80 Response of One-Degree-of- Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 3.10 Response of One-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 Illustrative Example 3.9 ‘The steel frame shown in Fig. 3.17 supports a rotating machine that exerts a horizontal force at the girder level F(e) = 200 sin 5.3¢ (Ib). Assume 5% of critical damping and determine: (a) The steady-state amplitude of vibration, and (b) The maximum dynamic stress in the columns. Assume the girder is rigid. (This is the same structure in Illustrative Example 3.2.) wep gow se Fig. 3.17 (a) Diagram of the frame of lilustrative Example 3.9. (b) Analytical Model. ‘Solution: ‘The parameters for this structure were previously calculated in Illustrative Example 3.2 as: Mass: m = 38.86 (Ib.see"/in) Damping: §=0.05 Amplitude Harmonic Force: Fy = 200 (Ib) Force time function: FQ) = sin 5.31 Period (of the force) 5.37 =2n. Therefore, T =1.185Ssec ‘Time Step (Select 20 steps); a= - 0.059275 se 20Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading 81 Table 3.1, Harmonic Function |__tisec) | Fy = sin 5.31 | Enter the following commands in SAP2000: Begin: Enter: Hint: Select: Model: Install SAP2000 from the CD-ROM enclosed with this volume, Follow the installation instructions and the prompts in the software. After successful installation of the program, begin this example by opening the program. “OK” to disable the “Tip of the Day” screen. (Check OPTIONS>SHOW TIPS AT STARTUP to permanently disable this option), Maximize both screens for full views of all windows. In the lower right-hand comer of the screen, use the drop-down menu to select “Ib-in”. From the Main Menu bar enter: FILE>NEW MODEL FROM TEMPLATE Select Frame icon button Enter: Number of Stories = 182 Response of One-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000, Number of Bays = 1 Story Height = 180 Bay Width = 120 Then OK. Select: Click on X-Z icon to select this plane. Maximize this view and use the PAN icon to center the figure on the screen To decrease size of graphic click on the scaling icon with the minus sign in the center. Label: VIEW>SET ELEMENTS Check Joint Labels and Frame Labels. Then OK. (Accept remaining default settings) Boundary: Select joints | and 3 by clicking on them. ASSIGN>JOINT>RESTRAINTS. Select: Restraints only in X and Z directions. Then OK. Mass: Select joint 2 by clicking on the joint. ASSIGN>JOINT>MASSES Enter in Direction 1: 38.86. Then OK. Material: DEFINE>MATERIAL Select STEEL Click on Modify/Show Material Enter: E = 30E6 Mass per Unit Volume = Weight per Unit Volume = 0 Then OK, OK. Sections: DEFINE>FRAME SECTIONS Click on “Add I/Wide Flange”. ‘Select “Add General” (section) Accept default frame section name FSEC2 In Property Data window enter: ‘Cross-Sectional Area = 10000 Moment of Inertia about 3 Axis = 69.2 Shear area in 2 direction = 0 Accept all other default entries. Then OK. In the “General Section” window select Material = STEEL Accept all other default entries. Then OK. Click on “Add l/Wide Flange”. Select™“Add General” (section) Accept default frame section name FSEC3 In Property Data window enter:Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading _83 Cross-Sectional Area = 1.0E6 Moment of Inertia about 3 Axis = 1.0E6 Shear in 2 Direction = 0 Accept all other default entries In the “General Section” window select Material = STEEL Accept all other default entries. Then OK, OK. Load: DEFINE>STATIC LOAD CASES Select: Click down arrow and select Load = LOADI Click down arrow and select Type = LIVE Enter: Self-weight-multiplier = 0 Click on “Add New Load” Then OK. Assign: Click on joint 2 ASSIGN>JOINT STATIC LOADS>FORCES, Force Global X = 200. Click “Add to existing Loads". Then OK. Assign: Select the two columns by clicking on them ASSIGN>FRAME SECTIONS Select FSEC2. Then OK Select the horizontal member by clicking on it ASSIGN>FRAME SECTIONS Select FSEC3. Then OK. Load function: DEFINE>TIME HISTORY FUNCTIONS Click on “Add"New Function” Accept the default name FUNC1 Under “Define Function” enter the Time History values for the function F,=sin 3.3 calculated in Table 3.1. Enter