Construction

and Building

Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462

MATERIALS
www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

The effect of silica fume and high-volume Class C fly ash on

mechanical properties, chloride penetration and freeze–thaw
resistance of self-compacting concrete
Halit Yazıcı *

_
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Dokuz Eylül University, Buca 35160, Izmir, Turkey

Received 7 December 2005; received in revised form 15 November 2006; accepted 10 January 2007
Available online 21 February 2007

Abstract

In this study, cement has been replaced with a Class C fly ash (FA) in various proportions from 30% to 60%. Durability properties of
various self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixtures such as, freezing and thawing, and chloride penetration resistance have been investi-
gated besides mechanical properties within the scope of this study. Similar tests were carried out with the incorporation of 10% silica
fume (SF) to the same mixtures. Test results indicate that SCC could be obtained with a high-volume FA. Ten percent SF additions
to the system positively affected both the fresh and hardened properties of high-performance high-volume FA SCC. Although there
is a little cement content, these mixtures have good mechanical properties, freeze–thaw and chloride penetration resistance.
 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: SCC; Fly ash; Silica fume; Freezing and thawing; Chloride

1. Introduction Although fly ash is a valuable mineral admixture for

Due to increasing energy demand, coal-burning power
plants are becoming more widespread in Turkey near
low-calorie lignite mines. However, these plants cause sig-
nificant technical, environmental and economical problems
due to the by-products of electric generation.
During coal-fired electric power generation, two main
types of coal combustion by-products are obtained, fly
ash and bottom ash. Utilization of waste materials in con-
struction industry reduces the technical and environmental
problems of plants and decreases electric costs besides
reducing the amount of solid waste, greenhouse gas emis-
sions associated with Portland clinker production, and
conserves existing natural resources [1]. In Turkey, the
annual fly ash production is about 18 million tonnes which
is more than the rest of all industrial wastes in the country.
*
Tel.: +90 232 4127044; fax: +90 232 4127253.
E-mail address: halit.yazici@deu.edu.tr.
blended Portland cement and concrete, only about 4% of
the total available fly ash is used for this purpose in Tur-
key. However, the utilization rate of fly ash is steadily
increasing every year.
Newly developed admixtures allow lowering the water/
cement ratio to very low-levels without loss of workability.
By incorporation of superplasticizers, the strength develop-
ment of fly ash concrete can be accelerated to achieve the
desired performance at early ages. The term ‘‘high-volume
fly ash concrete’’ is related to this development [1–6]. This
term can be also used as ‘‘SCC with FA’’. However, there
are a limited number of studies abroad about ‘‘high-vol-
ume fly ash SCC’’ using ASTM Class F fly ash. On the
other hand, high-performance high-volume FA SCC is a
relatively new subject. In this study, Class C type FA was
used. Note that, significant amount of fly ashes produced
in Turkey are classified as Class C.
With the introduction of new generation superplasticiz-
ers, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has been developed.
This type of concrete having superior viscosity and work-

