Economic planning – is defined as conceiving, initiating,
regulating, and controlling economic activity by the
state according to a set of priorities with a view to
achieving well-defined objectives within a given time.
- According to Dickinson economic planning is the
making of major economic decisions by a
determine authority on the basis of a
comprehensive survey of the economy as a
whole.
- Such decisions include what and how much to
produce; how, when and where it is to be
produced; and to whom it is to allowed
- With reference the underdeveloped countries,
Subrata Ghatak defines economic planning as a
conscious effort on the part of any government
to follow a definite pattern of economic
development in order to promote rapid and
fundamental change in the economy and
society.
Essentials of Economic Planning
- According to Arthur Lewis, a development plan
may consist of the following parts:
1. Survey of current economic conditions
- The economic survey shows the changes in
respect of populations, NI,Taxation,
Government Expenditures and Balance of
Payment.
- It also tells us the changes needed or expected
to occur in these economic variables
- The economic survey is usually for one year
2. List of proposed public expenditures
1. FINLAND AND IRELAND
Survey of current economic condition
Finland
Population growth rate 0.3 increase
GDP growth 2.1 decrease
Population 5.5 increase
National Income 238.5 decrease
Personal Income Tax Rate 52.96 increase
Public Expenditures
Finland
Agricultural Sector *Forestry
*Paper factory
Manufacturing Industry *Chemical Industry
*Electronic
*Machines
Manufacturing Industry
Macro Economic Projections of the Economy
Finland
- Finland economy expected to grow because the
economic downturn is largely structural, insofar as it
reflects downsizing in industries such as electronics and
forestry
- The proposals and suggestions for
incurringpublic expenditures on development
projects are invited from various government
departments and agencies
- After a through scruntiny of these
recommendations order of priority is
determined deciding what is to be included,
what is to be postponed or rejected as the
financial resources are less than required
3. Discussion of likely development in private
sector
- It is said that the both public and private sectors
are interrelated and rate of economic
development depends more on the working of
private sector than expenditures in public
sector
- The government reviews the performance of
major industries in economic planning and sets
quantitative targets for the plan period. All this
involves a brief in-depth analysis of the working
and implications of market structure.
4. Macroeconomic projections of the economy
- It refers to the preparation of aggregate models
which are applied to the economy as a whole
- These models deal with production and
consumption as a single aggregate
5. Review of government policies
- The government through development policy
can influence the decisions directly in the
private sector.
Ireland
0.2 decrease
5.1 increase
4.8 decrease
271.4 increase
40 decrease
Ireland
*Alcoholic Beverage Industry
*Pharmaceuticals
*Financial
*Aircraft leasing
*Information and communications technology
*Software
*Medical technologies
Ireland
- The economy is projected to keep growing robustly, as
domestic demand is set to remain solid
 Estimating potential output is challenging at a time of unusually
large structural changes and output gap estimates vary widely
As the labor market tightens, wage pressures will continue to be strong
and are projected to feed into higher inflation
- The government should ensure that its medium-term foal of
balancing the budget is met. The recovery is maturing GDP
continues to grow strongly
- Abstracting from volatile activities of multinational
enterprises (MNEs) domestic demand remains solid.
- The headline number for investment has been strongly affected by
MNEs, but business investment by local Irish films continues to recover
strongly, particularly in the construction sector
- The unemployment rate continues to decline rapidly. As the labour
market is increasingly tight, wages are rising rapidly

Review of the government policy

Finland Ireland
Nordics and the Nordic model. Nordic’s have been free- *Understanding Irelands Corporation Tax Revenue
trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over *Thinking a little about indexation
a century, though in Finland immigration is a relatively new *Managing the Budget with High Debt and no Currency
phenomenon *Report of the Fiscal Council
*Reforming Irelands Budgetary Cycle

2. NETHERLAND AND TURKEY

Survey of Current Economic Conditions
Netherland Turkey
Population growth rate 0.39 decrease 0.52 increase
Age Structure Decrease increase
Population 17 m decrease 80 m increase
Median Age 42.6 Increase 30.9 Decrease
Birth Rate 10.9 decrease 15.7 increase
Death Rate 8.9 increase 6 decrease
Gross Domestic Product 799.8 decrease 1 756. 5 increase
GDP per capita – current prices Increase decrease
GDP per capita – PPP Increase Decrease
GDP (PPP) – share of world total Decrease Increase
GDP – composition by sector Decrease Increase
Inflation Decrease Increase
Unemployment Decrease Increase
Public debt (general government gross Increase Decrease
debt as % of GDP
Public deficit Decrease Increase
List of Proposed Public Expenditures
Netherland Turkey
*Basic Health insurance to be expanded again in 2018 Canakkale 1915 Bridge
*Increasing mobility in a more sustainable country Three Storey – the Big Intanbul Tunnel Project
*Public transport and aviation
Discussion of Likely Development in Private Sector
Netherland Turkey
Basic Health insurance to be expanded again in 2018 Canakkale 1915 Bridge
Increasing mobility in a more sustainable country Three Storey – the Big Intanbul Tunnel Project
Public transport and aviation
Netherland Turkey
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Canakkale 1915 Bridge
Economic Affairs Three Storey – the Big Intanbul Tunnel Project
- Collaborate closely in promoting enterprise The Private sector is discussing “Involve Fatherhood”
Resillent Business Development Services – they receive a Approaching men over..
loan
Macro economic Projections of the economy
Netherland Turkey

