UNIT 3 - STEP 4

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND WAVES

WAVES BEHAVIOR IN GUIDED MEDIUMS AND RADIATION

GRUPO 203058_51

TUTOR: WILMER HERNAN GUTIERREZ

UNAD
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
APRIL 2018
INTRODUCTION
In this work is divided into three parts which are a theoretical part, another
mathematical and the other practice through simulation software that helps us
understand a little better the subject that is being worked on at the moment

THEORETICAL EXERCISES
1. What is the practical implication associated to a line with only reactive
components or only resistive components?

When heating the resistive elements could deteriorate the insulation of the cables
to be used, which, should be used a larger caliber, while the reactive components
are usually sensitive to disturbances and losses due to external fields, which
should be used Shielded cabling to protect against all types of environmental
interference.

2. In a practical transmission system. What is a good value for the reflection

coefficient and the VSWR? Explain.

The coefficient of reflection when passing from one medium to another determines
the relationship between the incident wave and the reflected one, and in turn the
reflection coefficient is closely related to the transmission coefficient. the coefficient
of reflection is obtained based on the conservation of voltage and current and the
ohm law in a phasor

Vswr is a bidirectional ordinary transmission line which can propagate in two

directions. This relationship between the maximum voltage and the minimum
voltage of a standing wave in a transmission line, therefore, has no units. It
depends a lot on the variation of the existing waves is a transmission line, but
mainly, of the reflected wave. the limit values of vswr are from 1.1 to 1.6

3. What occurs with the voltage and current in a line with the following
conditions: line terminated in its characteristic impedance, line terminated in
a short and line terminated in an open?

When the line terminated in its impedance the voltage is adsorbed by the load,
when the line ends in a short circuit there is no load that adsorbs the incident
voltage, so it is reflected with the same amplitude and polarity and adds to the new
incident, producing a maximum effective voltage and when the line terminated in
an open there is no charge that adsorbs the incident voltage, so it is reflected with
the same amplitude and opposite polarity and the sum of the new incident,
producing a zero voltage

4. What is the voltage reflection coefficient and what is an ideal value for a
transmission system?

If the line is ideal (without losses), the incident signal will reach the end of the line
without attenuation and identically, the reflected signal will return to the beginning
of the line without attenuation.
The Reflection Coefficient is defined as:
𝑽𝒓
𝒑=
𝑽𝒊
Where:
𝑉𝑖 = Signal incident (propagating in the direction of transmission)
𝑉𝑟 = Reflected signal (propagates in the opposite direction).}

the ideal values of transmission goes from 1 to 2

5. What is the effect of Lossy line on voltage and current waves?

6. In the Smith Chart identify a 𝑍𝐿 =∝, a 𝑍𝐿 = 0, two resistive loads and two
complex loads. You have to assume the characteristic impedance.

PRACTICAL EXERCISES
1. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎𝜴
and the load at the end of the line has an impedance of 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 + 𝒋𝟗𝟓𝜴.
Using the Smith Chart, find:
a. Reflection coefficient 𝜞 (magnitude and phase), and the VSWR.
b. The input impedance if the line is 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝀 long.
c. The length of the line, necessary to make the input impedance real and the
value of the impedance in this point.
Data:
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎𝜴
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 + 𝒋𝟗𝟓𝜴
𝓵 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝀

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜞=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
(𝟒𝟓 + 𝒋𝟗𝟓𝜴) − 𝟔𝟎𝜴
𝜞=
(𝟒𝟓 + 𝒋𝟗𝟓𝜴) + 𝟔𝟎𝜴
𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖∡ − 𝟓𝟔. 𝟖°

𝟏 + |𝜞|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏 − |𝜞|
𝟏 + |𝟎. 𝟔𝟖|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏 − |𝟎. 𝟔𝟖|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟓

𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵)
(𝟒𝟓 + 𝒋𝟗𝟓𝜴) + 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝀)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟔𝟎𝜴
𝟔𝟎𝜴 + 𝒋(𝟒𝟓 + 𝒋𝟗𝟓𝜴)𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝝀)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝒋𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝜴
 𝒎𝑯 𝒏𝑭
2. A transmission line has the following parameters:, 𝑳 = 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 , 𝑪 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝒎,
𝝁𝑺 𝜴
𝑮 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒌𝒎 and 𝑹 = 𝟒 𝒌𝒎 . It has a generator supplying 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑽 𝒓𝒎𝒔 at
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝎 = 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 and in series with a resistance of 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝜴. The load has an
𝒔
impedance of 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝜴. Find the input voltage and current.
Data:
𝒎𝑯
𝑳=𝟐
𝒌𝒎
𝒏𝑭
𝑪 = 𝟒𝟓
𝒌𝒎
𝝁𝑺
𝑮 = 𝟏. 𝟐
𝒌𝒎
𝜴
𝑹=𝟒
𝒌𝒎
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝎 = 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑
𝒔
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝑽 𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰=
𝒁𝟎
 𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝒁𝟎 = √
𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪

𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝒈
𝒁𝒈 + 𝒁𝟎

𝜴 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒎𝑯
𝟒 + 𝒋 𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒔 ∗ 𝟐
𝒁𝟎 = √ 𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒎
𝝁𝑺 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒏𝑭
𝟏. 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒔 ∗ 𝟒𝟓
𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒎

𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎

𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗 − 𝒋𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟒

𝟏𝟑𝟗 − 𝒋𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟒
𝑰=
𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏

3. A 𝟒𝟓𝜴 lossless transmission line has a 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴. If it 𝒊𝒔 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎 long

and the wavelength is 𝟐𝟑𝒎. Find and probe with the smith chart:
a. Input impedance.
b. Reflection coefficient.
c. VSWR
Data;
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟒𝟓𝜴
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 – 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴
𝑳 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎
𝝀 = 𝟐𝟑𝒎
 𝑳
𝓵=
𝝀
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝓵=
𝟐𝟑
𝓵 = 𝟖. 𝟕

𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝜞=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴) − 𝟒𝟓𝜴
𝜞=
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴) + 𝟒𝟓𝜴
𝜞 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓∡ − 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑°

𝟏 + |𝜞|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏 − |𝜞|
𝟏 + |𝟎. 𝟓𝟓|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏 − |𝟎. 𝟓𝟓|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = 𝟑. 𝟒

𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵)
(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴) + 𝒋𝟒𝟓𝜴𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝟖. 𝟕𝝀)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟒𝟓𝜴
𝟒𝟓𝜴 + 𝒋(𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴)𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝟖. 𝟕𝝀)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟏 + 𝒋𝟔𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝜴
4. A transmission line of length 𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝝀 has an input impedance
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟒𝟓𝜴. Using the Smith Chart, find the load impedance if
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝜴.
Data:
𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝝀
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟒𝟓𝜴
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝜴
𝒁𝑳 = ?
 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵)
Clear 𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝟎 [ 𝒋𝒁𝟎 𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵) − 𝒁𝒊𝒏 ]
𝒁𝑳 =
𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒋𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝓵) − 𝒁𝟎
𝟕𝟓𝜴[ 𝒋𝟕𝟓𝜴𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝝀) − (𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟒𝟓𝜴)]
𝒁𝑳 =
(𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟒𝟓𝜴)[𝒋𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝟐𝝅𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝝀)] − 𝟕𝟓𝜴
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐𝟒 + 𝒋𝟒𝟏. 𝟓𝜴
5. A load 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴 is connected to a transmission line with
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝜴. The line is 𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝝀. Find the input impedance and at least two
line lengths where the input impedance is real. Use the Smith Chart to Solve
the exercise.
in group solve the following practical exercise
Using the software Smith V4.0, found in the practice learning environment,
solve the next exercises and explain each step of the simulation. 1. For the
following input impedance and load impedance, find the wavelength
necessary to get a real input impedance.
𝒂. 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟒𝟓 − 𝒋𝟔𝟎𝜴 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝜴
𝒃. 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐𝟓 − 𝒋𝟑𝟔𝜴 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟒𝟓𝜴

𝒄. 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟗𝟖 − 𝒋𝟒𝟔𝜴 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟓𝜴

𝒅. 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟓𝟔 − 𝒋𝟐𝟗𝜴 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟓𝟖𝜴
 CONCLUSIONS
 Understanding the use of software is a fundamental part for the
development of activities
 Knowing the equations for the development of the activities in a timely
manner makes the solution to the established problems a bit easier to solve
 Knowing and understanding the theoretical part of the problems is a key part
to obtain a faster solution
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://blogcomunicacionesmoviles.blogspot.com.co/2012/11/vswr-voltage-standing-
wave-ratio-y-dtf.html

http://www.oocities.org/uniteciec/ondas_reflejadas.htm