Directional Drilling mud engineering technical report

Shao undergraduate Mud engineers

Tel .: 13035134830 Email: shaobenke@gmail.com

 Report Outline

one. Slurry Technology

1. mud Basics
2. different strata of mud through technology

3. mud system maintenance and use

two. Projects
three. Mud technical complete solutions
 What is mud?

Of bentonite, water (or oil) and a small amount of additives is formed,

the adhesive having a regulatable proportion of lubricating properties

and fluid loss.

In most cases can meet Suspended row drilling ballast , Hole wall stability ,
Prevent leakage , Lubrication Drilling and Hydraulic Whipstocking The
basic needs.
What is mud?
 Geological conditions

• Loose / weak cement / cement good?

• Soft / plastic / medium hard / hard / hard?

• Full Weathering / weathered / breeze?

Ideal formation
Sand Formations
Gravel and backfill layer
Muddy layer
Lithosphere
Broken stratum
Water sensitive formations
 Formation type

On the basis of referring to engineering geology related specifications,

according to the characteristics of trenchless technology, we will fall

into formation Soil Clay , Silty soil , Silty sands , Gravelly soil , rock
, Special Soil Six different types.

Six types of indicators to measure the formation of soil parameters are

significantly different. It is these differences in soil parameters

objectively constitute a different difficulty trenchless construction.

groundwater

• diving?
• Confined water?

• Water table
• freshwater? brine? ...
• Groundwater salinity
• Pore ​water?
• Fissure water?
 Site visit

• Natural conditions, climate, social relying on (board)

• Roads, water
• Original underground pipelines, pile

• Floor building, power lines

• Buried side of the field

• Unearthed side of the field

• Pipe prefabrication site

Venue layout

Buried poi
Venue layout

Unearthed
 Mud type
type name Material composition Variety Features and Adaptability

Shimizu Shimizu single Good liquidity, access to convenient, low viscosity, retaining hole, hanging
Ballast poor

mud Clay, water, Tim many Viscosity and specific gravity can adjust width, especially suitable for ma
Additives And water sensitive formation

Compound solution
Compound, water many Viscosity adjustment can be wide, good flowability, suitable optional only
liquid To a wide strata

Emulsions Water, oil, emulsion less Lubricity strong, good liquidity, retaining hole, hanging ballast effect
Preparation The poor

Foam slurry Air bubbling liquid More Low density, fluid-loss, retaining hole, hanging ballast better prepared
With more complex
 Mud composition

Current Directional Crossing project, the most commonly used clay mud -

water-based drilling fluid, which is a multi-phase dispersion system is

mainly composed of:

1. water (fresh or salt)

2. active solid particles (shale cuttings and bentonite)

3. The inert solid particles (weighting material and cuttings sandstone)

4. chemical (treating agent)

 Mud function

1. suspension hole and carry cuttings to the surface;

2. cool and lubricate the drill hole, the drill string;

3. borehole stability and balance the formation pressure;

4. Rinse the drill bit, reamer cutting blade;

The bottom of the hole to provide hydraulic power for the mud motor;

6. Geotechnical and soften the impact of a high pressure liquid stream, impro
Mud function
 Performance parameters

• Basic parameters

Density (specific gravity) / sand content / pH value

• Rheological parameters:

Marsh Funnel viscosity;

Apparent viscosity / plastic viscosity / shear action (yield value)

shear (gel strength - First cut, final cut)

• Loss of water
 Density (specific gravity)

• Mud density depends mainly on the weight of the solid phase of the mud and the

weight of the slurry solid phase is the weight of the clay and mud cuttings sum of

the weights.

• Mud weight is an important performance parameter balance the formation

pressure to stabilize the cell wall.

• The formation pressure, mud weight is generally adjusted between 1.0-1.5

 Sand content

Refers to the weight or

volume percent sand slurry

(greater than 74 m) is

accounted for. 6% less than

standard
 pH value

• Using a pH test paper works with Water pH , Over the range: 9 to 11 measured

values ​is less than 8, it is recommended to use NaOH or Na 2 CO 3 The pH was

adjusted to the required range.

