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1. a × b = ab √ × √ = √
a a
2. =
b b
3.
a × a = ( a )2 = a
4. ax = ay ⇒ x = y
5. a + b n = c + d n ⇒ a = c and b = d
Caution: √ + ≠ √ + √, √ − ≠ √ - √
3 3 5 3 5
(a) E.g. = × =
5 5 5 5
2 2(5 + 2) 2(1 + 2) 2(1 + 2)
(b) E.g. = = =
(5 − 2) (5 − 2)(5 + 2) (5 − 2) 3
Same base ×
=
÷
=
Same index
×
= ()
÷
=( )n
Zero index = 1
Negative index
=
( ) - n = ( )n
Fractional index
= ( √)
1
Rules for Logarithms
Quotient of Logarithm x
log a = log a x − log a y
y
Exponential Graphs
The graphs of y = abx are shown below for different range of values of a & b.
2
Logarithmic Graphs
The graphs of y = a ln (bx + c) are shown below for different range of values of a & b.
2) Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0
± !"
Recall Quadratic Formula: x =
#
3
Discriminant & type of roots
b2 – 4ac> 0
b2 – 4ac= 0
No real roots
b2 – 4ac< 0
Question types
b2 – 4ac ≥ 0
4
Polynomials & Partial Fraction
Recall how long division is done.
Factor Theorem
Partial Fractions
$(&)
Proper rational algebraic expression, is when degree of numerator f(x) < degree of denominator, g(x).
'(&)
Note: To write as partial fractions, first check that the expression is proper.
mx + n A B
= +
(ax + b)(cx + d ) ax + b cx + d
px 2 + qx + r A B C
= + +
(ax + b)(cx + d ) 2
ax + b cx + d (cx + d ) 2
px 2 + qx + r A Bx + c
= + 2
(ax + b)( x + c ) ax + b x + c 2
2 2
3) Modulus Function
The absolute or modulus of a real number x is denoted by |x| and defined as:
The above is useful when solving modulus equation. Alternatively, you can square both sides to remove the
modulus sign. Refer to property 6 below.
Properties of modulus:
1. |a| ≥ 0
2. |- a| = |a|
3. |ab| = |a||b|
||
4. | |=
||
5. |an| = |a|n
6. |a | =|b| implies that a2 = b2
5
4) Coordinate Geometry
y
B( x2 , y2 )
θ
A( x1 , y1 )
x
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
• Mid-point of AB = ,
2 2
y2 − y1
• Gradient of AB = = tan θ
x2 − x1
6
3. Areas of triangle:
1 x1 x2 x3 x1
Area of ∆ABC = (anti - clockwise direction)
2 y1 y2 y3 y1
1
= ( x1 y 2 + x 2 y 3 + x3 y1 − x1 y 3 − x 3 y 2 − x 2 y1 )
2
OR
1
Area of ∆ABC = ( AB)( AC ) sin θ
2
• Equation of straight line: y = mx + c, where m = gradient, c = y-intercept
• Equation of a horizontal line: y = a, where a is a constant.
• Equation of a vertical line: x = a, where a is a constant.
• An x-intercept is a point where the graph cuts the x-axis. It is found by letting y = 0.
• An y-intercept is a point where the graph cuts the y-axis. It is found by letting x = 0.
Sine Rule
sin θ sin φ
=
BC AB
Cosine Rule
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 − 2( AB)( AC ) cos θ
5) Linear Law
1 y = axm ln y = m ln x + ln a ln y ln x m ln a
2 y = abx ln y = x ln b + ln a ln y x ln b ln a
7
6) Trigometric Function
√1 1 √2 √3
sin =
2 2 2 2
√3 √2 √1 1
cos =
2 2 2 2
1 √3 √3
tan = 1
√3 3 1
Note:
√ √# √,
• For ease of remembering, observe that value of sin increases from to to .
# # #
√, √#
• Always write the value of the special angles in terms of the surd form instead of 0.866 for or 0.707 for
# #
Complementary Angles
sec(90° - θ)= cosec(90° - θ)=
-./(0° 2) /67(0° 2)
= =
3452 "832
= cosecθ = secθ
Negative Angles
A positive angle is an anti-clockwise rotation from the positive x-axis about the origin.
A negative angle is a clockwise rotation from the positive x-axis about the origin.
8
Small Angle Approximation
Note:
From the power series expansions of sin x, cos x and tan x respectively, when x is small and measured in
radians,
• sin x ≈ x
x2
• cos x ≈ 1 −
2
• tan x ≈ x.
a. Quotient Relationships
sin θ
• tan θ =
cos θ
cos θ
• cot θ =
sin θ
1
• sec θ =
cos θ
1
• cos ecθ =
sin θ
c. R-Formula
where R = √2 + 2 , tan α =
- Addition Formula
- Double Angle Formula
- Factor Formula
9
d. Graphs of sin, cos and tan functions
dy
(i) Gradient of tangent = or f ' ( x)
dx
dy
(ii) Gradient of tangent at (a, b) = or f ' ( a ).
dx x= a
10
A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the
radius.
PTO = QTO
POR = 2 × PQR
Angle in semi-circle
PQR = 90º
11
Angles in the same segment
PQS = PRS
QPR = QSR
12