LP3

Learning objectives

Welcome to the course section on overvoltage and undervoltage protection! The

LUCAS-NÜLLE team wishes you lots of fun and success in working through the course
topics and conducting the experiments. The next few pages provide an overview of this
section's contents and required equipment.

A theoretical introduction and subsequent practical experiments demonstrate the use

and functionality of undervoltage / overvoltage protection. Working with the protective
relays and other components in the experimental setup provides a good insight into this
type of protection technology.

Training content
 Theoretical principles of overvoltage and undervoltage protection
 Trip characteristics of overvoltage / undervoltage relays

Prerequisites
 Fundamentals of electrical engineering
 Fundamentals of protection technology

Equipment
Basic equipment
Article
Designation Quantity
number
CO3301-4N Overvoltage / undervoltage relay 1
CO3301-3A Transmission line model (150 km / 300 km) 1
CO3301-5P Power-switch module 2
CO3301-3F Resistive load, 3-phase, 1 kW 1
Documentation
Article
Designation Quantity
number
SH5001-6L Manual: ELP protection technology 1
 for high-voltage transmission lines
Software
Article
Designation Quantity
number
LM9025 Interface converter RS45 / USB 1
HTL-PL-Soft4 parametrization software
SO4001-3G 1
for Power-Lab protective relays (D + GB)
Power supply
Article
Designation Quantity
number
ST8008-4S Adjustable three-phase power supply (0 - 400V / 2A, 72PU) 1
Table-top housing for 72PU inserts for CEE three-phase
ST8008-7F 1
connection
ST8010-4J 5-way socket strip with illuminated mains switch 2
Measuring instruments
Article
Designation Quantity
number
CO5127-1Y Three-phase meter 1
LM2330 Digital multimeter 1

Fundamentals

Overvoltage / undervoltage relays - also simply known as voltage relays - are used to
monitor the operating voltage of power grids. The voltage is monitored for transgression
of certain upper and lower limits. This affords general protection for electricity
consumers and generators and as well as other equipment forming part of power
transmission systems.
 1. Generator
2. Protective relay, e.g. for de-energizing a generator and/or
shutting off a turbine's steam supply.
3: Transformer
4. Busbar
5. Protective relay for disconnecting the motor from the mains
via a circuit breaker
6. Circuit breaker
7. Motor

Figure 3.1 - Generator / motor feeder

Unless stated otherwise, the ensuing text uses Figure 3.1 as orientation and is intended
to elucidate the possible applications of voltage protection relays.

Overvoltage relays (2) are used to protect generators (1) or other equipment such as
capacitors. As the load on a generator decreases, its speed and, consequently, voltage
increase. Depend on voltage levels, electrical equipment has a certain isolation limit,
sometimes defined as the "maximum permissible voltage for equipment" and
designated Um. This voltage is 10 - 15% higher than the nominal or operating voltage.
The rated voltage Ur is the voltage corresponding to the equipment's maximum power
without any risk of damage during continuous operation.
Voltage surges are therefore usually above the rated voltage but not necessarily above
the equipment's maximum permissible voltage. The hysteresis here should be less than
20%. This means that after the excitation voltage has dropped off, i.e. the voltage has
decreased, the protective relay remains energized by no more than 20% of the
excitation voltage before releasing. Figure 3.2 elucidates this pattern.
 Figure 3.2 - Characteristic with hysteresis

Undervoltage monitoring (5) is performed almost exclusively for motors (7), as they
undergo high stresses when their supply voltage is interrupted. In this situation, the
motor is disconnected from the mains network by means of a circuit breaker (6). The
pick-up value is about 80% of the nominal voltage. The hysteresis setting for
undervoltage should not exceed 17%.

Experiment procedure

The experiment procedure for this section is described next.

Training content:

 Assembly instructions
 Test of undervoltage excitation
 Test of overvoltage excitation
 Test of hysteresis

Assembly instructions

Assembly instructions

The chapters titled "Safety instructions" and "General notes on the experiments"
should be borne in mind here at all times.

Make sure that the line model is not shortened with the template to 150 km via the
sensors unless explicitly specified.

In the undervoltage test, the setup represents a motor feeder. The resistive load
simulates a motor which can be disconnected via power switch 2 from the mains. Power
switch 1 connected upstream in front of the relay is used to interrupt the voltage supply
to simulate an undervoltage.
The transmission line is fed from the three-phase supply. The experimental setup for the
overvoltage test is the same as the one for the undervoltage test, except that power
switch 1 is tripped in the event of a fault. On occurrence of a fault in a real application,
the protective relay would be responsible for de-energizing a generator, for instance.
For technical reasons, the protective mechanism's operating principle is demonstrated
here by the existent setup. Only the power switch located in front of the relay is used to
disconnect the line and load in the event of an overvoltage. The voltage relay measures
voltage with the help of a voltage transformer for each phase.
 Set up the experiment as shown in the circuit diagram and layout plan below.

More details on the protective device are provided in the related documentation.

1. 3-phase power supply

2. Power-switch module
3. Voltage transformer
4. Line model
5. Power-switch module
6. Load
7. Overvoltage / undervoltage protection

Figure 3.3 - Circuit diagram

Figure 3.4 - Layout plan for undervoltage test

Undervoltage test
 Undervoltage test

 Connect all devices by means of a power plug to the supply voltage.

 Make sure that both power switches are initially open (OFF buttons).
 Set the resistive load to its maximum value.
 Set the voltage relay's DIP switches as shown in the table below. The voltage is
measured between the outer conductors (delta voltage) and has
a value of 110 V.

Function Un Un Un ps Supv. Hyst. Hyst. tU< tU>

DIP switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ON 110 V 230 V 400 V Active Δ 6% 10% x1
OFF 100 V 100 V 100 V Inactive Y 3% 3% x 0.1

 Turn all potentiometers to their left limit.

 Turn on the adjustable three-phase voltage supply and set the voltage to 110 V.

The trip delay is 0 seconds in both cases. The overvoltage excitation level should equal
the maximum permissible voltage for equipment. The undervoltage is to be set to
95%. Enter the missing values in the table below.

Overvoltage test

Overvoltage test

 Re-configure the experiment as shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 - Layout plan for overvoltage test

 Connect all devices by means of a power plug to the supply voltage.

 Make sure that both power switches are initially open (OFF buttons).
 Set the resistive load to its maximum value.
 The DIP switches should remain on the same settings as those in the test of
undervoltage protection.
 The overvoltage excitation should lie between 110% - 115%.
  Turn on the adjustable 3-phase power supply and set the voltage to 110 V.

Once all these settings have been made, connect the transmission line and the load by
closing the power switches (ON buttons).

The operational state should now be assumed (both red LEDs on the voltage relay are
OFF).

If a relay is still energized (red LED on), turn the power switch off again and check your
settings.

Hysteresis test

Hysteresis test

We will now test various hysteresis levels which can be set for a protective relay. The
set hysteresis always applies jointly to the overvoltage and undervoltage.
The setup from the previous experiments remains unchanged here. Just disconnect the
feed line to the power switch so that it is not inadvertently tripped during the next round
of measurements (Figure 3.6).

Figure 3.6 - Layout plan for hysteresis test

 Set the resistive load to its maximum value.

 Set the voltage relay's DIP switches as indicated in the table below. The (delta) voltage
is measured between the outer conductors and equals 110 V.

Function Un Un Un ps Supv. Hyst. Hyst. tU< tU>

DIP switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ON 110 V 230 V 400 V Active Δ 6% 10% x1
OFF 100 V 100 V 100 V Inactive Y 3% 3% x 0.1

 Turn on the adjustable 3-phase power supply and set the voltage to 110 V.
 The trip delay is 0 seconds in both cases.
 Set the potentiometer to the first overvoltage value indicated in the table.
 Slowly increase the voltage on the three-phase power supply until the red LED
"U>" comes on, and note the pick-up value under RPU.
  Decrease the voltage again slowly and note the release (or reset) value RRe in the table
too.
 Repeat these steps on the remaining settings.
 Calculate the corresponding reset ratios and determine their average.