 Mud rheology

• Common sense to refer to viscous. There are basic metrics 3:

- Marsh Funnel Viscosity

- Plastic viscosity

- Dynamic shear force

 Marsh Funnel Viscosity

• Usually the slurry Marsh Funnel viscosity of 30-45s, weighted mud

45-60s, high clay content of the slurry is fused 75-120s.

Standard Cup Mud Cup

Marsh funnel Stopwatch

 Six-speed rotational viscometer

• Plastic viscosity = 600 rpm (reading) -300 rpm

readings mPa.s

• Dynamic shear force = 0.511 (300 rpm reading -

plastic viscosity) Pa

• Gel strength Early = 0.511 * 3 rotation (stationary

1min) Reading Pa

• Gel strength Final = 0.511 * 3 turn (still 10min)

Reading Pa
Flow curve
 Mud water loss

concept

Bore liquid under pressure difference,

consisting of mud water penetration into

the formation pores or fissures cell walls,

called mud loss. Loss, while the solid

particles in the slurry adheres borehole

wall mud cake (filter cake), called wall

building
 Impact of drilling fluid loss

(1) a local layer of shale, loess, clay, when, due to water loss through the wall Assembly
swelling, reduced in diameter, peeling, collapse;

(2) with respect to the free water broken, fractured formations, the adhesion between the
infiltrated washed crushing contacting surface, reducing the frictional resistance, easily
crushed material slides into the wellbore, resulting in borehole collapse, sticking, etc.
accidents; more (3) the formation of the solubility of water loss, the higher the degree
of wall formation is dissolved;

(4) thick hide of a large adsorption of drilling mud and drill rotation resistance increases;

(5) a thickness of mudcake so that the annulus area is reduced, a large surge pressure

and vascular resistance; (6) sorbitan wettable advance geotechnical reduce its strength,

it will help improve the speed of reaming, particularly advantageous for hydraulic guide angled
 Fluid loss

Trenchless fluid loss criteria:

- Weak complex formation <18ml / 30min

- More complex formation <12ml / 30min

- Extremely complex formation <8ml / 30min

The impact of mud mud layered complex formation is a disaster!

Mud hanging row performance
 Mud Additives

• Divided into inorganic and organic types.

• The main function:

- Conditioned slurry to 9-10 pH, specific gravity, except harmful metal ions

- Conditioned slurry rheology, selected according to the formation of different

additives on the performance requirements of the mud.

 Common ground mud performance parameters
Formation type

Lost silt, sand Granite and other Sand, coarse sand,

Mud properties Loose silt, fine Clayey soil and rock
layer and sand, hard brittle rock gravel and gravel
sand and silt ooze activity
shale Floor Rock

Horse funnel
55 to 75 60 to 70 60 to 75 65 to 90 35 to 50
viscosity (S)

Plastic viscosity
12 to 15 8 to 12 8 to 12 15 to 25 5 to 12
PV (mPa.s)

Dynamic shear
> 10 5-10 5-8 > 10 3-6
YP (Pa)

Apparent viscosity
15 to 25 12 to 20 8 to 15 20 to 35 6-12
AV (mPa.s)

Gel strength G 10s

5 ~ 10/15 ~ 20 3-8 / 6-12 2-6 / 5-10 5 ~ 10/15 ~ 20 2-5 / 3-8
/ G 10min

Ml fluid loss 8 to 12 8 to 12 10 to 20 8 to 12 8 to 12

Reference CECS382: 2014: Technical specification for horizontal directional drilling method pipeline cros
Mud site preparation
Mud solids control
Desander

