UNIT 2:

Bonding & Intermolecular

Forces

1. a) Describe the structure of buckminsterfullerene. (3)

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b) Carbon nanotubes are a member of the fullerene family. Explain one potential use of
carbon nanotubes. (2)

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2. Water, H₂O, boils at 373K.

a) Draw a clearly labelled diagram to show all the forms of intra- and intermolecular
bonding in water. (4)

b) Group 6 hydrides have the general formula Boiling Points of Group 6 Hydrides
H₂X. The graph shows the boiling points of 400
Group 6 hydrides. H₂O
350
Explain the trends shown in terms of
intermolecular forces. (4) 300

250 H₂Te
200 H₂S H₂Se

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3. Nitrogen and boron can form the chlorides NCl₃ and BCl₃.
a) Draw ‘dot and cross’ diagrams to show the boding in NCl₃ and BCl₃. (2)

b) Draw the shapes of the molecules NCl₃ and BCl₃.

Show the approximate values of the bond angles on the diagrams and name each
shape. (6)

c) Explain why the shapes of NCl₃ and BCl₃ are different. (3)

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4. Many covalent molecules have a permanent dipole, due to differences in

electronegativities.
a) Define the tem electronegativity. (2)

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b) Draw the shapes and predict the overall polarity of the following molecules, marking
any bond polarities clearly on your diagram: (8)

(i) Br₂
 (ii) H₂O

(iii) CCl₄

(iv) NH₃

c) Fluorine is the most electronegative element.

NF₃ is the same shape as NH₃, yet it has no permanent dipole. Why is this? (2)

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5. a) Explain, in terms of bonding, the following observations:

(i) Graphite is a conductor of electricity but diamond is not. (4)

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(ii) Graphite is less dense than diamond. (2)

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 (iii) Graphite is slippery and can be used as a lubricant but diamond is the hardest
substance known. (3)

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b) Give a physical property that is shared by both diamond and graphite. (1)

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6. a) Describe how you could determine that an unknown substance, X, was likely to be a
non-polar covalent compound by testing with two different solvents.
Name the solvents chosen and give the expected results. (4)

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b) Explain these results in terms of bonding within X and the solvents. (4)

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7. a) Draw dot-and-cross diagrams for the following molecules: (2)

(i) F₂

(ii) HF
b) Explain why only one of these molecules has a permanent dipole. (2)

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c) One of the substances in a) is a liquid at room temperature and the other is a gas.
State which one is a liquid and explain your reasoning. (2)

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8. Hydrogen bonds are present between molecules of water.

a) (i) Explain why alcohols often dissolve in water while halogenoalkanes do not. (4)

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(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the bonds that form when propanol dissolves
in water. (2)

b) Explain the process by which potassium iodide dissolves in water to for hydrated
ions. Include a diagram of the hydrated ions. (5)

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