1.

0 INTRODUCTION
In its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed
of portland cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates.
Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the
rock-like mass known as concrete.
Inside this procedure lies the way to an exceptional characteristic of solid: it's plastic and flexible
when recently blended, solid and sturdy when solidified. These characteristics clarify why one
material, concrete, can fabricate high rises, scaffolds, walkways and superhighways, houses and
dams.
By adding such percentage of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA),
the concrete beam may high in impact resistance. The concrete beam can also thrown from a
high rised place. The concrete beam that contain EPS and POFA has high fire resistance and also
low in thermal conductivity.
The expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) were added according to
its percentage.

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse and fine aggregates that will be
bonded together with cement that hardens over time. Most of the concrete used is chalk-
based concrete such as port land cement. When the aggregate is mixed with dry and water
port land cement, the mixture will form like a liquid which is easily molded and will be
formed into a form according to the demand.

Different concrete mixtures produce different strengths. The value of concrete strength is
usually determined as the compressive strength of either a cylindrical or solid specimen,
where these values typically differ by the average rate set for the same concrete mixture.
Different concrete strengths are used for different purposes.

However, in recent times there have been numerous studies on lightweight concrete using
recycled materials to achieve a similar level of strength with normal concrete to replace
normal concrete to lightweight and durable concrete. By using the waste materials, it may
reduce the cost of building concrete itself as well as reducing the greenhouse effect and
also being environmentally friendly using recyclable materials. Recyclable materials has
been widely used and is being actively carried out in the construction of concrete to
produce balanced development and in line with the latest technology.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to produce a lightweight concrete using polystyrene beads and
oil ash as a substitute into concrete. As is known, palm oil waste is a highly readily
available industrial waste and is selected to replace cement because of its delicate nature
and can also react as binder. In addition, polystyrene beads will be used 10%, 20% and
30% for the use of EPS and 10%, 20% and 30% for the use of oil palm ash.

 To find out the efficiency of the concrete by adding expanded polystyrene

beads (EPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as replacement material.
 To check the compressive strength of the concrete using the expanded
polystyrene beads (EPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
 To study the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beam when the concrete
beam contains EPS and POFA.

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

This study focuses on replacement of the expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) as an
aggregate and the palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as a cement in term of flexural behavior of
the beam. The material used for this study are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
expanded polystyrene beads (EPS), palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and water. For this study, I
use 10%, 20% and 30% of expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) and 10%, 20% and 30% of
palm oil fuel ash (POFA). The replacement analysis will be carried out by using
compressive test, curing test, point load test and workability test.

Percentage of EPS (%) Percentage of POFA (%)

10 10, 20, 30
20 10, 20, 30
30 10, 20, 30

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY