Chapter-5

Evolution of Mobile
Telephony System
Evolution of Mobile Telephony System

• First generation (1G) system

 AMPS, TACS
• Second generation (2G) system
 GSM & GPRS
• Third generation (3G ) systems
 WCDMA & CDMA 2000
 WIMAX
• Fourth generation (4G )systems and LTE
 Overview
Data Rates
2 Mbps

1 Mbps 3G
(144Kbps to 2Mbps)

100 Kbps
2.5G
(10-150Kbps)
10 Kbps
2G
(9.6Kbps)
1 Kbps
1G
(<1Kbps)

1980 1990 2000 2010

Years
 Cellular networks: From 1G to 3G
• 1G: First generation wireless cellular: Early 1980s
• Analog transmission, primarily speech and low bit-rate (<1 Kbps)
• Eg: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Systems) and others
• 2G: Second generation wireless cellular: Late 1980s
• Digital transmission
• Primarily speech and low bit-rate data (9.6 Kbps)
• High-tier: GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), etc
• Low-tier (PCS): Low-cost, low-power, low-mobility e.g. PACS
• 2.5G: 2G evolved to medium rate (< 100kbps) data
• 3G: future Broadband multimedia
• 144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage
• 2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage
• Beyond 3G: research in 4G
 Multiple Access Techniques: How to allocate users
Session4

Session2
Session3
Session4
Session1
Frequency
Frequency Session3
Session2
Session1
Time
Time Time Division
Frequency Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Multiple Access (FDMA) 2G TDMA
1G Cellular (AMPS) All sessions 3G TDMA

Frequency
based on a
code

Time
2G CDMA (IS-95) Code Division
3G CDMA Multiple Access (CDMA)
A Cellular Network
Cell 1

Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Cell 2 Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)

HLR VLR

Mobile User Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Cordless connection HLR = Home Location Register

Wired connection VLR = Visitor Location Register

 Overview of Location Services
 Cell-id based location.
 assigned an id of the cell that you are in.
 cell-id is stored in a database.
 As you move from one cell to another, you are assigned a different cell-id and the
location database is updated.
 most commonly used in cellular networks. (HLR, VLR)
 Neighborhood polling: Connected mobile units only move to adjacent cells
 Angle of arrival (AOA). the angle at which radio waves from your device "attack" an antenna
is used to calculate the location of the device.
 Time taken. In this case, the time taken between the device and the antenna is used to
calculate the location of the device.
 Network assisted Global Positioning System (GPS). a GPS chip is installed inside a phone and
thus the location of the user is tracked.
 Cellular System
Cell 1

Mobile Public
Telephone Switched
Switching Telephone
Cell 2
Center Network
(MTSC) (PSTN)
HLR VLR

Handoffs (typically 30 mseconds):

1. At any time, mobile station (MS) is in one cell and under the control of a BS
2. When a MS leaves a cell, BS notices weak signal
3. BS asks surrounding BSs if they are getting a stronger signal
4. BS transfers ownership to one with strongest signal
5. MTSO assigns new channel to the MS and notifies MS of new boss
 0G Wireless
• Mobile radio telephones were used for military communications in
early 20th century
• Car-based telephones first introduced in mid 1940s
• Single large transmitter on top of a tall building
• Single channel used for sending and receiving
• To talk, user pushed a button, enabled transmission and disabled
reception
• Became known as “push-to-talk” in 1950s
• CB-radio, taxis, police cars use this technology
• IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System) introduced in 1960s
• Used two channels (one for sending, one for receiving)
• No need for push-to-talk
• Used 23 channels from 150 MHz to 450 MHz
 First-Generation Cellular

• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) invented at Bell Labs and first
installed in 1982
• Used in England (called TACS) and Japan (called MCS-L1)
• Key ideas:
• Exclusively analog
• Geographical area divided into cells (typically 10-25km)
• Cells are small: Frequency reuse exploited in nearby (not adjacent) cells
• As compared to IMTS, could use 5 to 10 times more users in same area by using
frequency re-use (divide area into cells)
• Smaller cells also required less powerful, cheaper,smaller devices
Cellular bands for AMPS (1G)
an analog cellular phone system using FDMA
AMPS reverse communication band
 Security Issues with 1G
• Analog cellular phones are insecure
• Anyone with an all band radio receiver can listen in (many
scandals)
• Theft of airtime:
• all band radio receiver connected to a computer
• can record 32 bit serial number and phone number of
subscribers when calling
• can collect a large database by driving around
• Thieves go into business - reprogram stolen phones and
resell them
Advantages of Digital Communications for Wireless

