AR20422

STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION - CONCRETE

COURSEWORK

GROUP 37
MELLIE TIE
ROMANA MELOVA
AVISHKAR SAHA

BRIEF
The owners of the o2 arena in Greenwich, London, have an existing administration block in the arena that
they wish to extend by adding a new four storey building, within a maximum total height of 16 metres. The
scheme consists of a hybrid concrete and streel structure, with external masonry cladding. The first two
storeys will be concrete, while the 3rd and 4th(roof) will be steel.


PRELIMINARY SCHEME - CONCRETE
This report focuses on the design of the concrete elements – one way spanning continuous slab, flanged
beam (connected monolithically to the slab) and a ground floor internal column.

Figure 1. Concrete Scheme - Ground Floor - 2nd Storey

2

 Reference SLAB DESIGN Output

One-way spanning continuous slab in the first floor level

DESIGN INFORMATION













Exposure class: XC2 & XD1

Variable floor loading, q # = 3.5 kN/m,
Permanent floor loading, g # = 4.2 kN/m,
Screed density (25mm thick) = 2300 kg/m1
∴ weight of screed 23 kN / m1
Reinforced concrete density = 2500 kg/m1
∴ weight of concrete = 25 kN/m1
BS EN Grade 500A reinforced steel 678 = 500 9:;
1992-1-1:
Table 3.1 Characteristic concrete strength = 40 MPa
6<8 = 40 9:;
Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete = 3.5 MPa 6<=> = 3.5 9:;

DURABILITY AND EXPOSURE CLASS

Cover for exposure class XC2 & XD1:
BS 8500-1 ?>@A = 25 BB,
Table A.4 ∆ ?EFG = 10 BB

BS EN
?AI> = ?>@A + ∆ ?EFG
1992-1-1
∴ ?AI> = 35 BB
4.4.1.1 ?AI> = 35 BB

SPAN/EFFECTIVE DEPTH RATIO

Note:
- Assume continuous one way slab
- Assume lightly reinforced stressed concrete

BS EN Initial span/effective depth ratio:
1992-1-1 K
= 26
Table 7.4 N L

3


Optimized span/effective depth ratio by reference to EC2
K 5000
∴ = = 37
L L L = 135 BB
L = 135 BB

Having the exposure cover of 35 mm and assuming bar diameter to be 12 mm
Total height (h):
12
ℎ = 135 + + 35 ℎ = 180 BB
2
ℎ = 176 BB ≈ 180 BB

LOADING

Permanent loading:
BS EN R8 = 4.2 ST/B , + Self weight of the slab + Weight of the screed
1991-1-1 R8 = 4.2 + (0.180 × 25) + (0.025×23)
6.3.1.2 (8) R8 = 9.275 ST/B ,
R8 = 9.275 ST/B,


Variable loading:

Y8 = 3.5 ST/B ,
Y8 = 3.5 ST/B ,


BS EN Maximum design load:

1990 Z = 1.35R8 + 1.5Y8

Table NA Z = 1.35 × 9.275 + 1.5 × 3.5
Z = 17.8 ST/B,
A 1.2 (A) Z = 17.8 ST/B ,


Total design load for 5 m span: [ = 88.9 ST/B
[ = 17.771 × 5
[ = 88.9 ST/B

MOMENT ANALYSIS

Bending moments for one-way slabs allowance has been made in the coefficients
for the 20% redistribution of the moments.