each line of data, then press the ADD button. Then OK, OK. History Cases: DEFINE>TIME HISTORY CASES Click on “Add New History” Accept the default name HIST! Select analysis type “Periodic” In Modal Damping select *Modify/Show” Enter 0.05 in Damping for all Modes. Time steps = 20 Output time step size = 0.0593 Check mark on “Envelopes” Under “Load Assignments” Load — Click down arrow and select “load 1" Function ~ Select FUNC! Scale Factor - select 184 Response of One-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 Accept zero default values for last two columns. Click the ADD button. Then OK, OK, OK. Analyze: ANALYZE>SET OPTIONS Check only UX and RY for Degree-of-Freedom (DOF’s) Check Dynamic Analysis Set Dynamic Parameters Accept Number of Modes = 1. Then OK, OK. Analyze: ANALYZE>RUN Enter filename EXD 3.9 then Save Enter OK when the analysis is completed. Input Tables: FILE>PRINT INPUT TABLES Click “Print to File” and accept the default name for the file: “C:\SAP2000\EXD 3.9.txt", Enter OK. ‘Table 3.2 Edited Input Tables for illustrative Example 3.9. (Units: lb-in) STATIC LOAD CASES STATIC CASE SELF WT CASE TYPE FACTOR LOAD! LIVE 0.0000 TIME HISTORY CASES HISTORY _HISTORY NUMBER OF TIME STEP CASE TYPE TIME STEPS = INCREMENT HIST! PERIODIC 20 0.05828 JOINT DATA JOINT GLOBALX GLOBAL-Y GLOBAL-Z RESTRAINTS 1 60,0000 0.00000 0.00000 111000 2 -60,00000 0.00000 180.00000 000000 3 60.00000 0.00000 0.00000 111000 4 60.0000 0.00000 180.00000 900000 JOINT MASS DATA JOINT = MeUT = MEUZ MEU3 MRT MERZ MER. 2 38860 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 FRAME ELEMENT DATA FRAME JNT! JNT2 SECT ANGLE RLSES SGMNTS R1 2 FACTOR LENGTH 41 2 FSEC2 0,000 000000 2 0.000 0.000 1.000 180.000 2 3 4 FSECZ2 0.000 000000 2 0,000 0.000 1.000 180.000 3 2 4 FSEC3 0.000 900000 4 0.000 0.000 1.000 120.000Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading 85 JOINT FORGES Load Case LOAD1 JOINT GLOBAL-X GLOBAL-Y GLOBALZ GLOBALXX GLOBALYY GLOBALZZ 2 200.000 «0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Output Tables: FILE>PRINT OUTPUT TABLES Click on Print to File and on “Append”. Then OK. Note: Use Notepad or another editing program to edit and print the tables in CySAP2000/EXD 3.9.txt Tables 3.2 and 3.3 contain, respectively, the edited Input and the Output Tables for Ilustrative Example 3.9. Table 3.3 Edited Output Table for Illustrative Example 3.9, (Units: Ib-in) JOINT DISPLACEMENTS JOINT LOAD ua ou uz RK RY RZ 4 LOAD 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7.804E-04 0.0000 2 LoADt 0.0836 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 3 LOAD! 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7.804E-04 0.0000 4 LOAD} 0.0936. 0.0000 0.0000 9.0000 0,0000 0.0000 FRAME ELEMENT FORCES FRAME LOAD LOC P v2 V3 OT oMR ws 1 LOADI 0.00.00 100.00 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 90.00 000 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 900000 180.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 6.00 0.00 - 18000.00 2 LOAD! 0.00 000 100.00 0.00 000 0.00 0.00 80.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -9000.00 180.00 0:00 100.00 0.00 600 0.00 - 18000.00 3 LOAD! 0.00- 100.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1800.00 30.00-100.00 300.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 9000.00 60.00-100.00 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.8446-05 90.00- 100.00 300.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 - 9000.00 120.00- 10000 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 - 1800.0086 Response of One-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 Display Max and Min Displacements: DISPLAY>SET OUTPUT TABLE MODE Select: HIST History, Then OK. Right click on joint 2 to display Maximum and Minimum values for the displacements on joint 2: Joint 2 HISTI MAX: Ul = 0.1858 Joint 2HISTIMAX = U1 =-0.1858 Close this screen by clicking the “X” Display Time History Displacements: Select joint 2 by clicking on it DISPLAY>SHOW TIME HISTORY TRACES Accept default HIST Click on Joint 2 and on ADD button to move joint 2 to Plot Functions Accept time range from 9 to 1.1855. Axis Labels: Horizontal Time (sec) Vertical: Displacement Joint 2 (in) Click on Display (The screen will show the displacement-time function for joint 2) Plot Displacement: FILE>PRINT GRAPHICS (Fig 3.18 shows the Displ.