18.1 million inhabitants in 2060 *The Population of Turkey is expected to exceed 100 million in
2040
GDP growth is projected to remain strong and broad based *Population ageing in Turkey will continue
in 2018 and 2019

Review of government Policies
Netherland
*Taxation Policy
- in the Netherlands addresses the trade off between
equity and competitiveness reasonably well. There is
horizontal equity. The system is fully individualized.
*Research and Innovation Policy – dutch policies used to
focus on the reduction of coordination costs creating
public/private partnerships
*The proportion of population in working age will be 67.2% in
2023 and 58.7% in 2080
Turkey
*Taxation Policy
- The taxation system can be divided into three categories:
direct taxes such as the individual income tax and corporate-
income tax. Indirect taxes such as the value added tax (VAT),
the banking and insurance transaction tax, the special
consumption tax, and the telecommunications tax; and other
government revenues drawn from factor incomes, social funds
and privatization revenues.
*Research and Innovation Policy
- Aiming to improve science, technology and innovation as one
of the building blocks for innovative production and steady
growth

3. CHILE AND MONGOLIA

Survey of Current Economic Condition
 Chile has bigger Population than Mongolia with the range of 15.2 Million.
 Chile has higher economic output that accounts for its number of people or GDP per Capita.
 Unemployment rate is higher in Mongolia but the number of person which is unemployed is higher in Chile because of its population.
 Both Countries has Trade surplus.
 Mongolia has more External Debt that Chile.
 According to this indicators Chile exceeds Mongolia when it comes to economy.
List of Proposed Public Expenditures
 Chile focuses on highways, Renewable energy, and looks to develop its airport and seaports.
 Mongolia focuses on housing and making the residents live more conveniently with maintaining the nature.
Discussion of Likely Development of the Private Sector
 The Second Private Sector Development Credit Project supports the Mongolian government and commercial banks. Which means
Mongolia is somewhat inward looking when it comes to this matter.
 Chile focuses on exporting of its main product which is copper which means there are large mining firms on Chile. This will lead us to
the conclusion that in this matter Chile is somewhat outward looking.
Macro-Economic Projection of the Economy
 Mongolia Expects growth in Population, GDP, unemployment rate, import and export then decrease in external dept. and GDP per
capita.
 Chile expects growth on Population, GDP per capita, GDP, import and export the expects decrease in External dept.
 Mongolia expects its GDP per capita to decrease because the projected growth in GDP is low and the Population is growing.
Review of Government Policies
 The Taxation of Mongolia fixed rate for Personal income tax while Chile collects tax on the amount of income of the person.
 It means that the Government of Chile receives higher amount of tax than Mongolian government.
 Higher taxation is needed in Chile to support its growing Population.

4. ISRAEL AND PAKISTAN

Survey of Economic Condition
 The population of Pakistan is 24 times higher than the population of Israel.
 Pakistan has higher National Income because it has larger population.
 Every individual in Israel has higher income Per Capita because it has smaller population.
 The Taxation is composed of Corporate taxation Israel with 23% and Pakistan with 31%, and Individual in Israel 10% - 47%, Pakistan
2%-30% salaried individuals non salaried individual 7-35%
 Israel has 17% standard, 7.5% non-profit organization, 17% payroll tax financials institutions and Pakistan 17% sales TAX, 10% Tractor,
8% sugar
 Balance of Payments Israel is higher than Pakistan
 GDP Purchasing Power Parity – Israel 312 billion and Pakistan 1.06 trillion
 GDP Composition by Sector – composed of Agriculture, Industry, Services that Israel is higher than Pakistan according to percentage.
List of Proposed Public Expenditures
Service Sector with Biggest allotment
 Both countries focus their social services primarily on strengthening their military forces.
 They allot more budget for the Ministry of Defense.
Rank in Defense Spending by Country
• Israel (rank 14) allot more budget to spend in military sector than Pakistan(rank 28)
• But, Pakistan has more active military manpower than Israel.
Israel Pakistan
 Gideon Plan  Add Military Armaments
- Pakistan military’s big ticket budget priorities are clearly on
new combat aircraft, submarines, surface warships, and
To create a vast network of medium range surface-to-surface the country’s various indigenous missiles programs.
missile systems with Half Billion Shekel initial funding for project. - To create a vast network of medium range surface-to-
surface missile systems with Half Billion Shekel initial
funding for project.
• Both country focuses on improving their military strategies and adding military armaments new combat aircraft, submarines, surface
warships and the country’s various indigenous missiles program.
Discussion of Likely Development of Private Sectors
 Trade Strategy
Both countries are Outward looking
Israel Pakistan
 Export Erez - manufacturer of protective equipment and  Integrated Dynamics - developer and manufacturer of
personal military supplies for the Israel army and other unmanned aerial vehicles which is exported to Australia,
international armies. Spain, South Korea, Libya and United States.
Macroeconomic progression of the economy
GDP Growth Rate
 Pakistan was highest than Israel
Inflation Rate
 Pakistan 3.8% than 0.2% in Israel
Government Expenditure
 7.3 ins Israel 46.67 to Pakistan
Review of government Policies
Israel Pakistan
 Labor policy focuses on incentivizing two income households  Labor policy pertain mainly to blue-collar issues, including
and expanding job training services for low-skilled workers.
 Unemployment rates are low. termination, unfair dismissal, discrimination, as well as
 Programs support the labor-market integration of ultra- disputes involving trade unions and workers’ rights
Orthodox communities, but employment rates among men
here remain low. The number of foreign workers has fallen, organizations. Courts give much more importance to what is
but there is a large number of undocumented workers. agreed between the employer and the employee in the
employment agreement.