End End Penultimate Interior Interior
Location
Concise Span Support Support Spans Support
EC2
Table 15.2
Moment 0.075Fl -0.048FL -0.086FL 0.063FL -0.063FL

\]/^ 33.321 -21.325 -38.208 27.990 -27.990


Maximum bending moment occurs at penultimate support in hogging:
9_E = 38.2ST/B 9_E = 38.2ST/B

4

 FLEXURAL DESIGN


Primary Reinforcement

Maximum moment (9FE = 38.208ST/B ) is on the first interior support/

penultimate support:
Concise

EC2 9_E
S= ,
15.4 `L 6<8
Table 15.5

38.2× 10a S = 0.0524
S=
1000 × 135 , × 40

S = 0.0524 < 0.211



Lever arm factor:



S
Concise c = L 0.5 + 0.25 −
1.134
EC2
15.4
0.0524
Table 15.5 c = L 0.5 + 0.25 −
1.134

c = L 0.5 + 0.447

c = 0.955 L > 0.95 L
c = 128 BB
∴ Use 0.95 L

0.95L = 0.95 × 135 = 128 BB

Tension reinforcement required:
Area required for main/ primary reinforcement:
Concise 9FE
fg =
EC2 0.87 × 678 × c
15.4 38.208 × 10a
Table 15.5 fg =
0.87 × 500 × 128

fg = 685 BB ,
fg = 754 BB2

H 12 @ 150
BS ∴ Use H 12 @ 150 mm [754 ^^h ] per metre square
8666:2005


Transverse Reinforcement
BS EN Taken as 20% of principal reinforcement required at first interior support:
1992-1-1 fj=klAg = 0.2 × fj Asopqrs =141 mm,
9.3.1.1 (2) fj=klAg = 137 BB , H 6 @ 200

BS ∴H 6 @ 200 mm (141 ^^h )
8666:2005

5


The main reinforcement at the other locations can be obtained similarly, and the
results are as follows:
Location tuv /wvh xy\ z / d As Reinforcement

End support 0.0425 0.95d 628 H 10 @ 125
End span 0.0272 0.95d 377 H 12 @ 300

Penultimate
0.0487 0.95d 754 H 12 @ 150
support
Interior span 0.0357 0.95d 503 H 8 @ 100

Interior support 0.0357 0.95d 503 H 8 @ 100

SHEAR DESIGN


Concise
End End Penultimate Interior Interior
EC2 Location
Span Support Support Spans Support
Table 15.2

Shear - 0.046F 0.6F - 0.5F

\]/^ - 4.087 53.314 - 44.428



Maximum/critical section for shear is on penultimate support in this case:
z_{ = 53.314ST
z_{ = 53.314ST





Check whether shear reinforcement is necessary:
BS EN
1992-1-1 200
S =1+
6.2.2 (1) L
Table
NA.1 200
S =1+
135

S = 2.15

S B|j} `~ ≤ 2.0

∴ S = 2
S = 2



fgÅ
Ä= = ≤ 0.02
`L

754
Ä= = ≤ 0.02
135 × 1000

Ä= = 0.00559 ≤ 0.02 (j;6~)

6


BS EN The design value for the shear resistance:
1992-1-1 É
zÇE,< = 0.12 × S × 100 × Ä= × 6<8 1 × ` × L
6.2.2 (1) É
Eq (6.2.a) zÇE,< = 0.12 × 2 × 100 × 0.00559 × 40 1 × 1000 × 135
zÇE,< = 91.3×101 T zÇE,< = 91.3 ST
zÇE,< = 91.3 ST
Eq (6.2.b )
The minimum design value for shear resistance:
zÇE,< = 0.035 × S É.Ñ × 6<8 × ` × L
zÇE,< = 0.035 × 2 É.Ñ × 40 × 1000 × 135

zÇE,< = 84.5×101 T

zÇE,< = 84.5 ST



Taking the larger value of zÇ{,Ö

zÇ{,Ö > z_{
BS EN Shear OK
91.3ST > 53.31 ST
1992-1-1
Since zÇ{,Ö > z_{ , no shear reinforcement is required.
6.2.1 (5)

DETAILING AND CHECKING


BS EN
Check primary reinforcement:

1992-1-1 Minimum percentage area of longitudinal tension reinforcement:

9.2.1.1 6<=>
fg,>@A = 0.26 `L
(1)(3) 678
3.5
fg,>@A = 0.26 `L
500 fg,>@A OK
fg,>@A = 0.00182 `L ≥ 0.0013 `L (j;6~)



