TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

Machinery vibration analysis techniques Use of time domain analysis

Time domain analysis Signal processing and presentation
Frequency analysis Phase measurement
Demodulation Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
Phase and amplitude relationships of different
frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force

12-1
SIGNAL PROCESSING and
PRESENTATION Waveform Characteristics
Instrumentation
Objectives
Presentation
• Describe five waveform characteristics.
Presentation setup • Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Differential time • Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.

1
TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Machinery vibration analysis techniques Use of time domain analysis
Time domain analysis Signal processing and presentation
Frequency analysis Phase measurement
Demodulation Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
Phase and amplitude relationships of different
frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force

12-1
SIGNAL PROCESSING and
PRESENTATION Waveform Characteristics
Instrumentation
Objectives
Presentation
• Describe five waveform characteristics.
Presentation setup • Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Differential time • Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.

1
TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Machinery vibration analysis techniques Use of time domain analysis
Time domain analysis Signal processing and presentation
Frequency analysis Phase measurement
Demodulation Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
Phase and amplitude relationships of different
frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force

12-1
SIGNAL PROCESSING and
PRESENTATION Waveform Characteristics
Instrumentation
Objectives
Presentation
• Describe five waveform characteristics.
Presentation setup • Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Differential time • Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.

1
TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Machinery vibration analysis techniques Use of time domain analysis
Time domain analysis Signal processing and presentation
Frequency analysis Phase measurement
Demodulation Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
Phase and amplitude relationships of different
frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force

12-1
SIGNAL PROCESSING and
PRESENTATION Waveform Characteristics
Instrumentation
Objectives
Presentation
• Describe five waveform characteristics.
Presentation setup • Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Differential time • Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.

1
TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Machinery vibration analysis techniques Use of time domain analysis
Time domain analysis Signal processing and presentation
Frequency analysis Phase measurement
Demodulation Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
Phase and amplitude relationships of different
frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force

12-1
SIGNAL PROCESSING and
PRESENTATION Waveform Characteristics
Instrumentation
Objectives
Presentation
• Describe five waveform characteristics.
Presentation setup • Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Differential time • Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.

1
TIME AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Machinery vibration analysis techniques Use of time domain analysis
Time domain analysis Signal processing and presentation
Frequency analysis Phase measurement
Demodulation Instrument setup
Time waveform shape analysis
Synchronous vs nonsynchronous data
Random noise and vibration
Conclusions

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS

USE OF TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS
A graphic description of the overall physical behavior of a
vibration structure as a function of time
Clarification of FFT processed data
The position of the measurement point at each instant of
time relative to the position at rest
Overall peak amplitude
Phase and amplitude relationships of different
frequencies and different positions
The nature of amplitude modulation or frequency content
(cont.)
The symmetry of a signal; this relates to the
linearity of the vibrating system, the nature of the
forcing function, and the severity of the vibration
A measure of damping in the system
Direction of the initial exciting force

12-1
SIGNAL PROCESSING and
PRESENTATION Waveform Characteristics
Instrumentation
Objectives
Presentation
• Describe five waveform characteristics.
Presentation setup • Identify waveform symmetry using APD.
Differential time • Discuss waveform modulation and how it translates
to the FFT.

1
 12-1 12-2

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

• A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time • Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is many other terms refer to waveforms.
averaged in the time domain. • Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
• APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
signal.
• Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
• There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.

12-2 12-3

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform Note: The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
defects of a single or multiple nature. worthless, or poor at best.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
• Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
8
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
6

4 RMS = 1.28 • For example:

LOAD = 100.0

• If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)

Acceleration in G-s

2 RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17

0
PK(+) = 6.94
• looseness
-2
PK(-) = 5.84
CRESTF= 5.40 • cracks
-4 • resonance
-6
• antifriction bearings
-8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time: 135.09 Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs

12-3 12-4

Waveform Characteristics Amplitude

Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform: • When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
• Amplitude • Periodic • Complexity the amplitude of the waveform.
• Asymmetry • Spikes/Impacts • Discontinuities • When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
• Electrical vs Mechanical • Non-Periodic • Low Frequency Events we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
• Distortions • Modulation • Truncation/Restrictions often referred to as g swing.
to Motion
• The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
• MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.

2
 12-1 12-2

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

• A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time • Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is many other terms refer to waveforms.
averaged in the time domain. • Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
• APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
signal.
• Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
• There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.

12-2 12-3

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform Note: The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
defects of a single or multiple nature. worthless, or poor at best.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
• Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
8
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
6

4 RMS = 1.28 • For example:

LOAD = 100.0

• If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)

Acceleration in G-s

2 RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17

0
PK(+) = 6.94
• looseness
-2
PK(-) = 5.84
CRESTF= 5.40 • cracks
-4 • resonance
-6
• antifriction bearings
-8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time: 135.09 Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs

12-3 12-4

Waveform Characteristics Amplitude

Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform: • When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
• Amplitude • Periodic • Complexity the amplitude of the waveform.
• Asymmetry • Spikes/Impacts • Discontinuities • When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
• Electrical vs Mechanical • Non-Periodic • Low Frequency Events we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
• Distortions • Modulation • Truncation/Restrictions often referred to as g swing.
to Motion
• The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
• MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.

2
 12-1 12-2

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

• A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time • Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is many other terms refer to waveforms.
averaged in the time domain. • Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
• APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
signal.
• Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
• There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.

12-2 12-3

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform Note: The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
defects of a single or multiple nature. worthless, or poor at best.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
• Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
8
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
6

4 RMS = 1.28 • For example:

LOAD = 100.0

• If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)

Acceleration in G-s

2 RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17

0
PK(+) = 6.94
• looseness
-2
PK(-) = 5.84
CRESTF= 5.40 • cracks
-4 • resonance
-6
• antifriction bearings
-8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time: 135.09 Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs

12-3 12-4

Waveform Characteristics Amplitude

Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform: • When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
• Amplitude • Periodic • Complexity the amplitude of the waveform.
• Asymmetry • Spikes/Impacts • Discontinuities • When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
• Electrical vs Mechanical • Non-Periodic • Low Frequency Events we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
• Distortions • Modulation • Truncation/Restrictions often referred to as g swing.
to Motion
• The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
• MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.

2
 12-1 12-2

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

• A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time • Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is many other terms refer to waveforms.
averaged in the time domain. • Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
• APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
signal.
• Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
• There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.

12-2 12-3

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform Note: The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
defects of a single or multiple nature. worthless, or poor at best.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
• Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
8
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
6

4 RMS = 1.28 • For example:

LOAD = 100.0

• If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)

Acceleration in G-s

2 RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17

0
PK(+) = 6.94
• looseness
-2
PK(-) = 5.84
CRESTF= 5.40 • cracks
-4 • resonance
-6
• antifriction bearings
-8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time: 135.09 Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs

12-3 12-4

Waveform Characteristics Amplitude

Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform: • When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
• Amplitude • Periodic • Complexity the amplitude of the waveform.
• Asymmetry • Spikes/Impacts • Discontinuities • When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
• Electrical vs Mechanical • Non-Periodic • Low Frequency Events we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
• Distortions • Modulation • Truncation/Restrictions often referred to as g swing.
to Motion
• The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
• MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.

2
 12-1 12-2

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

• A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time • Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is many other terms refer to waveforms.
averaged in the time domain. • Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
• APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
signal.
• Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
• There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.

12-2 12-3

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform Note: The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
defects of a single or multiple nature. worthless, or poor at best.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
• Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
8
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
6

4 RMS = 1.28 • For example:

LOAD = 100.0

• If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)

Acceleration in G-s

2 RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17

0
PK(+) = 6.94
• looseness
-2
PK(-) = 5.84
CRESTF= 5.40 • cracks
-4 • resonance
-6
• antifriction bearings
-8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time: 135.09 Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs

12-3 12-4

Waveform Characteristics Amplitude

Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform: • When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
• Amplitude • Periodic • Complexity the amplitude of the waveform.
• Asymmetry • Spikes/Impacts • Discontinuities • When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
• Electrical vs Mechanical • Non-Periodic • Low Frequency Events we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
• Distortions • Modulation • Truncation/Restrictions often referred to as g swing.
to Motion
• The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
• MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.

2
 12-1 12-2

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

• A number of different displays "averaging modes" use the time • Time domain data, raw transducer output, signal voltage and
domain. Displays such as synchronous time averaged data is many other terms refer to waveforms.
averaged in the time domain. • Waveform or time domain data is comprised of amplitude with
• APD (Amplitude Problability Distribution) this is a function of respect to time. Signals with an amplitude, whether vibration,
Wavepak, displays the symmetry and skewness of the waveform current, voltage changes, or other signal types, change with time.
signal.
• Each defect type has a characteristic waveform, which
subsequently translates to the frequency domain.
• There are characteristics and specific events that do not
translate to the frequency domain as discrete peaks. In order to
truly understand this limitation, the analyst must first understand
how the time domain data is gathered and transformed into a
spectrum through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) process.

12-2 12-3

Waveform Characteristics Waveform Characteristics

There are certain things to look for when conducting waveform Note: The waveform is only as good as its definition. If the
analysis, the waveform provides specific characteristics for resolution of your waveform lacks definition, the data can be
defects of a single or multiple nature. worthless, or poor at best.
BAL - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
• Once the characteristics have been properly identified, the
8
Waveform Display
25-APR-96 09:36
analyst can rule out certain fault types.
6

4 RMS = 1.28 • For example:

LOAD = 100.0

• If a waveform is periodic (sinusoidal)

Acceleration in G-s

2 RPM = 3550.
RPS = 59.17

0
PK(+) = 6.94
• looseness
-2
PK(-) = 5.84
CRESTF= 5.40 • cracks
-4 • resonance
-6
• antifriction bearings
-8

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time: 135.09 Could probably be ruled out. You may not know what the problem
is, but you know what it is not.
Ampl: .00000
Time in mSecs

12-3 12-4

Waveform Characteristics Amplitude

Listed below are waveform characteristics an analyst should look
for when analyzing the waveform: • When diagnosing machinery faults using the time
waveform, similar to spectral data, we are concerned with
• Amplitude • Periodic • Complexity the amplitude of the waveform.
• Asymmetry • Spikes/Impacts • Discontinuities • When we are discussing bearing and gear waveforms,
• Electrical vs Mechanical • Non-Periodic • Low Frequency Events we use the peak to peak amplitude of the waveform. This is
• Distortions • Modulation • Truncation/Restrictions often referred to as g swing.
to Motion
• The g swing is the sum of the absolute value of the
maximum positive and negative amplitude in that period.
• MasterTrend calculates this value and gives us the ability
to trend and alarm based on this and other waveform
values.

2
 12-4 12-5

Amplitude Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
8
Waveform Display • Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple
6 25-APR-96 09:36
signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
4
FAULT
RMS = 1.28
LOAD = 100.0
exactly after a fixed period.
Acceleration in G-s

2 ALERT RPM = 3550.

RPS = 59.17

0
• This is not possible in the real world. However,
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84 there are some machinery faults which have this
-2
ALERT
CRESTF= 5.40
characteristic.
-4 FAULT

-6
• A single plane balance problem will have a very
-8 periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
Time: 76.72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ampl: -.109 and the rotor shaft of other component center line
Time in mSecs
differences.

12-5 12-6

Periodic Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display

0.4
13-JUN-95 14:52
• To determine the complexity of the waveform,
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
establish whether the signal is:
0.2
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
• periodic in nature
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
• estimate the harmonic content
• determine if the signal is synchronous
PK(-) = .4322
-0.2 CRESTF= 3.11

• non-synchronous
-0.4
• identify whether the waveform correlates
-0.6 directly to the spectral data.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in mSecs

12-6 12-7

Complexity Impacts/Spikes
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

6
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL • Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.
Waveform Display

4
25-APR-96 09:37 • The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
• Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
2
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47

0
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25 • This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
-4
to force.
• The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
-6
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time in mSecs indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.

3
 12-4 12-5

Amplitude Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
8
Waveform Display • Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple
6 25-APR-96 09:36
signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
4
FAULT
RMS = 1.28
LOAD = 100.0
exactly after a fixed period.
Acceleration in G-s

2 ALERT RPM = 3550.

RPS = 59.17

0
• This is not possible in the real world. However,
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84 there are some machinery faults which have this
-2
ALERT
CRESTF= 5.40
characteristic.
-4 FAULT

-6
• A single plane balance problem will have a very
-8 periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
Time: 76.72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ampl: -.109 and the rotor shaft of other component center line
Time in mSecs
differences.

12-5 12-6

Periodic Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display

0.4
13-JUN-95 14:52
• To determine the complexity of the waveform,
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
establish whether the signal is:
0.2
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
• periodic in nature
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
• estimate the harmonic content
• determine if the signal is synchronous
PK(-) = .4322
-0.2 CRESTF= 3.11

• non-synchronous
-0.4
• identify whether the waveform correlates
-0.6 directly to the spectral data.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in mSecs

12-6 12-7

Complexity Impacts/Spikes
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

6
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL • Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.
Waveform Display

4
25-APR-96 09:37 • The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
• Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
2
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47

0
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25 • This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
-4
to force.
• The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
-6
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time in mSecs indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.

3
 12-4 12-5

Amplitude Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
8
Waveform Display • Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple
6 25-APR-96 09:36
signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
4
FAULT
RMS = 1.28
LOAD = 100.0
exactly after a fixed period.
Acceleration in G-s

2 ALERT RPM = 3550.

RPS = 59.17

0
• This is not possible in the real world. However,
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84 there are some machinery faults which have this
-2
ALERT
CRESTF= 5.40
characteristic.
-4 FAULT

-6
• A single plane balance problem will have a very
-8 periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
Time: 76.72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ampl: -.109 and the rotor shaft of other component center line
Time in mSecs
differences.

12-5 12-6

Periodic Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display

0.4
13-JUN-95 14:52
• To determine the complexity of the waveform,
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
establish whether the signal is:
0.2
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
• periodic in nature
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
• estimate the harmonic content
• determine if the signal is synchronous
PK(-) = .4322
-0.2 CRESTF= 3.11

• non-synchronous
-0.4
• identify whether the waveform correlates
-0.6 directly to the spectral data.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in mSecs

12-6 12-7

Complexity Impacts/Spikes
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

6
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL • Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.
Waveform Display

4
25-APR-96 09:37 • The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
• Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
2
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47

0
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25 • This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
-4
to force.
• The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
-6
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time in mSecs indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.

3
 12-4 12-5

Amplitude Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
8
Waveform Display • Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple
6 25-APR-96 09:36
signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
4
FAULT
RMS = 1.28
LOAD = 100.0
exactly after a fixed period.
Acceleration in G-s

2 ALERT RPM = 3550.

RPS = 59.17

0
• This is not possible in the real world. However,
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84 there are some machinery faults which have this
-2
ALERT
CRESTF= 5.40
characteristic.
-4 FAULT

-6
• A single plane balance problem will have a very
-8 periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
Time: 76.72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ampl: -.109 and the rotor shaft of other component center line
Time in mSecs
differences.

