Fa 1 = − d1 = 1.78 + (8 − 1.78) = 7.407 m
2 3
And σ v = γ h =18 × 8 = 144 kPa
'
⇒ σ h = σ v × ka = 144 × 0.39 = 56.16 kPa
' '

1 6.22
⇒ Fa 2 = ( 6.22 × 56.16 ) = 174.658 kN ⇒ d2 = = 2.07 m
2 3
So the total active force: Fa = Fa 1 + Fa 2 = − 11.116 + 174.658 = 163.542 kN

⇒ d=
(Fa1 × d1 + Fa 2 × d 2 ) = ( −11.116 × 7.407 + 174.658 × 2.07 ) = 1.707 m
Fa 163.542

- Diagram
Fa 1

Fa 2
Fa

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Exercise VIII.4

From the given data in the below figure, determine the active force and its point of
application.

β = 20o

Sand : γ = 20kN / m3
10m ϕ ' = 35o

Solution

Determine the active force and its point of application

We have: γ = 20 kN / m3 , ϕ ' = 36o , β = 20o

cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 ϕ ' cos 20o − cos 2 20o − cos 2 36o
⇒ ka = = = 0.325
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 ϕ ' cos 20o + cos 2 20o − cos 2 36o

At z = 10m ⇒ σ v' = γ h cos β = 20 × 10 × cos 20o = 187.939 kPa

⇒ (σ )
'
h a = σ v' × ka = 187.939 × 0.325 = 61.1 kPa

β = 20?

Fa = 305.5 kN

3.33 m

1
⇒ Fa = ( 61.1×10 ) = 305.5 kN
2
10
⇒ d = = 3.33m
3

So Fa = 305.5 kN / m , d = 3.33m

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Exercise VIII.5

For the retaining wall shown in the below figure, H = 8.22 m , γ = 18 kN / m3 , ϕ ' = 20o ,
c ' =14 kN / m 2 and β = 10o . Calculate the Rankine active force, Fa per unit length of the wall and the
location of the resultant force after the occurrence of the tensile crack.

β =10o

γ =18 kN / m3

c ' = 14 kN / m 2

8.22m ϕ ' = 20o

Solution
We have: β =10 , γ =18 kN / m , ϕ ' = 20o , h = 8.22m , c ' =14 kPa
o 3

cos10o − cos 2 10o − cos 2 20o

⇒ ka = = 0.539
cos10o + cos 2 10o − cos 2 20o

2c ' 2 × 14
And zc = = = 2.12 m (Depth of Tensile Crack)
γ ka 18 0.539

2c ' ka = 2 ×14 0.539 = 20.557 kPa

⇒ σ v' = γ h cos β = 18 × 8.22 cos10o = 145.712 kPa

⇒ σ h' = σ v' × ka = 145.712 × 0.539 = 78.539 kPa

⇒ Total Active earth pressure: σ (' h ) a = σ h' − 2c ' ka = 78.539 − 20.557 = 57.982 kPa

1
⇒ Total Active Force: Fa = ( 57.982 × 8.22 − 2.12 ) = 176.845 kN
2

Its point: d = 6.1 = 2 m

3

40
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- Diagram of total active force:

β = 20o

6m Fa

2m (σ )
'
h a

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Exercise VIII.6

Determine the active force due to a solid mass of non-cohesion soil with upper surface
inclined of β = 20o to the horizontal. All characteristics are specified in the figure.

β = 20o

Sand: γ = 20kN / m
3

5m ϕ ' = 30o
β = 20o

Gravel: γ = 23kN / m
3

5m
ϕ ' = 40o

Solution

Determine the active force due to a solid mass of non-cohesion soil

We have:
- Sand: β = 20o , γ = 20 kN / m 2 , ϕ ' = 30o
cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 ϕ ' cos 20o − cos 2 20o − cos 2 30o
⇒ ka = = = 0.441
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 ϕ ' cos 20o + cos 2 20o − cos 2 30o
- Gravel: β = 20o , γ = 23 kN / m 2 , ϕ ' = 40o
cos 20o − cos 2 20o − cos 2 40o
⇒ ka = = 0.266
cos 20o + cos 2 20o − cos 2 40o

At z = 5m ⇒ σ v' = γ sand h cos β = 20 × 5 × cos 20o = 93.97 kN / m 2

⇒ σ h' = σ v' × ka = 93.97 × 0.44 = 41.44 kN / m 2
1

At z = 5m ⇒ σ = σ × ka = 93.97 × 0.266 = 25 kN / m 2
'
h
'
v 2
(Interface)
At z = 10m ⇒ σ v' = γ sand h1 cos β + γ gravel h2 cos β = 93.97 + (23 × 5 × cos 20o )
= 202.035 kN / m 2
⇒ (σ ) '
h a = σ v' × ka 2 = 202.035 × 0.266 = 53.74 kN / m 2

1 5
Active force: Fa 1 = ( 5 × 41.44 ) =103.60 kN ⇒ d1 = 5 + = 6.67 m
2 3
5
Fa 2 = ( 5 × 25) = 125 kN ⇒ d 2 = = 2.5m
2
1 5
Fa 3 = ( 5 × 28.74 ) = 71.85 kN ⇒ d 3 = =1.67 m
2 3

⇒ Total force Fa = Fa 1 + Fa 2 + Fa 3 = 103.35 + 125 + 71.85 = 300.20 kN

⇒ d=
(F
a1 × d1 + Fa 2 × d 2 + Fa 3 × d3 ) = (103.60 × 6.67 + 125 × 5 + 71.85 ×1.67 ) = 3.74 m
Fa 300.20

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- Diagram of total active force:

β = 20o

Fa 1

41.44 kPa
Fa
10m

Fa 2 Fa 3
53.74 kPa
3.74m

25 kPa

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Exercise VIII.7

Determine the active force, which is being exerted on the wall illustrated below, where is its
point of application?

