highperformance ups: pentium

80x86 IBM pc and compatible computers

CPU: execute/process info stored in memory, and is

connected to I/O devices and memory through strips
of wire called bus, CPU puts address on address bus
in binary and decoding cktry finds the device

program stored in memory provide inst to CPU

the function of CPU is to fetch data and execute them

1. CPU uses to register to store temp data, info could

be two values to be processed or address of values to
be fetched from memory, register can be 8, 16, 32, 64
bit,

bigger the register better the CPU

2. CPU

3. every CPU has Program Counter which points the

address of the next instruction to be executed,
contents of Program Counter are placed on the
address bus to find and fetch desired instruction, PC
is a register called instruction pointer

4. instruction decoder interprets the instruction

fetched into the CPU. it stores meaning of each
instruction and what steps should CPU take upon
recieving a given instruction, CPU understand more
instructions requires more transister to design
I/O: provide a means of communication with CPU

for device (memory/IO) recognized by CPU assign an

address, no two devices are allowed to have same
address

buses; control,data and address

more data bus better the CPU, so expensive

processor power is related to the size of buses

address bus: used to identify device and memory

connected to it. more address bus more devices
connected.

no of locations=2^x; x is no of address lines

each location can have maximum of 1 byte of data

2^x bytes of memory

unidirectional b/c CPU uses address bus to send out

address

ROM: provide info that is fixed and permanat e.g total

RAM on system
RAM: store temporary info that change with time e.g
various versions of OS or app pkgs such as word
processing and calculators

programs are loaded from hdd into RAM to be

processed by CPU

CPU can't get program directly from HDD b/c of slow

speed

CPU seek info from RAM if data is not there then it

will seek from mass storage device, then it transfer
info to RAM

RAM/ROM: primary memory

HDD: secondary memory

General purpose microprocessor system: RAM, ROM,

I/O port, timer, serial COM port are connected
externally to up

in embedded system typically only one application

software is burned into ROM

x86 PC is connected to various emebedded products

such as keyboard, disk controller, modem, sound card,
CD ROM driver, mouse and so on

x86 PC embedded application: some time a

microcontroller is inadequote for the task, for this
reason many general purpose microprocessor like
intel, freescale semiconductor and AMD have targeted
their microprocessor for high end embedded market

when a company targets general purpose

microprocessor for the embedded market it optimize
the processor used for embedded system, for this
reason these processor are often called high end
embedded processor. ARM

one of the most critical need for ESystem is to

decrease power consumption and space, this can be
achieved by integrating more and more function into
CPU chip,

in designing motherboard we need CPU plus a chipset

containing I/O, a cashe controller, a flash ROM
containing BIOS, and finally a secondary cache
memory.

Criteria in choosing microcontroller

1. meeting the computing need of the task at hand

efficiently and cost efficiently, whether 8 or 16 or 32
bit microcontroller can handle the task best, among
other considerations in this category are

a. Speed: what is the highest speed microcontroller

support

b. packaging: does it come in DIP or QFP (quad flat

package) or some other packaging format, this is
important in term of space, prototyping, assembling
the end product
c. Power consumption: specially criteria for battery
powered products

d. the amount of ROM and RAM on chip

e. the no of I/O pin and timer on chip

f. ease of upgrade to high performance or lower-

power-consumption versions

g. cost per unit: this is important in term of the final

cost of the product in which a microcontroller is used.
for example some microcontroller cost 50 cent per
unit when purchased 100,000 at a time

2. how easy development product around it.

availability of software and hardware development
tools such as compiler, assembler, debugger, and
emulators.

3. wide availability and reliability of microcontroller

PIC 12xxx/14xxx have 12 bit and 14 bit wide inst

PIC 18xxx instruction is 16 bit wide and available in

18 to 80 pin packages to make it an ideal choice for
new designs

pic 18xxx features

has a RISC arch and comes with standard feature e.g

on chip program (code) ROM, data RAM, data
EEPROM, timers, ADC, USART and I/O ports

has 2MB of program (code) ROM, PIC18xxx program

ROM is available in different memory types such as
Flash, OTP, and masked, all of which have different
part number

PIC microcontroller with UV-EPROM: some pic uc use

UV-EPROM, for one chip program ROM