Maximum percentage area of longitudinal tension reinforcement:

fg,>lá ≤ 0.04 `ℎ

fg,>lá ≤ 7240 (j;6~) fg,>lá OK





BS EN

1992-1-1 Check spacing of reinforcement:
Principal reinforcement:
9.3.1.1 (3)
3ℎ ≤ 400 BB à>lá = 150 BB

2ℎ ≤ 250 BB (For maximum moment)

∴ Spacing of 150 mm has been chosen



Secondary reinforcement:

3.5ℎ ≤ 450 BB à>lá = 200 BB

3ℎ ≤ 400 BB (For maximum moment)

∴ Spacing of 200 mm has been chosen

7

 Reference BEAM DESIGN Output

Continuous interior beam with two equal spans of 6 meters

DESIGN INFORMATION

SPAN/EFFECTIVE DEPTH RATIO

Note:

- Assume beam is continuous

- Assume highly reinforced stressed concrete

- 12mm longitudinal bars from slab


Allowing exposure cover of 35 mm and 12mm diameter of bars in slab and

assuming bar diameter to be 25 mm with 8mm links, we assumed the total height

of the flanged beam to be:
ℎ = 490 BB ℎ = 490 BB



Design depth:

25
L = 490 − 35 − 12 − − 8 = 422.5 BB ≈ 420BB L = 420 BB
2



Check Stiffness for 6m span:

BS EN Initial span/effective depth ratio:
1992-1-1 K
= 14
Table 7.4 N L
Optimized span/effective depth ratio by reference to EC2

K
= 15
L
6000
= 15
L

L>@A = 400 BB


Depth OK
420 > 400 ∴ âS

8

 LOADING

Permanent design load:
BS EN = Permanent design load of slab spanning 5 m + Self-weight of beam
1991-1-1 = 62.61 + 1.35(0.3×0.31×25)


6.3.1.2 = 65.7 ST/B

Variable design load:

= Total design load for slab spanning 5 m

= 1.5(3.5×5)
= 26.3 ST/B


Maximum design load:

:~äB;Z~Z} + z;äã;`K~ = 92 ST/B

Minimum design load:

:~äB;Z~Z} = 65.7 ST/B

Critical Load Case:
As we are dealing with a beam of two equal spans, there are two critical loading

cases:
1. maximum design load is applied at the same time (both spans undergo 9;å = 92 ST/B
loading of 92kN/m)
2. one span is loaded maximally and the other minimally (loading of 92kN/m 9ãZ = 65.7 ST/B
on one span and 65.7kN/m on the other)

ANALYSIS

Moments of two spans beam have to be analyzed through the elastic analysis of
BS EN series of sub-frames consisting of the first-floor beam connected to columns on
1992-1-1 the upper and lower floors.
5.5
Assumptions: lower columns are pinned at the bottom, whereas the upper columns
are fixed at the top. Furthermore, the beam is pinned at its ends and fixed in the
middle to the columns.

Moments obtained by Moment distribution:












Shear Force Diagram:

9


Gridline 1 2 3
Span 6m 6m
Loading case 1 92kN/m 92kN/m 9_E çIé
Upper column 0 0 0 0
Bending = 410ST/B
Beam 0 -205 -410 410 -205 0
moment
Lower column 0 0 0 0
9_E glé
Shear Force 276 552 276
= 263ST/B





Gridline 1 2 3
Span 6m 6m
Loading case 1 92kN/m 65.7kN/m
Bending Moment 0 -263 -410 293 -146 0

For single load case of all span analysis, the resulting support moments should be
reduced by 20% with a consequential increase in the span moments. As we want
to design for the critical loading, the moments will not be further reduced.