β = 20o

γ = 20kN / m3

ϕ ' = 30o

δ = 20o
H
λ
H=10m
λ = 5o
q=100kPa

Solution

We have: β = 20o , γ = 20 kN / m 2 , ϕ ' = 30o

λ = 5o , q =100 kN / m 2 , H = 30o , δ = 20o

- The coefficient of lateral active earth pressure corresponds to the value of θ giving the
maximum of active force:
cos 2 (ϕ '− λ )
kac = 2
 sin (ϕ '− δ ) × sin (ϕ '− β ) 
cos λ .cos (δ + λ ) 1 +
2

cos ( λ + δ ) × cos ( λ − β ) 

cos 2 ( 30o − 5o )
= = 0.4728
sin ( 30o − 20o ) × sin ( 30o − 20o ) 
2

cos 5 .cos ( 5 + 20 ) 1 +
2 o o o  
 cos ( 5o + 20o ) × cos ( 5o − 20o ) 
 

- The coefficient of lateral active earth pressure:

k × cos λ 0.4728 × cos 5o
kq = ac = = 0.4876
cos ( β − λ ) cos ( 20o − 5o )
- The total active force:
1
Fac = γ H 2 kac + kq × q × H
2
1
= × 20 × 10 2 × 0.4728 + 0.4876 ×100 × 10 = 960.20 kN
2

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1
Fa 1 = σ '(h) a × H , (σ '(h)a = γ H × kac )
2
1
= × 94.56 × 10 = 472.6 kN
2
Fa 2 = q × H × kq

= 100 × 10 × 0.4876 = 487.60 kN

d=
( 472.6 × 5) + ( 487.6 × 3.33) = 4.15 m
960.2

So Fa = 960.4 kN , d = 4.15m

5m

Fa 2
Fac
Fa 1

4.15m
3.33m
(σ h' ) a = γ H × kac = 94.56 kPa

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Exercise VIII.8

The cross section of a cantilever retaining wall is shown in the figure. Check the factor of
safety with respect to overturning, sliding, bearing capacity.

0.5m 10o
5

γ 1 = 18 kN / m3

c1' = 0 kN / m 2

ϕ1' = 30o 6m

1 γ concrete = 24 kN / m3
2.6m 4
2
1.5m
3 0.7m
A
0.7m
γ 2 =19 kN / m3 , c2' = 30 kN / m 2 , ϕ2' = 28o

Solution

Check the factor of safety with respect to overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity

Check the factor of safety with respect to overturning

- The safety of coefficient of lateral active earth pressure:

cos β − cos 2 β − cos 2 ϕ ' cos10o − cos 2 10o − cos 2 30o

ka = = = 0.355
cos β + cos 2 β − cos 2 ϕ ' cos10o + cos 2 10o − cos 2 30o

- The Rankine active force per unit length of wall:

From the figure: H = 0.7 + 6 + 2.6 × tan10o = 7.16m

1 1
⇒ Fa = × γ 1 × H 2 × cos β × ka ( β ) = × 18 × (7.16)2 × cos10o × 0.355 =161.30 kN / m
2 2
⇒ Fh = Fa × cos β = 161.30 × cos10o = 158.85 kN / m
Fv = Fa × sin β = 161.30 × sin10o = 28 kN / m
- Table of section to determine the total resisting moment:
Section Weight per unit length Resisting moment (Mr)
Area (m2) Moment arm from A
No. (kN/m2) (kN.m/m)
0.7+0.2+0.5/2 =
1 0.5 x 6 = 3 3 x 24 = 72 72 x 1.15 = 82.8
1.15
2 (0.7-0.5)x6x0.5 = 0.6 0.6 x 24 = 14.4 0.7+(0.2x2)/3 = 0.83 14.4 x 0.83 = 11.952
0.7 x (0.7+0.7+2.6) =
3 2.8 x 24 = 67.2 (0.7x2+2.6)/2 = 2 67.2 x 2 = 134.4
2.8
4 2.6 x 6 = 15.6 15.6 x 18 = 280.8 (0.7x2)+2.6/2 = 2.7 280.8 x 2.7 = 758.16
2.6 x 0.46 x 0.5 =
5 0.598 x 18 = 10.764 1.4+(2.6x2)/3 = 3.13 10.764 x 3.13 = 33.7
0.598
Vertical force: Fv = 28 4 28 x 4 = 112

Total W + Fv = ∑ v = 473.16 1133.07

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- Driving moment can determine by:

H 7.16
M d = Fh × =158.85 × = 379.122 kN .m / m
3 3

- Factor of safety against overturning the following table can now be prepared for
determine the resisting moment.

M r 1133.07
Fover = = ≈ 3 > 1.5 ok
M d 379.122

Check the factor of safety with respect to sliding

- Factor of safety against sliding can be determined by:

Fs =
(W + Fv ) × tan ϕ ' ≥1.5
Fh
473.16 × tan 28o
⇒ Fs = = 1.58 > 1.5 ok
158.85

Check the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure

B M r − M d 4 1133.07 − 379.122
- Eccentricity: ex = − = − = 0.4066 m
2 Σv 2 433.16
B 4
⇒ ex < = = 0.666 m
6 6
Σv  6e  473.16  6 × 0.4066 
- Therefore: δ max = 1 +  = 1 +  = 190.44 kN / m
2

