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Major use: develop objective tests for the measurement of personality, intelligence, and other
individual differences.
Steps in FA:
1) Select and measure a set of variables
2) Extract the factors (perform a FA)
3) Determine the number of factors
4) Rotate the factors
5) Interpret the results
Final test of a FA: its interpretability!!!!!! A good FA "makes sense", a bad one does not!!!!
The number of retained factors is usually somewhere between the number of variables divided by
three and the number of variables divided by five. (Ex: 20 variables 4 to 7 factors)
After rotation, look at the factor loadings of all variables. If only one variable loads highly on a
factor, the factor is poorly defined. If only two variables load highly on a factor, the factor may be
reliable if (a) the two variables are highly correlated with each other (r > .7) and (b) relatively
uncorrelated with the other variables
The ultimate criterion for the "right" number of factors is the interpretability of the solution!
When more than one factor is retained, unrotated factors cannot be interpreted in most cases.
Rotation does not affect the mathematical fit of the solution!!!!!!
3
Orthogonal rotations:
a)
Oblique rotations:
(delta) = (gamma) = the maximum amount of correlation permitted between factors
= 1 the correlation among factors may be very high
= 0 the correlation among factors may be fairly high
= -4 the factors are orthogonal
a) Direct oblimin (simplifies factors)
b) Direct quartimin (like direct oblimin but = 0)
c) Promax
For many research questions, an oblique rotation seems to be more adequate. Often, different
rotations produce similar results.
The ultimate criterion for the "right" rotation is the interpretability of the solution!!!!
If rotation is orthogonal, the data are interpreted from the "loading matrix" (SPSS: "rotated factor
matrix"). The values in this matrix are bivariate correlations between the variables and the
factors. If rotation is oblique, the data are interpreted from the "pattern matrix". The values in this
matrix are partial correlations between the variables and the factors. In both cases, the values are
called "factor loadings". If rotation is oblique, the "structure matrix" contains the bivariate
correlations between variables and factors (to be ignored).
Ideally, each variable loads only on one factor, and each factor has at least three variables that
load highly on it. And: the factors are interpretable!!!!
b) Communalities:
Communality values represent the proportion of the variance in a variable that is
predictable from the factors underlying it. If communality values equal or exceed 1, there
is a problem (too few data, wrong number of factors extracted). A very low communality
value for a variable indicates that this variable is an "outlier variable"
Def.: is an indicator of the importance of the factor. The values change with rotation. The
total amount of variance accounted for by all factors does not change after an orthogonal
rotation. With an oblique rotation, one cannot specify the exact proportions of variance
accounted for by the factors