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Types of Thin Lenses

• Converging lenses are thickest in the middle.
• Used in magnifying glasses, projector, spectacles for
long - sighted persons, microscope, telescope.
• Diverging lenses are thinnest in the middle.
• Used in spectacles for shortsighted persons

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Principal Axis, Principal Focus, Focal

Length
• Principal axis: The line joining the center of curvature of
two surfaces and passes through the middle of lens.
• Principal Focus: All the rays converge in a point on the
axis after passing through the converging lens. For
diverging lens, the rays will spread out after through
the lens, as if diverging from a focus behind the lens.
• Focal Length: The distance between the optical center
and principal focus.

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Ray Diagrams for Converging lens

Converging lens has real focus

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Rays Diagrams for Converging &

Diverging Len

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Linear Magnification
• The size of the image produced by a lens varies
according to the position.
• The linear magnification (m) is the ratio of the height of
the image to the height of the object.
• m = height of image (hi) / height of object (ho)

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Linear Magnification

• The angles of CIB = angle of COA.

• ∆ CIB & ∆ COA are similar ∆.
• Hence, IB / OA = IC / OC
• m = distance of image from lens (v) / distance of object
from lens (u)

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Lens Equation (New Cartesian Convection)

• All distances are measured from the optical centre,

being positive if in the same direction as the incident
light and negative if against it.
• Object is always placed to the left of the lens.
• All signs follow the Cartesian graphical convection used
in Math.
• Focal length of a Converging lens is positive
• Focal length of a Diverging lens is negative.

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Example 1

On object, 3 cm tall, is placed 20 cm

from a convex lens of focal length 5
cm. Find:
a) The position of the image;
b) The magnification, and
c) The characteristics of the image

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Example 2

On object, 2 cm tall, is placed 10 cm

from a concave lens of focal length 5
cm. Find:
a) The position of the image;
b) The magnification, and
c) The characteristics of the image

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