12-5 12-6

Periodic Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display

0.4
13-JUN-95 14:52
• To determine the complexity of the waveform,
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
establish whether the signal is:
0.2
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
• periodic in nature
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
• estimate the harmonic content
• determine if the signal is synchronous
PK(-) = .4322
-0.2 CRESTF= 3.11

• non-synchronous
-0.4
• identify whether the waveform correlates
-0.6 directly to the spectral data.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in mSecs

12-6 12-7

Complexity Impacts/Spikes
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

6
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL • Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.
Waveform Display

4
25-APR-96 09:37 • The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
• Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
2
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47

0
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25 • This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
-4
to force.
• The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
-6
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time in mSecs indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.

3
 12-4 12-5

Amplitude Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
8
Waveform Display • Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple
6 25-APR-96 09:36
signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
4
FAULT
RMS = 1.28
LOAD = 100.0
exactly after a fixed period.
Acceleration in G-s

2 ALERT RPM = 3550.

RPS = 59.17

0
• This is not possible in the real world. However,
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84 there are some machinery faults which have this
-2
ALERT
CRESTF= 5.40
characteristic.
-4 FAULT

-6
• A single plane balance problem will have a very
-8 periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
Time: 76.72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ampl: -.109 and the rotor shaft of other component center line
Time in mSecs
differences.

12-5 12-6

Periodic Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display

0.4
13-JUN-95 14:52
• To determine the complexity of the waveform,
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
establish whether the signal is:
0.2
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
• periodic in nature
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
• estimate the harmonic content
• determine if the signal is synchronous
PK(-) = .4322
-0.2 CRESTF= 3.11

• non-synchronous
-0.4
• identify whether the waveform correlates
-0.6 directly to the spectral data.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in mSecs

12-6 12-7

Complexity Impacts/Spikes
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

6
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL • Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.
Waveform Display

4
25-APR-96 09:37 • The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
• Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
2
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47

0
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25 • This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
-4
to force.
• The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
-6
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time in mSecs indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.

3
 12-4 12-5

Amplitude Periodic
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
8
Waveform Display • Sometimes referred to as a deterministic simple
6 25-APR-96 09:36
signal, this is an ideal signal which repeats itself
4
FAULT
RMS = 1.28
LOAD = 100.0
exactly after a fixed period.
Acceleration in G-s

2 ALERT RPM = 3550.

RPS = 59.17

0
• This is not possible in the real world. However,
PK(+) = 6.94
PK(-) = 5.84 there are some machinery faults which have this
-2
ALERT
CRESTF= 5.40
characteristic.
-4 FAULT

-6
• A single plane balance problem will have a very
-8 periodic waveform due to the mass rotational center
Time: 76.72
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ampl: -.109 and the rotor shaft of other component center line
Time in mSecs
differences.

12-5 12-6

Periodic Complexity
BAL - ZONE 6 EXHAUST
C-30 Z6X -FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
0.6
Waveform Display

0.4
13-JUN-95 14:52
• To determine the complexity of the waveform,
RMS = .1390
LOAD = 100.0
establish whether the signal is:
0.2
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1000.
RPS = 16.67
• periodic in nature
-0.0
PK(+) = .3672
• estimate the harmonic content
• determine if the signal is synchronous
PK(-) = .4322
-0.2 CRESTF= 3.11

• non-synchronous
-0.4
• identify whether the waveform correlates
-0.6 directly to the spectral data.
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time in mSecs

12-6 12-7

Complexity Impacts/Spikes
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN

6
C-20 FLOAT-FOH FAN BEARING OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL • Impacts or Spikes may or may not be repetitive in nature.
Waveform Display

4
25-APR-96 09:37 • The non repetitive spikes generate white noise.
RMS = 1.59
LOAD = 100.0
• Repetitive impacts or spikes, such as those produced by rolling
2
element bearing defects or broken gear teeth, may excite discrete
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3508.
RPS = 58.47

0
frequencies and therefore show up well in the spectrum.
PK(+) = 4.88
PK(-) = 5.25 • This characteristic is best detected by defining a waveform
CRESTF= 3.30
-2
amplitude type in acceleration. Acceleration data is proportional
-4
to force.
• The crest factor, which is equal to the maximum peak (positive
-6
or negative) divided by the RMS of the waveform, is a good
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Time in mSecs indicator of the impacting. This value can be setup as an analysis
Label: LOOSE, OUT OF BALANCE
parameter and trended in MasterTrend.

3
 12-7 12-8

Impacts/Spikes Discontinuities

Repetitive Spikes • This characteristic is usually associated with faulty

equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
• Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
• This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
• Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
• If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )

12-8 12-9

Discontinuities Asymmetry
• Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
• A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
• Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
• A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.

12-9 12-10

Asymmetry Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER

2.5
4661 -MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in
Waveform Analysis.
Waveform Display
2.0 16-NOV-95 10:18

1.5 RMS = .5155

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5

PK(+) = 2.24
0
PK(-) = 1.43
-0.5 CRESTF= 4.35

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE

4
 12-7 12-8

Impacts/Spikes Discontinuities

Repetitive Spikes • This characteristic is usually associated with faulty

equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
• Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
• This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
• Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
• If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )

12-8 12-9

Discontinuities Asymmetry
• Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
• A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
• Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
• A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.

12-9 12-10

Asymmetry Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER

2.5
4661 -MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in
Waveform Analysis.
Waveform Display
2.0 16-NOV-95 10:18

1.5 RMS = .5155

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5

PK(+) = 2.24
0
PK(-) = 1.43
-0.5 CRESTF= 4.35

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE

4
 12-7 12-8

Impacts/Spikes Discontinuities

Repetitive Spikes • This characteristic is usually associated with faulty

equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
• Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
• This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
• Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
• If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )

12-8 12-9

Discontinuities Asymmetry
• Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
• A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
• Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
• A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.

12-9 12-10

Asymmetry Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER

2.5
4661 -MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in
Waveform Analysis.
Waveform Display
2.0 16-NOV-95 10:18

1.5 RMS = .5155

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5

PK(+) = 2.24
0
PK(-) = 1.43
-0.5 CRESTF= 4.35

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE

4
 12-7 12-8

Impacts/Spikes Discontinuities

Repetitive Spikes • This characteristic is usually associated with faulty

equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
• Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
• This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
• Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
• If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )

12-8 12-9

Discontinuities Asymmetry
• Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
• A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
• Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
• A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.

12-9 12-10

Asymmetry Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER

2.5
4661 -MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in
Waveform Analysis.
Waveform Display
2.0 16-NOV-95 10:18

1.5 RMS = .5155

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5

PK(+) = 2.24
0
PK(-) = 1.43
-0.5 CRESTF= 4.35

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE

4
 12-7 12-8

Impacts/Spikes Discontinuities

Repetitive Spikes • This characteristic is usually associated with faulty

equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
• Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
• This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
• Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
• If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )

12-8 12-9

Discontinuities Asymmetry
• Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
• A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
• Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
• A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.

12-9 12-10

Asymmetry Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER

2.5
4661 -MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in
Waveform Analysis.
Waveform Display
2.0 16-NOV-95 10:18

1.5 RMS = .5155

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5

PK(+) = 2.24
0
PK(-) = 1.43
-0.5 CRESTF= 4.35

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE

4
 12-7 12-8

Impacts/Spikes Discontinuities

Repetitive Spikes • This characteristic is usually associated with faulty

equipment due to the discontinuous nature of the
data.
• Data with this characteristic has breaks in the data
where there appears to be a loss of input signal or a
significant increase/decrease in amplitude.
• This is not a uniform change such as resonance,
load changes, or even sudden component failures.
• Discontinuous data is typically unpredictable, and
very distinct.
• If you see this type of waveform pattern
( YOU HAVE A PROBLEM )

12-8 12-9

Discontinuities Asymmetry
• Asymmetry refers to the relationship between the
positive and negative energy.
• A waveform is asymmetric when there is more energy in
the positive plane than the negative or vice versa.
• Asymmetry refers to the direction of movement relative to
the transducer mounting with a positive signal
representing energy into ( towards ) the accelerometer and
a negative signal representing away.
• A tool which is designed to check this type of
characteristic is the APD, Amplitude Probability
Distribution.

12-9 12-10

Asymmetry Asymmetry
MISC - #1 H2O BOOSTER

2.5
4661 -MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL Select the Analyze Data feature in Diagnostics Plotting when in
Waveform Analysis.
Waveform Display
2.0 16-NOV-95 10:18

1.5 RMS = .5155

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

1.0
RPM = 1789.
RPS = 29.82
0.5

PK(+) = 2.24
0
PK(-) = 1.43
-0.5 CRESTF= 4.35

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs
Label: LOOSE BASE

4
 12-10 12-11

APD APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
• An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
• The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
• The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
• The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.

12-11 12-11

Sinewaves Sinewaves
• Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means
there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.

• If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed

and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
• Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
• The waveform and APD show the shape of a
• This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
sinewave and the probability related to this type of
the signal being in the ± 10 volt location is much more probable
signal.
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.

12-13 12-13

Triangle Wave Triangle Wave

• With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the
waveform and a different type of APD display.
• Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.

5
 12-10 12-11

APD APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
• An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
• The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
• The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
• The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.

12-11 12-11

Sinewaves Sinewaves
• Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means
there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.

• If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed

and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
• Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
• The waveform and APD show the shape of a
• This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
sinewave and the probability related to this type of
the signal being in the ± 10 volt location is much more probable
signal.
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.

12-13 12-13

Triangle Wave Triangle Wave

• With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the
waveform and a different type of APD display.
• Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.

5
 12-10 12-11

APD APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
• An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
• The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
• The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
• The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.

12-11 12-11

Sinewaves Sinewaves
• Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means
there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.

• If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed

and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
• Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
• The waveform and APD show the shape of a
• This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
sinewave and the probability related to this type of
the signal being in the ± 10 volt location is much more probable
signal.
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.

12-13 12-13

Triangle Wave Triangle Wave

• With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the
waveform and a different type of APD display.
• Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.

5
 12-10 12-11

APD APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
• An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
• The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
• The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
• The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.

12-11 12-11

Sinewaves Sinewaves
• Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means
there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.

• If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed

and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
• Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
• The waveform and APD show the shape of a
• This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
sinewave and the probability related to this type of
the signal being in the ± 10 volt location is much more probable
signal.
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.

12-13 12-13

Triangle Wave Triangle Wave

• With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the
waveform and a different type of APD display.
• Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.

5
 12-10 12-11

APD APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
• An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
• The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
• The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
• The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.

12-11 12-11

Sinewaves Sinewaves
• Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means
there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.

• If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed

and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
• Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
• The waveform and APD show the shape of a
• This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
sinewave and the probability related to this type of
the signal being in the ± 10 volt location is much more probable
signal.
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.

12-13 12-13

Triangle Wave Triangle Wave

• With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the
waveform and a different type of APD display.
• Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.

5
 12-10 12-11

APD APD
Amplitude Probability Distribution
• An APD or Amplitude Probability Distribution is similar to a
Hystorgram.
• The signal is broken down into amplitude percentages, and then
the amplitude is plotted.
• The X-Axis is the amplitude and the Y-Axis is the percentage of
the signal that falls into that amplitude range.
• The APD is typically used for acoustical analysis.
It can also be used for machine vibration analysis to find the
balance of the signal (asymmetries), the direction, and possibly
the location of a specific defect especially those that may not
stand out in the waveform or the spectrum.

12-11 12-11

Sinewaves Sinewaves
• Sinewaves are very symmetrical, which means
there is a balance of energy in the positive and
negative planes.

• If most of the vibration signal is evenly distributed

and sinusoidal, there is a strong possibility it is due to
a synchronous component such as imbalance,
misalignment, gears, blades, etc.
• Notice that the APD at the bottom of the above display shows a
set of peaks at the maximum and minimum amplitude locations.
• The waveform and APD show the shape of a
• This could also be called a Hysteresis display. The probability of
sinewave and the probability related to this type of
the signal being in the ± 10 volt location is much more probable
signal.
that the signal being at the zero location of the display.

12-13 12-13

Triangle Wave Triangle Wave

• With a triangle wave, we see the relationship of the
waveform and a different type of APD display.
• Note that the data is skewed to the negative plane.
Again, this provides the analyst with the direction of
motion.
The following illustration displays the direct relationship
between the waveform and the APD. Bear in mind that
the APD provides another tool to determine location,
direction, and asymmetry.

5
 12-14 12-14

Squarewave Squarewave
• The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight
into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
• In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
• The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.

12-15 12-15

Truncation/Restrictions to Motion Modulation

• Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to
terminate. • All the waveform characteristics up to this point have
• In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
motion.
• A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
• Amplitude
• Beating
• Frequency

12-16 12-16

Amplitude Amplitude

• The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's

frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
• Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the •The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an
waveform show up. AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.

6
 12-14 12-14

Squarewave Squarewave
• The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight
into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
• In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
• The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.

12-15 12-15

Truncation/Restrictions to Motion Modulation

• Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to
terminate. • All the waveform characteristics up to this point have
• In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
motion.
• A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
• Amplitude
• Beating
• Frequency

12-16 12-16

Amplitude Amplitude

• The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's

frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
• Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the •The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an
waveform show up. AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.

6
 12-14 12-14

Squarewave Squarewave
• The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight
into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
• In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
• The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.

12-15 12-15

Truncation/Restrictions to Motion Modulation

• Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to
terminate. • All the waveform characteristics up to this point have
• In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
motion.
• A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
• Amplitude
• Beating
• Frequency

12-16 12-16

Amplitude Amplitude

• The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's

frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
• Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the •The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an
waveform show up. AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.

6
 12-14 12-14

Squarewave Squarewave
• The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight
into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
• In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
• The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.

12-15 12-15

Truncation/Restrictions to Motion Modulation

• Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to
terminate. • All the waveform characteristics up to this point have
• In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
motion.
• A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
• Amplitude
• Beating
• Frequency

12-16 12-16

Amplitude Amplitude

• The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's

frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
• Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the •The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an
waveform show up. AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.

6
 12-14 12-14

Squarewave Squarewave
• The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight
into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
• In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
• The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.

12-15 12-15

Truncation/Restrictions to Motion Modulation

• Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to
terminate. • All the waveform characteristics up to this point have
• In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
motion.
• A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
• Amplitude
• Beating
• Frequency

12-16 12-16

Amplitude Amplitude

• The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's

frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
• Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the •The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an
waveform show up. AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.

6
 12-14 12-14

Squarewave Squarewave
• The squarewave on the next slide provides some insight
into the use of the APD for checking asymmetries.
Remember that symmetry refers to the balance of energy.
Therefore, with a slightly more complex signal, this becomes
more important especially when performing Root Cause
Failure Analysis(RCFA).
• In the next illustration, the signal is asymmetric, and there
is more energy in the positive plane than the negative.
• The energy in the positive plane shows movement toward
the transducer, and the negative plane is obviously the
opposite.

12-15 12-15

Truncation/Restrictions to Motion Modulation

• Truncation means to abruptly shorten, or to appear to
terminate. • All the waveform characteristics up to this point have
• In waveform analysis, this characteristic indicates restrictive dealt with signals of a constant amplitude.
motion.
• A varying signal will cause the waveform to become
modulated. The type of modulation occurring
determines its classification. Commonly referred to as
Beat frequencies, these may be broken into three
specific categories.
• Amplitude
• Beating
• Frequency

12-16 12-16

Amplitude Amplitude

• The spectrum will have a peak at the signal's

frequency with one peak on each side spaced at the
frequency of the amplitude change. These peaks are
referred to as sidebands.
• Amplitude modulation is common when analyzing
inner race bearing defects. This occurs when the
defective bearing component passes in and out of the
bearing load zone. The middle of the load zone is
typically where the highest amplitudes in the •The spectrum and waveform show slot pass frequency from an
waveform show up. AC induction motor. The primary signal at 34xTS is marked with
a vertical line. The sideband cursors mark the amplitude change
at 120 Hz.