• Voice, data and fax can be integrated into a single system

• Better compression can lead to better channel utilization

• Error correction codes can be used for better quality

• Sophisticated encryption can be used

Differences Between 1G and 2G Systems

• Digital traffic channels – first-generation systems are almost

purely analog; second-generation systems are digital
• Encryption – all second generation systems provide
encryption to prevent eavesdropping
• Error detection and correction – second-generation digital
traffic allows for detection and correction, giving clear voice
reception
• Channel access – second-generation systems allow channels
to be dynamically shared by a number of users
 Second Generation (2G)System

GSM-Architecture

ECEg-4283 Dr.K.Raja 17
Second-generation cellular phone systems
 (2G)-Second Generation Cellular

• Based on digital transmission

• Different approaches in US and Europe
• US: divergence
• Only one player (AMPS) in 1G
• Became several players in 2G due to competition
• Survivors
• IS-54 and IS-135: backward compatible with AMPS frequency allocation
(dual mode - analog and digital)
• IS-95: uses spread spectrum

• Europe: Convergence
• 5 incompatible 1G systems (no clear winner)
• European PTT development of GSM (uses new frequency and
completely digital communication)
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication
• Completely designed from scratch (no backward compatability )
• Uses 124 channels per cell, each channel can support 8 users through TDM
(992 users max)
• Some channels used for control signals, etc
• Several flavors based on frequency:
• GSM (900 MHz)
• GSM 1800 (called DCS 1800)
• GSM 1900 (called DCS 1900) - used in North America
• GSM 1900 phone only works in North America.
• In Europe, you can transfer your SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card
to a phone of the correct frequency. This is called SIM-roaming.
GSM bands
(digital cellular phone system using TDMA and FDMA)
GSM system
(each voice channel is digitized and compressed to a 13kbps digital signal)
GSM frame and frequency bands
 2G CDMA Cellular

IS-95 is the best known example of 2G with CDMA

Advantages of CDMA for Cellular
• Frequency diversity – frequency-dependent transmission impairments have
less effect on signal
• Multipath resistance – chipping codes used for CDMA exhibit low cross
correlation and low autocorrelation
• Privacy – privacy is inherent since spread spectrum is obtained by use of
noise-like signals
• Graceful degradation – system only gradually degrades as more users
access the system
 Drawbacks of CDMA Cellular

• Self-jamming – arriving transmissions from multiple users not aligned on

chip boundaries unless users are perfectly synchronized.
• Near-far problem – signals closer to the receiver are received with less
attenuation than signals farther away.
• Soft handoff – requires that the mobile acquires the new cell before it
relinquishes the old; this is more complex than hard handoff used in FDMA
and TDMA schemes
Types of Channels Supported by Forward Link

• Pilot (channel 0) - allows the mobile unit to acquire timing information, provides
phase reference and provides means for signal strength comparison
• Synchronization (channel 32) - used by mobile station to obtain identification
information about cellular system
• Paging (channels 1 to 7) - contain messages for one or more mobile stations
• Traffic (channels 8 to 31 and 33 to 63) – the forward channel supports 55 traffic
channels
 Forward Traffic Channel Processing
Steps
• Speech is encoded at a rate of 8550 bps
• Additional bits added for error detection
• Data transmitted in 2-ms blocks with forward error correction provided
by a convolutional encoder
• Data interleaved in blocks to reduce effects of errors
• Data bits are scrambled, serving as a privacy mask
• Power control information inserted into traffic channel
• DS-SS function spreads the 19.2 kbps to a rate of 1.2288 Mbps using
one row of 64 x 64 Walsh matrix
• Digital bit stream modulated onto the carrier using QPSK modulation
scheme
 GSM (2G-TDMA)

• Circuit mode data

• Transparent mode
• Non-transparent mode using radio link protocol
• Data rate up to 9.6kb/s
• Short message service
• Limited to 160 characters
• Packet mode data: Plans for GSM Phase 2+
• Architecture specification very detailed (500 pages)
• Defines several interfaces for multiple suppliers

