3.

RESULTS

Table 3.1 A

PRESSURE
FLOW DIFFERENTIAL
FITTING RATE(l/hr) (mmH2O)

TUBE OF
STAINLESS
STEEL DN15 6000 341
7000 483
8000 641
9000 750

TUBE OF
GLASS DN15 6000 402
7000 555
8000 740
9000 840

CALIBRATED
ORIFICE
PLATE 6000 122
7000 215
8000 352
9000 451
VENTURI
TUBE 6000 119
7000 153
8000 253
9000 324
Table 3.1B

PRESSURE DISCHARGE
DIFFERENTIAL COEFFICIENT/FRICTION
FITTING FLOW RATE(m/s) (Pa) FACTOR
TUBE OF
STAINLESS STEEL
DN15 0,001667 3344,0677 381,8806
0,001944 4736,6119 397,7432
0,002222 6286,0627 404,0274
0,002500 7354,9875 373,4441
TUBE OF GLASS
DN15 0,001667 3942,2733 311,5576
0,001944 5442,6908 316,2862
0,002222 7256,9210 322,7972
0,002500 8237,5860 289,4560
CALIBRATED
ORIFICE PLATE 0,001667 1196,4113 0,032650
0,001944 2108,4298 0,028680
0,002222 3451,9408 0,025620
0,002500 4422,7992 0,025460
VENTURI TUBE 0,001667 1166,9914 0,054790
0,001944 1500,4175 0,056350
0,002222 2481,0825 0,050090
0,002500 3177,3546 0,049800
Figures (graphs)

Flow versus pressure losses

8000.0000

7000.0000

6000.0000
Pressure losses (Pa)

5000.0000

4000.0000

3000.0000

2000.0000

1000.0000

0.0000
0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500 0.002000 0.002500 0.003000
Flow rate (m/s)

Figure 3.2 A: flow versus pressure losses (Tube of Stainless steel DN 15)

Flow versus pressure losses

9000.0000
8000.0000
7000.0000
Pressure losses (Pa)

6000.0000
5000.0000
4000.0000
3000.0000
2000.0000
1000.0000
0.0000
0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500 0.002000 0.002500 0.003000
Flow rate (m/s)

Figure 3.2B: flow versus pressure losses (Tube of glass DN 15)

 Flow versus pressure losses
5000.0000
4500.0000
4000.0000
pressure losses(Pa)

3500.0000
3000.0000
2500.0000
2000.0000
1500.0000
1000.0000
500.0000
0.0000
0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500 0.002000 0.002500 0.003000
Flow rate m/s

Figure 3.2C: flow versus pressure losses (Calibrated orifice plate)

Flow versus pressure losses

3500.0000

3000.0000
pressure losses(Pa)

2500.0000

2000.0000

1500.0000

1000.0000

500.0000

0.0000
0.000000 0.000500 0.001000 0.001500 0.002000 0.002500 0.003000
Flow rate m/s

Figure 3.2D: flow versus pressure losses (Venturi tube)

CALCULATIONS

𝑘𝑔
The density of water at 24.4℃ was found to be 997.193𝑚3 by interpolation as follows

25℃ 997.0479
24.4℃ x
22℃ 997.7735

22℃−25℃ 997.7735−997.0479
=
22.4℃−25℃ 𝑥−997.0479
0.7256
5= 𝑥−997.0479

X= 997.193

Calculation of friction factor for:

1. Tube of stainless steel DN 15

𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(0.0183)2
A= = = 2.63× 10−4 𝑚2
4 4

At 1.667× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 1.667×10−3
V=𝐴= = 6.3384 𝑚⁄𝑠
2.63×10−4

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 3344.0677×2×0.0183
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(6.3384)2

= 381.8806

At 1.944× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 1.944×10−3
V=𝐴= = 7.3916 𝑚⁄𝑠
2.63×10−4

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 4736.6119×2×0.0183
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(7.3916)2

= 397.7432
At 2.222 × 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 2.222×10−3
V=𝐴= = 8.4487 𝑚⁄𝑠
2.63×10−4

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 6286.0627×2×0.0183
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(8448.6692)2

= 404.0274

At 2.50 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 2.50×10−3
V = 𝐴 = 2.63×10−4 = 9.5057 𝑚⁄𝑠

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 7354.9875×2×0.0183
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(9.5057)2

= 373.4441

For Tube of glass DN 15

𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋(0.017)2
A= = = 2.27× 10−4 𝑚2
4 4

At 1.667 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 1.667×10−3
V=𝐴= = 7.3436 𝑚⁄𝑠
2.27×10−4

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 3942.2733×2×0.017
𝐹 = =
10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(7.3436)2

= 311.5576
At 1.944× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 1.944×10−3
V=𝐴= = 8.5639𝑚⁄𝑠
2.27×10−4

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 5442.6908×2×0.017
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(8.5639)2

= 316.2862

At 2.222× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 2.222×10−3
V= = = 9.7885 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴 2.27×10−4

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 7256.910×2×0.017
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×(9.7885)2

= 322.7972

At 2.5 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠

𝑄 2.50×10−3
V = 𝐴 = 2.27×10−4 = 11.0132 𝑚⁄𝑠

∆𝑝×2×𝑑 8237.586×2×0.017
𝐹 = 10−5 × 𝜌×𝐿×𝑉 2 = 10−5 ×997.193×0.8×11.0132)2

= 289.4560
 Calculation of Discharge coefficient for:

Calibrated orifice plate

D = 20.6 mm =0.0206m

At 1.667× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×1.667×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.0206)2
√19.62×√1196.4113

= 0.03265

At 1.944× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×1.944×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.0206)2
√19.62×√2108.4298

= 0,02868

At 2.222× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×2.222×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.0206)2
√19.62×√3451.9408

= 0.02562

At 2.50× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×2.50×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.0206)2
√19.62×√4422.7992

= 0.02546
For Venturi tube
D = 16mm = 0.016m

At 1.667× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×1.667×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.016)2
√19.62×√1166.9914

= 0.05479

At 1.944× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×1.944×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.016)2
√19.62×√1500.4175

= 0.05479

At 2.22210−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×2.222×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.016)2
√19.62×√2481.08245

= 0.05009

At 2.50× 10−3 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
4𝑄
𝛼=
𝜋𝑑2 √19.62×√∆𝑝

4×2.50×10−3
= 𝜋×(0.016)2
√19.62×√3177.3546

= 0.04980