6
 12-17 12-17

Beating Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
• A beat is comprised of two unrelated single REFERENCE SPECTRUM

PK Vel in In/Sec
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency. 0.02 OVRALL= .0581 V-DG

PK = .0380

• Beating is often found in two pole induction AC 0.01 LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 3575.
motors. The close proximity of two times line 0
RPS = 59.58
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed Frequency in Hz

cause this beat.

Acceleration in G-s
0.10 WAVEFORM DISPLAY
0.05
• An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM -0.00
06-DEC-94 10:15
RMS = .0678

and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5

-0.05 PK(+) = .1300
-0.10
PK(-) = .1790

Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation

-0.15
CRESTF= 2.64
-0.20

associated with beating. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Freq:
Ordr:
119.00
1.997
Time in Seconds Spec: .02520
Dfrq: 1.000

12-18 12-18

Frequency Frequency
• Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in
frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
• On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
Frequency modulation
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.

12-19 12-20

Low Frequency Events Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be
able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.

7
 12-17 12-17

Beating Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
• A beat is comprised of two unrelated single REFERENCE SPECTRUM

PK Vel in In/Sec
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency. 0.02 OVRALL= .0581 V-DG

PK = .0380

• Beating is often found in two pole induction AC 0.01 LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 3575.
motors. The close proximity of two times line 0
RPS = 59.58
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed Frequency in Hz

cause this beat.

Acceleration in G-s
0.10 WAVEFORM DISPLAY
0.05
• An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM -0.00
06-DEC-94 10:15
RMS = .0678

and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5

-0.05 PK(+) = .1300
-0.10
PK(-) = .1790

Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation

-0.15
CRESTF= 2.64
-0.20

associated with beating. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Freq:
Ordr:
119.00
1.997
Time in Seconds Spec: .02520
Dfrq: 1.000

12-18 12-18

Frequency Frequency
• Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in
frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
• On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
Frequency modulation
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.

12-19 12-20

Low Frequency Events Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be
able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.

7
 12-17 12-17

Beating Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
• A beat is comprised of two unrelated single REFERENCE SPECTRUM

PK Vel in In/Sec
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency. 0.02 OVRALL= .0581 V-DG

PK = .0380

• Beating is often found in two pole induction AC 0.01 LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 3575.
motors. The close proximity of two times line 0
RPS = 59.58
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed Frequency in Hz

cause this beat.

Acceleration in G-s
0.10 WAVEFORM DISPLAY
0.05
• An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM -0.00
06-DEC-94 10:15
RMS = .0678

and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5

-0.05 PK(+) = .1300
-0.10
PK(-) = .1790

Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation

-0.15
CRESTF= 2.64
-0.20

associated with beating. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Freq:
Ordr:
119.00
1.997
Time in Seconds Spec: .02520
Dfrq: 1.000

12-18 12-18

Frequency Frequency
• Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in
frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
• On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
Frequency modulation
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.

12-19 12-20

Low Frequency Events Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be
able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.

7
 12-17 12-17

Beating Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
• A beat is comprised of two unrelated single REFERENCE SPECTRUM

PK Vel in In/Sec
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency. 0.02 OVRALL= .0581 V-DG

PK = .0380

• Beating is often found in two pole induction AC 0.01 LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 3575.
motors. The close proximity of two times line 0
RPS = 59.58
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed Frequency in Hz

cause this beat.

Acceleration in G-s
0.10 WAVEFORM DISPLAY
0.05
• An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM -0.00
06-DEC-94 10:15
RMS = .0678

and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5

-0.05 PK(+) = .1300
-0.10
PK(-) = .1790

Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation

-0.15
CRESTF= 2.64
-0.20

associated with beating. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Freq:
Ordr:
119.00
1.997
Time in Seconds Spec: .02520
Dfrq: 1.000

12-18 12-18

Frequency Frequency
• Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in
frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
• On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
Frequency modulation
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.

12-19 12-20

Low Frequency Events Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be
able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.

7
 12-17 12-17

Beating Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
• A beat is comprised of two unrelated single REFERENCE SPECTRUM

PK Vel in In/Sec
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency. 0.02 OVRALL= .0581 V-DG

PK = .0380

• Beating is often found in two pole induction AC 0.01 LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 3575.
motors. The close proximity of two times line 0
RPS = 59.58
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed Frequency in Hz

cause this beat.

Acceleration in G-s
0.10 WAVEFORM DISPLAY
0.05
• An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM -0.00
06-DEC-94 10:15
RMS = .0678

and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5

-0.05 PK(+) = .1300
-0.10
PK(-) = .1790

Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation

-0.15
CRESTF= 2.64
-0.20

associated with beating. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Freq:
Ordr:
119.00
1.997
Time in Seconds Spec: .02520
Dfrq: 1.000

12-18 12-18

Frequency Frequency
• Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in
frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
• On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
Frequency modulation
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.

12-19 12-20

Low Frequency Events Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be
able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.

7
 12-17 12-17

Beating Beating
AMGL - CENTAC 3 STAGE COMPRESSOR
#1 CENTAC -1BA MOTOR OUTBD AXIAL TO 200 Hz
0.04
• A beat is comprised of two unrelated single REFERENCE SPECTRUM

PK Vel in In/Sec
0.03
06-DEC-94 10:15

frequency signals, closely spaced in frequency. 0.02 OVRALL= .0581 V-DG

PK = .0380

• Beating is often found in two pole induction AC 0.01 LOAD = 100.0

RPM = 3575.
motors. The close proximity of two times line 0
RPS = 59.58
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
frequency and the second harmonic of turning speed Frequency in Hz

cause this beat.

Acceleration in G-s
0.10 WAVEFORM DISPLAY
0.05
• An example of beating is shown next. The 2x RPM -0.00
06-DEC-94 10:15
RMS = .0678

and 2x line frequency are separated by less than .5

-0.05 PK(+) = .1300
-0.10
PK(-) = .1790

Hz. The waveform shows the amplitude modulation

-0.15
CRESTF= 2.64
-0.20

associated with beating. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Freq:
Ordr:
119.00
1.997
Time in Seconds Spec: .02520
Dfrq: 1.000

12-18 12-18

Frequency Frequency
• Rarely seen in a routine environment, this is a change in
frequency without a change in the signal amplitude.
Frequency modulation typically occurs in gearmeshing
vibration, due to the small speed fluctuations caused by
tooth spacing errors and faults as they develop. A very wide
spread of sidebands in the spectrum is usually an indication
that significant frequency modulation is present.
• On our example shown next. The vertical line in the
spectrum marks gearmesh frequency at 24xTS. The
sideband cursors mark the output shaft speed with labels
identifying sidebands spaced at input shaft speed. The
Frequency modulation
waveform has been expanded to show the frequency
modulation occurring. A good illustration is shown between
170 and 180 msecs.

12-19 12-20

Low Frequency Events Low Frequency Events

When performing detailed analysis, you need to be
able to collect and analyze data in excess of one
minute for low frequency problems. This is extremely
important when the machine in question has an
operational speed below 200 RPM. The challenge in
identifying low frequency defects is having sufficient
time in the waveform. A low frequency event may only
appear once in the collected time domain. As
discussed earlier, this event will not be transformed
into the spectrum.

7
 12-20 12-20

Electrical vs. Mechanical Electrical vs. Mechanical

• Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
• Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
• The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.

12-21 12-21
Waveform and Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum
Relationships Relationships
• Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The
spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
• If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
• In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.

12-22 12-22

Modulated Waveforms Modulated Waveforms

• Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct
relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (∆t).
• Knowledge of the modulation ∆t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.

8
 12-20 12-20

Electrical vs. Mechanical Electrical vs. Mechanical

• Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
• Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
• The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.

12-21 12-21
Waveform and Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum
Relationships Relationships
• Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The
spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
• If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
• In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.

12-22 12-22

Modulated Waveforms Modulated Waveforms

• Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct
relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (∆t).
• Knowledge of the modulation ∆t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.

8
 12-20 12-20

Electrical vs. Mechanical Electrical vs. Mechanical

• Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
• Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
• The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.

12-21 12-21
Waveform and Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum
Relationships Relationships
• Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The
spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
• If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
• In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.

12-22 12-22

Modulated Waveforms Modulated Waveforms

• Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct
relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (∆t).
• Knowledge of the modulation ∆t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.

8
 12-20 12-20

Electrical vs. Mechanical Electrical vs. Mechanical

• Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
• Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
• The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.

12-21 12-21
Waveform and Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum
Relationships Relationships
• Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The
spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
• If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
• In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.

12-22 12-22

Modulated Waveforms Modulated Waveforms

• Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct
relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (∆t).
• Knowledge of the modulation ∆t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.

8
 12-20 12-20

Electrical vs. Mechanical Electrical vs. Mechanical

• Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
• Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
• The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.

12-21 12-21
Waveform and Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum
Relationships Relationships
• Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The
spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
• If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
• In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.

12-22 12-22

Modulated Waveforms Modulated Waveforms

• Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct
relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (∆t).
• Knowledge of the modulation ∆t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.

8
 12-20 12-20

Electrical vs. Mechanical Electrical vs. Mechanical

• Determining if the source of energy is mechanical

or electrical is sometimes difficult.
• Appropriately set up waveforms can be a great
help. Setting up for a long enough time to capture
the operational conditions and the machine shutoff
point can identify the source.
• The advantage of using the time domain as
opposed to the frequency domain is there is no need
to worry about the screen update time or sampling
rate.

12-21 12-21
Waveform and Spectrum Waveform and Spectrum
Relationships Relationships
• Each spectrum has an associated waveform. The
spectrum is made of this waveform. As discussed earlier in
this section, some of the characteristics in the waveform do
not translate to the FFT due to the way the calculations are
made. The assumption is that there is a repetitive cycle of
events made up of sines and cosines. However, this is not
actually the case.
• If an event happens only once, then this event has no
frequency; therefore, the spectral representation is a
continuous spectrum.
• In the waveform shown next, there is no repetition in the
event; therefore, there is no frequency.

12-22 12-22

Modulated Waveforms Modulated Waveforms

• Finally, when modulation is involved, there is a direct
relationship between the waveform and the spectrum
depending on the differential time (∆t).
• Knowledge of the modulation ∆t helps determine the
resolution required for detailed spectral analysis. Also,
from our previous discussion on modulation, we know
there is a carrier frequency that the modulation must
follow.
Gears, bearings, and electrical defects each have
carrier frequencies. For gears the carrier is the
frequency where the gears mesh. However, a carrier
frequency for an electrical defect could be the line
frequency (FL ) or 2 * FL.

8
 12-23 12-24
Vertical Turbine Pump
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation Unbalance Example
• Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
• Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with MOH
one major event per revolution. MOV

• Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has

harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
MIV
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks. MIH
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
• Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.

12-25 12-26
Vertical Turbine Pump Vertical Turbine Pump
Unbalance Example Unbalance Example
• The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial • The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor. from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Max Amp 1.0
Route Spectrum
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
.65
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

09-FEB-96 09:22

Plot 0.8
Scale OVRALL= .6466 V-DG
131-546-03-MOA
PK Velocity in In/Sec

PK = .6464
0.7 09-FEB-96 09:22
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
RPM = 1776.
RPS = 29.60

131-546-03-MOV
0
09-FEB-96 09:22 0.4

0.2
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0
Frequency in Order Ordr: 1.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Freq: 1776.2
Frequency in Order Spec: .646

12-27 12-28
Vertical Turbine Pump Fan Bearing
Unbalance Example Looseness Example
• Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions) The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
unbalance condition. 0.8
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
0.6 09-FEB-96 09:22
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

0.4 RMS = .2679

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

0.2 RPM = 1776.

RPS = 29.60

-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32

-0.4 Direct Driven Overhung Fan

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
Time in mSecs
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.

9
 12-23 12-24
Vertical Turbine Pump
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation Unbalance Example
• Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
• Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with MOH
one major event per revolution. MOV

• Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has

harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
MIV
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks. MIH
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
• Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.

12-25 12-26
Vertical Turbine Pump Vertical Turbine Pump
Unbalance Example Unbalance Example
• The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial • The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor. from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Max Amp 1.0
Route Spectrum
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
.65
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

09-FEB-96 09:22

Plot 0.8
Scale OVRALL= .6466 V-DG
131-546-03-MOA
PK Velocity in In/Sec

PK = .6464
0.7 09-FEB-96 09:22
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
RPM = 1776.
RPS = 29.60

131-546-03-MOV
0
09-FEB-96 09:22 0.4

0.2
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0
Frequency in Order Ordr: 1.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Freq: 1776.2
Frequency in Order Spec: .646

12-27 12-28
Vertical Turbine Pump Fan Bearing
Unbalance Example Looseness Example
• Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions) The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
unbalance condition. 0.8
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
0.6 09-FEB-96 09:22
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

0.4 RMS = .2679

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

0.2 RPM = 1776.

RPS = 29.60

-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32

-0.4 Direct Driven Overhung Fan

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
Time in mSecs
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.

9
 12-23 12-24
Vertical Turbine Pump
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation Unbalance Example
• Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
• Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with MOH
one major event per revolution. MOV

• Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has

harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
MIV
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks. MIH
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
• Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.

12-25 12-26
Vertical Turbine Pump Vertical Turbine Pump
Unbalance Example Unbalance Example
• The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial • The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor. from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Max Amp 1.0
Route Spectrum
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
.65
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

09-FEB-96 09:22

Plot 0.8
Scale OVRALL= .6466 V-DG
131-546-03-MOA
PK Velocity in In/Sec

PK = .6464
0.7 09-FEB-96 09:22
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
RPM = 1776.
RPS = 29.60

131-546-03-MOV
0
09-FEB-96 09:22 0.4

0.2
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0
Frequency in Order Ordr: 1.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Freq: 1776.2
Frequency in Order Spec: .646

12-27 12-28
Vertical Turbine Pump Fan Bearing
Unbalance Example Looseness Example
• Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions) The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
unbalance condition. 0.8
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
0.6 09-FEB-96 09:22
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

0.4 RMS = .2679

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

0.2 RPM = 1776.

RPS = 29.60

-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32

-0.4 Direct Driven Overhung Fan

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
Time in mSecs
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.

9
 12-23 12-24
Vertical Turbine Pump
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation Unbalance Example
• Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
• Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with MOH
one major event per revolution. MOV

• Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has

harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
MIV
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks. MIH
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
• Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.

12-25 12-26
Vertical Turbine Pump Vertical Turbine Pump
Unbalance Example Unbalance Example
• The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial • The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor. from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Max Amp 1.0
Route Spectrum
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
.65
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

09-FEB-96 09:22

Plot 0.8
Scale OVRALL= .6466 V-DG
131-546-03-MOA
PK Velocity in In/Sec

PK = .6464
0.7 09-FEB-96 09:22
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
RPM = 1776.
RPS = 29.60

131-546-03-MOV
0
09-FEB-96 09:22 0.4

0.2
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0
Frequency in Order Ordr: 1.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Freq: 1776.2
Frequency in Order Spec: .646

12-27 12-28
Vertical Turbine Pump Fan Bearing
Unbalance Example Looseness Example
• Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions) The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
unbalance condition. 0.8
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
0.6 09-FEB-96 09:22
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

0.4 RMS = .2679

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

0.2 RPM = 1776.

RPS = 29.60

-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32

-0.4 Direct Driven Overhung Fan

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
Time in mSecs
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.