ECEg-4283 Dr.K.Raja 28
ECEg-4283 Dr.K.Raja 29
 Mobile Station (MS) and Base Station
Subsystem (BSS)
Mobile station
• Mobile station communicates across Um interface (air interface) with base
station transceiver in same cell as mobile unit
• Mobile equipment (ME) – physical terminal, such as a telephone or PCS
• ME includes radio transceiver, digital signal processors and subscriber
identity module (SIM)
• GSM subscriber units are generic until SIM is inserted
• SIMs roam, not necessarily the subscriber devices
BSS
• BSS consists of base station controller and one or more base transceiver
stations (BTS)
• BSC reserves radio frequencies, manages handoff of mobile unit from one
cell to another within BSS, and controls paging
ECEg-4283 Dr.K.Raja 30
 Network Subsystem Center

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is at core; consists of several databases

• Home location register (HLR) database – stores information about each
subscriber that belongs to it
• Visitor location register (VLR) database – maintains information about
subscribers currently physically in the region
• Authentication center database (AuC) – used for authentication activities,
holds encryption keys
• Equipment identity register database (EIR) – keeps track of the type of
equipment that exists at the mobile station.

ECEg-4283 Dr.K.Raja 31
 GSM Location Services
6 2
9
BTS Terminating Gateway
10 MSC MTSC Public 1
10 10 Switched
9 10 7 8 Telephone
5 3
4 Network
(PSTN) 10
VLR HLR
5
6. Call routed to terminating MSC
1. Call made to mobile unit (cellular phone)
7. MSC asks VLR to correlate call to
2. Telephone network recognizes number
the subscriber
and gives to gateway MSC
8. VLR complies
3. MSC can’t route further, interrogates
9. Mobile unit is paged
user’s HLR
10. Mobile unit responds, MSCs convey
4. Interrogates VLR currently serving user
(roaming number request) information back to telephone
5. Routing number returned to HLR and
then to gateway MSC

ECEg-4283
Legend: MTSC= Mobile Telephone Service Center, BTS = Base Transceiver Station
Dr.K.Raja 32
HLR=Home Location Register, VLR=Visiting Location Register
 GSM Protocol Architecture
CM CM
MM
MM
BSSMAP BSSMAP

RRM RRM BTSM BTSM SCCP SCCP

LAPDm LAPDm LAPD LAPD MTP MTP

Radio Radio 64 Kbps 64 Kbps 64 Kbps
64Kbps
Mobile Base Station
Base Transceiver Mobile Service
Station Controller
Station Switching Center

BSSMAP = BSS Mobile Application part MM = Mobility Management

BTSM = BTS management MTP = Message Transfer Part
CM = Connection Management RRM = Radio Resources Management
ECEg-4283 LAPD = Link Access Protocol, D Channel
Dr.K.Raja
SCCP = Signal Connection Control Point 33
 Functions Provided by Protocols
• Protocols above the link layer of the GSM signaling protocol architecture
provide specific functions:
• Radio resource management: controls setup, termination and handoffs of
radio channels
• Mobility management: location and security (MTSO)
• Connection management: connects end users
• Mobile application part (MAP): between HLR,VLR
• BTS management: management base system

ECEg-4283 Dr.K.Raja 34
 2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
(MHz) 1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
Cellular) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
1930-1990 MHz (US 800 MHz, 1500 MHz
PCS) (Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps
GSM as (3G)

 3G data rate requirements

 144 kbps at driving speed

 384 kbps outside stationary speed

 2Mbps for indoors speed

 GSM + GPRS + EDGE achieve 3G

 GPRS added to allow dynamic use of multiple channels

and speeds up to 115 kbps (2.5 G)

 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution)

added to allow speeds up to 384 kbps

 GSM uses SIM (subscriber identity module) cards to
identify user, network, etc.
 Second Generation (2G) System

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

2G-System 37
 Contents of Presentation

• GPRS and its Features

• GPRS Network Architecture
• GPRS Applications

2G-System 38
Constraints with Existing network

• Data Rates too slow – about 9.6 kbps

• Connection setup time too long
• Inefficient resource utilization for bursty traffic
• Proves expensive for bursty traffic utilization
• No efficient method for packet transfers

2G-System 39
 Comparison of GSM & GPRS
GSM GPRS
Data Rates 9.6 Kbps 14.4 to 115.2
Kbps
Modulation GMSK GMSK
Technique
Billing Duration of connection Amount of data
transferred

Type of Connection Circuit – Switched Packet -

Technology Switched
Technology
2G-System 40
 GPRS in INDIA/Ethiopia

• BPL Mobile
• Bharti Cellular
• Hutchison Max
• Hutchison Essar
• Idea Cellular
• Ethio Telecom

2G-System 41
 What is GPRS ?