5. VIETNAM AND PHILIPPINES

Survey of Current Economic Condition
Vietnam Philippines
Population 95,540,800 104,918,090
Population Growth Rate 0.93% 1.57%
Median Age 30.5 years 23.5 years
Birth Rate 15.5 23.7
GDP – PPP 704.507 874.5
GDP Growth 6.81 6.6
GDP Per Capita 6,900 8200
GDP by Sector
 Agriculture 17% 9.49
 Industry 39% 33.48
 Services 44% 57.03
List Proposed Public Expenditures
Vietnam Philippines
FLC Group plans to invest 1.5 billion USD in hi-tech agriculture in Department Allocations
Vietnam  department of Education
 to develop a hi-tech agricultural farm combining solar  department of Public Works and Highways
energy – one of the world’s most advanced models in the  department of Interior and Local Government
sector.  department of National Defense
 This model uses double-sided solar panels to cover  department of Social Welfare and Development
agricultural land, allowing for renewable energy, even as  department of Health
crops continue to receive most of the sunshine and  State universities and colleges
agricultural machinery remains stable.  Department of Trasportation
 step to improve productivity in comparison with traditional  Department of Agriculture
production.
 Department of Environment and Natural Resources
 Proposal to grow Japanese garlic on Ly Son Island rejected
 this may threaten the development of Ly Son’s own well-
known garlic brand.
 Department of Finance
Agriculture needs farm-to-market roads
 Farmers, fishermen and livestock growers also need roads
and pockets of infrastructure to deliver their produce to the
market.
Other Proposed Public Expenditures
 New Clark City- Food Processing Terminal and International
 Clark International Airport Expansion (Phase 1)
 Unified Common Station
 Cavite Barge Gateway Terminal
 Modernization of RORO Transport System in the Philippines

Discussion on Likely Development of Private Sector

Vietnam
Agricultural Sector
 “Transforming Vietnamese Agriculture: Gaining More from
Less,”
 Crops: rice, coffee, tea, cashews, black pepper, rubber, and
cassava.
 To remain competitive in the international market, the
report says Vietnam needs to improve supply, quality, and
food safety.
Macroeconomics Projection of the Economy
Vietnam
 Economic growth next year will reach as high as 6.7% in
2018, better than in 2017, the prime minister predicted in
October. The Asian Development Bank forecasts 6.5%, but
higher than 2017 and stronger than developing Asia overall.
Even the more cautious World Bank estimates more growth
next year than this year.
 The Central Bank projects inflation remaining below 4.0%.
Focus Economics Consensus Forecast panelists expect
inflation to average 4.0% in 2018, which is unchanged from
last month’s forecast
Review of Government Policies
Vietnam
 HCM City To Continue Focus On Modern, Urban Agriculture
 Vietnam’s agricultural and rural development policies center
on farmers’ welfare.
Philippines
 “AmBisyon Natin 2040: Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag na
Buhay.”
 Crops: palay, corn, tobacco, sugarcane, banana, pineapple,
tobacco, peanut, mongo, cassava, tomato, garlic, onion,
eggplant and rubber.
 Improvements to productivity for export could be achieved
through increased on-farm investment.
Philippines
 The World Bank projected the Philippines’ gross domestic
product (GDP) to grow 6.7 percent in 2018 and 2019, before
growing at a slightly slower rate of 6.5 percent in 2020.
 Philippines Inflation Forecast:
Focus Economics Consensus Forecast panelists expect
inflation to average 3.5% in 2018, which is unchanged from
last month’s projection.
Philippines
 AFCs’, NSSCCs’ inputs to improve Juan Magsasaka project
 Neda Pushes For Agri Business Revival To Support Trade
Growth