9
 12-23 12-24
Vertical Turbine Pump
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation Unbalance Example
• Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
• Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with MOH
one major event per revolution. MOV

• Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has

harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
MIV
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks. MIH
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
• Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.

12-25 12-26
Vertical Turbine Pump Vertical Turbine Pump
Unbalance Example Unbalance Example
• The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial • The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor. from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Max Amp 1.0
Route Spectrum
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
.65
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

09-FEB-96 09:22

Plot 0.8
Scale OVRALL= .6466 V-DG
131-546-03-MOA
PK Velocity in In/Sec

PK = .6464
0.7 09-FEB-96 09:22
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
RPM = 1776.
RPS = 29.60

131-546-03-MOV
0
09-FEB-96 09:22 0.4

0.2
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0
Frequency in Order Ordr: 1.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Freq: 1776.2
Frequency in Order Spec: .646

12-27 12-28
Vertical Turbine Pump Fan Bearing
Unbalance Example Looseness Example
• Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions) The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
unbalance condition. 0.8
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
0.6 09-FEB-96 09:22
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

0.4 RMS = .2679

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

0.2 RPM = 1776.

RPS = 29.60

-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32

-0.4 Direct Driven Overhung Fan

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
Time in mSecs
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.

9
 12-23 12-24
Vertical Turbine Pump
Waveform Analysis As Confirmation Unbalance Example
• Every fault condition has a corresponding waveform
characteristic.
• Unbalance, for example, has a sinusoidal pattern with MOH
one major event per revolution. MOV

• Misalignment, which is primarily offset, typically has

harmonic activity with the waveform having the same
MIV
number of events per cycle as the spectral data has peaks. MIH
A misalignment condition generating a second and possibly
a third order peak shows two or three sinewaves per
revolution.
• Looseness will have a complex waveform with many
peaks within one revolution. This will confirm the spectral
characteristics of multiple harmonics of turning speed.

12-25 12-26
Vertical Turbine Pump Vertical Turbine Pump
Unbalance Example Unbalance Example
• The multiple point spectrum plot below shows radial and axial • The sharpness of the peak indicates that it has been created
measurements taken from the top of the vertical motor. from a waveform dominated by a single frequency.
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03 - PTS=MOH MOV MOA
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL
Max Amp 1.0
Route Spectrum
Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations
.65
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

09-FEB-96 09:22

Plot 0.8
Scale OVRALL= .6466 V-DG
131-546-03-MOA
PK Velocity in In/Sec

PK = .6464
0.7 09-FEB-96 09:22
LOAD = 100.0
0.6
RPM = 1776.
RPS = 29.60

131-546-03-MOV
0
09-FEB-96 09:22 0.4

0.2
131-546-03-MOH
09-FEB-96 09:22

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
0
Frequency in Order Ordr: 1.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Freq: 1776.2
Frequency in Order Spec: .646

12-27 12-28
Vertical Turbine Pump Fan Bearing
Unbalance Example Looseness Example
• Approximately 270 milliseconds of time (8 shaft revolutions) The fan bearing looseness data provides the initial spectral data
shows the clear one per revolution signal generated by the for diagnostics and the waveform data to confirm the looseness
unbalance condition. 0.8
FWEL - FRESH WATER BOOSTER PUMP 1
131-546-03-MOV MOTOR OUTBOARD VERTICAL fault diagnosis.
Waveform Display
0.6 09-FEB-96 09:22
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal

0.4 RMS = .2679

LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

0.2 RPM = 1776.

RPS = 29.60

-0.0
PK(+) = .5932
PK(-) = .6215
-0.2
CRESTF= 2.32

-0.4 Direct Driven Overhung Fan

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

The fan ran in an out of balance condition for two years. The
Time in mSecs
bearings now have excess clearance, allowing the shaft to move
around.

9
 12-29 12-30
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data The spectral plot below shows vibration in the
amplitude. C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
Max Amp C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
.46 0.6
Route Spectrum
C-20 FLOAT-FOA

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

14-JUN-95 08:08
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

Plot 14-JUN-95 08:10

0.5
Scale OVRALL= .5095 V-DG
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
PK Velocity in In/Sec

1.0 14-JUN-95 08:10 PK = .5065

PK Velocity in In/Sec
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH RPM = 3498.
14-JUN-95 08:09 RPS = 58.30
0.3
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
0
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.2
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.1
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
Ordr: 1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Ordr: 1.000
Freq: 3499.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order Sp 1: .395 Frequency in Order Spec: .395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-30 12-31
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

• The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics 4

Waveform Display
3 14-JUN-95 08:08
of running speed.
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character

2 RMS = 1.06
• Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3498.
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or 1
RPS = 58.30

skirts, of this peak are also very narrow. 0

PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
• The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum -1
CRESTF= 2.88

is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform. -2

-3

-4

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-31 12-32
Fan Bearing Motor to Pump
Looseness Example Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and
• A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM. personnel stated that the alignment was “difficult” because the
• There is also multiple peaks within one revolution base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness. M1H
P2H P1H M2H
• The repeatability of the waveform in time with P1V M2V M1V
P2V
M1A
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
P1A
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft M2A

running speed.
P2A

10
 12-29 12-30
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data The spectral plot below shows vibration in the
amplitude. C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
Max Amp C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
.46 0.6
Route Spectrum
C-20 FLOAT-FOA

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

14-JUN-95 08:08
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

Plot 14-JUN-95 08:10

0.5
Scale OVRALL= .5095 V-DG
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
PK Velocity in In/Sec

1.0 14-JUN-95 08:10 PK = .5065

PK Velocity in In/Sec
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH RPM = 3498.
14-JUN-95 08:09 RPS = 58.30
0.3
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
0
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.2
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.1
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
Ordr: 1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Ordr: 1.000
Freq: 3499.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order Sp 1: .395 Frequency in Order Spec: .395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-30 12-31
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

• The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics 4

Waveform Display
3 14-JUN-95 08:08
of running speed.
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character

2 RMS = 1.06
• Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3498.
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or 1
RPS = 58.30

skirts, of this peak are also very narrow. 0

PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
• The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum -1
CRESTF= 2.88

is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform. -2

-3

-4

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-31 12-32
Fan Bearing Motor to Pump
Looseness Example Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and
• A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM. personnel stated that the alignment was “difficult” because the
• There is also multiple peaks within one revolution base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness. M1H
P2H P1H M2H
• The repeatability of the waveform in time with P1V M2V M1V
P2V
M1A
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
P1A
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft M2A

running speed.
P2A

10
 12-29 12-30
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data The spectral plot below shows vibration in the
amplitude. C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
Max Amp C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
.46 0.6
Route Spectrum
C-20 FLOAT-FOA

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

14-JUN-95 08:08
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

Plot 14-JUN-95 08:10

0.5
Scale OVRALL= .5095 V-DG
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
PK Velocity in In/Sec

1.0 14-JUN-95 08:10 PK = .5065

PK Velocity in In/Sec
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH RPM = 3498.
14-JUN-95 08:09 RPS = 58.30
0.3
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
0
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.2
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.1
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
Ordr: 1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Ordr: 1.000
Freq: 3499.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order Sp 1: .395 Frequency in Order Spec: .395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-30 12-31
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

• The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics 4

Waveform Display
3 14-JUN-95 08:08
of running speed.
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character

2 RMS = 1.06
• Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3498.
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or 1
RPS = 58.30

skirts, of this peak are also very narrow. 0

PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
• The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum -1
CRESTF= 2.88

is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform. -2

-3

-4

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-31 12-32
Fan Bearing Motor to Pump
Looseness Example Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and
• A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM. personnel stated that the alignment was “difficult” because the
• There is also multiple peaks within one revolution base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness. M1H
P2H P1H M2H
• The repeatability of the waveform in time with P1V M2V M1V
P2V
M1A
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
P1A
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft M2A

running speed.
P2A

10
 12-29 12-30
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data The spectral plot below shows vibration in the
amplitude. C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
Max Amp C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
.46 0.6
Route Spectrum
C-20 FLOAT-FOA

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

14-JUN-95 08:08
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

Plot 14-JUN-95 08:10

0.5
Scale OVRALL= .5095 V-DG
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
PK Velocity in In/Sec

1.0 14-JUN-95 08:10 PK = .5065

PK Velocity in In/Sec
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH RPM = 3498.
14-JUN-95 08:09 RPS = 58.30
0.3
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
0
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.2
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.1
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
Ordr: 1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Ordr: 1.000
Freq: 3499.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order Sp 1: .395 Frequency in Order Spec: .395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-30 12-31
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

• The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics 4

Waveform Display
3 14-JUN-95 08:08
of running speed.
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character

2 RMS = 1.06
• Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3498.
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or 1
RPS = 58.30

skirts, of this peak are also very narrow. 0

PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
• The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum -1
CRESTF= 2.88

is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform. -2

-3

-4

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-31 12-32
Fan Bearing Motor to Pump
Looseness Example Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and
• A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM. personnel stated that the alignment was “difficult” because the
• There is also multiple peaks within one revolution base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness. M1H
P2H P1H M2H
• The repeatability of the waveform in time with P1V M2V M1V
P2V
M1A
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
P1A
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft M2A

running speed.
P2A

10
 12-29 12-30
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data The spectral plot below shows vibration in the
amplitude. C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
Max Amp C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
.46 0.6
Route Spectrum
C-20 FLOAT-FOA

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

14-JUN-95 08:08
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

Plot 14-JUN-95 08:10

0.5
Scale OVRALL= .5095 V-DG
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
PK Velocity in In/Sec

1.0 14-JUN-95 08:10 PK = .5065

PK Velocity in In/Sec
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH RPM = 3498.
14-JUN-95 08:09 RPS = 58.30
0.3
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
0
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.2
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.1
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
Ordr: 1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Ordr: 1.000
Freq: 3499.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order Sp 1: .395 Frequency in Order Spec: .395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-30 12-31
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

• The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics 4

Waveform Display
3 14-JUN-95 08:08
of running speed.
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character

2 RMS = 1.06
• Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3498.
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or 1
RPS = 58.30

skirts, of this peak are also very narrow. 0

PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
• The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum -1
CRESTF= 2.88

is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform. -2

-3

-4

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-31 12-32
Fan Bearing Motor to Pump
Looseness Example Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and
• A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM. personnel stated that the alignment was “difficult” because the
• There is also multiple peaks within one revolution base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness. M1H
P2H P1H M2H
• The repeatability of the waveform in time with P1V M2V M1V
P2V
M1A
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
P1A
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft M2A

running speed.
P2A

10
 12-29 12-30
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
Note the small amounts of harmonic activity and axial data The spectral plot below shows vibration in the
amplitude. C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT - PTS=FIH FIV FIA FOH FOV FOA
horizontal direction on the fan outboard bearing.
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
Max Amp C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL
.46 0.6
Route Spectrum
C-20 FLOAT-FOA

Single Spectrum - Amplitude Relations

14-JUN-95 08:08
Multi-spectral - Data Comparison

Plot 14-JUN-95 08:10

0.5
Scale OVRALL= .5095 V-DG
C-20 FLOAT-FOV
PK Velocity in In/Sec

1.0 14-JUN-95 08:10 PK = .5065

PK Velocity in In/Sec
0.4
LOAD = 100.0
C-20 FLOAT-FOH RPM = 3498.
14-JUN-95 08:09 RPS = 58.30
0.3
C-20 FLOAT-FIA
0
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.2
C-20 FLOAT-FIV
14-JUN-95 08:09
0.1
C-20 FLOAT-FIH
14-JUN-95 08:08
0
Ordr: 1.000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Ordr: 1.000
Freq: 3499.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Freq: 3499.0
Frequency in Order Sp 1: .395 Frequency in Order Spec: .395
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-30 12-31
Fan Bearing Fan Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
C-20 - C-20 FLOAT ROLL FAN
C-20 FLOAT-FIH FAN BEARING INBOARD HORIZONTAL

• The cursor markers note the locations of harmonics 4

Waveform Display
3 14-JUN-95 08:08
of running speed.
Time Waveform - Sinusoidal Character

2 RMS = 1.06
• Virtually all the vibration energy in this spectrum is LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 3498.
caused by turning speed and harmonics. The sides, or 1
RPS = 58.30

skirts, of this peak are also very narrow. 0

PK(+) = 3.08
PK(-) = 3.01
• The number of harmonics tells us that the spectrum -1
CRESTF= 2.88

is derived from a complex, repetitive time waveform. -2

-3

-4

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Time in mSecs
Label: HARMONICS-BALANCE/LOOSENESS

12-31 12-32
Fan Bearing Motor to Pump
Looseness Example Misalignment Example
The pump has had high vibration since installation and
• A clear and repeatable waveform occurs once per numerous seal/packing and bearing failures. The maintenance
shaft revolution, 1 x RPM. personnel stated that the alignment was “difficult” because the
• There is also multiple peaks within one revolution base was drilled incorrectly at the manufacturers facility.
The waveform shows the acceleration created on the
bearing housing by the looseness. M1H
P2H P1H M2H
• The repeatability of the waveform in time with P1V M2V M1V
P2V
M1A
respect to the shaft turning speed and amplitude
P1A
means that the vibration force is tied to the shaft M2A

running speed.
P2A

10
 12-33 12-34
Motor to Pump Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example Misalignment Example
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If • Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks frequency markers (dashed lines).
are present in all directions. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT • The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
0.24
Max Amp Reference Spectrum
.43 TIMBSTRPRO-MIA 0.21 A AA AA 21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
PK Velocity in In/Sec

0.18
Scale PK = .1771
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV

PK Velocity in In/Sec
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
0.5 21-JUN-95 16:11 0.15 LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH 0.12
0
21-JUN-95 16:11
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11 0.06

TIMBSTRPRO-MOH 0.03
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Ordr: 1.004
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Frequency in Order Freq: 1774.9
Frequency in Order Spec: .01562

12-35 12-36
Motor to Pump Pump Bearing
Misalignment Example Looseness Example
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct • The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing
peaks for each period. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
housing dimensions worn oversize .
0.8
Waveform Display
21-JUN-95 16:11
• The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
0.6
1
• Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution

2
0.4 RMS = .1784
LOAD = 100.0
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1768.