B B 4  4 
Σv  6e  473.16  6 × 0.4066 
δ min =  1 −  = 1 −  = 46.15 kN / m
2

B B 4  4 

46.15 kN / m2

190.44 kN / m2

- The ultimate bearing capacity of soil can be determined from equations (V.III.35):
qu = γ DN q d q iq + ex N c Sc d c ic + 0.5γ B ' Nγ Sγ dγ iγ
D= 1.5 m , B ' = B − 2ex = 4 − 2 × 0.4066 = 3.187 m

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 ϕ'
N q = eπ tan ϕ ' × tan 2  45o +  = 2.723.14× tan 28 × tan 2 ( 59o ) = 14.72
o
•
 2
• N c = ( N q − 1) × cot ϕ ' = (14.72 − 1) × cot 28o = 25.80
• Nγ = ( N q − 1) × tan (1.4ϕ ') = (14.72 − 1) × tan (1.4 × 28o ) =11.19
• Since the length of the wall (L) is normally much more the width of footing (B):
⇒ S q = S c = Sγ = 1
 ϕ ' D 1
• d q = dγ =1 + 0.1× tan  45o +  × = 1 + 0.1× tan 59o × = 1.078
 2  B' 3.187
 ϕ ' D
d c =1 + 0.2 × tan  45o +  × = 1 + 0.2 × tan ( 58o ) ×
1
• = 1.157
 2  B' 3.187
δ 
2
 F 158.85
• iq = ic = 1 − o  , tan δ = h = = 0.33572 = 18.558o
 90  Σv 47.316
2
 18.558o 
⇒ iq = ic = 1 −  = 0.63
 90o 
• iγ = 0.114

qu = (17 ×1.5 × 14.72 × 1.078 × 0.63) + ( 0.4066 × 25.80 × 1× 1.157 × 0.63)

⇒
+ ( 0.5 × 17 × 3.187 × 11.19 × 1× 1.078 × 0.114 ) = 890.72 kPa

⇒ net
qall =
( qu − γ × D ) = 890.72 − 18 ×1.5 = 287.40 kPa
F 3
3δ max + δ min 3 × 190.44 + 846.15
And, = = 154.37 < qall
net
= 287.40 kPa ok !
4 4

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Exercise IX.1
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing with
dimension and soil parameter shown in the below figure.

γ = 18 kN / m3 D=1.5m

c ' = 4 kPa

ϕ ' = 30o
B=3m

Solution

Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing

We have: γ =18 kN / m3 , c ' = 4 kPa

For ϕ ' = 30o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 19.13 , N q = 22.46 , N c = 37.16

So for the strip footing we consider by the equation (IX.1):

qu = 0.5 × γ 2 × B × Nγ + γ 1 × D × N q + c '× N c

⇒ qu = 0.5 ×18 × 3 × 19.13 + 18 ×1.5 × 22.46 + 4 × 37.16 =1271.57 kPa

So The ultimate bearing capacity ( qu ) is 1271.57 kPa

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Exercise IX.2
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing with
dimension and soil parameter shown in the below figure.

γ =17 kN / m3 1m

D=1.5m
γ sat = 19kN / m3

γ w =10kN / m3

ϕ ' = 36o B=2m

Solution

Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing

We have: γ = 17 kN / m3 , γ sat = 19 kN / m3 , γ w =10 kN / m3

For ϕ ' = 36o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 54.36 , N q = 47.16 , N c = 63.53

So for the strip footing we consider by the equation (IX.1):

qu = 0.5 × ( γ sat − γ w ) × B × Nγ + ( γ × 1) + ( γ sat − γ w )( D − 1)  × N q + c '× N c

qu = 0.5 × (19 − 10 ) × 2 × 54.36 + (17 × 1) + (19 − 10 )(1.5 − 1)  47.16 + 0 × 63.53

= 1503.18 kPa

So The ultimate bearing capacity ( qu ) is 1503.18 kPa

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Exercise IX.3
Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing with
dimension and soil parameter shown in the below figure.

γ =18 kN / m3

γ sat = 20kN / m3 D=1.5m

γ w =10kN / m3

ϕ ' = 38o
B=2m
1m

Solution

Compute the ultimate bearing capacity using the Terzaghi equation for the strip footing

We have: γ = 18 kN / m3 , γ sat = 20 kN / m3 , γ w = 10 kN / m3

For ϕ ' = 38o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 78.61 , N q = 61.55 , N c = 77.50

So for the strip footing we consider by the equation (IX.1):

qu = 0.5 × γ 2 × B × Nγ + γ 1 × D × N q + c '× N c

1
But d<B ⇒ γ 2 → γ av : γ av = × γ 2 × d + γ 2' × ( B − d ) 
B

1
= × 18 × 1 + ( 20 − 10 ) × ( 2 − 1)  = 14 kN / m3
2

⇒ qu = 0.5 ×14 × 2 × 78.61 + (18 × 1.5 ) × 61.55 + 0 × 77.50 = 2762.39 kPa

So The ultimate bearing capacity ( qu ) is 2762.39 kPa

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Exercise IX.4
net
Compute the ultimate & net allowable bearing capacity ( qu and qall ) using the Terzaghi
equation of square footing in the below figure.

Fill Material D=2m

γ 1 = 18kN / m3

L=B=3m

Natural soil under footing : γ 2 = 20kN / m3 , c2' = 15kPa , ϕ 2' = 20o

Solution
net
Compute the ultimate & net allowable bearing capacity ( qu and qall )

For the square footing we consider by the equation (IX.2):

qu = 0.4 × γ 2 × B × N γ + γ 1 × D × N q + 1.3c '× N c

For ϕ ' = 20o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 3.64 , N q = 7.44 , N c = 17.69

⇒ qu = 0.4 × 20 × 3 × 3.64 + 18 × 2 × 7.44 + 1.3 × 15 × 17.69 = 700.155 kPa

So we determine the net allowable bearing capacity by equation (IX.19):

qu − γ 1 × D 700.155 − (15 × 2 )
net
qall = = = 223.385 kPa
FS 3

So The ultimate bearing capacity ( qu ) is 700.155 kPa

net
The net allowable bearing capacity (qall ) is 223.385 kPa

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Exercise IX.5
net
What is the ultimate and net allowable bearing capacity ( qu and qall ) of the mate
foundation in the below figure.