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new bearer service for

GSM that greatly improves and simplifies wireless access to packet
data networks

• GPRS applies packet radio principal to transfer user data packets in

an efficient way b/w MS & external packet data network

2G-System 42
Benefits of GPRS

• New Data Services

• High Speed (Data Rate 14.4 – 115 kbps)
• Efficient use of radio bandwith (Statistical Multiplexing)
• Circuit switching & Packet Switching can be used in parallel
• Constant connectivity

2G-System 43
 Statistical Multiplexing

2G-System 44
 Salient Features of GPRS
• Important step on the path to 3G

• Standardized by ETSI

• GPRS is an overlay network over the GSM

• Provides Data Packet delivery service

• Support for leading internet communication protocols

• Billing based on volume of data transferred

• Utilizes existing GSM authentication and privacy procedures.

2G-System 45
 High Data Rate

• GPRS uses radio channel i.e. 200 kHz wide

• Radio channel carries digital data stream of 271 kbps
• This rate is divided into 8 time slots each carrying 34 kbps
per time slot
• Data rate 14 kbps per time slot achieved after corrections
• GPRS can combine upto 8 time slots giving data rate of 114
kbps

2G-System 46
 GPRS Services
• Offers end-to-end packet switched data transfer
• Bearer Services
• PTP - Point-To-Point service (CLNS mode)
• PTM - Point-To-Multipoint service(CONS Mode)
• PTM-M Multicast service
• PTM-G Group call service
• Supplementary Services
• SMS Short Message Service
• CFU Call Forwarding Unconditional

2G-System 47
 GPRS Services (Contd.)

• CFNRc Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber

not reachable
• CUG Closed User Group
• Tele action, access to data bases
• Quality of Service
• GPRS allows defining QoS profiles
• Service precedence, reliability, delay,throughput

2G-System 48
 GPRS Terminals

• Class A
• MS supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and
GSM services
• Class B
• MS able to register with the n/w for both GPRS &
GSM services simultaneously. It can only use one of
the two services at a given time.
• Class C
- MS can attach for either GPRS or GSM services

2G-System 49
GPRS Network Elements

GPRS Architecture is same as GSM except few hardware

modifications :

 GPRS includes GSNs

 SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node

 GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node

 GPRS Register

2G-System 50
2G-System 51
2G-System 52
 Interfaces
• Gb – Connects BSC with SGSN
• Gn – SGSN – SGSN/GGSN (in the same network)
• Gp – SGSN –GGSN (in different networks)
• Gf – For equipment querying at registering time
• Gi – Connects PLMN with external Packet Data Networks
(PDNs)
• Gr – To exchange User profile between HLR & SGSN
• Gs – To exchange Database between SGSN & MSC
• Gd – Interface between SMS & GPRS

2G-System 53
 SGSN – Serving GPRS Support Node

• Delivers data packets to mobile stations & vice-versa

• Detect and Register new GPRS MS in its serving area

• Packet Routing, Transfer & Mobility Management

• Authentication, Maintaining user profiles

• Its location register stores location info. & user profiles

2G-System 54
 GGSN – Gateway GPRS Support Node

• Interfaces GPRS backbone network & external packet data

networks
• Converts the GPRS packets from SGSN to the PDP format
• Converts PDP addresses change to GSM addresses of the
destination user
• Stores the current SGSN address and profile of the user in its
location register

• Performs authentication

• Many-to- many relations among SGSNs & GGSNs

2G-System 55
 GPRS Register

• GPRS Register is integrated with GSM-HLR.

• Maintains the GPRS subscriber data and Routing information.