BS EN Although we assumed the end supports to be fixed, the beam at the ends will still
1992-1-1
be designed to carry a hogging moment equal to 25% of the max sagging moment.
9.3.1.2 (2)


FLEXULAR DESIGN


DESIGN MAIN BEAM
678 = 500 9:; 678 = 500 9:;
6<8 = 40 9:; 6<8 = 40 9:;
6<=> = 3.5 9:; 6<=> = 3.5 9:;



1. INTERIOR SUPPORT
Calculation of the effective flange width:















The effective width of flange should be based on the distance, Kè , between the
points of zero moment.


`Fêê = `ë + `Fêê,É + `Fêê,,
BS EN
1992-1-1
9.2.1.2 where;
5.3.2.1 `ë = 300 BB

10

 Figure 5.2 `Fêê,É = `Fêê,,
`Fêê,É = 0.2`É + 0.1Kè ≤ 0.2Kè ≤ `É

where;
`É = Lãj};Zí~ `~}ì~~Z ì~`j/2 = 2350BB
KÉ = K, = 6000BB

Kè = 0.15 KÉ + K,
Kè = 1800BB

∴ `Fêê,É = 650 BB ≤ 300 ≤ 2350
= 300BB


∴ `Fêê = 300 + 300 + 300 = 900BB






BS EN Main Reinforcement
1992-1-1 - Interior support undergoes maximum hogging moment of 410kN/m
5.5 (4) 9FE
Table NA.1 î=
`ë L , 6<8


where:
`ë = 300 BB
L = 420 BB


410×10a
î= = 0.1937 < 0.211
300×420, ×40



î = 0.1937 < 0.211
Since î < î ï 0.211 no compression steel is needed as the beam is under- “Under-reinforced”
reinforced



S
c = L 0.5 + 0.25 −
1.134



0.1937
c = L 0.5 + 0.25 −
1.134



c = L 0.5 + 0.281

c = 0.78L < 0.95 L ∴ use 0.78L;
c = 328BB



Tension steel required:

9~L
fg = z=328mm
0.87 × 6óS × c


410×106
fg =
0.87 × 500 × 328

fg = 2873BB2

11

 The tension reinforcement is spread over the effective flange width (`Fêê ), which
extends on either side of the web.








BS
The tensional reinforcement can be provided by 6H25 [2945mm2]. Two of the bars
8666:2005 will be placed inside the links and the other four in the flange, giving the area of òô = höõú^^h
2945BB , . 6H25








2. MIDSPAN

- Span undergoes maximum sagging moment of 263kN/m

BS EN Calculate effective flange width
1992-1-1 `Fêê = `ë + `Fêê,É + `Fêê,,
5.3.2.1 `Fêê,É = `Fêê,,
Figure 5.2 `Fêê,É = 0.2`É + 0.1Kè ≤ 0.2Kè ≤ `É


`É = `, = 2350BB

Kè = 0.85K = 5100BB



∴ `Fêê,É = 470 + 510 ≤ 1020 ≤ 2350

= 1020 BB

∴ `Fêê = 300 + 1020 + 1020
∴ `Fêê = 2340 BB

9FE
î=
`Fêê L , 6<8


263×10a
î= = 0.0159 < 0.211
2340×420, ×40



S
c = L 0.5 + 0.25 − k=0.0159
1.134



0.0159
c = L 0.5 + 0.25 −
1.134


c = L 0.5 + 0.486

c = 0.986L < 0.95 L ∴ use 0.95L

c=399mm z=399mm

12


Tension steel required:
9FE
fg =
0.87 × 678 × c

263×10a
fg =
0.87 × 500 × 399
òô = ùúûù^^h
,
fg = 1515BB
5H20
BS
8666:2005
Tensional reinforcement can be provided by using 5H20 [1571mm2].