6. CHINA AND INDIA

Survey of Current Economic Conditions
China India
Population - Decrease increase
Age Structure – Increase decrease
Median Age – decrease increase
Population Growth Rate – increase decrease
Birth Rate – increase Decrease
Death Rate – decrease increase
B. National Income – increase decrease
C. Taxation – increase Decrease
 Services 44%
China’s Government Expenditures
 Government Debt to GDP + +
 Government Budget + +
 Government Budget Value + +
 Government Spending + +
 Government Revenues + +
 Fiscal Expenditures + +
 Credit Rating + +
 Military Expenditure + +
List of Proposed Public Expenditures
 China India
A. Infrastructure A. Infrastructure
 China’s Pin tang telescope is now the world’s largest radio  Power Generation
telescope  Highway Construction/widening
 China's Jiao Zhou Bay Bridge is the world's longest cross-sea  Rail Freight Earnings
bridge,  Cargo at major ports
 The South–North Water Transfer Project  Export cargo
B. Healthcare  Import cargo
 About 95% of the population has at least basic health B. healthcare
insurance coverage under the "healthy china 2020" * proposed allocation to ministry of women and child
initiative. development has increased by 313 per cent,
C. Defense C. Defense
 The military budget for 2017 will increase by 7 percent, to * ministry of civil aviation has been allocated rs. 2,590.68 crore
1.044 trillion Yuan
 the spokeswoman for china’s parliament, Fu Ying,
Age Structure – Increase decrease
Median Age – decrease increase
Population Growth Rate – increase decrease
Birth Rate – increase Decrease
Death Rate – decrease increase
B. National Income – increase decrease
C. Taxation – increase Decrease
 Services 44%
China’s Government Expenditures
 Government Debt to GDP + +
 Government Budget + +
 Government Budget Value + +
 Government Spending + +
 Government Revenues + +
 Fiscal Expenditures + +
 Credit Rating + +
 Military Expenditure + +
Discussion of Likely Development in the Private Sector
China India
 11 provinces and regions reported double-digit growth in - The ‘mining and quarrying’ sector has shown a growth rate
private investment during the period, which analysts of 1.9 percent at current prices.
attributed to improvements in aggregate demand on the - Production of coal and crude oil registered growth rates of
stabilizing economy. 3.6 percent and (-) 2.5 percent during 2016-17.
 The turnaround in exports also helped as private businesses - The growth in the ‘manufacturing’ sector is estimated at 9.3
invested heavily in manufacturing, an industry with low percent at current prices.
entry barriers and less government intervention,
 major projects as part of "Made in China 2025," modern
agriculture, and enterprise technology updates.
 the government will develop mechanisms to ensure private
investment can enjoy reasonable returns in public-private
partnership (ppp) projects, and the credit rating mechanism
for private enterprises will be improved to make it easier for
them to get loans.
Macroeconomic Projections of the Economy
China India
 GDP PPP – increase increase
 GDP Growth Rate – increase decrease
 GDP Per Capita – increase Indecrease
 GDP by Sector
- Agriculture
- Industry
- Services
 Below Poverty Line
3.3% 21.9%
 Inflation Rate – decrease Increase
 Labor force – increase Decrease
 Unemployment Rate – same/decrease Increase
 Budget
 - Revenues: 2.672 trillion 248.7 billion
- Expenditure: 3.146 trillion 330.3 billion
Industries Industries
-world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore -textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment,
processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals
building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement;
chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products, food processing;
transportation equipment, including automobiles, railcars and
locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment,
commercial space launch vehicles, satellites
Exports – increase Exports - Increase
- electrical and other machinery, including computers and - petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, machinery,
telecommunications equipment, apparel, furniture, textiles iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, cereals,
Imports – increase apparel
- electrical and other machinery, including integrated circuits Imports – increase
and other computer components, oil and mineral fuels; - crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals, fertilizer,
optical and medical equipment, metal ores, motor vehicles; plastics, iron and steel
soybeans
Exchange Rates - Renminbi yuan (RMB) per US dollar Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar

Review of Government Policy

China India
 Prudent and neutral monetary policy  GST: One nation one tax rate
 Tax Increase • Bank recapitalization
 China's monetary policy will shift to a neutral stance, • Air India privatization
with more emphasis on preventing financial risks. • Affordable housing
Furthermore, the monetary policy conduct will likely • Crackdown on shell firms
be more coordinated and the RMB exchange rate may • Increased Tax
remain largely stable, said the CICC report. One nation one tax rate
 firewall" against financial risk,  The launch of a new nationwide Goods and Services
 The CICC report also forecast that further reform Tax (GST)
progress will be made in the agricultural, Bank recapitalization
manufacturing, and SOE sectors,  which includes recapitalization bonds, budgetary
 for the property policies, the CICC report noted that support and equity dilution
China will put more emphasis on sustainable Air India Privatization
development of the real estate market through  Air India is surviving on taxpayers’ money under the
increasing land supplies in cities with low inventories bailout package extended by the previous UPA
and measures to rein in speculative property government in 2012.
demand. Affordable housing
 the central government will continue to promote  the new Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act
investment under the Belt and Road Initiative, said took effect. the Union Cabinet gave its nod for an
the report, adding that investment may accelerate this increase in the carpet area of the affordable houses
year, since the Belt and Road summit, which will be eligible for interest subsidy
held in Beijing mid-May, will promote the initiative. Crackdown on shell firms
  Intensifying its crackdown on black money, the
government has collated information about 5,800
shell companies