Speed 1775 RPM

0.2
RPS = 29.47

-0.0
PK(+) = .5682 H.p. 150
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
CRESTF= 3.19

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-37 12-38
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement 341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible. Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband

CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1 0.12

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG
0.10 PK = .3675
Max Amp
PK Velocity in In/Sec

.14 341-545-01-POA LOAD = 100.0

Multi-spectral - Broadband

18-APR-96 08:47
0.08 RPM = 1775.
Plot
RPS = 29.58
PK Velocity in In/Sec

Scale
341-545-01-POH
0.14 18-APR-96 08:47 0.06

341-545-01-POV
0
18-APR-96 08:46
0.04

341-545-01-PIH
0.02
18-APR-96 08:46

341-545-01-PIV 0
18-APR-96 08:46 Freq: 29.58
0 400 800 1200 1600
0 400 800 1200 1600 Ordr: 1.000
Frequency in Hz Spec: .03901
Frequency in Hz

11
 12-33 12-34
Motor to Pump Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example Misalignment Example
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If • Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks frequency markers (dashed lines).
are present in all directions. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT • The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
0.24
Max Amp Reference Spectrum
.43 TIMBSTRPRO-MIA 0.21 A AA AA 21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
PK Velocity in In/Sec

0.18
Scale PK = .1771
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV

PK Velocity in In/Sec
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
0.5 21-JUN-95 16:11 0.15 LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH 0.12
0
21-JUN-95 16:11
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11 0.06

TIMBSTRPRO-MOH 0.03
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Ordr: 1.004
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Frequency in Order Freq: 1774.9
Frequency in Order Spec: .01562

12-35 12-36
Motor to Pump Pump Bearing
Misalignment Example Looseness Example
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct • The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing
peaks for each period. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
housing dimensions worn oversize .
0.8
Waveform Display
21-JUN-95 16:11
• The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
0.6
1
• Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution

2
0.4 RMS = .1784
LOAD = 100.0
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1768.

Speed 1775 RPM

0.2
RPS = 29.47

-0.0
PK(+) = .5682 H.p. 150
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
CRESTF= 3.19

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-37 12-38
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement 341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible. Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband

CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1 0.12

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG
0.10 PK = .3675
Max Amp
PK Velocity in In/Sec

.14 341-545-01-POA LOAD = 100.0

Multi-spectral - Broadband

18-APR-96 08:47
0.08 RPM = 1775.
Plot
RPS = 29.58
PK Velocity in In/Sec

Scale
341-545-01-POH
0.14 18-APR-96 08:47 0.06

341-545-01-POV
0
18-APR-96 08:46
0.04

341-545-01-PIH
0.02
18-APR-96 08:46

341-545-01-PIV 0
18-APR-96 08:46 Freq: 29.58
0 400 800 1200 1600
0 400 800 1200 1600 Ordr: 1.000
Frequency in Hz Spec: .03901
Frequency in Hz

11
 12-33 12-34
Motor to Pump Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example Misalignment Example
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If • Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks frequency markers (dashed lines).
are present in all directions. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT • The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
0.24
Max Amp Reference Spectrum
.43 TIMBSTRPRO-MIA 0.21 A AA AA 21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
PK Velocity in In/Sec

0.18
Scale PK = .1771
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV

PK Velocity in In/Sec
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
0.5 21-JUN-95 16:11 0.15 LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH 0.12
0
21-JUN-95 16:11
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11 0.06

TIMBSTRPRO-MOH 0.03
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Ordr: 1.004
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Frequency in Order Freq: 1774.9
Frequency in Order Spec: .01562

12-35 12-36
Motor to Pump Pump Bearing
Misalignment Example Looseness Example
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct • The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing
peaks for each period. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
housing dimensions worn oversize .
0.8
Waveform Display
21-JUN-95 16:11
• The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
0.6
1
• Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution

2
0.4 RMS = .1784
LOAD = 100.0
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1768.

Speed 1775 RPM

0.2
RPS = 29.47

-0.0
PK(+) = .5682 H.p. 150
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
CRESTF= 3.19

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-37 12-38
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement 341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible. Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband

CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1 0.12

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG
0.10 PK = .3675
Max Amp
PK Velocity in In/Sec

.14 341-545-01-POA LOAD = 100.0

Multi-spectral - Broadband

18-APR-96 08:47
0.08 RPM = 1775.
Plot
RPS = 29.58
PK Velocity in In/Sec

Scale
341-545-01-POH
0.14 18-APR-96 08:47 0.06

341-545-01-POV
0
18-APR-96 08:46
0.04

341-545-01-PIH
0.02
18-APR-96 08:46

341-545-01-PIV 0
18-APR-96 08:46 Freq: 29.58
0 400 800 1200 1600
0 400 800 1200 1600 Ordr: 1.000
Frequency in Hz Spec: .03901
Frequency in Hz

11
 12-33 12-34
Motor to Pump Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example Misalignment Example
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If • Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks frequency markers (dashed lines).
are present in all directions. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT • The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
0.24
Max Amp Reference Spectrum
.43 TIMBSTRPRO-MIA 0.21 A AA AA 21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
PK Velocity in In/Sec

0.18
Scale PK = .1771
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV

PK Velocity in In/Sec
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
0.5 21-JUN-95 16:11 0.15 LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH 0.12
0
21-JUN-95 16:11
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11 0.06

TIMBSTRPRO-MOH 0.03
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Ordr: 1.004
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Frequency in Order Freq: 1774.9
Frequency in Order Spec: .01562

12-35 12-36
Motor to Pump Pump Bearing
Misalignment Example Looseness Example
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct • The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing
peaks for each period. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
housing dimensions worn oversize .
0.8
Waveform Display
21-JUN-95 16:11
• The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
0.6
1
• Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution

2
0.4 RMS = .1784
LOAD = 100.0
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1768.

Speed 1775 RPM

0.2
RPS = 29.47

-0.0
PK(+) = .5682 H.p. 150
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
CRESTF= 3.19

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-37 12-38
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement 341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible. Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband

CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1 0.12

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG
0.10 PK = .3675
Max Amp
PK Velocity in In/Sec

.14 341-545-01-POA LOAD = 100.0

Multi-spectral - Broadband

18-APR-96 08:47
0.08 RPM = 1775.
Plot
RPS = 29.58
PK Velocity in In/Sec

Scale
341-545-01-POH
0.14 18-APR-96 08:47 0.06

341-545-01-POV
0
18-APR-96 08:46
0.04

341-545-01-PIH
0.02
18-APR-96 08:46

341-545-01-PIV 0
18-APR-96 08:46 Freq: 29.58
0 400 800 1200 1600
0 400 800 1200 1600 Ordr: 1.000
Frequency in Hz Spec: .03901
Frequency in Hz

11
 12-33 12-34
Motor to Pump Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example Misalignment Example
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If • Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks frequency markers (dashed lines).
are present in all directions. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT • The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
0.24
Max Amp Reference Spectrum
.43 TIMBSTRPRO-MIA 0.21 A AA AA 21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
PK Velocity in In/Sec

0.18
Scale PK = .1771
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV

PK Velocity in In/Sec
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
0.5 21-JUN-95 16:11 0.15 LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH 0.12
0
21-JUN-95 16:11
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11 0.06

TIMBSTRPRO-MOH 0.03
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Ordr: 1.004
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Frequency in Order Freq: 1774.9
Frequency in Order Spec: .01562

12-35 12-36
Motor to Pump Pump Bearing
Misalignment Example Looseness Example
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct • The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing
peaks for each period. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
housing dimensions worn oversize .
0.8
Waveform Display
21-JUN-95 16:11
• The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
0.6
1
• Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution

2
0.4 RMS = .1784
LOAD = 100.0
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1768.

Speed 1775 RPM

0.2
RPS = 29.47

-0.0
PK(+) = .5682 H.p. 150
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
CRESTF= 3.19

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-37 12-38
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement 341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible. Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband

CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1 0.12

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG
0.10 PK = .3675
Max Amp
PK Velocity in In/Sec

.14 341-545-01-POA LOAD = 100.0

Multi-spectral - Broadband

18-APR-96 08:47
0.08 RPM = 1775.
Plot
RPS = 29.58
PK Velocity in In/Sec

Scale
341-545-01-POH
0.14 18-APR-96 08:47 0.06

341-545-01-POV
0
18-APR-96 08:46
0.04

341-545-01-PIH
0.02
18-APR-96 08:46

341-545-01-PIV 0
18-APR-96 08:46 Freq: 29.58
0 400 800 1200 1600
0 400 800 1200 1600 Ordr: 1.000
Frequency in Hz Spec: .03901
Frequency in Hz

11
 12-33 12-34
Motor to Pump Motor to Pump
Misalignment Example Misalignment Example
At first glance, the problem might appear to be unbalance. If • Harmonics of running speed are denoted by the fault
we take a closer look we see that 2X running speed peaks frequency markers (dashed lines).
are present in all directions. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT • The first through sixth orders of running speed are visible
with the 2X T.S. predominant.
TIMBSTRPRO - PTS=MOH MOV MIH MIV MIA #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
Multi-Spectral - Amplitude Comparison
0.24
Max Amp Reference Spectrum
.43 TIMBSTRPRO-MIA 0.21 A AA AA 21-JUN-95 16:11
21-JUN-95 16:12
Plot OVRALL= .1780 V-DG
PK Velocity in In/Sec

0.18
Scale PK = .1771
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV

PK Velocity in In/Sec
Single Spectrum - 2xTS
0.5 21-JUN-95 16:11 0.15 LOAD = 100.0
RPM = 1768.
RPS = 29.47
TIMBSTRPRO-MIH 0.12
0
21-JUN-95 16:11
A=MOTOR HARMONIC
0.09
: 1.00
TIMBSTRPRO-MOV
21-JUN-95 16:11 0.06

TIMBSTRPRO-MOH 0.03
21-JUN-95 16:11
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Ordr: 1.004
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
Frequency in Order Freq: 1774.9
Frequency in Order Spec: .01562

12-35 12-36
Motor to Pump Pump Bearing
Misalignment Example Looseness Example
The waveform is repetitive for each revolution with two distinct • The diagram above shows a centerhung pump with bearing
peaks for each period. #1 - TIMBERLINE BOOSTER (PROSPECT
TIMBSTRPRO-MIV MOTOR INBOARD VERTICAL
housing dimensions worn oversize .
0.8
Waveform Display
21-JUN-95 16:11
• The worn housings makes the pump very loose .
0.6
1
• Typical of many looseness problems, this has grown worse over
Time Waveform - Twice per Revolution

2
0.4 RMS = .1784
LOAD = 100.0
time. A small dimension problem has gradually made itself worse.
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1768.

Speed 1775 RPM

0.2
RPS = 29.47

-0.0
PK(+) = .5682 H.p. 150
PK(-) = .5457
-0.2
CRESTF= 3.19

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-37 12-38
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
Many harmonics of running speed are visible on all measurement 341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
0.14
positions. Baseline or floor energy is also very visible. Route Spectrum
18-APR-96 08:47
Single Spectral - 9-15xTS and Broadband

CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1 0.12

341-545-01 - PTS=PIV PIH POV POH POA
OVRALL= .3663 V-DG
0.10 PK = .3675
Max Amp
PK Velocity in In/Sec

.14 341-545-01-POA LOAD = 100.0

Multi-spectral - Broadband

18-APR-96 08:47
0.08 RPM = 1775.
Plot
RPS = 29.58
PK Velocity in In/Sec

Scale
341-545-01-POH
0.14 18-APR-96 08:47 0.06

341-545-01-POV
0
18-APR-96 08:46
0.04

341-545-01-PIH
0.02
18-APR-96 08:46

341-545-01-PIV 0
18-APR-96 08:46 Freq: 29.58
0 400 800 1200 1600
0 400 800 1200 1600 Ordr: 1.000
Frequency in Hz Spec: .03901
Frequency in Hz

11
 12-38 12-39
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
• A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the • There is no similarity in its pattern from
harmonics of running speed. revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
• The peaks are broad and have wide skirts. patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
• Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
overall energy is .3663 in/sec. and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
• This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy the one on the next page.
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range. • This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
• This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform indicate more random energy. Higher humps
must have random, non-periodic energy present. indicate more impacting in the waveform.

12-39 12-40
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Rolling Element Bearing Example
• Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
10

8
Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
6
installed drive.
Time Waveform - Random Energy

RMS = 2.12

4
LOAD = 100.0 • The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
Acceleration in G-s

colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
2

PK(+) = 7.68
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
0
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor Right Angle Gearbox
-4
6330 Bearings

-6

-8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-41 12-42

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

• All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the • The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
dominant peaks. are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
• There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to defect harmonics.
higher frequency range. These “mounds of energy” can indicate bearing • The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
defects. BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy

0.30
Max Amp Analyze Spectrum
.19 C CC CC C C CC C 05-JAN-96 08:56
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing

0.24
Plot PK = .3611
Scale LOAD = 100.0
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
PK Velocity in In/Sec
PK Velocity in In/Sec

RPM = 1298.
0.20 05-JAN-96 08:56
0.18 RPS = 21.64

>SKF 6330
0.12 C=BPFO : 77.64
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
0
05-JAN-96 08:57

0.06

BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46 0
Freq: 77.50
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Ordr: 3.582
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12
 12-38 12-39
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
• A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the • There is no similarity in its pattern from
harmonics of running speed. revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
• The peaks are broad and have wide skirts. patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
• Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
overall energy is .3663 in/sec. and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
• This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy the one on the next page.
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range. • This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
• This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform indicate more random energy. Higher humps
must have random, non-periodic energy present. indicate more impacting in the waveform.

12-39 12-40
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Rolling Element Bearing Example
• Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
10

8
Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
6
installed drive.
Time Waveform - Random Energy

RMS = 2.12

4
LOAD = 100.0 • The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
Acceleration in G-s

colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
2

PK(+) = 7.68
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
0
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor Right Angle Gearbox
-4
6330 Bearings

-6

-8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-41 12-42

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

• All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the • The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
dominant peaks. are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
• There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to defect harmonics.
higher frequency range. These “mounds of energy” can indicate bearing • The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
defects. BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy

0.30
Max Amp Analyze Spectrum
.19 C CC CC C C CC C 05-JAN-96 08:56
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing

0.24
Plot PK = .3611
Scale LOAD = 100.0
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
PK Velocity in In/Sec
PK Velocity in In/Sec

RPM = 1298.
0.20 05-JAN-96 08:56
0.18 RPS = 21.64

>SKF 6330
0.12 C=BPFO : 77.64
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
0
05-JAN-96 08:57

0.06

BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46 0
Freq: 77.50
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Ordr: 3.582
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12
 12-38 12-39
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
• A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the • There is no similarity in its pattern from
harmonics of running speed. revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
• The peaks are broad and have wide skirts. patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
• Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
overall energy is .3663 in/sec. and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
• This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy the one on the next page.
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range. • This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
• This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform indicate more random energy. Higher humps
must have random, non-periodic energy present. indicate more impacting in the waveform.

12-39 12-40
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Rolling Element Bearing Example
• Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
10

8
Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
6
installed drive.
Time Waveform - Random Energy

RMS = 2.12

4
LOAD = 100.0 • The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
Acceleration in G-s

colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
2

PK(+) = 7.68
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
0
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor Right Angle Gearbox
-4
6330 Bearings

-6

-8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-41 12-42

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

• All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the • The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
dominant peaks. are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
• There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to defect harmonics.
higher frequency range. These “mounds of energy” can indicate bearing • The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
defects. BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy

0.30
Max Amp Analyze Spectrum
.19 C CC CC C C CC C 05-JAN-96 08:56
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing

0.24
Plot PK = .3611
Scale LOAD = 100.0
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
PK Velocity in In/Sec
PK Velocity in In/Sec

RPM = 1298.
0.20 05-JAN-96 08:56
0.18 RPS = 21.64

>SKF 6330
0.12 C=BPFO : 77.64
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
0
05-JAN-96 08:57

0.06

BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46 0
Freq: 77.50
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Ordr: 3.582
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12
 12-38 12-39
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
• A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the • There is no similarity in its pattern from
harmonics of running speed. revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
• The peaks are broad and have wide skirts. patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
• Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
overall energy is .3663 in/sec. and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
• This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy the one on the next page.
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range. • This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
• This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform indicate more random energy. Higher humps
must have random, non-periodic energy present. indicate more impacting in the waveform.