0950-0618/$ - see front matter  2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.002
 H. Yazıcı / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462
ability properties can easily fill the molds without the
necessity of using vibrators [7–10].
Incorporating of mineral additives to concrete mixtures
has many beneficial effects, such as improvement of rheo-
logical and durability properties. Kim et al. [11] studied
the properties of super flowing concrete containing fly
ash and reported that the replacement of cement by 30%
fly ash resulted in excellent workability and flowability.
Miura et al. [12] evaluated the influence of supplementary
cementitious materials on workability and concluded that
the replacement of cement by 30% of fly ash can signifi-
cantly improve rheological properties. But to the best
knowledge of the authors, the percentage replacement of
Class F fly ash, in the various published studies, did not
exceed 30% by weight of the total cementitious materials.
However, an economical SCC mixture, made with 50% of
fly ash and water-to-powder ratio of 0.45, and having a
28-day compressive strength of 35 MPa, was reported [13].
One of the main advantageous of high-volume mineral
admixtures in high-strength concrete is reducing the cement
content, which has not only economic and environmental
benefits but also means reducing heat of hydration and
increasing durability properties. As a rule of thumb, the
total heat of hydration produced by the pozzolanic reac-
tions involving mineral admixtures is considered to be half
as much as the average heat produced by the hydration of
Portland cement [14].
To achieve high-strength and workability while reducing
creep and shrinkage Chang et al. [15] suggested using
superplasticizers and pozzolanic materials in the mix
designs of high-performance concrete. Use of pozzolanic
materials can decrease the amount of cement required, thus
reducing the occurrence of creep and shrinkage in concrete
due to the high-cement content [16].
High-volume of mineral powder is a necessity for a
proper SCC design. For this purpose usually natural and/
or artificial mineral additives such as; limestone powder,
fly ash, silica fume and blast furnace slag are used. In this
study, mechanical properties of SCC, incorporating 30% to
60% Class C fly ash, as a cement replacement have been
investigated up to 90 days, besides determination of
freeze–thaw and chloride ion penetration resistance. A con-
stant water/binder (W/B) ratio (0.28) has been used at all
mixtures to obtain high-strength values and to compare
the mixtures. The effect of 10% SF addition as cement
replacement to the FA SCC has also been investigated.
Test results indicate that high-performance high-volume
FA SSC can easily be produced especially with the incorpo-
ration of 10% SF.
2. Experimental study
The physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of
Portland Cement (CEM I 42.5 N) used in this study are
presented in Table 1. A natural river sand and crushed
limestone with a maximum size of 15 mm was used as fine
and coarse aggregates, respectively. The properties of
457
aggregates are in conformity with the Turkish Standard
for Concrete Aggregates (TS 706-EN 12620). The specific
gravity and water absorption properties of river sand and
crushed limestone are 2.60, 1.63%, and 2.71, 0.39%, respec-
tively. A new generation polycarboxylate based superplast-
icizer meeting standard specifications of ASTM C 494 Type
F was used in this study. Solid content, pH and specific
gravity of the admixture are 35.7%, 6.5 and 1.11, respec-
tively. Preliminary test results showed that SP used in this
study gave higher spread retention with FA blended
cement comparing to the Portland cement SCC at 20 C.
The chemical composition of the fly ash (FA) and silica
fume (SF) are presented in Table 2. According to ASTM
C 618, FA can be classified as Class C. FA procured from
Soma power plant, which is one of the biggest (1034 MW)
power plants in Turkey. The specific gravity and Blaine
fineness of FA are 2.06 and 290 m2/kg. The specific gravity
of SF is 2.2 and its specific surface is 20 000 m2/kg (Nitro-
gen adsorption).
Cylindrical specimens, 100/200 mm, were used to deter-
mine the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength
and modulus of elasticity of concretes. Cube specimens
(71 · 71 · 71 mm) were used to determine the compressive
strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete mixtures
that were exposed or non-exposed to freezing and thawing.
Saturated specimens were frozen at 25 C for 24 h and
were thawed in a 10% NaCl solution at 20 C for 24 h.
Thus, 90 freezing and thawing period were applied to the
cube specimens during 180 days after 28 days curing. Chlo-
ride penetration depths were also measured on cube speci-
mens after freezing and thawing, using 0.2% AgNO3
solution sprayed on freshly broken pieces. Chloride con-
taminated area reveals a grey color, while chloride-free
area has dark brown appearance. The gray colorimetric
front indicates the existence of free and water-soluble chlo-
rides [17].
In order to keep a constant water/binder ratio, superp-
lasticizer has been used in different dosages. Mixture pro-
portions are presented in Table 3. Note that the total
cementitious content was kept constant at 600 kg/m3, and
the water/binder ratio at 0.28. In H series, cement was
replaced at four proportions (30%, 40%, 50% and 60%)
with FA. Cement also replaced with SF at constant ratio
(10%) in HS series. Similar FA replacements were imple-
mented in HS series (30%, 40%, 50% and 60%).
The concrete mixtures were prepared in a horizontal-
axis mixer. To obtain a homogeneous SCC mix, a more
complicated mixing operation was applied comparing to
the conventional concrete mixing procedure. First of all,
aggregates were mixed and binders (cement, FA and SF)
were added to the system. After remixing, water was added
to the dry mix. Finally, superplasticizer was introduced to
the wet mixture. In the fresh state, slump flow diameter, V-
funnel and T50 times of the SCC mixes were measured
according to the EFNARC Committee’s suggestions [18].
After 24 h, all specimens were submerged in water at
20 C. Freezing and thawing tests were performed on 28
458 H. Yazıcı / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462