7. MALI AND GHANA

Survey of Current Economic Conditions
Mali Ghana
Total life expectancy - 52.6 years 61 years
GDP - decrease Increase
GDP – PPP – Purchasing Power Parity - decrease Increase
GDP per capita – decrease Increase
GDP – composition by sector
 Among the 25 poorest countries in the world, landlocked  Ghana has a market based economy with relatively few
Mali depends on gold mining and agricultural exports for barriers to trade and investment in comparison with other
revenue. countries in the region and Ghana is well endowed with
natural resources. Ghana economy was strengthed by a

List of proposed public expenditures
• Mali Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategic
Framework (CSCRP),
• the Agricultural Orientation Law (LOA),
• the National Food Security Strategy (SNSA)
• Strategic Framework for Economic Recovery and
Sustainable Development in Mali (CREDD).
Mali
Ghana
The Republic of Mali is a low-income, food-deficit country in
the Sahel region of West Africa and primarily based on
agriculture.
- The Malian government decided to increase the state
support to agricultural sector by allocating at least
15% of the state’s budget each year. The
government’s aim to modernize and equip the
agricultural sector may provide business
opportunities.
Discussion of likely development in private sector
OPPORTUNITIES
 There are opportunities in the agricultural machinery
supply areas, fertilizers, agribusiness, farming,
irrigation tools, livestock, poultry, import/export, and
animal feed. The Malian government decided to
increase the state support to agricultural sector by
allocating at least 15% of the state’s budget each year
 The government’s aim to modernize and equipment
the agricultural sector may provide business
opportunities.
Macro economic Projections of the Economy
• Real GDP growth averaged 6.5% between 2014 and
2015 before slowing to 5.8% in 2016. The decline
continued in 2017, to an estimated 5.5%, likely because
of the primary sector’s underperformance (38% of
GDP) due to a poor agricultural season.
• In the medium term, the economic outlook remains
positive; real GDP growth is projected to be 5% in 2018
and 4.9% in 2019. However, the economy still faces the
risk of a downturn, particularly given the fragility of the
security situation.
• The budget deficit stood at 3.1% of GDP in 2016 and
was estimated at 3.5% in 2017.
• Tax revenues as a share of GDP increased 0.3%
percentage points, due to ongoing efforts to modernize
the tax administration and broaden the tax base.
• Public debt increased slightly to 31.8% of GDP in 2017,
largely a result of an increase in domestic debt from 7%
in 2015 to 15% in 2017. The most recent debt
sustainability analysis in July 2017 indicated a moderate
risk of debt distress.
quarter century of relatively sound management, a
competitive business environment and sustained reductions
in poverty levels.
• Planting for Food and Jobs’ initiative- an initiative designed
among others, to encourage individuals to take up farming
either full-time or part time.
• Livestock Forestry and Logging Fishing Performance of
Agriculture Sector 2017
• The sector growth is projected to be driven by the crops
subsector (including cocoa).
• In January 2017 President Nana Akufo-Addo
announced the state’s renewed commitment to
technology in agriculture, emphasizing the need to
digitize land records, introduce mobile agriculture
extension services and increase access to finance.
• The agriculture sector plays an important role
in Ghana as it is the backbone of the economy and one
of the major foreign exchange earners.
 Agriculture is fundamental to Ghana’s economy and
employs almost 50% of the population. Although its
share of GDP has decreased in recent years, it continues
to be vital to the country’s growth. The government is
focused on increasing the production of non-traditional
products, expanding processing capacity, and
attracting private investment.
 “Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ)and
 One District, One Factory (1D1F)”
 The aim of the forum is to identify the opportunities
available in these initiatives for Ghanaian businesses to
maximize private sector interest and investment.
 Aim to improve food security, increase employment
opportunities, and reduce poverty.
 Economic growth fell from 14% in 2011 at the onset of
oil production to 3.5% in 2016, the lowest in two
decades. The economy recovered in 2017, growing an
estimated 6.3%, spurred by recovery in nonoil sectors,
lower inflation, and new hydrocarbon wells (the
Tweneboa, Enyenra, Ntomme, and Sankofa oil and gas
fields).
 Over the medium term, economic growth is expected
to accelerate to 8.5% in 2018 and then moderate at
6.2% in 2019 as the budget and current account deficits
narrow amid lower inflation and falling interest rates.
 Budget performance is expected to improve after the
budget deficit drop from 8.9% of GDP in 2016 to 4.7%
in 2017.
 Improvements in tax collection and falling inflation and
interest rates will facilitate economic activity.
 Ghana is at a high risk of debt distress as the debt-to-
GDP ratio remains high at 73.3% in December 2016,
down from 68% in June 2017. Debt sustainability