SHEAR DESIGN

As uniformly distributed load predominates, the critical section for shear is a
BS EN
distance, d from the face of the support. This is half of the width of the column
1992-1-1
plus the d from the centre of the column.
6.2.1 (8)
- Assume width of the column to be 300 mm


1. INTERIOR SUPPORT

300
3000 − + 420
z_E = 2 ×552

3000
z_E = 447ST
z_E = 447 ST






Check whether shear reinforcement is necessary:


BS EN
Shear capacity of reinforced concrete without shear links is given as the larger of:
1992-1-1 É
6.2.2 (1) ã zÇE,< = 0.12S(100Ä= 6<8 )1 `ë L
ãã zÇE,< = (0.035S É.Ñ 6<8 )`ë L

where;

200
S =1+ ≤ 2.0
L

200
=1+ ≤ 2.0
420


= 1.69 < 2.0

13

 fg
Ä= = ≤ 0.2
`ë L

,ü†Ñ
=
1èè׆,è



= 0.02337 < 0.2



Eq (6.2.a) É
ã zÇE,< = 0.12×1.69(100×0.02337×40)1 300×420
= 116×101 T ≈ 116ST
Eq (6.2.b)
ãã zÇE,< = 0.035×1.69É.Ñ 40 ×300×420 z_E > zÇE,<
= 61.3×101 T ≈ 61.3ST Shear
BS EN reinforcement
1992-1-1 Since z_E > zÇE,< , shear reinforcement is required. necessary
6.2.1 (5)





BS EN Check a strut angle of 22° § = 22°
1992-1-1 The design of members with shear reinforcement is based on a truss model with
6.2.3.(2) limiting values for the angle of the inclined struts in the web of between 22° and

45° according National Annex:
1 ≤ cot § ≤ 2.5

We can determine the concrete strut capacity for 22°:
Eq (6.9)
6<8
zÇE,•q¶ ,, = 0.124×`ë L 1 − 6
250 <8


40
= 0.124×300×420 1 − 40
250

= 525×101 T ≈ 525ST

Since zÇE,>lá is larger then z_E then an angle of 22 ° is sufficient

∴ cotθ = 2.5



Eq (6.8)
Calculate steel shear reinforcement:
fgë
®©™ ´¨≠ ††Æ×Éè≥
= = = 1.092 BB , /BB j
g è.ÆØEê∞± <I=≤ è.ÆØ׆,è×Ñèè×,.Ñ = 1.117BB , /BB
BS
8666:2005 H8@90 mm

∴ use H8@90 mm.





9.2.2(5) Check the minimum shear reinforcement
fgë
min ∂∑
j

14

 fgë 0.08 6<8
min ≥ `ë
j 678


0.08 6†è
≥ ×300
500

≥ 0.303BB , /BB (OK)





j>lá ∂∑
9.2.2(8)


Check maximum spacing



j>lá ≤ 0.75L ≤ 600 BB

≤ 0.75×420 ≤ 600 BB

≤ 315 BB




z_E = 224 ST


2. MIDSPAN


300
3000 − + 420
z_E = 2 ×276
3000
z_E = 224 ST


BS EN z_E > zÇE,<
1992-1-1 Check whether shear reinforcement is necessary: Shear
6.2.1 (5) Shear capacity of the beam near the outer supports will be the same as the reinforcement
capacity calculated near the internal support. necessary

z_E > zÇE,< and therefore shear reinforcement is required

As zÇE,>lá is larger then z_E then an angle of 22 ° is sufficient

Eq (6.8) ∴ cotθ = 2.5
fgë
Calculate steel shear reinforcement: j
= 0.565BB , /BB
®©™ ´¨≠ ,,†×Éè≥
9.2.2(5) = = = 0.546 BB, /mm H6@100 mm
g è.ÆØEê∞± <I=≤ è.ÆØ׆,è×Ñèè×,.Ñ

9.2.2(8)
Which is more than minimum shear reinforcement of 0.303BB , /BB.

BS
Maximum spacing ≤ 315 BB.
8666:2005
∴ use H6@100 mm.