Table 1
Physical, chemical and mechanical properties of cement
Chemical composition (%) Physical and mechanical properties
SiO2 19.69 Specific gravity 3.15
Al2O3 5.19 Specific surface (Blaine) (m2/kg) 339
Fe2O3 3.56 Initial setting time (min) 105
CaO 63.62 Final setting time (min) 175
MgO 0.92 Volume expansion (mm) 1.00
Na2O 0.26 Free CaO (%) 1.18
K2O 0.80
SO3 2.54 Compressive strength (MPa)
Cl 0.015 2 days 26.9
Loss on ignition 1.36 7 days 41.2
Insoluble residue 0.42 28 days 50.5

Table 2
The chemical oxide composition of fly ash and silica fume (wt.%)
Component SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O SO3 Free CaO Loss on ignition
FA 42.14 4.64 19.38 26.96 1.78 1.13 – 2.43 4.34 1.34
SF 92.26 1.97 0.89 0.49 0.96 1.31 0.42 0.33 – –

Table 3
Concrete mixture proportions
Component C H30 H40 H50 H60 HS30 HS40 HS50 HS60
Fly ash (%) 0 30 40 50 60 30 40 50 60
Cement (kg/m3) 600 420 360 300 240 360 300 240 180
Fly ash (kg/m3) 0 180 240 300 360 180 240 300 360
Silica fume (kg/m3) 0 0 0 0 0 60 60 60 60
Water (kg/m3) 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165 165
Water/cement 0.28 0.39 0.46 0.55 0.69 0.46 0.55 0.69 0.92
Water/binder (by weight) 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
Water/binder (by volume) 0.87 0.77 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67
Sand (kg/m3) 880 847 837 825 815 835 825 813 804
5–15 mm Limestone (kg/m3) 780 746 735 723 712 734 723 712 701
Superplasticizer (L/m3) 7.98 13.02 19.98 20.40 22.02 22.02 21.00 19.98 18.00

days old specimens. Moreover, after 90 freezing and thaw-
ing cycles, residual compressive and splitting tensile
strength was determined. Also, chloride penetration depths
of the specimens were measured. The mechanical proper-
ties of each mix were determined as an average of three
specimens.
3. Results and discussion
The results of fresh concrete tests, compressive strength
of test specimens up to 90 days, splitting tensile strength
and modulus of elasticity at 28 days, compressive and split-
ting tensile strength after 90 freeze–thaw cycles and chlo-
ride penetration depths with different amounts of FA and
FA + SF addition are discussed in the following
paragraphs.
3.1. Properties of fresh concrete
It can be seen from the Table 4, slump flow diameters
vary between 710 mm and 825 mm. It is well known that
T50 and V-box times may be accepted as a measure of plas-
tic viscosity, slump flow diameter indicates the yield stress
[18]. T50 times increase with the increasing FA content in
H series. Whereas in HS series, which contain 10% SF as
a cement replacement, the increase in FA content lowered
the plastic viscosity of mixes while maintaining the flow
values approximately equal. In other words incorporation
of FA and SF increased the superplasticizer demand. This
is probably due to the increasing paste volume with FA
and SF since the specific gravities of these mineral additives
are lower than cement. Besides, when FA is incorporated in
the mixture, increase in the amount of admixture may be
required due to the increasing carbon content [19]. Further-
more, the other factor may be the effect of SF and FA on
the cohesion of the fresh concrete. Generally, similar work-
ability properties were obtained at all mixes in fresh state
except H50 and H60 mixtures. However, it must be kept
in mind that measured properties are also related to the
dosages of superplasticizer.
One of the disadvantages of these mixtures is rather
high-content of SP. However, to develop a more economi-
 H. Yazıcı / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462 459