-Time plot for joint 2 of Illustrative Example 3.9) Nima (uc) 1s 92) os! Fig. 3.18 Displacement Function at joint 2 of istrative Example 3.9 (in) Mustrative Example 3.10 The stee! frame In Illustrative Example 3.9 is now subjected to an acceleration at its base given by the fiznction F{/) = 0.3 sin 5.31 in/sec*. Use SAP2000 to determine the response.Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading _87 MMustrative Example 3.10 The steel frame In Illustrative Example 3.9 is now subjected to an acceleration at its base given by the function F(r) = 0.3 sin 5.3¢ in/sec*. Use SAP2000 to determine the response. Solution: This structure is modeled for dynamic analysis by the damped oscillator already shown in Fig. 3.2 (a). The parameters previously calculated in Illustrative Example 3.2 are the following: Spring Constant k= 2136 (lb/in) Mass: m= 38,86 (Ib.sec/in) Damping: £=005 Amplitude Harmonic Acceleration: ay = 0.3 (in/sec”) Harmonic Function: A.= sin 5.31 Period: $.37 = 2n, therefore T= 1.1855 sec or T Time Step (20 steps): At= 55 = 01089275 see Harmonic Function Table: Given in Table 3.1 of Illustrative Example 3.9 Enter the following commands in SAP2000: Begin: Open SAP2000, Enter: “OK” to disable the Tip of the Day screen (Check OPTIONS>SHOW TIPS AT STARTUP to permanently disable this option). Hint: Maximize both screens for full view of all windows. Select: In the lower right-hand comer of the screen, use the drop-down menu to select “Ib-in”. Model: From the Main Menu bar enter: FILE>NEW MODEL Enter: Number of Grid Spaces: X Direction = 2 'Y Direction = 088 Response of One-Degree-of- Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 Z Direction = 0 Grid Spaces: X Direction = 1 Y Direction = 1 Z Direction = 1. Then OK. Select: Click on X-Z icon to select this plane. Maximize this view and use the PAN icon to center the figure on the sereen, Draw: From the Main menu enter: DRAW>ADD SPECIAL JOINT ick on the origin of coordinates and on the point X = 1, (The grid intersection to the right of the origin) Press the “Enter” key or ESC to return to normal mode. Draw: DRAW>DRAW NLINK ELEMENT Click on joint 1 (at origin) and drag to joint 2, Click on joint 2 to draw the NLINK element, Press the “Enter” key or ESC to return to normal mode, Properties: DEFINE>NLINK PROPERTIES Click on “Modify/Show Property” Check box Ut in Directional properties box. Click on “Modify/Show” for U1 Enter: Effective Stiffness = 2136 Effective Damping = 0. Then OK, OK, OK. Label: VIEW>SET ELEMENT Check Joint Labels, Then OK. (Accept remaining default settings) Boundary: Select joint | by clicking on the joint. ASSIGN>JOINT>RESTRAINTS Select: Restraints in all directions, Then OK. Mass: Select joint 2 by clicking on the joint. ASSIGN>JOINT>MASSES Enter in Direction 1: 38,86. Then OK. Define: DEFINE>TIME HISTORY FUNCTIONS Click on “Add New Function” Accept the default name FUNC! Under Define Function enter the Time History values for the function F, = sin 5.31 calculated in Table 3.1 of Illustrative Example 3.9. Enter each line of data. Then press the ADD button, Then OK, OK.Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading 89 History Cases: DEFINE>TIME HISTORY CASES Click on “Add New History” Accept the default name HIST1 Select analysis type “Periodic” In Modal Damping select “Modify/Show” Enter 0.05 in Damping for all Modes. Time steps = 20 Output time step size = 0.0593 Check mark on “Envelopes” Under “Load Assignments” Load - Click down arrow and select “acc dir 1” Function ~ Select FUNCT Scale Factor — select 1 Accept zero default values for last tow columns. Click the ADD button. Then OK, OK, OK. Assign: Click on joint 1 ASSIGN>JOINT STATIC LOADS>FORCES Force Global X = 0.3 Click “Add to existing Loads”. Then OK. ‘Analyze; ANALYZE>SET OPTIONS Check only UX for Degree-of-Freedom (DOF's) Check Dynamic Analysis ‘Set Dynamic Parameters Accept Number