Shaker

Vibration motor
 Across different strata of mud technology

• Formation ratio of loose mud

• Water-sensitive formations mud Ratio

• Rock mud ratio

• Non-fresh water slurry formation ratio
 Formation ratio of loose mud

• Sand (fine, medium, coarse), gravel, gravel layer

- Formation of fine particles composed of less components, without cementing

skeleton, pore formation is not or poorly aperture;

- Widespread groundwater rich, easy to form quicksand, increasing the difficulty of the p

- Backbone large particle size, high density, large mud difficult chip
 Loose formation through the Frequently Asked Q

• Drilling collapse

• But not returned back to the slurry orifice cuttings

- Back to clearing slurry or water

• Big pullback resistance

- Not a hole

- Serious hole collapse

- Too many holes grit

 Cause Analysis

• Slurry viscosity is not high enough;

• After entering the drilling mud, drill cuttings in the mixing process, the

incorporation of a large amount of underground water, being diluted or even

destroyed, resulting in reduced viscosity;

• Reamer structure is irrational, reaming, the number of washing hole is too large,

the hole wall is excessively disturbed collapse occurred;

• Mud hole pressure fluctuations, resulting in the hole wall collapse.

 Responses

• Polymers should use ( CMC with PAM ) Bentonite mud system, reduce the loss mud

filtrate, mud to prevent delamination, conditions may be added an appropriate

amount of fine particulate lost circulation material;

• Rich sand groundwater, groundwater dilution to be considered, a modest increase

in the viscosity of the slurry, the slurry should be combined with back sand

carrying viscosity adjusting effect;

• Use lightweight drilling, reaming reduce the number.

 Rock through the mud Techniques

• Drilling lithology: shale, sandstone, granite, conglomerate and the

like;

• In the form of drill cutting teeth: milling, inserts, hob

• Footage speed and the rotational speed of the construction;

• Drilling length .
- The proportion of cuttings

- Cuttings particle size

- Cutting transport distance

 Common mud system

• Shale, sandstone is sensitive to fluid loss, polymer mud system

should be adopted, increase the viscosity of the slurry by using a

polymer material, CMC, PAC, etc., while reducing the fluid loss;

• For granite, gravel and other debris than the major rock formations,
can be used polymer mud system can also be used MMH mud
system.
 Non-technical features freshwater mud formation

• Non-fresh water formations, including saline formations and sea

formations, reflected in its difficulty:

- The high cost of pulp with fresh water, groundwater need to use

sepiolite bentonite, cost is too high;

- Mud additives commonly used performance degradation in saline;

- Saline calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium ions will cause a

strong mud damage.

 Non-fresh water mud system to select stratum

• Two solutions ways:

1. The use of fresh water and slurry preparation system is formed, may be

appropriately added agent salt (e.g. PAC141) Construction of fresh mud

drilling continuously until completion in the non-fresh water formation;

2. bentonite seawater, seawater formulated slurried good effect, and high

cost.

• Usually the first option is more common, short salt water (sea water)

and additives bentonite relatively high cost, difficult maintenance

mud.
 Characteristics of water-sensitive formati

• which performed : Formation of water-swellable, drilling extrusion space, a

common occurrence reaming torque increases, the pump hold, hold drilling

mud spillover phenomenon and 2 to 3 times

• analysis : With the increase of the cutting soil and not discharged, and

underground water swelling slurry consisting of water, resulting in reduced

spatial hole quickly, and the extrusion rod, or pipe reamer lock.