Clay :

γ = 16kN / m3
D=4m
cu = 30kPa

ϕ u = 0o

B x L = 20 x 40 m?

Solution
net
Compute the ultimate & net allowable bearing capacity ( qu and qall )

For ϕ ' = 0o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 0.00 , N q = 1.00 , N c = 5.7

For the mat foundation we consider the ultimate bearing capacity by the equation (IX.4):

 B B  B
qu = 1 − 0.2 ×  × γ 2 × Nγ + γ 1 × D × N q +  1 + 0.3 ×  × c '× N c
 L 2  L

 20  20  20 
⇒ qu = 1 − 0.2 ×  ×16 × × 0 + 16 × 4 × 1 +  1 + 0.3 ×  × 30 × 5.7 = 260.65 kPa
 40  2  40 

So we determine the net allowable bearing capacity by equation (IX.19):

qu − γ 1 × D 260.65 − (16 × 4 )
net
qall = = = 65.55 kPa
FS 3

The ultimate bearing capacity ( qu ) is 260.65 kPa

So net
The net allowable bearing capacity (qall ) is 65.55 kPa

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Exercise IX.6
By supposing the factor of safety Fs = 3 , determine the dimensions of the below mat
foundation .

Sand : Q=15000kN 1.5m

γ 1 = 18kN / m3 D=3m

γ sat = 20kN / m3

BxB

Clay : γ = 18kN / m , cu = 40kPa , ϕu = 0o

3

Solution

Determine the dimensions of the below mat foundation

We know that: Q = 15000kN

Q Q
net
The net allowable bearing capacity: qall = =
S B× B
And the ultimate bearing capacity by equation (IX.14): qu = qall
net
× FS + γ 1 × D
So we get:
Q
qu = × FS + ( γ 1 × 1.5 ) + ( γ sat − γ w ) × ( 3 − 1.5 ) 
S
15000 45000
= 2
× 3 + (18 ×1.5 ) + ( 20 − 10 )1.5 = + 42
B B2
The ultimate bearing capacity of mate foundation by equation (IX.9):
 B B  B
qu = 1 − 0.2 ×  × γ 2 × Nγ + γ 1 × D × N q +  1 + 0.3 ×  × c '× N c
 L 2  L
 B B  B
= 1 − 0.2  × (18 − 10 ) × × 0 + (18 ×1.5 ) + ( 20 − 10 )1.5 + 1 + 0.3  × 40 × 5.7
 B 2  B
45000 45000
⇒ + 42 = 338.4 ⇒ B= = 12.32 m
B 2
338.4 − 42

So The dimension of footing is B=12.32 m

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Exercise IX.7
A rectangular footing of 3x1.5m is shown in the below figure. Determine the net allowable
load with can be supported by this foundation.

0.1m

Q
γ = 18kN / m3 2m
ϕ ' = 30o , c ' = 0

0.1m

3m
0.2m

1.5m

Solution

Determine the net allowable load with can be supported by this foundation

The effective dimension of footing can be determined by:

B ' = B − 2eB = 1.5 − 2(0.1) = 1.3m

L ' = L − 2eL = 3 − 2(0.2) = 2.6m

The ultimate bearing capacity is given by (IX.9):

 B' B'  B'

qu = 1 − 0.2 ×  × γ 2 × Nγ + γ 1 × D × N q + 1 + 0.3 ×  × c '× N c
 L'  2  L' 

For ϕ ' = 30o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 19.13 , N q = 22.46 , N c = 37.16

 1.3  1.3  1.3 

⇒ qu = 1 − 0.2 ×  × 18 × 19.13 + 18 × 2 × 22.46 +  1 + 0.3 ×  × 0 × 37.16
 2.6  2  2.6 
= 1010 kPa
q − γ D 1010 − 18 × 2
The net allowable bearing capacity is: net
qall = u 1 = = 324 kPa
FS 3

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Exercise IX.8
Verify the dimension of the footing shown in the below figure, whether it is adequate or not.
The factor of safety is taken as 3.
Q=1780 kN

MB=270 kN.m
ML=160 kN.m

Silty Clayed Sand :

D=1.8m
γ = 18kN / m3
c = 95kPa

ϕ = 30o 1.8m x 1.8m

Solution
Verify the dimension of the footing

The eccentricities in both directions are:

M B 270
eB = = = 0.15m
Q 1780

M L 160
eL = = = 0.09m
Q 1780

Therefore the effective dimension of the footing can be estimated:

B ' = 1.8 − 2(0.15) = 1.5m

L ' = 1.8 − 2(0.09) =1.62m

The net allowable bearing capacity is given by:

1 − 0.2 ×  × γ 2 × Nγ + γ 1 × D ( N q − 1) + 1 + 0.3 ×  × c × N c
 B' B'  B'
=
net L'  2  L' 
qall
Fs

For ϕ ' = 30o by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 19.13 , N q = 22.46 , N c = 37.16

 1.5  1.5  1.5 

1 − 0.2 ×  × 18 × 19.13 + 18 ×1.8 ( 22.46 − 1) + 1 + 0.3 ×  × 95 × 37.16
⇒ qall =
net  1.62  2  1.62 
3

= 954 kPa

net
Subsequently, Qall = 954(1.5 × 1.62) = 2318 kN > Q = 1780 kN ok !!!