• Stores current SGSN address

2G-System 56
 GPRS –Internet Connection

2G-System 57
2G-System 58
 Billing
MSC
PSTN MSC
SGSN
GPRS GGSN
Network
BSC

Charging Gateway

Mediation

Billing
2G-System 59
 Applications of GPRS

• Web browsing

• Corporate & Internet Email

• Vehicle Positioning

• Remote LAN Access

• Home Automation

• Document Sharing/Collaborative working

2G-System 60
Third Generation
(3G) System

CDMA - WCDMA and

cdma2000
 Wireless Network Evolution to 3rd Generation

Enabling Technologies
3G
2 Mbps
CDMA Migration CDMA2000
3XRTT W-CDMA
1G-2G Migration (UMTS) (UMTS)
500 kbps
TDMA Migration

2.5G
150 Kbps EDGE
CDMA-2000
1XRTT
100 Kbps

GPRS
2G
50 Kbps

10 Kbps IS-95
1G
GSM
1 Kbps AMPS

1980 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Alternatives to 3G Cellular
• Major technical undertaking with many organizational and
marketing overtones.
• Questions about the need for the additional investment for
3G (happy with 2.5G)
• Wireless LAN in public places such as shopping malls and
airports offer options
• Other high-speed wireless-data solutions compete with 3G
• Mobitex low data rates (nominally 8 Kbps), it uses a narrowband (2.5KHz) as
compared to 30 KHz (GSM) and 5 MHz (3G).
• Ricochet: 40 -128 kbps data rates. Bankruptcy
• Flash-OFDM: 1.5 Mbps (upto 3 Mbps)
Why CDMA?
• Higher capacity
• Improved performance in multipath by diversity
• Lower mobile transmit power = longer battery life
• Power control
• Variable transmission rate with voice activity detection
• Allows soft handoff
• Sectorization gain
• High peak data rates can be accommodated
• Combats other-user interference = lower reuse factors

65
What is Third Generation? [1]
• Flexible support of multiple services
• Voice
• Messaging – email, fax, etc.
• Medium-rate multimedia – Internet access, educational
• High-rate multimedia – file transfer, video
• High-rate interactive multimedia – video telecon-ferencing,
telemedicine, etc.
• Mobility: quasi-stationary to high-speed platforms
• Global roaming: ubiquitous, seamless coverage
• Evolution from second generation systems
66
W-CDMA Versus cdma2000 [2]
Parameter W-CDMA cdma2000
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 3.75 MHz
Chip rate 4.096 MHz 3.6864 MHz
Data modulation BPSK FW – QPSK; RV - BPSK
Spreading Complex (OQPSK) Complex (OQPSK)
Power control frequency 1500 Hz 800 Hz
Variable data rate implement. Variable SF; multicode Repet., puncturing, multicode
Frame duration 10 ms 20 ms (also 5, 30, 40)
Coding Turbo and convolutional Turbo and convolutional
Base stations synchronized? Asynchronous Synchronous
Base station acquisition/detect 3 step; slot, frame, code Time shifted PN correlation
Forward link pilot TDM dedicated pilot CDM common pilot
Antenna beam forming TDM dedicated pilot Auxiliary pilot

67
WCDMA Uplink Frame Structure [1]
I: data channel N data  10 * 2 k bits (k  0,,6) DPDCH
Tslot  2560 chips

Q: sync & control Pilot: N pilot bits TFCI FBI TPC DPCCH
0.667 ms

slot 0 slot 1 slot i slot 14

radio frame = 10 ms

TFCI = transmit format combination indicator DPDCH = dedicated physical data channel
FBI = feedback information DPCCH = dedicated physical control channel
TPC = transmit power control

68
WCDMA Uplink Modulator Structure [1]
DPDCH1
+
cd ,1 d  pulse shape
filter (SRC)
I -
DPDCH3 
cos( c t )
c d ,3 d
+

DPDCH2 +

cd , 2 d
Q
DPCCH 
+
pulse shape
cc c +
 filter (SRC)

sin( c t )
clong,1 clong,2

69
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes

Cd, i selected from this tree Notes:

1) For fixed chip rate, desired information
rate determines length of spreading
00000000 sequence and therefore processing gain.
0000 2) When a specific code is used, no other
00001111
00 code on the path from that code to the root
00110011 and or on the subtree beneath that
0011 code may be used.
00111100 3) All the codes at any depth into the tree
0 are the set of Walsh Sequences.
01010101
0101
4) Code phase is synchronous with
01011010 information symbols.
01 5) FDD UL processing gain between 256 and 4
01100110 FDD DL processing gain between 512 and 4
0110 TDD UL/DL processing gain between 16 and 1
01101001
6) Multicode used only for SF = 4

70
WCDMA Downlink Frame Structure [1]

DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 N data1 TPC TFCI Data2 N data2 Pilot

Tslot  2560 chips 0.667 ms

slot 0 slot 1 slot i slot 14

radio frame = 10 ms

N data2  N data2  10 * 2 k bits (k  0,,7)