• Solutions : ① strictly control the water content in the slurry system

consisting of water loss was filtered off and control; ② additives suppress
the expansion hydrolyzable water-sensitive formations.
 Slurry water-sensitive formations selection

• Mud mixing ratio adjustment : The polymer (e.g., PAM) wrapped cuttings

particles, reduce the free water and the contact time of hydrolysis, by

reducing the inorganic additives (e.g., KCl) water sensitive formations

hydrolysis and expansion to achieve the viscosity reduction, fall twist, and

provide conditions for the final realization of mud slag;

• Drill : Increase the blade, increase the rotational speed;

• Crafts : Continuous rapid construction, increase the amount of mud pump volume
 Projects

• Shaanxi 870m Quicksand multi-pipeline crossing project

• Hebei φ630mm pipeline engineering solution hold

• South Korean island crossing project

Shaanxi 870m Quicksand multi-pipeline crossing proje

• Location: Jingbian County, Yulin City, Shaanxi Province

• Diameter: Φ273 (yellow jacket tubes) + Φ273 + Φ 219 × 2 +

Φ133 × 2 + Φ114 + Φ89

• Length: 870m
• Equipment: Raritan Valley GD110-26
 Geological conditions

• Design three times through the laying of pipes 8, in view of early

retirement has been drilled and two pull-back and yellow jacket

pipe, the remaining construction site is very limited.

• Through the formation of fine sand and silt, enriched groundwater;

• Can not pass, as the axis, the difficulty of measuring large actinomycetes

• There are buried at a point 90m away from the 12m steep elevation,

the required angle of the drill 24% to meet the desired depth;

• Sites in serious signal interference, and to avoid

1500mm sewers
 Lo river surface width
436m The deepest 3.5m

Road and river

height 12m

Hugging sand
φ273 pipeline
Φ273 Yellow

Jackets pipeline
Φ273 & 13 3
@ 89
Φ 219 & 114
& 133

Φ273
 Equipment and Machines
Guide instrument : U.S. DCI-SST geomagnetic guide system;

Rig : GD110-26, 6m, φ114 drill pipe,

Pilot bit : Kingdream φ150 three-cone drill bit;

Screw motor : ORG Extension φ120 screw motor;

NMDC : Φ120 × 4.5m two non-magnetic drill collar;

Non-magnetic witnessing warehouse : Diameter φ120, length 1.2m:

Mud Pump : Drilling rig mud pump comes with Lexus 500;

Mud mixing : 12m³ a stirred tank, 2 * 3 6 * a slurry storage

tank;
 Selection mud system

• Mud formulations:

• 1m³ Water + 65kg Bentonite + 2kg NaOH + 1.5kg CMC

• Mud performance parameters

Fluid loss Plastic viscosity Dynamic shearApparent

Ma funnel viscosity force 10m Gel strength
viscosity
pH density
(Ml) (S) (MPa.s) (Pa) (MPa.s) (Pa) (G / cm³)

8-10 65-70 13 11 18 18 10 1.05

 Consumables site statistics (Article)

mud
Torque ROP
Pump pressure
Stratum thrust Ma funnel viscosity
(Mpa) (Mpa) (Mpa) (M / h) The amount (tons)
(S)

Slow idle speed 2-2.5 4-5 2-2.5

Pilot hole 3-5 8-15 3.5-4.5 30 70 twenty four

Three reaming 3.5-5 10-12 4-4.5 36 65 54

450 Chiang Khong 4.5-5 11-13 4-4.5 45 70 12

450 SLIDE 4.5-5.5 10-12 4-4.5 40 65 15

 Experience

• Pipeline crossing distance exceeding 300m, especially in

Vision less effective, it is recommended Surveying and build

control points;

• Different strata, preferably BHA, avoiding bore path is

S-shaped;

• Preferably bentonite slurry and blending ratio, to avoid hole

collapse or other accidents hold tubes ;

• Problems, it should promptly analyze the obtained solution

before entering the next phase of work.
 Hebei φ630mm pipeline engineering solution hold

main body : Φ630mmPE river crossing pipeline 430m

Geological : Fine sand and silt, rich in groundwater, as a partial fill

"mining pit" backfill layer and cinder

Rig : Raritan Valley 38 tons up to 60 tons + booster

background : Before entering the pipeline dragged 140m fully locking,

front and rear were unable to pull.