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Exercise IX.9
Check the factor of safety in the clay layer of the below figure.
Q=1800 kN

Sandy gravel :

D=1m
γ = 20kN / m3

γ sat = 22kN / m3

1.5m x 3m ϕ = 40o
2.5m

Clay , cu = 35kPa , ϕu = 0o

Solution

Check the factor of safety in the clay layer

h1 2.5
By the figure we get: 1.5 < = = 1.66 < 3.5
B 1.5

⇒ B ' = B + h = 1.5 + 2.5 = 4m

L ' = L + h = 3 + 2.5 = 5.5m

Q 1800kN
So a repartition load can be determined by: q '= = = 81.81 kPa
B '× L ' 4m × 5.5m

qu − γ 1 × D q −γ × D
The net allowable bearing capacity: net
qall = ⇒ FS = u net1
FS qall

 B'  B'
qu − γ 1 D = 1 − 0.2 ×  × γ 2 × Nγ + γ 1 × D ( N q − 1) + 1 + 0.3 ×  × c × N c
B'
But
 L'  2  L' 

For ϕ ' = 0o (the clay layer): by table IX.2 we get: Nγ = 0.00 , N q = 1.00 , N c = 5.7

 4  4  4 
⇒ qu − γ 1 D = 1 − 0.2 ×  × 22 × × 0 + 20 × 1(1 − 1) + 1 + 0.3 ×  × 35 × 5.7
 5.5  2  5.5 
= 243.027kPa

qu − γ 1 × D 243.027
In brief that q ' ≤ qall
net
⇒ FS = = = 2.97 ok !!!
q' 81.81

S0 FS = 2.97 ok !

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Exercise IX.10

A strip footing is located near a slope. The site investigation and laboratory test provide the
following results:
Slope β = 20o
Cohesion less soil with the frictional angle ϕ ' = 40o
Unit weight of the soil γ = 18kN / m3
What is the ultimate bearing capacity of this footing in regard to its width if:
b/B = 0.5 and D/B = 1
b/B = 1 and D/B = 0
In both cases the effect of ground water is neglected.

Solution

The bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation in these cases can be determined from
equation (IX.18):
B
qu = c × N cq + γ 2 × × Nγ q
2
B
Since c = 0 , the above equation can be written as: qu = γ 2 × × N q
2
- Determine of bearing capacity factor , Nγ q :
b D
. for = 0.5 ; = 1 ; β = 20o and ϕ ' = 40o
B B
The chart of figure IX.13 give Nγ q = 135
b D
. for =1 ; = 0 ; β = 20o and ϕ ' = 40o
B B
The chart of figure IX.13 give Nγ q = 50
b D
Therefore: . for = 0.5 ; =1
B B
B B
⇒ qu = γ 2 × × Nγ q = 18 × × 135 = (1215 × B )kPa
2 2
b D
. for = 1 ; =0
B B
B B
⇒ qu = γ 2 × × Nγ q = 18 × × 50 = (450 × B )kPa
2 2

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Exercise IX.11
Consider a rectangular foundation that is located on a sand layer extending to a great
depth. The necessary data is given in below figure, estimate the elastic or immediate settlement
assuming that the foundation is rigid.

Sand :

E = 14000 kPa q = 100 kPa D=1.5m

υ = 0.30

1m x 2m

Solution

Estimate the elastic or immediate settlement assuming that the foundation is rigid

1 −υ 2
The immediate settlement for foundation by the equation (IX.23): si = q × B × × Ip
E

We have: E = 14000 kPa , υ = 0.30 , B= 1m , L = 2m , D= 1.5m

q = 100 kPa

L 2
It is the rigid foundation by table (IX.3): = =2 ⇒ I p = 1.18
B 1
1 − 0.302
⇒ si = 100 × 1× × 1.18 = 0.00767 m = 7.67 mm
14000

So The immediate settlement ( si ) = 7.67 mm

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Exercise X.1
Estimate the maximum allowable static load on a driven pile, 200mm X 200mm, shown in the
below figure. The unit weight of concrete pile is 24 kN/m3.

0m

Loose Sand γ 1 = 17 kN / m3

ϕ1' = 28o
-4 m

γ 2 = 17.5 kN / m3
clay Su = 40 kPa

ϕ 2' = 0o

-10 m
-11 m γ 3 = 18 kN / m3
Dense sand
ϕ3' = 38o

Solution
- The ultimate base bearing capacity in sand layer:
Equation (X.7): qb = σ v' × ' N q*
Dcr
From figure (X.8): for ϕ ' = 38o ⇒ = 15
B
D 1
For the given problem: = =5
B 0.2
D D
Since in this case: = 5 ≤ 0.5 × cr = 7.5
B B
So N q* become N q'
For ϕ ' = 38o , the chart of figure X.9 gives N q* = 129 and the chart of figure X.10 gives
N q* = 226
Therefore the value of N q' derive from the two values of N q* are:
D
B 5
N q1 = × N q* = ×129 = 86
0.5 ×
Dcr 0.5 × 15
B
D
B 5
N q1 = × N q* = × 226 = 150.67
0.5 ×
Dcr 0.5 × 15
B
And: σ v = (17 × 4 ) + (17.5 − 10 ) 6 + (18 − 10 )1 = 121 kPa
'

Then substituting equation X.7: qb1 = 121× 86 = 10406 kPa

qb2 = 121× 150.67 = 18231 kPa

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And: ql1 = 0.5 × Pa × N q* × tan ϕ ' = 0.5 × 100 × 86 × tan 38o = 3359.53 kPa < qb1
ql2 = 0.5 × Pa × N q* × tan ϕ ' = 0.5 × 100 × 150.67 × tan 38o = 5885.82 kPa < qb2