12-39 12-40
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Rolling Element Bearing Example
• Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
10

8
Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
6
installed drive.
Time Waveform - Random Energy

RMS = 2.12

4
LOAD = 100.0 • The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
Acceleration in G-s

colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
2

PK(+) = 7.68
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
0
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor Right Angle Gearbox
-4
6330 Bearings

-6

-8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-41 12-42

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

• All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the • The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
dominant peaks. are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
• There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to defect harmonics.
higher frequency range. These “mounds of energy” can indicate bearing • The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
defects. BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy

0.30
Max Amp Analyze Spectrum
.19 C CC CC C C CC C 05-JAN-96 08:56
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing

0.24
Plot PK = .3611
Scale LOAD = 100.0
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
PK Velocity in In/Sec
PK Velocity in In/Sec

RPM = 1298.
0.20 05-JAN-96 08:56
0.18 RPS = 21.64

>SKF 6330
0.12 C=BPFO : 77.64
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
0
05-JAN-96 08:57

0.06

BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46 0
Freq: 77.50
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Ordr: 3.582
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12
 12-38 12-39
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
• A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the • There is no similarity in its pattern from
harmonics of running speed. revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
• The peaks are broad and have wide skirts. patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
• Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
overall energy is .3663 in/sec. and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
• This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy the one on the next page.
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range. • This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
• This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform indicate more random energy. Higher humps
must have random, non-periodic energy present. indicate more impacting in the waveform.

12-39 12-40
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Rolling Element Bearing Example
• Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
10

8
Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
6
installed drive.
Time Waveform - Random Energy

RMS = 2.12

4
LOAD = 100.0 • The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
Acceleration in G-s

colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
2

PK(+) = 7.68
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
0
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor Right Angle Gearbox
-4
6330 Bearings

-6

-8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-41 12-42

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

• All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the • The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
dominant peaks. are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
• There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to defect harmonics.
higher frequency range. These “mounds of energy” can indicate bearing • The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
defects. BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy

0.30
Max Amp Analyze Spectrum
.19 C CC CC C C CC C 05-JAN-96 08:56
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing

0.24
Plot PK = .3611
Scale LOAD = 100.0
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
PK Velocity in In/Sec
PK Velocity in In/Sec

RPM = 1298.
0.20 05-JAN-96 08:56
0.18 RPS = 21.64

>SKF 6330
0.12 C=BPFO : 77.64
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
0
05-JAN-96 08:57

0.06

BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46 0
Freq: 77.50
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Ordr: 3.582
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12
 12-38 12-39
Pump Bearing Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Looseness Example
• A cursor is positioned at 1x running speed and on the • There is no similarity in its pattern from
harmonics of running speed. revolution to revolution. Non-periodic, random
• The peaks are broad and have wide skirts. patterns do not convert well in the FFT process.
• Notice, no individual peak exceeds .1 in/sec, but the It is very difficult to assign specific frequencies
overall energy is .3663 in/sec. and amplitudes to patterns in waveforms like
• This is common with looseness. Broad humps of energy the one on the next page.
show up in the 9X to 15x running speed range. • This difficulty leads to the broadband energy
• This indicates that the time waveform cannot be cleanly humps in the spectrum. Broader humps
transformed into a spectrum. Therefore, the waveform indicate more random energy. Higher humps
must have random, non-periodic energy present. indicate more impacting in the waveform.

12-39 12-40
Pump Bearing
Looseness Example Rolling Element Bearing Example
• Maintenance personnel reported vibration from the back end
CWTR - COOLING WATER PUMP 1
341-545-01-POA PUMP OUTBOARD AXIAL
10

8
Waveform Display
18-APR-96 08:47
of the motor after only 200 hours operating time on a newly
6
installed drive.
Time Waveform - Random Energy

RMS = 2.12

4
LOAD = 100.0 • The analyst investigated and found visible flakes of a bronze
Acceleration in G-s

colored material near the back end of the motor. The motor
RPM = 1775.
RPS = 29.58
2

PK(+) = 7.68
manufacturer was contacted to determine if the 6330 bearings
0
PK(-) = 6.42
CRESTF= 3.63
had a bronze retainer and the reply given was no.
-2
Ski Lift Motor
850 HP DC Motor Right Angle Gearbox
-4
6330 Bearings

-6

-8

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time in mSecs

12-41 12-42

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

• All the levels appear very low in amplitude, but notice the location of the • The fault frequencies for the 6330 bearing ball pass frequency outer race
dominant peaks. are marked. Notice the number of peaks surrounding the higher frequency
• There appears to be groups of many peaks closely spaced in the mid to defect harmonics.
higher frequency range. These “mounds of energy” can indicate bearing • The large number of harmonics and sidebands will be created from a
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
complex waveform.
NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
defects. BACKSIDEQD - PTS=MOV MOA MOH BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL
Multi-spectral - Non-Synchronous Energy

0.30
Max Amp Analyze Spectrum
.19 C CC CC C C CC C 05-JAN-96 08:56
Single Spectrum - Bad Bearing

0.24
Plot PK = .3611
Scale LOAD = 100.0
BACKSIDEQD-MOH
PK Velocity in In/Sec
PK Velocity in In/Sec

RPM = 1298.
0.20 05-JAN-96 08:56
0.18 RPS = 21.64

>SKF 6330
0.12 C=BPFO : 77.64
BACKSIDEQD-MOA
0
05-JAN-96 08:57

0.06

BACKSIDEQD-MOV
05-JAN-96 08:46 0
Freq: 77.50
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Ordr: 3.582
Frequency in Hz Frequency in Hz Spec: .03297
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12
 12-43 12-43

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.
8
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
6

RMS = 1.75 The waveform shape is random and complex. This

Time Waveform - Bad Bearing

4
shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1298.

so the spectrum on the previous page with broad

2 RPS = 21.64

0
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13 humps of energy is created.
CRESTF= 3.32
-2
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was
-4 deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
-6
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
0 40 80 120 160 200 bearing was replaced.
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12-44 12-44

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.

12-45 12-45

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

Now let us look at the Waveform in “Time”. The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.

13
 12-43 12-43

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.
8
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
6

RMS = 1.75 The waveform shape is random and complex. This

Time Waveform - Bad Bearing

4
shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1298.

so the spectrum on the previous page with broad

2 RPS = 21.64

0
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13 humps of energy is created.
CRESTF= 3.32
-2
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was
-4 deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
-6
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
0 40 80 120 160 200 bearing was replaced.
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12-44 12-44

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.

12-45 12-45

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

Now let us look at the Waveform in “Time”. The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.

13
 12-43 12-43

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.
8
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
6

RMS = 1.75 The waveform shape is random and complex. This

Time Waveform - Bad Bearing

4
shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1298.

so the spectrum on the previous page with broad

2 RPS = 21.64

0
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13 humps of energy is created.
CRESTF= 3.32
-2
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was
-4 deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
-6
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
0 40 80 120 160 200 bearing was replaced.
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12-44 12-44

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.

12-45 12-45

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

Now let us look at the Waveform in “Time”. The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.

13
 12-43 12-43

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.
8
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
6

RMS = 1.75 The waveform shape is random and complex. This

Time Waveform - Bad Bearing

4
shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1298.

so the spectrum on the previous page with broad

2 RPS = 21.64

0
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13 humps of energy is created.
CRESTF= 3.32
-2
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was
-4 deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
-6
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
0 40 80 120 160 200 bearing was replaced.
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12-44 12-44

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.

12-45 12-45

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

Now let us look at the Waveform in “Time”. The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.

13
 12-43 12-43

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.
8
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
6

RMS = 1.75 The waveform shape is random and complex. This

Time Waveform - Bad Bearing

4
shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1298.

so the spectrum on the previous page with broad

2 RPS = 21.64

0
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13 humps of energy is created.
CRESTF= 3.32
-2
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was
-4 deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
-6
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
0 40 80 120 160 200 bearing was replaced.
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12-44 12-44

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.

12-45 12-45

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

Now let us look at the Waveform in “Time”. The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.

13
 12-43 12-43

Rolling Element Bearing Example Rolling Element Bearing Example

NSTR - BACKSIDE QUAD
BACKSIDEQD-MOH MOTOR OUTBOARD HORIZONTAL The number and height of the spikes in the time
waveform confirm the presence of severe impacting.
8
Waveform Display
05-JAN-96 08:56
6

RMS = 1.75 The waveform shape is random and complex. This

Time Waveform - Bad Bearing

4
shape cannot be transformed into a clean spectrum,
LOAD = 100.0
Acceleration in G-s

RPM = 1298.

so the spectrum on the previous page with broad

2 RPS = 21.64

0
PK(+) = 5.81
PK(-) = 5.13 humps of energy is created.
CRESTF= 3.32
-2
The bearing cage turned out to be bronze! It was
-4 deteriorating and did not have much life left. The outer
-6
race had major spalls from impacting balls. The
0 40 80 120 160 200 bearing was replaced.
Time in mSecs
Label: OUTER RACE FREQUENCIES W/CAGE SB

12-44 12-44

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

The cursor on the previous slide is marking 1xTS
(1 Order) at 59.34 Hz in the Spectrum.
How does that frequency relate in the Waveform.
The discussions on waveform analysis are not
intended for the analyst to discard the Spectral
analysis.
The Spectrum is Amplitude vs. Frequency. The
Time Waveform is Amplitude vs. Time.

12-45 12-45

This is an example of Unbalance. This is an example of Unbalance.

Now let us look at the Waveform in “Time”. The cursors are marking the harmonics of
the turning speed frequency, harmonic
cursors was selected. The frequency at
59.34 Hz 0r 59.35 Hz. = (1 Order).
The time is 16.85 msec. 16.85 msec
divided by 1000 = .01685 sec, this is the Time
to complete 1 revolution.
Frequency = 1 divided by the Time
1 divided by .01685 = 59.347 Hz = turning
speed of the rotor.

13
 12-46 12-47

This is an example of Unbalance. Misalignment Example

• Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft. • Now look at a Misalignment example.
• Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order). • The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
• Viewing the Waveform in “Revolutions” can often make peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
analyzing a little simpler. or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.

12-48 12-49

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

• Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern. • From this display the same frequency was marked and the
• Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency? “Set Mark” enabled, and the “Difference” cursors was
• From this display you still do not really know! You only know selected.
that these marked peaks are harmonic.

12-49 12-50

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

Look at the time, it is 13.05 msec. • Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft.
• Mark the same frequency, “Set Mark” select “Difference”
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec cursors.
1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm
When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.

14
 12-46 12-47

This is an example of Unbalance. Misalignment Example

• Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft. • Now look at a Misalignment example.
• Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order). • The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
• Viewing the Waveform in “Revolutions” can often make peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
analyzing a little simpler. or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.

12-48 12-49

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

• Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern. • From this display the same frequency was marked and the
• Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency? “Set Mark” enabled, and the “Difference” cursors was
• From this display you still do not really know! You only know selected.
that these marked peaks are harmonic.

12-49 12-50

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

Look at the time, it is 13.05 msec. • Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft.
• Mark the same frequency, “Set Mark” select “Difference”
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec cursors.
1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm
When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.

14
 12-46 12-47

This is an example of Unbalance. Misalignment Example

• Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft. • Now look at a Misalignment example.
• Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order). • The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
• Viewing the Waveform in “Revolutions” can often make peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
analyzing a little simpler. or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.

12-48 12-49

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

• Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern. • From this display the same frequency was marked and the
• Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency? “Set Mark” enabled, and the “Difference” cursors was
• From this display you still do not really know! You only know selected.
that these marked peaks are harmonic.

12-49 12-50

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

Look at the time, it is 13.05 msec. • Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft.
• Mark the same frequency, “Set Mark” select “Difference”
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec cursors.
1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm
When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.

14
 12-46 12-47

This is an example of Unbalance. Misalignment Example

• Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft. • Now look at a Misalignment example.
• Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order). • The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
• Viewing the Waveform in “Revolutions” can often make peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
analyzing a little simpler. or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.

12-48 12-49

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

• Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern. • From this display the same frequency was marked and the
• Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency? “Set Mark” enabled, and the “Difference” cursors was
• From this display you still do not really know! You only know selected.
that these marked peaks are harmonic.

12-49 12-50

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

Look at the time, it is 13.05 msec. • Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft.
• Mark the same frequency, “Set Mark” select “Difference”
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec cursors.
1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm
When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.

14
 12-46 12-47

This is an example of Unbalance. Misalignment Example

• Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft. • Now look at a Misalignment example.
• Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order). • The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
• Viewing the Waveform in “Revolutions” can often make peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
analyzing a little simpler. or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.

12-48 12-49

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

• Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern. • From this display the same frequency was marked and the
• Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency? “Set Mark” enabled, and the “Difference” cursors was
• From this display you still do not really know! You only know selected.
that these marked peaks are harmonic.

12-49 12-50

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

Look at the time, it is 13.05 msec. • Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft.
• Mark the same frequency, “Set Mark” select “Difference”
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec cursors.
1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm
When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.

14
 12-46 12-47

This is an example of Unbalance. Misalignment Example

• Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft. • Now look at a Misalignment example.
• Notice the time is now 1.000 that is (1 Order). • The cursors are marking harmonics of turning speed. The
• Viewing the Waveform in “Revolutions” can often make peak at 2x turning speed is the highest amplitude. We have 3
analyzing a little simpler. or 4 peaks per revolution of the shaft in the Time Waveform.

12-48 12-49

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

• Take a closer look at the misalignment waveform pattern. • From this display the same frequency was marked and the
• Harmonic cursors are marking the harmonics of what frequency? “Set Mark” enabled, and the “Difference” cursors was
• From this display you still do not really know! You only know selected.
that these marked peaks are harmonic.

12-49 12-50

Misalignment Example Misalignment Example

Look at the time, it is 13.05 msec. • Change the display to “Revolutions” of the shaft.
• Mark the same frequency, “Set Mark” select “Difference”
13.05 msec divided by 1000 = .01305 sec cursors.
1 divided by .01305 sec = 76.63 Hz
76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm
When we look at the freq: 76.65 in the display at
lower right hand corner we can see the frequency
has already been calculated for us. The
harmonics displayed are harmonics of 76.63 Hz.
This the frequency of 1xTS.

