11.

Discussion

In this Torsion Test, we have used mild steel specimen with a length of 0.08 m and diameter of

0.006 m. The calculated value of polar moment of inertia is 1.272 x 〖10 〗^(-10) m^4.

For the first four rotations, we have fixed an increment of a quarter rotations (from scale reading
from 0 to 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 until 1.00). The torque value increased with a quite great increment.
The torque value started from 2.20 Nm to 8.80 Nm. The shear stress and shear strain values
started with a value of 51.886 MPa and 0.0010 respectively. For quarter rotation, the shear stress
and shear strain values increased until 207.547 MPa and 0.0038 respectively.

Then for the next four rotations, we have fixed an increment of a half rotation (from 1.00 to 1.50,
2.00, 2.50 until 3.00). The torque values increased with a lesser increment than quarter rotation.
The torque value started from 11.60 Nm to 14.20Nm. The shear stress value started from
273.584 MPa until 334.905 MPa while the shear strain value started from 0.0057 until 0.0114.

Then we have increased the increment to a full rotation 10 times (from 3.00 to 4.00 until they
reached 13.00). The torque value started from 14.85 Nm to 15.25 Nm. We can see that the
increment for torque value per rotation is small. The value increased with a little increment. The
shear stress value started from 350.2350 MPa until 359.669 MPa while the shear strain value
started from 0.0152 until 0.0494.

Then we have increased the increment to two full rotations until the torque values decreased
drastically (from 13.00 to 15.00 until 145.00). The torque value started from 15.05 Nm to 15.20
Nm until the value dropped drastically to 11.40 Nm on the 145.00 rotation. The shear stress
value started from 354.952 MPa until 358.490 MPa on the 143.00 rotation but then the value
decreased to 268.867 MPa on the 145.00 roation. The shear strain value started from 0.0570 to
0.5511 on the 145.00 rotation. There is no drop value for shear strain.

After we have noticed a drop value for torque, we have decreased the rotation to quarter rotation
as the specimen is going to fracture. We have fixed the lowest rotation (quarter rotation) in order
to observe the value of torque (from 145.00 to 145.25 until 147.75). We cannot fix with high
rotation because we may miss the nearest value during the fracture. The torque value started
from 11.15 Nm and the nearest torque value just before it fractured is 0.20 Nm. The shear stress
value started from 262.971 MPa to 4.716 MPa. The shear strain value started from 0.5520 to
0.5606. The last values for torque, shear stress and shear strain are taken on the 147.50 rotation.
On the 147.75 rotation, we have discovered that the specimen is already fractured.

From the data, we can conclude that the value for torque is kept on increasing. But, when the
specimen is nearly fractured, the torque value dropped drastically, so does the shear stress value.
The torque value increased drastically when we apply smaller rotation at first but then the value
increased slightly as we increased the rotation increment. The same thing goes to the value of
shear stress. This is because shear stress is dependent on torque. Torque is directly perpendicular
to the shear stress. As the torque value increases, the shear stress value will also increases and
vice versa.

The shear strain value is kept on increasing until the specimen fractured. This is because the
shear strain does not dependent on torque. Shear strain is dependent on the angle of twist. As the
angle of twist is kept on increasing, the shear strain will increases and vice versa. Shear strain
does not experience the drop of increment value due to rotation. The shear strain increased with a
quite uniform increment.

From the calculated value of shear stress and shear strain, we can achieve the value of Modulus
of Rigidity of the specimen. The value for Modulus of Rigidity can be calculated by calculating
the ration of shear stress to shear strain. The calculated value is 57.651 GPa. From theory, the
value of Modulus of Rigidity for mild steel is 80 GPa. Therefore, there is about27.94% of
percentage error in this experiment.

Those errors may be caused by errors that have been encountered during the experiment. There
are three types of errors that may be occurred. They are human error, systematic error and
random error. Human error may be occurred because of faulty procedure adopted by us. We
could have made an error during scale reading. Our eyes probably did not perpendicular to the
scale of the torsion test machine.

We also may have encountered error during reading the torque meter as we have advised to read
the value simultaneously to the rotation. The value on the torque meter may change in short of
time so that we have to be alert and take the value fast. But we may have delayed the value
reading that lead to error in experimental data.

Next is systematic error. This type of error arises due to defect in the measuring device. The
dimension of the specimen that has been measured may not accurate. Zero error may be occurred
on the Vernier caliper but it can be corrected by adjusting the device. Random error could occur
due to sudden change in experimental conditions. The specimen could have exposed to undesired
and unsuitable temperature and humidity. It is an accidental error and is beyond our control.
12.Conclusion

The experiment of torsion test is done and conclude that the higher angle of twist, the higher the
strain of specimen. For the shear stress is also same. The higher the load torque the higher the
shear stress of specimen. When it at maximum angle of twist it will show that the specimen will
be fracture and type of specimen show that the specimen have brittle side of. The type specimen
that used is mild steel and it brittle properties it is prove when done experiment. After completely
this experiment, we can conclude that every material (metal) have own characteristics. Its
reaction shows the behavior when subjected to pure torque and the following properties were
obtained is max shear stress, types of fractures relationship between torque and angle of twist
and strain, its obey the Hooke’s law. The understanding of the torsion is become clear and the
objective is accepted.