Table 4 80
Properties of fresh concrete

Compressive strength, MPa

70
Series FA SF Flow T50 V-box Air temperature
(%) (%) (mm) (s) (s) (C)
60
C 0 0 710 3.5 20 30
H30 30 0 785 3.5 18 25 50
H40 40 0 750 4.5 23 27
H50 50 0 800 5 42 24 40
H60 60 0 780 7.5 35 28
HS30 30 10 825 3.5 12 30 30
HS40 40 10 765 4 18 29
20
HS50 50 10 775 3.5 19 26
C HS30 HS40 HS50 HS60
HS60 60 10 780 4 16 30
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time, days
cal design; the W/B ratio might slightly be increased so that
Fig. 2. Relationship between FA content and compressive strength for HS
the SP can be used in smaller quantities. And a more effec- series.
tive type of SP might be tried for an alternative admixture.
Visual inspections showed that although SP content is rel-
and incorporating high-volume of FA contents. At 30%
atively high in some mixtures there are no segregation or
and 40% FA replacement levels, compressive strength val-
bleeding problems.
ues exceeded the compressive strength of control specimens
at 28 days. Moreover, at all FA contents over 50 MPa
3.2. Compressive strength
strength level can be achieved at 28 days. Differences
between strength of all mixes almost diminish and about
The compressive strength development of H series
70 MPa compressive strength is obtained due to the pozzo-
within time is presented in Fig. 1. The results show that
lanic nature of mineral additives within time. Although
the compressive strength decreases with the increasing
specimens were kept in water, reduction in compressive
FA content at all ages. It can be seen from Fig. 1 that,
strength at 56 days especially at high-cement content is
the compressive strength of control (0% FA) and 60%
an interesting result. This behavior can be attributed to
FA mixtures were 61.8 MPa and 28.4 MPa, respectively
the micro-crack formation of the autogenous shrinkage
at 28 days. All mixes show strength gain beyond 28 days
of the concrete. This shrinkage is the consequence of with-
and the control mixture reached to 72.5 MPa at 90 days
drawal of water from the capillary pores by the hydration
while this value was 38 MPa for 60% FA content. How-
of the hitherto unhydrated cement. This effect diminished
ever, it is clear that, it is possible to produce a SCC with
at 90 days and strength gain beyond 56 days occurred. This
a compressive strength value of 50 MPa with 30–40% FA
can also be explained with the autogenous healing which
replacement.
causes blocking the micro-cracks with hydration hitherto
The relationship between compressive strength and time
unhydrated cement, which becomes exposed to water after
for HS series is presented in Fig. 2. It can be seen from
micro-crack formation and pozzolanic reaction of FA and
Fig. 2 that SF addition to the system positively affected
SF with time [19].
the compressive strength and it helps to the production
of SCC mixes that develop high-mechanical properties
3.3. Splitting tensile strength

80
Fig. 3 shows the influence of FA content on splitting
tensile strength. With increasing amount of FA content
70
Compressive strength, MPa

over 30%, splitting tensile strength also decreased for H

60 series. However, for HS series this finding is not valid.
Fig. 3 shows that SF addition improves the tensile strength
50
at all FA replacement levels. Although there is slight reduc-
40 tion in splitting tensile strength at 40% and 50% FA con-
30 tent compared to the control mixture, splitting tensile
strength of FA60 mixture is almost equal to the control
20
mixture for HS series.
10
C H30 H40 H50 H60 3.4. Modulus of elasticity
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Time, days FA content versus moduli of elasticity for all concrete
Fig. 1. Relationship between FA content and compressive strength for H mixtures are shown in Fig. 4. It can be concluded from
series. Fig. 4 that the increase in FA replacement over 30%
460 H. Yazıcı / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462

Compressive strength (HS) Compressive strength (H) 120

Residual compressive strength, %

Splitting tensile strength (HS) Splitting tensile strength (H)
100 6 110
Compressive strength, MPa

Splitting tensilestrength,MPa
100
5
80
90
4
60 80
3
70
40
2 60

20 50
1
H series HS series
40
0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 30 40 50 60 FA, %
FA, %
Fig. 5. Residual compressive strength after 90 freeze–thaw cycles.
Fig. 3. The influence of fly ash content on compressive strength and
splitting tensile strength at 28 days.
compressive strength is clear. Exceeding the 40% in FA
content, reduction in residual compressive strength ratio
Compressive strength (HS) Compressive strength (H) is observed. However, all mixtures that contain mineral
Modulus of elasticity (HS) Modulus of elasticity (H) admixtures showed greater residual compressive strength
100 50
than control mixture for both H and HS series.
Compressive strength, MPa

Fig. 6 shows the residual splitting tensile strength ratio.