So the ultimate base bearing capacity is: Qb1 = ( 0.2 × 0.2 ) × 3359.53 = 134.38 kN
Qb1 = ( 0.2 × 0.2 ) × 5885.82 = 235.43 kN

- The ultimate base bearing capacity in sand layer:

. In loose sand layer:

The skin friction increase linearly up to a depth D’ and constant there after:

D ' = 15 × B = 15 × 0.2 = 3m

Equation (X.11): f s = K × σ v' × tan δ

Driven pile: K = 1.4 × K o = 1.4 (1 − sin ϕ ') = 1.4 (1 − sin 28o ) = 0.743
3 3 
δ = ϕ ' ⇒ tan δ = tan  × 28o  = 0.384
4 4 
Thus, Z between 0 and 3m: f s1 = 0.743 × 17 × z × 0.384 = 4.85 z , kPa
Z at or below 3m: f s 2 = 0.743 ×17 × 3 × 0.384 = 14.55 kPa

. In clay layer:

Equation (X.13): f s 2 = α × Su

Su 40
= = 0.442 < 1
σ '
vo 17 × 4 + (17.5 − 10)
6
2
−0.5 −0.5
S   40 
Equation (X.16): α = 0.5 ×  'u  = 0.5 ×   = 0.752
 σ vo   90.50 
So f s 2 = 0.752 × 40 = 30.08 kPa

. In dense sand layer:

The skin friction also increases from linearly up to a depth D’ and constant there after:
D ' = 15 × B = 15 × 0.2 = 3m

Equation (X.11): f s = K × σ v' × tan δ

Driven pile: K = 1.4 × K o = 1.4 (1 − sin ϕ ') = 1.4 (1 − sin 38o ) = 0.538
3 3 
δ = ϕ ' ⇒ tan δ = tan  × 38o  = 0.543
4 4 
At the top of dense sand layer:
f s 2 = 0.538 × (17 × 4 ) + (17.5 − 10 ) 6  × 0.543 = 33 kPa
At a depth of 1m from the top of the dense sand layer:
f s 2 = 0.538 × (17 × 4 ) + (17.5 − 10 ) 6 + (18 − 10 )1 × 0.543 = 35.35 kPa

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0m

Loose sand 14.55 kPa -3 m

-4 m 30 kPa

Clay

-10 m 33 kPa
Dense sand
-11 m 35.35 kPa

Since the pile perimeter is constant throughout the depth the total skin friction force can be
computed by multiplying the skin friction distribution shown in the above figure by the perimeter of
0.8m therefore,
QS = 0.8 0.5 × 3 × 14.55 ×1 + 14.55 ×1× 1 + 30.08 × 6 × 1 + 0.5 ( 33 + 35.35 ) × 1
= 200.68 kN

Therefore, the allowable load can be obtained by equation X.2:

Qb Qs 134.38 200.68
Qall1 = + = + = 106.31 kN
Fb Fs 3 3

Qb Qs 235.43 200.68
Qall2 = + − wp = + − (24 × 0.04 × 11) = 136.44 kN
Fb Fs 3 3

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Exercise X.2
Determine the maximum load that can be carried by a driven pile in the below figure.
Qall ???
Circular pile
0m
γ d ( sand ) = 16.5 kN / m3

Sand -2 m

γ sat ( sand ) = 17.5 kN / m3

ϕ 2' = 22o
B = 25 cm
-7 m
γ sat ( clay ) = 17.5 kN / m3
clay
Su = 25 kPa
-10 m

Solution

- Determine the maximum allowable load that can be carried by a driven pile:
Q Q
Qall = b + s − W p , (X.2)
Fs Fs
- We supposed the unit weight of concrete is 24kN / m3 :
24 × π ( 0.25 ) × 10
2
π B2
Wp = (24 × × 10) = = 11.775 kN
4 4
- Determine the point load or base bearing capacity of pile: qb = N c* × Su , (X.9)

The bearing capacity factor N c* = 6.5 at Su = 25 kPa

⇒ qb = 6.5 × 25 = 162.5 kPa

π ( 0.25 )
2

⇒ Qb = qb × Ab = 162.5 × = 7.973 kN
4

- Determine the shaft capacity of pile by equation (X.10): Qs = f s × As

At the sand layer (0m to 7m):

The critical depth: D ' = 15 B = 15 × 0.25 = 3.75m

Unit skin friction resistance by equation (X.11): f s = K × σ v' × tan δ

The coefficient of lateral earth pressure: K = 1.4 (1 − sin ϕ ' ) = 1.4 (1 − sin 22o ) = 0.876

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3  3 
The frictional angle (soil &pile): tan δ = tan  ϕ '  = tan  22o  = 0.296
4  4 

Z between 0 and 2m: f s = 0.876 × (16.5 × z ) × 0.296 = 4.278 z , kPa

Z at 2m: f s = 0.876 × (16.5 × 2 ) × 0.296 = 8.557 kPa

Z at 3.75m or greater than D’=3.75m:

f s = 0.876 × (16.5 × 2 ) + (17.5 − 10 )1.75 × 0.296 = 11.960 kPa

At the clay layer (7m to 10m):

Unit skin friction resistance by equation (X.13): f s = α × Su

3
The effective strees: σ v' = (16.5 × 2 ) + (17.5 − 10 ) 5 + (17.5 − 10 ) = 81.75 kPa
2
−0.5 −0.5
S   25 
⇒ Equation (X.16): α = 0.5 ×  u'  = 0.5 ×   = 0.904
 σ vo   81.75 
⇒ f s = 0.904 × 25 = 22.604 kPa

8.557 kPa -2 m

-3.75 m 11.960 kPa

Sand

-7 m 22.604 kPa

Clay
-10 m

⇒ The skin friction load of pile

Qs = 0.785 0.5 × 8.557 × 2 × 1 + 0.5 ( 8.557 + 11.960 )1.75 + 11.960 × 3.25 × 1 + 22.604 × 3 × 1

= 104.55 kN

Therefore, the allowable load can be obtained by equation X.2:

Qb Qs 7.973 104.55
Qall = + − Wp = + − 11.775 = 25.73 kN
Fb Fs 3 3

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Exercise X.3
Based on the given in the below figure, determine the total drag force (total force of
negative skin friction).