DETAILING AND CHECKING

Minimum reinforcement requirements:

15

 6<=>
fj>@A = 0.26 `L
678
3.5
fj>@A = 0.26 `L
500
BS EN fj>@A = 0.00182 `L ≥ 0.0013 `L (j;6~) fj>@A = πî
1992-1-1
Maximum percentage area of longitudinal tension reinforcement:

fj>lá ≤ 0.04 `ℎ
9.2.1.1
fj>lá ≤ 5880BB , (j;6~)
(1)(3) fj>lá = πî




Check for over-reinforcement:

- Suggested x/d ratio is between 0.45 - 0.62

[< = 0.5676<8 `ë ∏á

where ∏á = 0.8å



[ = 0.87678 fg = 0.87×500×2945 = 1281075



[< = [

1281075 = 0.567×40×300×0.8å

∴ å = 235BB
á

∴ = 0.587 (OK, beam is under-reinforced)
E


Checking the position of the neutral axis:
- Our ultimate resistance of a concrete beam has to be equal or greater than
the ultimate bending moment; 9 ≥ 9_E

9 = 0.5676<8 `ê 0.8åc
};S~ ℎê = 0.8å = 180 BB

9 = 0.567×40×0.9×0.18×328 = 1205 STB

Since 9 > 9_E , the neutral axis falls within the flange so the design is correct.
DESIGN SUMMARY

AT INTERIOR SUPPORT (HOGGING)

6H25
H8@90mm

16

 AT MIDSPAN (SAGGING)


5H20
H6@100mm

17

 COLUMN DESIGN
Reference Output
- Design for bottom storey internal column as it takes the largest load
DESIGN INFORMATION









End connections: fixed at the top, pinned at bottom
Column dimension = 360 × 300
BS 8500 Cover for exposure class XC2 and XD1
Concrete strength = 40 9:;
Assuming 6 BB of links and 12BB diameter bars (6H12)
fg = 679 BB , 6<8 = 40 9:;
fg = 679 BB ,
Cover
?AI> = ?>@A + ?EFG
where
?>@A = max [?>@A,º ; ?>@A,EΩk ]
where
?>@A,º = Lã;B~}~ä â6 `;ä − KãZSj = 12 − 6 = 6BB }â KãZS
?>@A,EΩk = BãZ. íâæ~ä L|~ }â ~Zæ. íâZLã}ãâZj = 25BB

?>@A = 25 BB
?EFG = 10 BB ?AI> = 35 BB
∴ ?AI> = 25 + 10 = 35 BB

LOADING
Loading for the internal column, as this carries twice the load of the outer
columns.
Permanent loading
É
2 levels of screed = 0.025 × 5 × 12 × 23 × × 2 = 34.5 ST
,
É
2 floor loading = 4.2 × 5 × 12 × × 2 = 252 ST
,
É
2 beam weight = 0.49 − 0.18 × 0.3 × 12 × 25 × × 2 = 27.9 ST
,
É
2 slab weight = 0.18 × 5 × 12 × 25 × × 2 = 270 ST
,
2 self weight of column = 3.01 × 0.3 × 0.36 × 25 × 2 = 16.3 ST
,Æ,è
Loading above = = 100.7 ST
ü × 1
R8 = 701 ST
R8 = 34.5 + 252 + 24.3 + 270 + 100.7 + 15.4 = 701 ST

18

 Variable loading
É
2 floor loading = 3.5 × 5 × 12 × × 2 = 210 ST
,
,Ñ,è Y8 = 303 ST
Loading above = = 93.3 ST
ü × 1

Y8 = 210 + 93.3 = 303 ST

Total axial design load:
T_E = 1.35 R8 + 1.5 Y8 T_E = 1396 ST
= 1.35 707 + 1.5 303
= 1402 ST

FLEXURAL DESIGN

The load case shown below is used to calculate the moment in the column as this

produces the largest out of balance moment.

- The calculated moments are for those around the major axis, yy, as the
loading perpendicular to this axis is smaller, making this one the critical
load case.





