71
WCDMA Downlink Modulator Structure [1]
dedicated
traffic channels
s/p
cd ,1
primary &
secondary
common pilot
Clong G1
channels

primary &
secondary
common
control
channels s/p cd , n pulse shape
filter (SRC)
other channels
Clong Gn
Primary e j t
Sync Code
CP
GP
Secondary
Sync Code
CS clong,2
GS
72
Transmit Diversity Strategy for Downlink

73
cdma2000 Uplink Frame Structure
Radio Configuration 3

modulation
symbol
channel
bits encoder Convolutional symbol symbol block
CRC tail bits repetition puncture interleaver C
or Turbo Coder

Bits/ CRC tail Data Rate Code

Frame bits bits kbps Rate Repeats Delete Symbols
16 6 8 1.5 1/4 16 1 of 5 1536
40 6 8 2.7 1/4 8 1 of 9 1536
80 8 8 4.8 1/4 4 none 1536
172 12 8 9.6 1/4 2 none 1536
350 16 8 19.2 1/4 1 none 1536
744 16 8 38.4 1/4 1 none 3072
1512 16 8 76.8 1/4 1 none 6144
3048 16 8 153.6 1/4 1 none 12288
6120 16 8 307.2 1/2 1 none 12288

C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 2.1.3.1.1.1-8

74
cdma2000 Uplink Modulator
Secondary
Traffic 2 C
+  pulse
wS 2 d _ shape
Pilot A
cos( c t )
Control B
+
wC c 

Primary +
C
Traffic
wD1 d
+
Secondary + pulse

Traffic 1 C shape

wS 1 d sin( c t )
clong,I clong,Q
75
cdma2000 Downlink Frame Structure
Radio Configuration 9
modulation
symbol
channel
bits encoder Convolutional symbol symbol block
CRC tail bits or Turbo Coder repetition puncture interleaver W

Bits/ CRC tail Data Rate Code

Frame bits bits kbps Rate Repeats Delete Symbols
21 6 8 1.8 1/2 8 none 576
55 8 8 3.6 1/2 4 none 576
125 10 8 7.2 1/2 2 none 576
267 12 8 14.4 1/2 1 none 576
552 16 8 28.8 1/2 1 none 1152
1128 16 8 57.6 1/2 1 none 2304
2280 16 8 115.2 1/2 1 none 4608
4584 16 8 230.4 1/2 1 none 9216
9192 16 8 460.8 1/2 1 none 18432
20712 16 8 1036.8 1/2 1 2 of 18 36864
Other similar tables in specification.

76
cdma2000 1X DL Modulation
Processing
01

symbol puncture
channel YI
W +

power control
1  -1 gain
modulation
symbol power
rate control fwd pwr
ctrl gain YQ
bits

puncture
I/Q scrambling timing
bit extract 800 Hz

long long pwr ctrl

code decimate
code bit pos
mask

C.S.0002-A-1 Fig 3.1.3.1.1.1-18

77
cdma2000 1X Downlink Modulation
other
channels + pulse

XI - shape

YI cos( c t )
Walsh code

QOF code

YQ

+
pulse
other 
channels + shape
XQ
Q channel
sin( c t )
I channel
pilot PN pilot PN

78
cdma2000 3X DL Modulation
Processing
01

symbol puncture
channel YI1
W +

power control
1  -1 gain YQ1
modulation YI2
symbol YQ2
power
rate fwd pwr YI3
control YQ3
bits ctrl gain

puncture
I/Q scrambling timing
bit extract 800 Hz

long long pwr ctrl

code decimate
code bit pos
mask

79
cdma2000 3X Downlink Modulation
YI1
output
same as below
carrier 1
YQ1

YI2
output
carrier 2
YQ2

YI3 output
same as above carrier 3
YQ3

80
cdma2000 vs WCDMA
• Chip rate
• Coherent Pilot Channels
• Transmit Diversity
• Underlying Network
• Single Carrier versus Multicarrier Spreading
• Cell Site Synchronization