14
 12-51
Misalignment Example
• We can control the cursor and look at the “ time”.
• The “ time” is in Orders .999 orders.
• We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
12-52
Misalignment Example
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in
one revolution.
– Look at the “ time” between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
– 1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz
– 153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
– The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is
occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-52
Misalignment Example
• 1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.
• We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
• How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
• We will mark the 1st event, select “Set Mark”, select
“Difference” cursors
12-53
Bearing Problem
On the following slide the cursor is marking
1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
Also displayed on the following slide is the
Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
12-54
Bearing Problem
• How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
• This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
• We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on
the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
 12-51
Misalignment Example
• We can control the cursor and look at the “ time”.
• The “ time” is in Orders .999 orders.
• We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
12-52
Misalignment Example
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in
one revolution.
– Look at the “ time” between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
– 1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz
– 153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
– The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is
occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-52
Misalignment Example
• 1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.
• We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
• How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
• We will mark the 1st event, select “Set Mark”, select
“Difference” cursors
12-53
Bearing Problem
On the following slide the cursor is marking
1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
Also displayed on the following slide is the
Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
12-54
Bearing Problem
• How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
• This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
• We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on
the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
 12-51
Misalignment Example
• We can control the cursor and look at the “ time”.
• The “ time” is in Orders .999 orders.
• We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
12-52
Misalignment Example
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in
one revolution.
– Look at the “ time” between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
– 1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz
– 153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
– The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is
occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-52
Misalignment Example
• 1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.
• We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
• How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
• We will mark the 1st event, select “Set Mark”, select
“Difference” cursors
12-53
Bearing Problem
On the following slide the cursor is marking
1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
Also displayed on the following slide is the
Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
12-54
Bearing Problem
• How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
• This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
• We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on
the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
 12-51
Misalignment Example
• We can control the cursor and look at the “ time”.
• The “ time” is in Orders .999 orders.
• We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
12-52
Misalignment Example
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in
one revolution.
– Look at the “ time” between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
– 1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz
– 153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
– The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is
occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-52
Misalignment Example
• 1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.
• We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
• How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
• We will mark the 1st event, select “Set Mark”, select
“Difference” cursors
12-53
Bearing Problem
On the following slide the cursor is marking
1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
Also displayed on the following slide is the
Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
12-54
Bearing Problem
• How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
• This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
• We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on
the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
 12-51
Misalignment Example
• We can control the cursor and look at the “ time”.
• The “ time” is in Orders .999 orders.
• We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
12-52
Misalignment Example
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in
one revolution.
– Look at the “ time” between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
– 1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz
– 153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
– The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is
occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-52
Misalignment Example
• 1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.
• We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
• How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
• We will mark the 1st event, select “Set Mark”, select
“Difference” cursors
12-53
Bearing Problem
On the following slide the cursor is marking
1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
Also displayed on the following slide is the
Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
12-54
Bearing Problem
• How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
• This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
• We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on
the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
 12-51
Misalignment Example
• We can control the cursor and look at the “ time”.
• The “ time” is in Orders .999 orders.
• We must remember it is very difficult marking exact
frequencies in the Time Waveform.
12-52
Misalignment Example
Move cursor to the peak representing the 2nd event in
one revolution.
– Look at the “ time” between these two frequencies. It is
6.523 msec. 6.523 divided by 1000 = .006523 sec.
– 1 divided by .006523 sec = 153.3 Hz
– 153.3 Hz x 60 = 9,196 rpm
– The 1x TS was 4,598 rpm, 4,598 x 2 = 9,196 rpm
Now, it is easy now to see that this frequency is
occurring at 2 x TS of the rotor. It is repeated every
revolution of the shaft.
12-53
Bearing Problem
12-52
Misalignment Example
• 1x turnining speed is at 76.63 Hz. 76.63 Hz x 60 = 4598 rpm.
• We can see two events occurring in 1 revolution of the shaft.
• How often is the second event occurring in the Time Waveform
• We will mark the 1st event, select “Set Mark”, select
“Difference” cursors
12-53
Bearing Problem
On the following slide the cursor is marking
1xTS, we have peaks at the bearing defect
frequencies.
Also displayed on the following slide is the
Spectrum with Fault Frequencies for the BPFI .
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI is 5.91 orders. There are about 10
harmonics of 5.91 orders in the spectral data.
12-54
Bearing Problem
• How do the bearing frequencies relate in the Time Waveform?
• This display shows the Fault Frequencies for the BPFI displayed.
• We must realize that the dotted lines do not automatically fall on
the defect frequency we may want to mark. Just any frequency
was selected. Notice where the fault lines are now.
15
 12-55
Bearing Problem
• In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different
frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFO’s,
BSF’s also. We will focus on the BPFI’s.
12-55
Bearing Problem
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect
frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
“Spacing”.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race
defect. Let’s display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from
a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
 12-55
Bearing Problem
• In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different
frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFO’s,
BSF’s also. We will focus on the BPFI’s.
12-55
Bearing Problem
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect
frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
“Spacing”.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race
defect. Let’s display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from
a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
 12-55
Bearing Problem
• In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different
frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFO’s,
BSF’s also. We will focus on the BPFI’s.
12-55
Bearing Problem
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect
frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
“Spacing”.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race
defect. Let’s display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from
a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
 12-55
Bearing Problem
• In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different
frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFO’s,
BSF’s also. We will focus on the BPFI’s.
12-55
Bearing Problem
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect
frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
“Spacing”.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race
defect. Let’s display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from
a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
 12-55
Bearing Problem
• In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different
frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFO’s,
BSF’s also. We will focus on the BPFI’s.
12-55
Bearing Problem
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect
frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
“Spacing”.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race
defect. Let’s display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from
a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
 12-55
Bearing Problem
• In the plot displayed below the cursor was placed on a different
frequency before the fault lines where brought up. We can see
that the fault lines will fall where we place the cursor.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• When initially viewing the Waveform we look for events that are
repeated, we also look for events that are equally spaced. In this
plot there are several events that are repeated and equally
spaced.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• All we are trying to do with this display at this point is to look for
impacts that may represent the BPFI. There could be BPFO’s,
BSF’s also. We will focus on the BPFI’s.
12-55
Bearing Problem
Our main concern is knowing the spacing of the defect
frequencies. This is what is displayed when we bring
up the fault frequencies in the Time Waveform, the
“Spacing”.
Let us examine the Waveform further:
The Primary calculated defect frequency for the
BPFI = 134.4 HZ, so the repetition rate of the
impacts would calculate to 134.4 Hz.
We still have to find the impacts that are occurring at
that spacing. This will take some time for the analyst
to develop this ability to spot the equal spacing.
12-56
Bearing Problem
• We know from the Spectral display that we have an inner race
defect. Let’s display the fault frequency for the BPFI, first without
a cursor marking any event.
12-57
Bearing Problem
• After placing the cursor on a peak we suspect is an impact from
a BPFI, then displaying the fault frequency for the BPFI, we can
see we have several peaks that match up.
16
 12-58 12-58

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
• Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault
line. Select the “Set Mark” option. Select “Difference”
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.

12-59 12-59

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.

12-60 12-60

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.

17
 12-58 12-58

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
• Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault
line. Select the “Set Mark” option. Select “Difference”
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.

12-59 12-59

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.

12-60 12-60

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.

17
 12-58 12-58

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
• Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault
line. Select the “Set Mark” option. Select “Difference”
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.

12-59 12-59

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.

12-60 12-60

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.

17
 12-58 12-58

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
• Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault
line. Select the “Set Mark” option. Select “Difference”
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.

12-59 12-59

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.

12-60 12-60

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.

17
 12-58 12-58

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
• Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault
line. Select the “Set Mark” option. Select “Difference”
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.

12-59 12-59

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.

12-60 12-60

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.

17
 12-58 12-58

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• We can view an expanded plot to see this a little clearer.
• Place the cursor on an impact that matches up with a fault
line. Select the “Set Mark” option. Select “Difference”
cursor. Move the cursor to the next fault line, now look at the
Freq: at lower right hand corner. This should be very close to
the Primary Calculated Freq. for the BPFI.
In this example it is very close.

12-59 12-59

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• Alarms can also be utilized in Waveform analysis.Select Set-Up

from Tool Bar and you can set the Alarms and display them in the
Waveform.

12-60 12-60

Bearing Problem Bearing Problem

• The value for the Crest-Factor has been set to Peak 1.5 for the
display seen below.

17
 12-61

Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS • Waveform data may be used for much more than what
SHAPE MECHANISM
is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
harmonic mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction

truncated 1x excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
truncated harmonics gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior modulation, helps the analysis process.
subharmonics rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness

orders misalignment, looseness, generator faults

• Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
order excited natural heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
frequencies
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
multiple harmonics generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x

beats grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
signal.
pulses bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) – some functional; some fault based

modulated frequencies motor faults, gears, bearings – a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
• Overall waveform is much more understandable and
modulated pulses bearings, gears, rolls – natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
truncated beats truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings – nonlinear behavior
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
synchronous vs nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
nonsynchronous
random vibration and noise pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
time waveform.

DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

— TRENDS — DETAILS

What is this spectrum Lines?

What is this spectrum Lines?

PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — TREND

Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.) DISPLAY PURPOSE

T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS 4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display

18
 12-61

Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS • Waveform data may be used for much more than what
SHAPE MECHANISM
is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
harmonic mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction

truncated 1x excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
truncated harmonics gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior modulation, helps the analysis process.
subharmonics rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness

orders misalignment, looseness, generator faults

• Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
order excited natural heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
frequencies
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
multiple harmonics generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x

beats grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
signal.
pulses bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) – some functional; some fault based

modulated frequencies motor faults, gears, bearings – a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
• Overall waveform is much more understandable and
modulated pulses bearings, gears, rolls – natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
truncated beats truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings – nonlinear behavior
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
synchronous vs nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
nonsynchronous
random vibration and noise pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
time waveform.

DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

— TRENDS — DETAILS

What is this spectrum Lines?

What is this spectrum Lines?

PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — TREND

Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.) DISPLAY PURPOSE

T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS 4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display

18
 12-61

Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS • Waveform data may be used for much more than what
SHAPE MECHANISM
is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
harmonic mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction

truncated 1x excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
truncated harmonics gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior modulation, helps the analysis process.
subharmonics rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness

orders misalignment, looseness, generator faults

• Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
order excited natural heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
frequencies
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
multiple harmonics generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x

beats grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
signal.
pulses bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) – some functional; some fault based

modulated frequencies motor faults, gears, bearings – a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
• Overall waveform is much more understandable and
modulated pulses bearings, gears, rolls – natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
truncated beats truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings – nonlinear behavior
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
synchronous vs nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
nonsynchronous
random vibration and noise pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
time waveform.

DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

— TRENDS — DETAILS

What is this spectrum Lines?

What is this spectrum Lines?

PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — TREND

Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.) DISPLAY PURPOSE

T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS 4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display

18
 12-61

Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS • Waveform data may be used for much more than what
SHAPE MECHANISM
is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
harmonic mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction

truncated 1x excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
truncated harmonics gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior modulation, helps the analysis process.
subharmonics rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness

orders misalignment, looseness, generator faults

• Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
order excited natural heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
frequencies
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
multiple harmonics generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x

beats grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
signal.
pulses bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) – some functional; some fault based

modulated frequencies motor faults, gears, bearings – a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
• Overall waveform is much more understandable and
modulated pulses bearings, gears, rolls – natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
truncated beats truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings – nonlinear behavior
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
synchronous vs nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
nonsynchronous
random vibration and noise pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
time waveform.

DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

— TRENDS — DETAILS

What is this spectrum Lines?

What is this spectrum Lines?

PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — TREND

Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.) DISPLAY PURPOSE

T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS 4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display

18
 12-61

Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS • Waveform data may be used for much more than what
SHAPE MECHANISM
is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
harmonic mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction

truncated 1x excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
truncated harmonics gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior modulation, helps the analysis process.
subharmonics rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness

orders misalignment, looseness, generator faults

• Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
order excited natural heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
frequencies
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
multiple harmonics generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x

beats grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
signal.
pulses bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) – some functional; some fault based

modulated frequencies motor faults, gears, bearings – a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
• Overall waveform is much more understandable and
modulated pulses bearings, gears, rolls – natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
truncated beats truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings – nonlinear behavior
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
synchronous vs nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
nonsynchronous
random vibration and noise pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
time waveform.

DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

— TRENDS — DETAILS

What is this spectrum Lines?

What is this spectrum Lines?

PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — TREND

Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.) DISPLAY PURPOSE

T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS 4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display

18
 12-61

Part 1 - Summary
TABLE 4.5. TIME WAVEFORM SHAPE ANALYSIS • Waveform data may be used for much more than what
SHAPE MECHANISM
is typically seen in industry. The ability to check for
harmonic mass unbalance, resonance, eccentricity, misalignment, bow, blade/diffuser interaction

truncated 1x excessive mass unbalance, thermal growth, bearing clearance problems, pedestal nonlinearity, rubs
specific characteristics such as periodicity and
truncated harmonics gear mesh, blade pass, natural frequencies, nonlinear behavior modulation, helps the analysis process.
subharmonics rubs, oil whirl, resonance, trapped fluid hysteresis, looseness

orders misalignment, looseness, generator faults

• Energy balance (asymmetry) may be checked for
order excited natural heavy 1x behavior can excite order located natural frequencies
frequencies
direction of signal and for the predominant traits of the
multiple harmonics generators (slot passing), gears, vane pass, bearings, naturally generated harmonics superimposed on 1x

beats grinders, motor driven fans, pumps where two forcing frequencies are close
signal.
pulses bearings, recips, flat spots, gear teeth (broken) – some functional; some fault based

modulated frequencies motor faults, gears, bearings – a forcing frequency is modulated by a fault frequency
• Overall waveform is much more understandable and
modulated pulses bearings, gears, rolls – natural frequencies or forcing frequency modulated by low frequency that is generated by the
fault useful than most would lead us to believe. However,
truncated beats truncation of signal by bearings, supports, foundations or couplings – nonlinear behavior
this section enhances your analysis abilities using the
synchronous vs nonsynchronous frequencies cause moving, non stationary waveform
nonsynchronous
random vibration and noise pumps, fans, steam flow, late life bearings
time waveform.

DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN DIGITIZED TIME DOMAIN

— TRENDS — DETAILS

What is this spectrum Lines?

What is this spectrum Lines?