Modulus of elasticity, GPa

80 40
It can be seen from the Figure that splitting tensile strength
is more sensitive to freeze–thaw effect than compressive
60 30
strength especially for H series. In this series, freeze–thaw
effect caused reduction in splitting tensile strength at all
40 20
FA content and the residual strength ratio of control spec-
imens was higher than that of FA specimens. However, in
20 10
HS series, which contain silica fume, increase in the split-
ting tensile strength ratio is clear with the increasing FA
0 0
0 30 40 50 60 content. And, at all replacement levels, higher residual
FA, % splitting tensile strength ratios than that of control mix
were obtained.
Fig. 4. The influence of fly ash content on compressive strength and
modulus of elasticity at 28 days.
The diffusion process of chloride in concrete is a very
complex process involving some material and environmen-
tal variables. Chloride ions may penetrate through the
decreases the modulus of elasticity for H series sharply,
pores to the interior of the concrete. Chloride intrusion is
while for HS series, up to 50% replacement level, modulus
due to either diffusion taking place in totally or partially
of elasticity was not influenced considerably.
water-filled pores or capillary suction of chloride-contain-
3.5. Freeze–thaw resistance and chloride ion penetration

Test results indicate that, the residual compressive 110

Residual splitting tensile strength, %

strength ratio of control mixture after 90 freeze–thaw 100

cycles is 93% (Fig. 5). Non-exposed control specimens were
kept in water and all specimens were tested at 208 days. All 90
specimens were in saturated surface dry condition during
80
mechanical tests. This result in accordance with results of
Xie et al. [20] in which the compressive strength loss after 70
100 times freeze–thaw cycle was 11.0%. Furthermore, the
compressive strength of control mixture has been exceeded 60

by both H and HS series at all FA replacement level after

50
freezing and thawing. For H series, the residual strength of
H series HS series
H30 is 108%, which means that freeze–thaw cycling cause 40
increase in compressive strength. Probably freezing–thaw- 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
FA, %
ing cycles caused an extra curing effect due to the Na+ ions.
For HS series, at 30% and 40% FA content, gain in Fig. 6. Residual splitting tensile strength after 90 freeze–thaw cycles.