Review of Government of Policies
1. Priority Agricultural Policies
=focused on increasing grain production and
disengagement of state from the management of the
cotton sector.
The Malian Government and the technical and
financial patterns are investing substantially in the
agricultural sector with the intention of turning it into
the main development for the country.
The government priority terms of agricultural
policy aims to strengthen national food security and
provide better returns to the producers also to improve
trade balance by increasing exports and making Malian
at exporter of grains and breadbasket of West Africa.
2. LAO (Law on Agricultural Orientation)
=it includes right to food, mention of social Equity
among men and women accountability for food
security and food sovereignty and access to land
resources.
8. QATAR AND UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Survey OF Current Economic Conditions
Qatar
Population – decrease
GDP – decrease
GDP per capita – increase
GDP per capita PPP – increase
List of Proposed Public
Qatar
 Qatar expects to post a deficit of 46.5 riyals ($12.8 billion) in
2016, according to its budget announced on Wednesday, its
first in 15 years and a sign of the toll cheap oil prices are taking
on gulf economies.
Hydrocarbon Sector
 Bul Hanine Oilfield redevelopment: the US$11 billion Qatar
petroleum project to boost crude oil production In Qatar
through new facilities expected to double the capacity of the
oil field
 Barzan Gas Development: the US$10.3 billion Ras Gas
project to increase gas supply to the domestic market
Discussion of Likely development in the Private Sector
Qatar
In terms of the hydrocarbon sector, QNB expects this to
gradually recover as production picks up over the medium term. Overall,
QNB expects headline real GDP growth to accelerate to 2.6% in 2017
and 3.6% in 2018 before slowing to 2.7% in 2019.
Higher oil prices and the positive fiscal outlook should provide
a lift to Qatar’s economy, particularly in the non-hydrocarbon sector
This will boost non-hydrocarbon sectors such as
transportation, construction, education and health. Growth in the non-
remains a priority for the government’s fiscal
consolidation program.
1. Agricultural Policy Developments
=Major re-alignments of policy have led to a
diminishing state role in agricultural markets
2. Agricultural Performance
=Real agricultural output has been growing, with food
output in particular growing faster than the population
population
UAE
increase
increase
decrease
decrease
UAE
 The Cabinet approved the Budget of the UAE foe the fiscal
year 2016 with a value of AED 48.557 billion with zero
deficits. The UAE government seeks to manage financial
resources efficiency to achieve sustainable development.
A breakdown of the budget showed that allocations were assigned
for the following sectors:
 Government affairs: AED 20.6 billion
 Infrastructure and economic resources: AED 1.71 billion
 Social Development: AED 19.95 billion
 Social benefits: AED 3.92 billion
 Financial investments or assets: AED 775 million
 Other federal expenses: AED 812 million
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) project
As part of Dubai Clean Energy Strategy to generate 75% of Dubai’s
power from clean energy by 2050, Dubai will build the largest
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) project on a single site in the world,
which is expected to begin power generation within the next five years.
UAE
 Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 announced earlier this year
crystallizes the renewed drive of a region that is mindful of the
need of making that transition work, as it has placed the private
sector and fostering Small Medium Enterprises (SME)
development as central to its economic transformation. The
IMF in July highlighted the importance of boosting the role of
the private sector and easing restrictions for foreign direct
investment (FDI) for the UAE economy. This came around the
 hydrocarbon sector will also be helped by the expected recovery in the
manufacturing sector as a new refinery has begun production in 2017.
Qatar's hydrocarbons development provides a fascinating
study in industrial economics. Massive investments that were made
under highly uncertain conditions paid off handsomely. The ingredients
of success bear repeating- decisive leadership, far sighted strategy, astute
risk management, smart business models attuned to needs at home and
in distant markets and a resolute commitment to execution. They all
combined to make it happen. The partnership, planning, systems and
processes that drove progress hold important lesson for Qatar as it strives
to become a knowledge economy.
Behind these favourable indicators lies progress on policy and
institutional reform. Qatar is an open economy with few impediments to
trade and investment. Qatar maintains low nominal tariffs on imports,
with most tariff lines at 5 % or less. In 2000, Qatar began to ease
restrictions on direct foreign investment (outside of oil and gas).
Although majority Qatar ownership is required in some sectors. 100 %
foreign ownership is permitted in a growing list of sector including
industry.
Macro economics Projection of the Economy
Qatar
 Growth
Qatar's real GDP growth is expected to moderate to about 2.7
percent in 2016 but is projected to reach 3.4 percent in 2017 as the
country effectively adjusts to the new reality of sustained lower energy
prices, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
 Inflation
Inflation decelerated to just 0.2% y/y in July from 1.2% at the
start of the year, despite the disruption to imports, including food (40%
of which was sourced from KSA). The country posted a current account
deficit of 7.6% of GDP in 2016, its first in 17 years.
 Fiscal Deficit
High frequency data suggest that the economy is adjusting. In
September, Qatar inaugurated the US$7.4 billion Hamad seaport,
thereby securing alternative trading routes. Investor confidence in the
currency peg remains anchored by the country’s large stock of liquid
external assets worth nearly US$180 billion (of a total stock of close to
US$300 billion), which have helped to contain the increase in risk
premiums on sovereign and corporate debt.
Review of Government Policies
Qatar
1. Qatar Petroleum Policy
Qatar Petroleum manages upstream, midstream and downstream oil
and gas operations on behalf of the Government. Qatar Petroleum has
exclusive rights to explore, develop and produce oil and gas in Qatar,
with authority to grant rights to third parties to carry out petroleum
operations.
2. Environmental Protection Policy
same week the UAE government loosened rules requiring
bank guarantees for SMEs to help spur growth of that sector.
 Policymakers are gradually moving from addressing larger
policy challenges that relate to their immediate budgetary
needs to more granular ones like access to finance, the
business environment and human resource challenges that
affect private sector development. While the drop in oil price
over the better part of the past two years has posed challenges