ELP4

ELP4: Directional power protection

Course section
ELP4: Directional power protection

Course number: SH5001-6L Version 1.0

Author: Nils Gilleßen

Learning objectives

Welcome to the course section directional power protection! The LUCAS-NÜLLE team
wishes you lots of fun and success in working through the course topics and conducting
the experiments. The next few pages provide an overview of this section's contents and
required equipment.
Theoretical and practical treatments of directional protection with the help of related
software provide a further insight into protection technology. The capabilities of power
protection are demonstrated, and the operating principle of this sort of protective relay
elucidated in practical experiments.

Training content
 Theoretical principles of power protection
 Test of direction recognition
 Reset ratio and release time

Prerequisites
 Fundamentals of electrical engineering
 Fundamentals of protection technology

 Equipment

Basic equipment
Article Quantit
Designation
number y
CO3301-4G Directional power relay 1
CO3301-3A Transmission line model (150 km / 300 km) 1
CO3301-5P Power-switch module 2
CO3301-3F Resistive load, 3-phase, 1 kW 1
Documentation
Article Quantit
Designation
number y
Manual: ELP protection technology
SH5001-6L 1
for high-voltage transmission lines
Software
Article Quantit
Designation
number y
LM9025 Interface converter RS45 / USB 1
SO4001-3G HTL-PL-Soft4 parametrization software 1
 for Power-Lab protective relays (D + GB)
Power supply
Article Quantit
Designation
number y
ST8008-4S Adjustable three-phase power supply (0 - 400V / 2A, 72PU) 1
Table-top housing for 72PU inserts for CEE three-phase
ST8008-7F 1
connection
ST8010-4J 5-way socket strip with illuminated mains switch 2
Measuring instruments
Article Quantit
Designation
number y
CO5127-1Y Three-phase meter 1
LM2330 Digital multimeter 1

Fundamentals

General notes

Power protection is intended primarily to detect reverse power arising on turbines. The
device used in this experiment is also able to monitor the active power produced by
generators. During parallel operation of a generator with a network or another
generator, it is necessary to monitor the direction of current flow. If the drive turbine
fails, the generator operating as a synchronous motor starts to drive the turbine. The
protective relay recognizes the reversal of power, whereupon the generator is
disconnected from the mains network by a circuit breaker. If the fault persists for too
long, the drive unit may get damaged. Depending on the fault and the drive unit, switch-
off is performed after a delay time of 0 - 30 seconds. If a steam turbine is being used,
for instance, action must be taken at an early stage (fast response), only a small
percentage of own active power capable of being absorbed. Moreover, a lack of steam
causes the turbine to become impermissibly hot. The slow response can be set to 10
seconds or longer in the case of fluctuations attributable, for instance, to boiler
malfunctions. These protective devices usually have a relatively long release time (e.g.
500 ms) in order to detect an occurrence of peaks. These peaks are added together
during the release time. If the delay time is exceeded within the release time t DO, the
device trips again.

Typical settings:

Pick-up values:
Steam turbines: 1% - 4%
Gas turbines: 4% - 6%
Diesel generator sets: 5% - 8%

Fast trip stage (e.g. in the case of load disconnection)

0s-3s

Slow trip stage (e.g. in the case of boiler malfunction)

10 s - 15 s

Experiment procedure

The experiment procedure for this section is described next.

Training content:

 Assembly instructions
 Direction recognition test
 Determining reset ratio and release time

Assembly instructions

Assembly instructions

The chapters titled "Safety instructions" and "General notes on the experiments"
should be borne in mind here at all times.

Make sure that the line model is not shortened with the template to 150 km via the
sensors unless explicitly specified.

The overhead transmission line receives a three-phase power supply and is loaded by a
resistor. The power switch can disconnect the line from the supply source in the event
of a fault. During the experiment, the power direction is reversed by swapping the
cables. In actual practice, a surge in forward power results in deactivation of the
generator, for instance. On detection of reverse power, the supply to the turbine is
interrupted. In this experiment, these actions will be simulated merely by disconnecting
the line model from the three-phase supply.

Set up the experiment as shown in the circuit diagram and layout plan below.
 More details on the protective device and HTL-PL-Soft4 software are provided in the
related documentation.