PRESENTATION OF TIME
WAVEFORM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — TREND

Table 4.4. An Approach to the Presentation of a Standardized Time Waveform4.1

TIME (sec.) DISPLAY PURPOSE

T/100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - DETAILS OF
T/80 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/20
T/10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -TRENDS OF
T/3 HIGHER FREQUENCY
T/2
T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - BALANCING/PHASE
2T
3T
10 T- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - PHASE TRENDS
20T
80T
100T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - LONG TERM TIME TRENDS 4000 HP Induction Motor with 200T Display

18
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — SHORT
TERM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — BALANCING

4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display 4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display

TIME DISPLAY — SMALL MOTOR

400T SMALL MOTOR 100T

Small Motor with a 400T Display Small Motor with a 100T Display

GEARBOX 10T GEARBOX — 1T ON MESH

Gearbox with 10T Display Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects

19
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — SHORT
TERM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — BALANCING

4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display 4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display

TIME DISPLAY — SMALL MOTOR

400T SMALL MOTOR 100T

Small Motor with a 400T Display Small Motor with a 100T Display

GEARBOX 10T GEARBOX — 1T ON MESH

Gearbox with 10T Display Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects

19
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — SHORT
TERM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — BALANCING

4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display 4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display

TIME DISPLAY — SMALL MOTOR

400T SMALL MOTOR 100T

Small Motor with a 400T Display Small Motor with a 100T Display

GEARBOX 10T GEARBOX — 1T ON MESH

Gearbox with 10T Display Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects

19
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — SHORT
TERM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — BALANCING

4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display 4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display

TIME DISPLAY — SMALL MOTOR

400T SMALL MOTOR 100T

Small Motor with a 400T Display Small Motor with a 100T Display

GEARBOX 10T GEARBOX — 1T ON MESH

Gearbox with 10T Display Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects

19
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — SHORT
TERM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — BALANCING

4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display 4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display

TIME DISPLAY — SMALL MOTOR

400T SMALL MOTOR 100T

Small Motor with a 400T Display Small Motor with a 100T Display

GEARBOX 10T GEARBOX — 1T ON MESH

Gearbox with 10T Display Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects

19
TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — SHORT
TERM TIME DOMAIN WAVEFORM — BALANCING

4000 HP Electric Motor with 20T Display 4000 HP Electric Motor with T Display

TIME DISPLAY — SMALL MOTOR

400T SMALL MOTOR 100T

Small Motor with a 400T Display Small Motor with a 100T Display

GEARBOX 10T GEARBOX — 1T ON MESH

Gearbox with 10T Display Gearbox with T Display Shows Gearmeshing Effects

19
PRESENTATION SETUP STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
– to evaluate
• periodicity
– to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
– dual processing
– expansion

Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer

DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
– 10x operating speed

– fmax = 250 Hz

TIME WAVEFORM:
– Period = = 0.0421

– Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421 0.336 sec

– Use 0.4 sec then

= =
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform

TRUNCATED 1X
PHASE MEASUREMENT

Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude

20
PRESENTATION SETUP STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
– to evaluate
• periodicity
– to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
– dual processing
– expansion

Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer

DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
– 10x operating speed

– fmax = 250 Hz

TIME WAVEFORM:
– Period = = 0.0421

– Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421 0.336 sec

– Use 0.4 sec then

= =
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform

TRUNCATED 1X
PHASE MEASUREMENT

Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude

20
PRESENTATION SETUP STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
– to evaluate
• periodicity
– to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
– dual processing
– expansion

Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer

DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
– 10x operating speed

– fmax = 250 Hz

TIME WAVEFORM:
– Period = = 0.0421

– Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421 0.336 sec

– Use 0.4 sec then

= =
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform

TRUNCATED 1X
PHASE MEASUREMENT

Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude

20
PRESENTATION SETUP STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
– to evaluate
• periodicity
– to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
– dual processing
– expansion

Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer

DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
– 10x operating speed

– fmax = 250 Hz

TIME WAVEFORM:
– Period = = 0.0421

– Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421 0.336 sec

– Use 0.4 sec then

= =
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform

TRUNCATED 1X
PHASE MEASUREMENT

Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude

20
PRESENTATION SETUP STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
– to evaluate
• periodicity
– to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
– dual processing
– expansion

Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer

DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
– 10x operating speed

– fmax = 250 Hz

TIME WAVEFORM:
– Period = = 0.0421

– Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421 0.336 sec

– Use 0.4 sec then

= =
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform

TRUNCATED 1X
PHASE MEASUREMENT

Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude

20
PRESENTATION SETUP STANDARD SETUP
Visual process
Setup to accommodate visual analysis
– to evaluate
• periodicity
– to evaluate amplitude changes
Processing types
– dual processing
– expansion

Standard Time Waveform Display from an FFT Analyzer

DUAL PROCESSING
DUAL PROCESSING
Dual Processing means:the capability to produce each
Spectrum and Time waveform data independently
(spectrum Fmax not equal to waveform Fmax)
SPECTRUM:
– 10x operating speed

– fmax = 250 Hz

TIME WAVEFORM:
– Period = = 0.0421

– Display = 8 cycles x 0.0421 0.336 sec

– Use 0.4 sec then

= =
Dual Processing to Enhance the Time Waveform

TRUNCATED 1X
PHASE MEASUREMENT

Single Frequency Due to Mass Unbalance with

Use of Cursor to Measure Period and Amplitude Clipping Due to Excessive Amplitude

20
TRUNCATED HARMONIC SUBHARMONIC

Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship Loose Bearing Housing — ½ Orders and Multiples

ORDERS FAR REMOVED ORDER

Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120
Stiffness Hz)

BEATS PULSES

Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps Pulses from a Bearing Defect

21
TRUNCATED HARMONIC SUBHARMONIC

Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship Loose Bearing Housing — ½ Orders and Multiples

ORDERS FAR REMOVED ORDER

Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120
Stiffness Hz)

BEATS PULSES

Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps Pulses from a Bearing Defect

21
TRUNCATED HARMONIC SUBHARMONIC

Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship Loose Bearing Housing — ½ Orders and Multiples

ORDERS FAR REMOVED ORDER

Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120
Stiffness Hz)

BEATS PULSES

Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps Pulses from a Bearing Defect

21
TRUNCATED HARMONIC SUBHARMONIC

Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship Loose Bearing Housing — ½ Orders and Multiples

ORDERS FAR REMOVED ORDER

Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120
Stiffness Hz)

BEATS PULSES

Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps Pulses from a Bearing Defect

21
TRUNCATED HARMONIC SUBHARMONIC

Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship Loose Bearing Housing — ½ Orders and Multiples

ORDERS FAR REMOVED ORDER

Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120
Stiffness Hz)

BEATS PULSES

Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps Pulses from a Bearing Defect

21
TRUNCATED HARMONIC SUBHARMONIC

Clipped Vane Pass Signal from Hull of a Ship Loose Bearing Housing — ½ Orders and Multiples

ORDERS FAR REMOVED ORDER

Nonlinear Generator Pedestal Response to Differing Vertical Slot Passing Frequency, 36X, Generated by Air Gap Variation (120
Stiffness Hz)

BEATS PULSES

Beats Caused by Two Adjacent Cavitated Vacuum Pumps Pulses from a Bearing Defect

21
 PULSE INDUCED NATURAL
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCIES

Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation — Broken Rotor Bar

Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

TRUNCATED BEATS SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS

Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x

RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION — RMS CONCLUSIONS

AVERAGING
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity

Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation

22
 PULSE INDUCED NATURAL
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCIES

Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation — Broken Rotor Bar

Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

TRUNCATED BEATS SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS

Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x

RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION — RMS CONCLUSIONS

AVERAGING
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity

Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation

22
 PULSE INDUCED NATURAL
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCIES

Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation — Broken Rotor Bar

Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

TRUNCATED BEATS SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS

Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x

RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION — RMS CONCLUSIONS

AVERAGING
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity

Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation

22
 PULSE INDUCED NATURAL
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCIES

Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation — Broken Rotor Bar

Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

TRUNCATED BEATS SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS

Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x

RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION — RMS CONCLUSIONS

AVERAGING
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity

Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation

22
 PULSE INDUCED NATURAL
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCIES

Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation — Broken Rotor Bar

Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

TRUNCATED BEATS SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS

Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x

RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION — RMS CONCLUSIONS

AVERAGING
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity

Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation

22
 PULSE INDUCED NATURAL
AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCIES

Sidebands Caused by Amplitude Modulation — Broken Rotor Bar

Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

TRUNCATED BEATS SYNCHRONOUS ORDERS

Truncated Beat Waveform from a Motor Driven Fan Exciter to Generator Misalignment Causing 1x and 2x

RANDOM NOISE and VIBRATION — RMS CONCLUSIONS

AVERAGING
True physical behavior
Determine origin of frequencies
Determine severity

Excessive Flow Noise Caused by

Pump Operating Off the Curve-Recirculation

22
 NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCIES MODULATION

Boiler Feed Pump Drive — Nonsynchronous Second Order and Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
Multiples

NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

MODULATION EXCITATION

Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal

IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL LIGHT IMPACT

FREQUENCIES INDUCED ORDERS

Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or
Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox

23
 NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCIES MODULATION

Boiler Feed Pump Drive — Nonsynchronous Second Order and Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
Multiples

NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

MODULATION EXCITATION

Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal

IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL LIGHT IMPACT

FREQUENCIES INDUCED ORDERS

Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or
Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox

23
 NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCIES MODULATION

Boiler Feed Pump Drive — Nonsynchronous Second Order and Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
Multiples

NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

MODULATION EXCITATION

Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal

IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL LIGHT IMPACT

FREQUENCIES INDUCED ORDERS

Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or
Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox

23
 NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCIES MODULATION

Boiler Feed Pump Drive — Nonsynchronous Second Order and Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
Multiples

NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

MODULATION EXCITATION

Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal

IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL LIGHT IMPACT

FREQUENCIES INDUCED ORDERS

Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or
Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox

23
 NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCIES MODULATION

Boiler Feed Pump Drive — Nonsynchronous Second Order and Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
Multiples

NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

MODULATION EXCITATION

Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal

IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL LIGHT IMPACT

FREQUENCIES INDUCED ORDERS

Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or
Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox

23
 NONSYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLE SINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCIES MODULATION

Boiler Feed Pump Drive — Nonsynchronous Second Order and Amplitude Modulation by a Single Frequency
Multiples

NONSINUSOIDAL AMPLITUDE MACHINE RESPONSE TO IMPACT

MODULATION EXCITATION

Response of a Machine to Impulse Excitation

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal

IMPACT INDUCED NATURAL LIGHT IMPACT

FREQUENCIES INDUCED ORDERS

Broken Gear Tooth Yielding Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies and Gradual Entering Pulse Caused by Misalignment, Eccentricity, or
Abrupt Pulse Loading in Time Domain Tooth Profile Wear in a Gearbox

23
FREQUENCY MODULATION DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation

Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies — Pressure
Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port

MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation

Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism

SUM and DIFFERENCE

TRUNCATED BEATS FREQUENCY TABLE

Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency

24
FREQUENCY MODULATION DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation

Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies — Pressure
Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port

MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation

Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism

SUM and DIFFERENCE

TRUNCATED BEATS FREQUENCY TABLE

Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency

24
FREQUENCY MODULATION DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation

Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies — Pressure
Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port

MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation

Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism

SUM and DIFFERENCE

TRUNCATED BEATS FREQUENCY TABLE

Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency

24
FREQUENCY MODULATION DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation

Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies — Pressure
Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port

MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation

Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism

SUM and DIFFERENCE

TRUNCATED BEATS FREQUENCY TABLE

Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency

24
FREQUENCY MODULATION DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation

Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies — Pressure
Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port

MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation

Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism

SUM and DIFFERENCE

TRUNCATED BEATS FREQUENCY TABLE

Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency

24
FREQUENCY MODULATION DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES

Torsional Vibration a Form of Frequency Modulation

Two Lobed Blower Generated Difference Frequencies — Pressure
Pulsations Generated by Lobes Passing Discharge Port

MECHANISMS FOR
ORDER GENERATION BEAT MECHANISM
Natural excitation
Nonlinear parameters
Signal truncation

Figure 4.50. Beat Mechanism

SUM and DIFFERENCE

TRUNCATED BEATS FREQUENCY TABLE

Hypothetical Vibration Response Exhibiting Beat Frequency

24
SUM and DIFFERENCE SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES —
FREQUENCY MECHANISMS PISTON PUMP/ENGINE

Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2) Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit

SUM and DIFFERENCE SPECTRUM SHAPE

FREQUENCIES —
TURBINE PIPING

Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
Turbine Piping Vibration

DEMODULATION MODULATION MECHANISM

Mechanism High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
Rolling element bearings to mechanical defects
Techniques Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings

25
SUM and DIFFERENCE SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES —
FREQUENCY MECHANISMS PISTON PUMP/ENGINE

Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2) Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit

SUM and DIFFERENCE SPECTRUM SHAPE

FREQUENCIES —
TURBINE PIPING

Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
Turbine Piping Vibration

DEMODULATION MODULATION MECHANISM

Mechanism High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
Rolling element bearings to mechanical defects
Techniques Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings

25
SUM and DIFFERENCE SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES —
FREQUENCY MECHANISMS PISTON PUMP/ENGINE

Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2) Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit

SUM and DIFFERENCE SPECTRUM SHAPE

FREQUENCIES —
TURBINE PIPING

Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
Turbine Piping Vibration

DEMODULATION MODULATION MECHANISM

Mechanism High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
Rolling element bearings to mechanical defects
Techniques Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings

25
SUM and DIFFERENCE SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES —
FREQUENCY MECHANISMS PISTON PUMP/ENGINE

Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2) Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit

SUM and DIFFERENCE SPECTRUM SHAPE

FREQUENCIES —
TURBINE PIPING

Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
Turbine Piping Vibration

DEMODULATION MODULATION MECHANISM

Mechanism High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
Rolling element bearings to mechanical defects
Techniques Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings

25
SUM and DIFFERENCE SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES —
FREQUENCY MECHANISMS PISTON PUMP/ENGINE

Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2) Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit

SUM and DIFFERENCE SPECTRUM SHAPE

FREQUENCIES —
TURBINE PIPING

Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
Turbine Piping Vibration

DEMODULATION MODULATION MECHANISM

Mechanism High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
Rolling element bearings to mechanical defects
Techniques Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings

25
SUM and DIFFERENCE SUM and DIFFERENCE FREQUENCIES —
FREQUENCY MECHANISMS PISTON PUMP/ENGINE

Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Sum and Difference

Frequencies (Sidebands) (After Eshleman 4.2) Pulsating Torque from an Engine-Pump Unit

SUM and DIFFERENCE SPECTRUM SHAPE

FREQUENCIES —
TURBINE PIPING

Frequency Domain Record of Line Shaft

Misalignment Induced Air Gap Vibration
Turbine Piping Vibration

DEMODULATION MODULATION MECHANISM

Mechanism High frequency vibration amplitude is altered due
Rolling element bearings to mechanical defects
Techniques Low frequency modulator points to problem area
Used extensively for gears and bearings

25
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

DEMODULATION BEARING DEFECT

Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal

Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing — Pulsation Effect

BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL

Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults

Demodulation of a Signal ©
© Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.

26
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

DEMODULATION BEARING DEFECT

Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal

Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing — Pulsation Effect

BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL

Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults

Demodulation of a Signal ©
© Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.

26
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

DEMODULATION BEARING DEFECT

Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal

Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing — Pulsation Effect

BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL

Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults

Demodulation of a Signal ©
© Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.

26
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

DEMODULATION BEARING DEFECT

Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal

Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing — Pulsation Effect

BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL

Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults

Demodulation of a Signal ©
© Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.

26
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

DEMODULATION BEARING DEFECT

Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal

Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing — Pulsation Effect

BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL

Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults

Demodulation of a Signal ©
© Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.

26
GEARBOX MODULATION
IMPACT INDUCED MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation in a Gearbox — Nonsinusoidal Pulse Induced Natural Frequencies in Printing Roll

DEMODULATION BEARING DEFECT

Figure 4.58. Spectrum of a Demodulated Signal

Outer Race Defect on Rolling Element Bearing — Pulsation Effect

BEARING DEFECT FREQUENCY

ZONES DEMODULATION
OF A SIGNAL

Machine Vibration Response to Bearing Faults

Demodulation of a Signal ©
© Copyright 2002 by Ronald L. Eshleman. All rights reserved. This figure may not be reproduced without permission of
Ronald L. Eshleman.

26