Circular pile
Fill materials:
γ f = 16 kN / m3 H f = 3m
ϕ ' = 30o , δ = 0.6ϕ '

Dense Sand
D

d = 0.30 m

Solution

Clay fill over granular soil:

p × K o × γ 'f × H 2f × tan δ
Determine total drag force by equation (X.27): Qn =
2

And we have: p = π d = 3.14 × 0.30 = 0.942 m

K o = 1 − sin ϕ ' = 1 − sin 30o = 0.5

γ 'f = 16 kN / m3

H 'f = 3 m

tan δ = tan ( 0.6ϕ ' ) = tan ( 0.6 × 30o ) = 0.325

0.942 × 0.5 ×16 × 32 × 0.325

⇒ Qn = = 11.02 kN
2

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Exercise X.4
Based on the given in the below figure, determine the total drag force (total force of
negative skin friction). Assumed the acceleration of gravity g = 10 m / s 2 .

Circular pile

Fill materials:
γ f = 17.5 kN / m3 H f = 3m

Clay:
z
γ sat = 17 kN / m3 ,
H NSF D = 20 m

ϕ ' = 25o , δ = 0.6ϕ '

Neutral plane

d = 0.30 m

Solution

We have: p = π d = 3.14 × 0.30 = 0.942 m

K o = 1 − sin ϕ ' = 1 − sin 25o = 0.577

γ 'f = 17.5 kN / m3 , H 'f = 3 m , D = 20 m

tan δ = tan ( 0.6ϕ ' ) = tan ( 0.6 × 25o ) = 0.268

Determine the neutral depth by equation (X.28):

H NSF =
(D − H ) × D − H +
γ 'f × H f
 2γ 'f
 − ×Hf
f f

H NSF  2  γ'
γ '

=
( 20 − 3) ×  20 − 3 + 17.5 × 3  − 2 ×17.5 × 3
 
H NSF  2 7  7

17  17 52.5  105
= × + −
H NSF  2 7  7

272
= − 15 ⇒ 2
H NSF + 15 H NSF − 272 = 0
H NSF
∆ = b 2 − 4ac = 152 − 4 × (−272) × 1 = 1313

−b + ∆ −15 + 1313
⇒ H NSF = = = 10.618 m
2a 2 ×1

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Granular soils fill over clay:

Determine total drag force by equation (X.30):

Qn = ( p × K o × γ 'f × H f × tan δ ) × H NSF + ( × p × K o × γ '× tan δ )

1 2
H NSF
2

⇒ = ( 0.942 × 0.577 ×17.5 × 3 × 0.268 ) × 10.618 +

1
2
(10.6182 × 0.942 × 0.577 × 7 × 0.268 )

= 81.201 + 57.480 = 138.681kN

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Exercise X.5
A fully embedded precast, prestressed concrete pile is 12m long and driven into a
homogenous layer of sand (c’ = 0). The pile is square in cross section, with sides measuring 305mm.
The dry unit weight of sand ( γ d ) is 16 kN / m3 , and the average effective soil friction angle is
ϕ ' = 35o . The allowable working load is 338kN. If 240kN is contributed by the frictional resistance
and 98kN is from the point load, determine the elastic settlement of the pile. Use
E p = 21× 106 kN / m 2 , Es = 30 000 kN / m2 and υ s = 0.3.

Solution
Determine the elastic settlement of the pile

- Elastic settlement of the pile (X.32): Se (1) =

( Qwb + ξ Qws ) × L
Ap × E p
The point load: Qwb = 98 kN , The frictional resistance: Qws = 240 kN

Area of cross section Ap = 0.305 × 0.305 = 0.093025 m 2 , (B=30.5 cm)

Modulus of elasticity of pile E p = 21× 106 kN / m 2 , ξ = 0.6

⇒ Se (1) =
( 98 + 0.6 × 240 ) × 12 = 0.001487 m = 1.487 mm
0.093025 × 21×106
qwb × B
- Settlement of the pile caused by point load (X.33): Se (2) = × (1 − υ s2 ) × I wb
Es
υ s = 0.3 , I wb = 0.85

Modulus of elasticity of soil below the pile tip Es = 30000 kPa

Qwb 98
qwb = = = 1053.48 kPa
Ap 0.093025

1053.48 × 0.305
⇒ Se (2) = × (1 − 0.32 ) × 0.85 = 0.00828 m = 8.28 mm
30000

- Settlement of the pile caused by the shaft around the pile (X.35):

 Q  B
Se (3) =  ws  × × (1 − υ s2 ) I ws
 p × D  Es
D 12
And: I ws = 2 + 0.35 × = 2 + 0.35 × = 4.195 , (X.36)
B 0.305

The perimeter of pile = 0.305 × 4 = 1.22 m

 240  0.305
⇒ Se (3) =  × × (1 − 0.32 ) 4.195 = 0.000636 m = 0.636 mm
 1.22 × 12  30000

⇒ Total settlement = 1.487 + 8.28 + 0.636 = 10.40 mm

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Exercise X.6
Using a factor of safety equal to 3, determine the allowable bearing capacity of pile group
in the below figure.