81
(3G) System WiMax

82
What is WiMax?

• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

• Last mile wireless broadband access
• Alternative to cable and DSL
• Deliver data, voice, video
• Support hundreds to thousands of homes/business
• Defined by IEEE as 802.16
• Typical target environment:
• Targets fixed, portable, and mobile stations
• Environments with and without line of sight
• Cell radius of 3-10 kilometers
• Capacities of up to 40 Mbps per channel
• Mobile network deployments of up to 15 Mbps, 3 km
radius
Builds on and
Extends WiFi Technology
• Advantages of WiFi are:
• Easy to deploy, unlicensed spectrum, low cost
• Supports (limited) mobility
• But WiMax needs to address the following:
WiFi limitations

• Susceptible to interference
• 802.11 targets short-range indoor operation (mostly)
• Security is a concern
• Limited level of mobility
• WiMax is intended to complement WiFi
• WiMax Forum: promotes WiMax and looks after interoperability
WiMax Deployment
Wireless Wide Area Networks
3G/4G - mobile phones
4G Systems
• Wireless networks with cellular data rates of 20 Mbits/second
and beyond.
• AT&T has began a two-phase upgrade of its wireless network on
the way to 4G Access.
• Nortel developing developing features for Internet protocol-
based 4G networks
• Alcatel, Ericsson, Nokia and Siemens found a new Wireless
World Research Forum (WWRF) for research on wireless
communications beyond 3G.
• Many new technologies and techniques (multiplexing, intelligent
antennas, digital signal processing)
• Industry response is mixed (some very critical)
New generation: 4G
• Introduced around 2010
• Typical speed 3 Mbps to 5 Mbps: 10 times over 3G
• Designed to give at least 2 Mbps download speeds to
mobile customers
• Eventually, 100 Mbps to mobile users and 1 Gbps to
stationary users
• Designed to give at least 100 Mbps download speeds to
fixed customers
• Sufficient for high-definition video
• Runs over IP
• Wikipedia data rate comparison
4G Technologies

• WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

• Based on 802.16 standard.
• WiMAX forum promotes it
• 802.16m will eventually provide 100 Mbps to mobile users and 1
Gbps to stationary users.
• Clearwire was a pioneer in its deployment
• Bought by Sprint that will shut down WiMax in 2015
• Long Term Evolution (LTE)
• The 4G technology that most cellular carriers have adopted.
• Provide 14 Megabits speeds
• LTE Advanced will provide 100 Mbps to mobile users and 1 Gbps to
stationary users.
CDMA and GSM Evolution
• CDMA 2000
• Delivered 3G speeds (CDMA-MC)
• CDMA voice and LTE data (1XEV-DO)
• VoLTE in progress
• Verizon to end CDMA in 2021

• GSM after Edge

• UMTS (W-CDMA)
• LTE

• LTE uses SIM

• Gained over 802.16 WiMax and Qualcomm’s Ultra Mobile Broadband.
• LTE co-exists with other standards, allowing in theory handoffs between
cells supporting LTE and cells supporting UMTS, GSM/GPRS, 2G CDMA,
CDMA-MC or 1XEV-DO
Differences between Wi-Fi and 3G
Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular
technologies
• 3G and 4G Mobile Smartphones and tablets
• Often can connect directly to an 802.11 WLAN for service
• Typically faster speeds than cellular for data
• Cellular companies like offloading flat-fee subscribers to the WLAN
• Some Smart Phones Can Act as 802.11 Access Points
• Several 802.11users can share its capacity.

ISP
Cellular 802.11
Carrier
3G or
4G 802.11
Mobile computing growth
Mobile computing technologies
Worldwide Smartphone Sales to End Users by Operating System in 2013
(Thousands of Units)
Operating System 2013 Sales 2013 Market 2012 Sales 2012 Market
Share (%) Share (%)
Android 758,719.90 78.4 451,621.00 66.4
iOS 150,785.90 15.6 130,133.20 19.1
Microsoft 30,842.90 3.2 16,940.70 2.5
BlackBerry 18,605.90 1.9 34,210.30 5.0
Other OS 8,821.20 0.9 47,203.00 6.9
Total 967,775.80 100 680,108.20 100

Worldwide Tablet Sales to End Users by Operating System, 2013

(Units)
Operating 2013 Sales 2013 Market 2012 Sales 2012 Market
System Share (%) Share (%)
Android 120,961,445 61.9 53,341,250 45.8
iOS 70,400,159 36.0 61,465,632 52.8
Microsoft 4,031,802 2.1 1,162,435 1.0
Others 41,598 <0.1 379,000 0.3
Total 195,435,004 100 116,348,317 100

Source: Gartner (2014)

THANK YOU