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Since the liver is the main organ of metabolism , it would not be too surprising to find that
disease of the liver causes impaired drug metabolism. In general, liver disease needs to be
fairly extensive before the metabolism of drugsis affected because of its large reserve
capacity. It is now recognized that the metabolism of drugs in disease states will depend
clearance, drugs can have either high clearance or low clearance characteristics. The
extraction ratio across yhe liver of high clearance drugs is large and the ability of the liver to
eliminate them after intravenous administration is depedent more on liver blood flow than
on the intrinstic ability of the liver to metabolize them. Thus, reduction in hepatic blood flow,
as my occur in heart failure, will lead to reduced clearance of drugs such as lognocaine and
propanolol given intravenously. In contrast, low clearance drugs are more depedent upon the
intrinsic metabolizing ability of the liver and will bw more affected by disease of the liver
parenchyma than by changes in liver blood flow. Some examples of these changes are show
in table 11.
Lignocaine Diazepam
Labetolol Prednisolone
Chlormethiazole Ampicilin
Propanolol theophylline
pethidine
DRUGS EXCRETION IN DISEASE
Those drugs which are primarily cleared from the body by renal exrection show a prolonged
half-life in patient with impaired function. Renal function may be reduced not only by
disease but also in increasing age. With increasing degree of renal failure such drugs may
progressively accumulate in the body. It is generally assumed that drugs which are
metabolized can safely be given in normal doses to patients in renal failure. This is true only
if the metabolites have not pharmacological effect. In some cases polar metabolites will not
be excreted readily by the patient in renal failure and any activity of the metabolite will be
seen as increased therapeutic and toxic effects. The main active metabolite of procainamide,
N-acetyl procainamide, accumulates in the plasma of patients in renal failure and has been
excreted in patients with renal function impairment. Norpethidine has little analgesic effect
It is obviously of prime importance for safe therapy in patients with renal disease to
know the fate and metabolism of administered drugs. In order to achieve a defined steady-
state plasma concentration in these circumstances three main points need to be understood.
1. If a loading dose is given, this dose will not need to be changed provided that the
2. The maintenance dose of the drug should be smaller and/or the dose should be
3. The time taken to achieve steady-state plasma concentration, and therefore the
Several nomograms have been introduced into clinical practice to guide the pyhsician
in his choice of drug dosage in patients with renal failure, but in general these have not beeb
shown to be of great clinical value. Table 12 shows the changes in plasma half-life of some
Karena hati adalah organ utama metabolisme, tidak akan terlalu mengejutkan untuk
menemukan bahwa penyakit hati menyebabkan metabolisme obat yang terganggu. Secara
umum, penyakit hati perlu cukup luas sebelum metabolisme obat terlarang karena kapasitas
cadangannya yang besar. Sekarang diketahui bahwa metabolisme obat-obatan di negara-
negara penyakit akan sangat bergantung pada karakteristik farmakokinetik obat-obatan.
Dalam hal pembersihan hati mereka, obat-obatan dapat memiliki karakteristik clearance
tinggi atau clearance rendah. Rasio ekstraksi di seluruh hati obat dengan izin tinggi sangat
besar dan kemampuan hati untuk menghilangkannya setelah pemberian intravena lebih
banyak bergantung pada aliran darah hati daripada pada kemampuan intrinstik hati untuk
memetabolisme mereka. Dengan demikian, penurunan aliran darah hati, seperti yang terjadi
pada gagal jantung, akan menyebabkan berkurangnya pemberian obat seperti lognocaine dan
propanolol yang diberikan secara intravena. Sebaliknya, obat clearance rendah lebih
bergantung pada kemampuan metabolisme intrinsik hati dan akan lebih banyak terkena
penyakit parenkim hati dibandingkan dengan perubahan aliran darah hati. Beberapa contoh
perubahan ini ditunjukkan pada tabel 11.
Tabel 11. Obat yang pembersihannya dapat dikurangi dalam penyakit hati
Obat dengan izin tinggi Obat dengan izin rendah
Lignocaine Diazepam
Labetolol Prednisolone
Chlormethiazole Ampicilin
Propanolol theophylline
pethidine
1. Jika dosis pemuatan diberikan, dosis ini tidak perlu diubah asalkan volume distribusi tidak
berubah dalam keadaan penyakit.
2. Dosis perawatan obat harus lebih kecil dan / atau dosisnya harus diberikan lebih jarang.
3. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai konsentrasi plasma steady-state, dan oleh karena
itu efek terapeutik optimal, akan lebih lama.