Note
- As we are calculating the maximum out of balance moment, we will be

using fixed end moments, thereby assuming end supports of the beam are

fixed.


FIRST ORDER DESIGN MOMENTS
Actions loading
1.35 `~;B R8 = 1.35 × 48.63
= 65.7 ST 9

1.5 `~;B Y8 = 1.5 × 17.5
= 26.3 ST 9
ø¿® = 65.7 ST 9


ø¿® = 1.35 `~;B R8

= 65.7 ST 9

ø¿Ö = 91.9 ST 9
ø¿Ö = 1.35 `~;B R8 + 1.5 `~;B Y8
= 92 ST 9

19


IStructE

Manual
Relative stiffness of lower column
to EC2

5.5.3.
î¡
Fig. 5.18 î=
î¡ + î¬ + 0.5 îºÉ + 0.5 îº,



√ƒ `L 1
î¡ = =
≈ 12≈

0.3 × 0.361
=
12 × 3.5

= 0.00033

î¡ = î¬ = 0.00033


√ƒ `L 1
îºÉ = =
≈ 12≈
0.3 × 0.491
=
12 × 6
= 0.00049



îºÉ = îº, = 0.00049


0.00019 î = 0.288
î=
0.00019 + 0.00019 + 0.5× 0.00038 + 0.5× 0.00038
= 0.288





Moment in Column
- Using fixed end moments to generate maximum out of balance moment:
ø¿® ≈, 65.7 × 6,
[√9¿® = =
12 12
= 197 STB



ø¿Ö ≈, 91.9× 6,
[√9¿Ö = =
12 12
= 275.7 STB

∴ BâB~Z} ãZ íâK|BZ:
9<IÅ = î × [√9¿Ö − [√9¿®
= 0.288 × 275.7 − 197
= 22.7 STB 9=I« = 22.7 STB

9=I« = 9<IÅ = 22.7 STB (fixed) 9ºI= = 0 STB



9ºI= = 0 STB (pinned)

BS EN

20

 1992-1-1
5.8.8.2(1)
6.1(4)
DESIGN MOMENTS

9_E = 9 + ~@ T_E ≥ ~è T_E

Where,
9 = 9<IÅ
Concise ~@ T_E = 9@

EC2
Moment from imperfections
Table 5.1
Effective length and allowance for imperfections:

Kè = 0.9 × íK~;ä ℎ~ãRℎ} Kè = 2.709 B

= 0.9 × 3.5 − beam height

= 0.9 × 3.5 − 0.49

= 2.709 B




BS EN 9@ = 9.49 STB
9@ = ~@ T_E
1992-1-1 Kè
5.2 (9) = × 1402
400
,.Æèü

= × 1402
†èè

= 9.49 STB


9èÉ = 9.49 STB
First order design moments

9èÉ = 9ºI= + 9@

= 0 + 9.49

= 9.49 STB
9è, = 32.2 STB


9è, = 9=I« + 9@

= 22.7 + 9.49
BS EN
= 32.2 STB
1992-1-1
6.1 (4) Minimum total design moment
ç 1aè
using ~è = = ≥ 20 BB,
1è 1è
9>@A = ~è T_E
= 0.02 × 1402 (Using ~è = 20 BB as ℎ 30 is less than 20 BB)
= 28.04 STB < 9è,

SLENDERNESS

SLENDERNESS
BS EN
Kè
1992-1-1 ∏=
ã
5.8.3.2 (1)


ƒ `ℎ1 /12 ℎ
ã= = =
f `ℎ 12
0.36
=
12
= 0.104 B

21



2.709
∴∏= = 26.05
0.104
∏ = 26.05

Slenderness limit for braced column

- Assume the column is braced as there is a lift core acting as a shear wall

BS EN within the design.