to budgets, it has been a boon to structural and policy
improvements in the region. Ultimately this will gradually
shift the region to a new paradigm of private sector led growth.
UAE
 Growth
* Real GDP growth in the UAE is estimated to further moderate to 1.4%
this year, down from 3% in 2016, according to the World Bank .The
research added that the UAE's non-oil sector is estimated to grow by
3.3% in 2017, reflecting higher public investment and a pickup in global
trade.
 Inflation
*prices in the recreation and culture category dropped by 9% during the
first five months of 2017 compared to the same period in 2016,
contributing 19.3% to the reduced inflation rise. Analysts including Abu
Dhabi Commercial Bank forecast last year that the UAE’s annual
average inflation rate
 Fiscal Deficit
Fiscal consolidation efforts in the emirates began in 2015 and continued
at a slower pace in 2016. Electricity and water tariffs were increased,
fuel subsidies were removed, and capital transfers to Government
Related Entities (GREs) were reduced. Despite these measures, the
decline in hydrocarbon revenues has pushed the consolidated fiscal
balance down from a comfortable surplus of 10.4% of GDP in 2013 to
4.3% deficit in 2016.The deficit was financed through withdrawals from
the sovereign wealth funds, bank borrowing and, increasingly, by foreign
capital raising.
UAE
1.Tarrif
the UAE needs to do more to prepare the business and domestic market
for the conversion from traditional to clean energy sources. This is
particularly the case if it is to be driven by greater private-sector
participation in the future, rather than government initiatives, as has been
the case for both Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
The use of feed-in tariffs (FiTs), for instance, needs to be revisited. FiTs
can be useful when solar power is at the early stages in a country, but as
the UAE's market matures, market-driven tariffs would be more
 *The Environmental Protection Law requires that all organizations
undertaking activities in the field of exploration, drilling, extraction,
production, refining and processing of crude oil shall follow
international standard specifications with regard to methods and ways
of safe operation in all matters related to the storage and transportation
of petroleum, petrochemicals and gas, as well as to the disposal of
water and other dispensable substances while avoiding loss of
petroleum or gas.
3. The Regulatory Regime Policy
Oil and natural gas, as well as other mineral resources, are the property
of the state. The Ministry of Energy and Industry regulates Qatar's
policy on oil and gas, subject to the ultimate control of the Emir of
Qatar. Qatar Petroleum is entrusted with management and development
of all of Qatar's hydrocarbon resources. There is little detail in the
Natural Resources law as to how this is to be implemented. The right to
explore, develop and produce petroleum is typically granted by way of
development and production sharing agreements and exploration and
production sharing agreements with
4. Increase in Tax
The general tax rate is a flat 10% on taxable profits. However,
petroleum companies are taxed at the rate of 35% for oil and gas
operations Income Tax Law.
9. ECONOMY AND CANADA
Survey of economic condition
canada
The Canadian economy is adjusting to the fall in commodity
prices, energy in particular. Business investment has fallen sharply in
the energy sector, and employment has declined in oil-producing
provinces.
*Population – Decrease
National Income – increase
Taxation – decrease
Government expenditure - increase
Balance of payment - increase
List of proposed public expenditures
canada
Public Transit
- Build new urban transit networks and service extensions that
will transform the way Canadians live, move and work.
Green
- Ensure access to safe water, clean air, and greener
communities where Canadians can watch their children play
and grow.
Social
- rovide adequate and affordable housing and child care as well
as cultural and recreational centers that will ensure Canada's
communities continue to be great places to call home.
Canada Infrastructure Bank
• Help public dollars go farther and build more infrastructure
projects
Disaster Mitigation and Adaptation Fund
• Help communities adapt to a changing climate while
mitigating the impacts of future disasters
Budget 2016 Investments
• Accelerated federal investments providing short term funding
for the rehabilitation, repair, and modernization of existing
infrastructure.
• Clean Water and Wastewater Fund
competitive and would keep prices down. Lower prices would make the
UAE more attractive to solar investors and technology companies.
2. Increase of Natural Gas
Dubai has been exporting colossal amounts of natural gas from its
neighbouring Emirate of Abu Dhabi for feeding its industrial needs. The
DSCE develops policy and governance strategies for both oil and natural
gas industries in the Emirate of Dubai. DSCE has also taken various
strategic measures to reduce the carbon footprint in the Emirate. The
strategic ambition of the Dubai Plan increase the use of natural gas as it
has a substantially less effect on the environment, compared to the usage
of oil.
3. Petroleum policy
The Supreme Petroleum Council (SPC) established under Law No. 1 of
1988 formulates and oversees the implementation of Abu Dhabi's
petroleum policy.
4. Fiscal policy should be supported by a stronger public financial
management framework.
Building on substantial progress already made on fiscal coordination and
reporting, the authorities should develop a consolidated forward-looking
medium-term fiscal framework to help set the direction for fiscal policy
in the UAE as a whole and better align aggregate resource allocation
with the 2021 vision.
norway
Norway’s economy has been transformed since the discovery of
commercially viable offshore oil and gas fields in the late 1960s which
helped the country to achieve a high level of GDP per capita.
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
norway
Norway's Spending US$1 Billion on Bike Highways
- he network of 10 broad, two-lane bike tracks that will span
the country and travel through Norway's nine largest cities
Norway Revised National Budget for 2016
(budget to promote employment, growth and structural adjustment)
- A key priority for the Government in the current situation is
to support growth and employment in sectors exposed to
international competition. Tax reform with lower taxes and
increased spending on education and infrastructure, is
essential in this respect.
- The Revised National Budget for 2016 forecasts a structural
non-oil deficit of NOK 205.6 billion, equivalent to 2.8 per
cent of the value of the Government Pension Fund Global.
The fiscal stance, measured as the change in the structural
non-oil deficit as a share of trend GDP for Mainland Norway,
is estimated at 1.1 percentage points, up from 0.7
percentage points in the Approved Fiscal Budget for 2016.
-
 • Public Transit Infrastructure Fund