Given: Soil data:

m = 4, n = 3, B = 300 mm Homogenous saturated

clay:
S = 1200 mm, D = 11m
Cu = 80 kN / m2 ,

γ = 19 kN / m3

Groundwater table is
located at a depth 15 m
below the ground surface.
Bg

Lg

Solution
- Option 1

From equation (X.39) and (X.41):

Qg (u ) = η × ΣQu = η × m × n ×  Ab × ( N c* × Su (b ) ) + Σ (α × Su × p × ∆D ) 
In which: Ab = 0.30 × 0.30 = 0.09 m 2 , p = 4 × 0.30 = 1.20 m
∆D = D = 11 m and Su (b ) = Su = Cu = 80 kN / m 2

From equation (X.9): Su = 50 kN / m 2 , N c* = 8 and Su ≥ 100 kN / m 2 N c* = 9

by interpolation these value we get N c* = 8.60 and Su = 80 kN / m 2

The average values of the effective overburden stress is σ vo' :

11
σ vo' = 19 × = 104.504 kN / m 2
2
−0.5
Su 80  80 
It follow that: = = 0.766 < 1 , so α = 0.5 ×   = 0.57
σ vo' 104.50  104.50 
Therefore,

ΣQu = 4 × 3 × 0.09 × ( 8.60 × 80 ) + ( 0.57 × 80 × 1.2 × 11)  = 7966 kN

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Group efficiency (Equation X.40): η = 1−θ

( n − 1) × m + ( m − 1) × n
90 × m × n
0.3 ( 3 − 1) × 4 + ( 4 − 1) × 3
= 1 − arctan × = 0.78
1.2 90 × 4 × 3

Hence, Qg (u ) = η × ΣQu = 0.78 × 7966 = 6213.48 kN

Qg ( u ) 6213.48
And Qg ( all ) = = = 2071 kN
Fs 3

- Option 2

From option 1 , ΣQu = 7966 kN

Again from equation (X.42), the ultimate black capacity is:

ΣQu = ( Lg × Bg ) × Su ( b ) × N c* + Σ 2 ( Lg + Bg ) × Su × ∆D

B 0.3
In which: Lg = ( m − 1) × S + 2 × = ( 4 − 1) × 1.2 + 2 × = 3.9 m
2 2
B 0.3
Bg = ( n − 1) × S + 2 × = ( 3 − 1) × 1.2 + 2 × = 2.7 m
2 2

Lg 3.9 D 11
So, = = 1.44 and = = 4.07
Bg 2.7 Bg 2.7
From figure (X.17): N c* = 8.60
Therefore, the black capacity:
ΣQu = (13.9 × 2.7 ) × 80 × 8.6 + 2 ( 3.9 + 2.7 ) × 80 × 11 = 18860.64 kN

Hence: Qg (u ) = 7966 kN < 18860.64 kN

Qg (u ) 7966
And: Qg (α u ) = = = 2655 kN
Fs 3

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Exercise X.7
Determine the consolidation settlement of the piles in the below figure. All clays are normally
consolidated.
Qg = 2000 kN

Sand:
γ sat = 17 kN / m3
2.5 m
GWT 1m

Clay 1:
γ sat = 18 kN / m3 7m

eo = 0.8 , Cc = 0.3
14 m

7m
Lg = 3.9 m

γ sat = 18.5 kN / m3
Clay 2: 3m
eo = 0.7 , Cc = 0.2

γ sat = 19 kN / m3
Clay 3: 2m
eo = 0.75 , Cc = 0.25

Rock
Block width, Bg = 2.7 m

Solution

Determine the consolidation settlement of the piles

Cc  σ zf' 
The consolidation settlement (X.49): Se = × H × lg  ' 
1 + eo σ 
 zo 
- At clay 1 layer:
7
σ zo' = (17 × 2.5) + (18 − 10 ) 7 + (18 − 10 ) = 126.5 kN / m 2
2
Q  7 
The effective stress at the middle of layer: ∆σ ' = ,  Z i = = 3.5m 
(Bg + Z i )( Lg + Z i )  2 
2000
= = 43.592 kN / m 2
( 2.7 + 3.5)( 3.9 + 3.5 )
0.3  126.5 + 43.592 
⇒ Se1 = × 7 × lg   = 0.015 m = 150 mm
1 + 0.8  126.5 

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- At clay 2 layer:
3
σ zo' = (17 × 2.5 ) + (18 − 10 )14 + (18.5 − 10 ) = 167.25 kN / m 2
2
Q  3 
The effective stress at the middle of layer: ∆σ ' = ,  Z i = 7 + = 8.5m 
(Bg + Z i )( Lg + Z i )  2 
2000
= = 14.40 kN / m2
( 2.7 + 8.5 )( 3.9 + 8.5 )
0.2  167.25 + 14.40 
⇒ Se2 = × 3 × lg   = 0.01266 m = 12.66 mm
1 + 0.7  167.25 

- At clay 3 layer:
2
σ zo' = (17 × 2.5) + (18 − 10 )14 + (18.5 − 10 ) 3 + (19 − 10 ) = 189 kN / m 2
2
Q  2 
The effective stress at the middle of layer: ∆σ ' = ,  Z i = 10 + = 11m 
( Bg + Zi )( Lg + Zi )  2 

2000
= = 9.80 kN / m 2
( 2.7 + 11)( 3.9 + 11)
0.25  189 + 9.80 
⇒ Se3 = × 2 × lg   = 0.00627 m = 6.27 mm
1 + 0.75  189 

So the total consolidation settlement of clay = 150 + 12.66 + 6.27 = 168.9 mm

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