1992-1-1

5.8.3.1 (1) 20 f × Õ × ?
∏ÀÕ =
Z

T_E
Z=
0.67f< 6<8
1402 × 1000
=
0.67 × 300×360 × 40

= 0.48
Z = 0.48

As ŒkFê is unknown, take f = 0.7
f = 0.7

Õ= 1 + 2œ where,

0.87 678 fg
œ=
0.67 6<8 `ℎ
0.87 × 500 × 697
=
0.67 × 40 × 300 × 360
= 0.10

Õ= 1 + 2œ

= 1 + 2 × 0.10

= 1.10



9èÉ
? = 1.7 −
9è,
9.49
= 1.7 −
32.2
= 1.40

20 × 0.10 × 1.10× 1.44
∏ÀÕ =
0.48
= 31.01


∏ÀÕ > ∏
∴ Second order effects may be ignored and 9_E = 9è, . ∏ÀÕ > ∏
No second order

moments

22



DESIGN CROSS SECTION


PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT

E
Using design charts based on – , where
ç
L, = Depth to centroid of reinforcement in half section assuming 6 bar
arrangement with H12
12
L, = 35 + 6 +
2
= 47 BB ≈ 50 BB
L, 50
=
ℎ 360
= 0.14



E– E–
∴ Use = 0.1 and = 0.15 charts
ç ç




T_E 1402 × 1000
=
` ℎ 6<8 300 × 360 × 40
= 0.32 (Chart Y value)

9_E 32.2× 10a
=
` ℎ, 6<8 300 × 360, × 40
= 0.02 (Chart X value)

As X and Y values are off the design charts, we will look at minimum and


maximum reinforcement allowed to determine the reinforcement in the column.



Chosen reinforcement
6H12
Using 6H12, fg = 679 BB , (as it is a rectangular section and needs a bar at the
òô = “ûö ^^h
centre of each face)
BS EN
1992-1-1 Minimum area of reinforcement
9.5.2 (2) 0.1T_E
fg,>@A = 0.002`ℎ âä ìℎãíℎ~æ~ä ãj Rä~;}~ä
678 fg,>@A OK
0.002`ℎ = 0.002 × 300 × 360
= 216 BB ,
0.1T_E 0.1×1402×1000
=
678 500

= 280 BB ,



BS EN

1992-1-1 Maximum area of reinforcement

9.5.2 (3) fg,>lá f} K;—j = 0.08 `ℎ
= 0.08 × 300 × 360 fg,>lá OK
= 8640 BB ,


fg,>lá â|}jãL~ K;—j = 0.04 `ℎ

= 0.04 × 300 × 360

23

 = 4320 BB , fg,>lá OK

BS EN
1992-1-1 TRAVERSE REINFORCEMENT:

9.5.3 & NA Minimum link diameter = 0.25 × largest longitudinal bar diameter ≤ 6BB

= 0.25 × 12 = 3 BB

3 BB ≤ 6BB,

∴ use 6BB links.
L = 6BB
BS EN

1992-1-1 Spacing either:

9.5.3 (3) a) 20 x longitudinal bar diameter = 20×12 = 240BB

b) Lesser dimension of the column = 300BB

c) 400mm
à>lá = 240BB


”“@hõ’^^
BS EN Use H6 links at 240mm
1992-1-1
9.5.3 (4) Within 360mm(h) of the beam, change link spacing to
= 0.6 × 240
= 144 BB

∴ ìã}ℎãZ 360BB â6 `~;B |j~ H6 links at 144mm



DESIGN SUMMARY


6H12
H6 links @ 240mm

24

SCHEME DESIGN OVERVIEW












6H25 Beam Interior Support
H8@90mm Max Hogging
Slab H12@150mm

H6@200mm

Beam Midspan 5H20

Max Sagging H6@100mm

Internal Column 6H12
H6@240

Beam Midspan 5H20
Max Sagging H6@100mm

Note: This diagram only

identifies the calculated
reinforcement along the
beam and column, and
is not intended to show
their dimensions.

25