1. 3-phase power supply

2. Power-switch module
3. Voltage transformer
4. Current transformer
5. Line model
6. Load
7. Directional power relay

Figure 4.1 - Circuit diagram

Figure 4.2 - Layout plan

Testing forward and reverse power

Testing forward and reverse power

Initial steps

Note: Use the SEG control software for precise adjustment of values (refer to the
chapter titled Using SEG HTL-Soft). This software indicates the power in watts (W)
which is considered as a percentage of the protective relay's reference power. Example:
Un * In * power proportion (%) = 110 V * 1 A * 50% = 55 W; Un = nominal voltage of the
XP2-R; In = nominal current of the XP2-R

 For the experiments in this section, set the relay's DIP switches as shown in the table
below (active setting = green background).

Function Un Un Un t Return t RP> t P>

DIP switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ON 110 V 230 V 400 V Δ 40 ms x 10 x 10
OFF 100 V 100 V 100 V Y 500 ms x1 x1

 Set the resistive load to its maximum value.

 Adjust the voltage to 110 V.
 Answer the questions further below.

Note: Because the apparent power is roughly equal to the active power at the chosen
values, the questions refer to the apparent power.

Testing forward power

 Turn on the power switch.

The setup is now in its normal operating mode.

 The power can be read via the three-phase meter or the software.
 Slowly decrease the resistive load until the relay is energized (upper red LED shines).
 Note the trip level and delay.
 Turn off the power switch again.
Test of reverse power

 Set the resistive load to its maximum value.

 Change the direction of current flow by swapping the connections as shown in Figure
4.3. This reverses the current and, therefore, the power direction for the protective relay.

Specification: The power of 10 W per phase corresponds to 6% of a gas turbine's

maximum permissible reverse power.

 Set the calculated percentage power on the protective relay.

 Turn on the power switch.
 Slowly decrease the resistive load until the relay is energized (upper red LED
comes on).
 Note the trip level and delay.
 The power can be read on the three-phase meter.
 Turn off the power switch again.

Reset ratio and release time

Reset ratio and release time

Determining the reset ratio

 Restore the experimental configuration to the layout shown in Figure 4.2. The DIP
switches should remain set as in the tests of direction recognition.
 Turn the resistive load to its maximum value.
 Set the voltage to 110 V.
 So the trip delay time tP> to 0 s.
 Turn on the power switch.
 Set the first power level specified in the table and slowly lower the resistive load until the
relay picks up. Read the power PPu (pick-up value) from the software display and note
the value in the table below.
 Slowly increase the resistance again until the relay releases. Also note this value PRe
(release or reset value) in the table.
 Repeat the procedure at 20% and 36%, and calculate the reset ratio.

Determining the release time

The configuration and settings remain as during determination of the reset ratio. The
trip level P> is 36%. To be able to measure trip times for the purpose of evaluation, the
switching operations must be recorded by the measuring instrument (refer to the
chapter titled Using SEG HTL-Soft).

 Set the resistive load to its maximum value.

 Turn on the power switch so that a current of 0.12 A flows at a voltage of 110 V.
 Generate a trend graph.
 Slowly decrease the load until the relay trips (red LED comes on); then increase the load
again.
 Repeat this procedure five times and turn off the power switch afterward.
 Stop recording the trend graph and open it.
 Select the characteristics labelled Alarm P>, Trip P> and Active/reverse power
reading P.

Characteristic 3 indicates the current's response to increases and decreases in resistive

load. Characteristic 1 shows the time for which a fault is present. Characteristic 2
indicates when the device returns to its initial state.

 Measure the difference (release time) between the alarm and trip. Enter the obtained
values in the list further below.
 Determine the average release time from all five measurements.

Summary

According to the manufacturer, the device has a hysteresis (reset ratio) of 0.8% * Pn.
The measured reset ratio has a mean value of 97%. Measurement errors here lead to
some variations, a hysteresis being clearly evident. The minimum hysteresis between
the pick-up and release values prevents chatter and ensures a stable response.
The average measured release time is 566 ms. This time period is meant to intercept
any peaks (fluctuations) which might occur. If the peaks added together within a release
time exceed the trip delay, the relay trips again. Otherwise, it returns to its initial state.