Resolve the matter : Solution hold + pulp + pullback pipe Chiang Khong
 Cause Analysis

• Mud: Configure residue was suspended mud carrying effect can not

meet the requirements of the formation, mud pump is too small;

• Track: river near completion with the naked eye guide 300m, the

curvature radius is too small;

• Drill: drill badly worn, the choice of rock reamer trombone;

• Operation: reaming Khong too fast, the drill hole will not exclude the
slag, resulting in a large number of drill hole slag aggregate
formation "piston" and lock pipe
 solution

• Solution hold : Vacuum negative pressure is released, the tube cutter

provided with custom cut pipe, drill and complete solution to hold the pipe;

• With slurry : Geology and groundwater based on the type, to determine the

ratio of mud, the mud do performance testing site, The process of adjusting

the amount of mud;

• operating : Strict control of 5 ~ 8min / drill pipe drilling hole cleaning, to rule

out drilling residue and grit hole cleaning, to determine whether the

conditions have trombone;

• Counterweight : Larger diameter, buried unearthed a large segment is too

large, the use of water buoyancy reduces the weight resistance pullback resistance
 South Korean island crossing project

1. Project Address: Gwangju, South Korea Mokpo;

2. The construction side: Korea promore company;

3. Item Description: Construction of two island two 250mm diameter water

pipes, length 1,500 m;

4. geological conditions: 30 m buried end clay, the balance being a hardness

greater than 130MPa granite and sandstone

5. Equipment: 300 tons of domestic drilling rig, mud and green energy

N3NB350 DCI's SST-oriented system

 Engineering difficulties

1. The long distance drilling, difficulty returning slurry, and further slag is difficult;

2. rock hardness, slow footage, serious loss of drilling;

3. difficult positioning guide;

4. So long distance across the hard rock precedent to follow;

Wuhan Rui Lin. On behalf of Xiao Yong .18071097050.drillingchina @ 163.com
 Mud system selection

Since drilling long distance, a large resistance and reversion slurry contains a

certain amount of formation quartz, drilling residue larger particles difficult to

carry discharged. Requirements must be balanced with the ability to drill

mud slag liquidity and suspension to carry, popular saying is both high

viscosity and also good fluidity. For this purpose, the MMH project selected

as a flow regulator agent, polyanionic cellulose as thickening fluid loss

polymer system is formulated MMH mud. There are also two common PH

adjusting agent, soda ash (Na 2 CO 3 ), Caustic soda (NaOH).

 Mud performance parameters

Specific formulation slurry is: per cubic meter of water added in order ①0.5KG caustic

soda + 0.5KG; ②50KG THR bentonite; ③0.2KG-

0.5KG polyanionic cellulose; ④0.5KG-1KG MMH.

In the above formula having the properties shown in the following table mixed slurry

formed must salinity water:

Marsh Dynamic 10S Initial

Apparent Plastic Final Plastic
proportion PH value Funnel shear force
gel strength
viscosity viscosity shear Pa movable th
Viscosity S Pa Pa

1.045 11 45 19 12 7 4.5 10 0.58

 Mud technical complete solutions

• With the strengthening of environmental awareness, preparation

directional drilling mud engineering, recycling and emissions have put

forward higher requirements, we as a set of mud technology solution

providers, including: bentonite, site preparation and conditioning mud,

mud solids control, achieve construction waste mud zero emissions.

• We would be delighted to serve the majority of trenchless counterparts.

Mud solids control process: 1, is pumped to a stock inlet return large particles sedimentation tank; 2,
Reclamation Pool diluted with water (with particular emphasis upon high viscosity mud

recovered was diluted precipitation links), precipitated times large particles; 3, pumped from

the recovery tank to shaker, for in addition to the solid phase on the cleaner; 4, remove the

solid phase is pumped into the water slurry of supplemental material can be adjusted.
Report is completed, thank you!

Shao undergraduate Mud engineers

three Chuan Qing Construction Machinery Co.

Tel.:13035134830

Email: shaobenke@gmail.com