ing water. Due to wetting and drying of the concrete sur-
face with chloride-containing water, an enrichment of chlo-
rides in the surface layer is possible. At the beginning of the
wetting period, a relatively large mount of chloride-con-
taining water will penetrate into the concrete by capillary
suction. During the drying period, the water dries out
and the chlorides remain in the concrete. This process
may cause a high-enrichment of chlorides in the concrete
[21]. In this study, specimens immersed completely into
the 10% NaCl solution at 20 C for 24 h to become the
specimens water saturated condition and to give the oppor-
tunity to the chloride ion for penetration. After that satu-
rated specimens were frozen at 25 C for 24 h.
It is well known that chloride induced corrosion of steel
reinforcement is causing serious damage to many concrete
structures. A number of methods to evaluate chloride pen-
etration into concrete have been developed. A simple color-
imetric method to measure the depth of chloride
penetration into concrete by spraying AgNO3 solution
can be used. Although, this method cannot measure the
chloride content in the contaminated area, generally it is
an indicative of corrosion risk for reinforcement [17].
Chloride ion penetration depths of the specimens after
freezing and thawing cycles are shown in Fig. 7. It can be
concluded from Fig. 7 that, at all FA contents, the penetra-
tion depth is less than that of the control mixture. For H
series 60% FA replacement causes a sharply increase in
chloride penetration depth. This is probably due to the
higher porosity of this mixture, which showed lower
mechanical performance. However, chloride penetration
depth of FA60 mixture is also lower than control mixture.
Moreover, using SF leads to important decrease in penetra-
tion depth at all FA content. The chloride penetration
depth of control mixture is 19 mm after 90 freeze–thaw
cycles in NaCl solution. In other words, in aggressive con-
ditions almost 20 mm concrete cover may not be sufficient
to protect the reinforcement from chloride ingress even for
high-quality SCC made with Portland cement. On the
other hand FA and SF reduced the chloride penetration
depth remarkably and increased the chloride penetration
20
Chloride ion penetration depth, mm
H series
18
16
14
12
10
8 28 days. Furthermore, test results indicate that, with 10%
0 10 20
Fig. 7. The effect of fly ash content on chloride penetration depth.
H. Yazıcı / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462 461
resistance of SCC. This behavior can be explained by
improvement in impermeability and improvement in chlo-
ride binding capacity with SF and/or FA. This finding is
also accordance with literature. Detwiler et al. [22] investi-
gated the effectiveness of using supplementary cementing
materials to increase the chloride resistance of accelerated
cured concrete. They found that concretes containing sup-
plementary cementing materials performed better than the
Portland cement concretes. Similar results were observed
by Hooton and Titheringto [23]. Furthermore, Yiğiter
et al. [24] showed that blended cement with ground granu-
lated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is very effective to prevent
the chloride ingress due to seawater attack compared to the
Portland cement concrete. Collepardi [25] also indicated
that the chloride diffusion is increased by increasing the
curing temperature and is decreased by using blended poz-
zolan- and slag-cement instead of pure Portland cement.
Moreover, In a study realized by Bilodeau and Malhotra
[26] showed that the resistance of concrete to chloride pen-
etration was enhanced significantly in the presence of fly
ash. The effect of pozzolanic materials on chloride penetra-
tion of concrete also investigated by Gutierrez et al. [27].
The greatest effect to reduce the permeation of chloride
ions was produced by SF addition followed by additions
of metakaolin (MK), GGBS and FA. Moreover, Yeau
and Kim [28] concluded that chloride-ion permeability of
GGBS concrete specimens is reduced as period of curing
or amount of GGBS by binder weight was increased.
4. Conclusions
Test results indicate that, high-performance SCC can be
obtained with a high-volume FA content especially with
10% SF replacement. These mixtures have good mechani-
cal properties, freeze–thaw and chloride penetration resis-
tance. Moreover, these mixtures have also great
environmental and economical benefits. It is obvious that
heat of hydration and shrinkage of these mixtures are lower
than SCC mixtures made with high-volume Portland
cement.
To improve the chloride penetration resistance, incorpo-
ration of FA and/or SF in SCC is very effective. Chloride
penetration depth of all mixtures is considerably smaller
HS series
than the Portland cement SCC. For example, chloride pen-
etration depth of control mixture that has only Portland
cement as a binder is 19 mm after 90 cycles. This value
decreased to 9.5 mm with 60% FA and 10% SF
replacement.
FA replacement without SF caused a reduction in both
early and ultimate compressive strength whereas, 10%
replacement of SF positively affected compressive strength
at all FA content and at all ages. Compressive strength of
HS30 and HS40 mixtures exceeded the control mixture at
30 40 50 60
SF and 60% FA (HS60) replacement 68.2 MPa compres-
FA, %
sive strength can be achieved at 90 days. The cement con-
tent of this mixture is only 180 kg/m3.
462 H. Yazıcı / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 456–462
With 10% SF, modulus of elasticity is not affected up to
50% FA replacement. Further increase in FA content
reduced the modulus of elasticity. While, FA content that
leads to reduction in modulus of elasticity is 30% for only
FA replacement without SF.
The residual compressive strength of both FA and
FA + SF replacements have exceeded the residual compres-
sive strength of control mixture after freezing and thawing.
On the other hand, increase in FA content caused a reduction
in residual splitting tensile strength ratio for FA SCC after 90
times freeze–thawing, whereas residual splitting tensile
strength of FA SCC mixtures is greater than control mixture
at all FA contents with addition of SF.
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