of Modes = 1, Then OK, OK. ‘Analyze: ANALYZE>RUN Enter filename EXD 3.10 then Save Enter OK when the analysis is complete Display Max and Min Displacements: DISPLAY>SET OUTPUT TABLE MODE Select: HIST! History. Then OK. Right click on joint 2 to display the maximum and minimum displacement values Joint 2 HIST! Max: Ul = 0.0369 Joint 2 HIST! Min: Ul = 0.0369 Input Tables: FILE>PRINT INPUT TABLES Click “Print to File” and accept the default name for the file, CASAP2000e\EXD 3.10.tet. Then OK. Output Tables: FILE>PRINT OUTPUT TABLES90 Response of One-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 Click on “Print to File” and on “Append”. Then OK. Note: Use Notepad or another editing tool to edit and print the tables in C/SAP2000/EXD 3. 10.txt Tables 3.4 and 3.5 contain, respectively, the edited Input and Output Tables for IMlustrative Example 3.10. ‘Table 3.4 Edited Input Table for illustrative Example 3.10 (Units: tb-in) STATIC LOAD CASES STATIC | CASE SELF WT CASE “TYPE FACTOR LOAD! DEAD 1.0000 TIME HISTORY CASES HISTORY HISTORY © NUMBEROF TIMESTEP CASE TYPE ‘TIME STEPS = INCREMENT HIST! PERIODIC 20 0.08920 JOINT DATA JOINT GLOBAL GLOBAL-Y GLOBAL-Z RESTRAINTS 4 0.00000 «0.00000 0.000000 11114 2 1.00000 ©~——-0,00000 0.00000 + og0a00 JOINT MASS DATA JOINT MUI MU2 MUS MRI MR2 MRS 2 38.880 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 JOINT FORCES Load Case LOAD1 JOINT GLOBALX GLOBAL-Y GLOBAL-Z GLOBALXX GLOBAL-YY GLOBAL-2Z 1 0.300 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 NONLINEAR LINK ELEMENT DATA NLLINK JNT-1 JNT-2 SECTION ANGLE AXIAL-DIR LENGTH 14 2 NLPRI 10.000 1.000Response of Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading 91 Table 3.5 Edited Output Table for ltustrative Example 3.10 (Units: Ib-in) JOINT DISPLACEMENTS. JOINT LOAD ux uy uz RK RY RZ 1 -HISTIMAX 0.0000 0,9000 0,0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 HIST MIN 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2 HISTIMAX —@.0364 0.0000 0.0000 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 2 HISTIMIN = -0.0361 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 JOINT REAGTIONS JOINT LOAD Ft F2 F3 Mt M2 M3 1 HISTi MAX 62.2488 6.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6.0000 0.0000 1 HISTI MIN 100.8512 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 NLLINK ELEMENT FORCES NUINK LOAD LOC P vz WB T M2 M3 1 HISTI MAX 0.00 10085 0.00 000 000 000 0.00 0.00 100.85 0:00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 MISTI MIN 0.00 6225 000 000 000 000 0.00 Q00 6225 900 000 000 000 0.00 Display Time History Displacements: Select joint 2 by clicking on it DISPLAY>SHOW TIME HISTORY TRACES ‘Select HIST1 Click on Joint 2 and then on the ADD button to move to the Plot Functions column. Accept the default time range. Axis Labels: HORIZONTAL Time (sec) VERTICAL —_ Displacement Joint 2 (in) Click on “Display” (The screen will show the Displacement-Time Plot for Joint 2 of Mlustrative Example 3.10) Plot Displacement: FILE>PRINT GRAPHICS (Fig.3.19 shows the Displacement-Time function of Illustrative Example 3.10)92 Response of One-Degree-of-Freedom System to Harmonic Loading Using SAP2000 os 003 002 001 od oor 6 08 412 oar Time (see) placement Jolnt2 (in) la 8 8 004 Fig. 3.19 Displacement-Time Function for Joint 2 of Illustrative Example 3.10 3.11 Summary In this chapter, we have determined the response of a single-degree-of-freedom system subjected to harmonic loading. This type of loading is expressed as a sine, cosine, or as an exponential function and can be easily handled mathematically for the undamped or damped structure, The differential equation of mation for a linear single-degree-of-freedom system is the second-order differential equation mji+ cii+ ku = Fy sin Bt (3.10) repeated or in which Z is the forced frequency, is the damping ratio and £ is the natural frequency ™ The general solution of eq.(3.10) is obtained as the combination of the ‘complementary (transient) and the particular (steady-state) solutions, namely u=e-"(4 cosapr+ Bsiney jx —eLksine@t- 9) Hs vi--?F +(2reP transient solution steady state solution in which