Discussion of likely development of private sector

canada
- The role of the private sector in development and its
possibilities for aid programming are currently increasing in
importance in Canada and many other bilateral donor
counttries
There are two key shifts in how Canada approaches the private sector
in development.
- First, Canada’s latest approach to private sector development
focuses on encouraging the conditions for growth to occur
rather than targeting activities that ensure more equitable
sharing of the benefits from growth.
- Second, Canada’s new focus on partnering with Canadian
private sector investors marks a distinct break from the past
*Canada’s work with the private sector focused on support for
development-friendly commercial investments. Canada also
supported innovative market-based solutions to development
challenges, such as advanced market commitments for vaccines.
*The private sector is stumbling badly. To keep things simple, let’s
take a look just at Canada’s four biggest provinces, which together
account for 87 per cent of all jobs in the country.
*“Public sector employment is ultimately financed by taxation and
tax revenues that are a function of private sector activity,”
norway
 The government present an overall strategy for Norway to
support for private sector development.
THE TWO MAIN OBJECTIVE IS:
 Promote economic growth.
 Profitable production.
PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINESS FOR FUTURE NORWEGIAN SU
 Promote investment
 Reduce export subsidy schemes.
 Improve national framework condition.
 Reinforce support of small medium sized enterprises.
 Make active and targeted used of Norwegian knowledge
base.
 Help to strengthen South-South trade.
 Promote trade with the developing countries.

Macroeconomic Projections of the economy

Canada 2016-2017 norway
GDP - increase increase
Gross fixed capital formation – increase increase
- Housing - decrease - Increase
- Business – increase - Increase
- Government – increase - increase
Exports of G/S – increase increase
Imports of G/S – increase increase
Employment – increase increase
Unemployment – decrease decrease
 Crude oil is coming back  Natural gas
 Key interest rate rise is unlikely

Review of government policies

Canada 2016-2017
Education policy
• Education quality in Canada is high.
• The country has a number of world-class universities and the
average quality of its universities is high.
• Canadian teachers are well-paid by global standards.
Health Policy
• Like educational policy, health care is primarily the
responsibility of the individual provinces.
• The quality of care in Canada is generally good, but further
progress could be achieved to prevent avoidable hospital
admissions for people with chronic conditions.
Family Policy
• increase in the child tax credit
• Family Tax Cut.” The measure drew extensive criticism on
both equity and efficiency grounds, as it primarily benefits
traditional families in which one spouse is the sole income
earner, and raises the marginal tax rate of the secondary
earner (the lower-earning of the two spouses in a family unit)
at a projected cost of CAD 2.2 billion.
Integration Policy
• To promote integration, Canada allows immigrants to
become citizens after three years of residency.
norway
Education Policy
• has a tradition of very high education attainment.
• The Norwegian labor force is one of the most educated in the
world.
• Students with difficulties in learning or socialization receive a
high level of attention.
Health Policy
• Norway has an extensive health care system, providing high-
quality services to its resident community.
• Norway has put significant efforts into health promotion and
fighting risk factors of cardiovascular disease.
Family policy
• there is clear gender segregation in the labor market.
• The fertility rate is close to two children per woman.
• There is a 12-month maternal/paternal leave program
Integration Policy
• Non-Western immigrants experience higher
unemployment rates and lower wages than do native
Norwegians
• Integration policies include free language training and
additional school resources allocated to immigrant children.
 • “Citizenship Act “
SAFE LIVING safe living
• Canada has experienced no terror attacks mounted from • The country’s security is not seriously threatened by crime.
outside the country. • Prison sentences are relatively mild.
• Canadians in general have a high degree of confidence and • Theft and petty crimes are relatively infrequent.
trust in the police Global Inequalities
Global Inequalities • Norway is a leading contributor to bilateral and multilateral
• Canada promotes a fair global trading system development cooperation activities.