Final Report Synopsis

CONTENTS
Chapter-1: ________________________2-8
 SYNOPSIS
Chapter-2: ________________________9-35
 CASE STUDIES
Chapter-3: _____________________36-64
 LIBRARY STUDY
Chapter-4: _____________________65-77
 SITE ANALYSIS
Chapter-5: _____________________77-82
 PROGRAMME FORMULATION
HIGH-RISE APARTMENTS 1
Chapter-1: ________________________
 SYNOPSIS
1.1 What is housing? __________________________________3
1.2 What is high rise housing? __________________________3
1.3 Why High-rise housing? ____________________________3
1.4 Scope of Work____________________________________3
1.5 Needs and Aspirations of the users_________________4
1.6 Justification of project___________________________4-6
1.7 Objectives_______________________________________6
1.8 Aims_____________________________________________6
1.9 Why high-rise building needed? __________________7
1.10 Methdology____________________________________7-8
1.1 What is Housing?
Housing is a basic need of man. In importance, it is third after food and
clothing. A house is the place where one can take rest, sleep and cook
food. As per the available information man spends a good part of his
lifetime in his house. This clearly indicates the fact that a house is a part
and parcel of a man’s life.
1.2 What is HIGH RISE HOUSING?

A housing society or apartment associations is a group of house owners
within a residential complex, usually one consisting of buildings that each
have flats. High-rise structures are also called ''vertical cities'', having the
potential to decongest urban sprawl. These vertical cities reduce ground
coverage but at the same time increase the no of dwelling units in that
area. These dwelling tints are self-contained individual units where an
entire family may live for a long span of time, catering to their day to day
needs and all domestic functions.
1.3 Why HIGH-RISE HOUSING?

India is under rapid urbanization, people are shifting from rural to urban
areas for better living with increasing population there is increase in
scarcity of housing for people, thus scarcity of land. To create an affordable
shelter for people in a limited land , grouping up of houses is done in a
stacked manner i.e. going vertical. Group Housing is the bringing together
different units of houses in one building which may consists of towers and
houses constructed together with common facilities and landscape to
share.
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

 2BHK APARTMENTS: Living room, lobby, kitchen, master bedroom,
bedroom , toilets , balcony and terrace.
 3BHK APARTMENTS: Drawing room, lobby, kitchen, master
bedroom, kids room, bedroom, toilets, servant room, balcony and
terrace.
 4BHK APARTMENTS: Drawing room, lobby, kitchen, master
bedroom, kids room, bedroom, guest room, toilets, servant room,
store, balcony.
 RECREATIONAL AREAS: Club house, gym, sports area, jogging
track, indoor games, shop
shopping complex
1.5 NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE USERS
SPACES USERS NEED OF USERS
Apartments Individual families + Comfort, Privacy

guests
Terraces Various individuals of Recreational space,
different families. interactive
environment
Club house Families living in the Socialising space
apartments and their
guests.
Sports and other Families living in the Recreational

recreational activities. apartment. environment
Outlets Families living in the Availability of daily

apartments. needs products.
Parking Families living in the Sufficient parking
apartment. space, covered parking
lots.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.6.1 NEED OF APARTMENTS
Due to growing industrialization, growing technology and increasing

population, it leads to immigration of large mass of people to cities in
search of bread, clothing and shelter.
Consequences have given rise to joblessness, hunger, crime, and

harassness of environmental resources (air, water, soil and vegetation).
So, man has been trying his level best shape the environmental acc. To
him and in this process, apartment is a chain to make shelter, to meet his
rising environment.
So apartment is a need in the today’s cooperative time, which puts man in

his social and physical environment. In the light of the above text, it can
be said that apartments are expression of man to represent himself as a
part of community.
1.6.2 HOUSING IN CONTEXT TO INDIAN POPULATION
URBANIZATION in India was mainly caused after independence, due to

adoption mixed system of economy by the country which gave rise to the
development of private sector.
Rapid rise in urban population in India, is leading to many problems like

decrease in standards of living in urban areas, also causing environmental
damage. It is also adding to the problems of all types of populations.
1.6.3 NEED OF LUXURIOUS APARTMENTS IN MOHALI
Mohali is a growing city near Chandigarh. When Chandigarh started to

expand, the distances between villages started to shrink and gradually it
all fused together into one city.
With development in IT park in chd., demand for residential flats have

increased in the area.
Mohali has seen much faster development on Aerocity road with new
complex, IT park, and commercial buildings.
1.6.4 GROUP HOUSING DESIGN
Group Housing design are based on the way a building form and structure
moderates the climate for human good and well-being.
Group Housing design in buildings take into account the following climatic
parameters which have direct influence on indoor thermal comfort and
energy consumption in building:
 The temp., the humidity, the prevailing wind direction and speed,
the amount of solar radiation and the solar path.
1.6.5 RESPONSIVE MULTI STORIED HOUSING
 Responsive architecture-responding to climate using nature as an

example.
 Responsive architecture – E.g.. The exterior could be responsive to

the wind, sun, rain, temp. , while in interior could digitally with users
1.7 OBJECTIVES-
• To provide quality, affordable and sustainable housing and
associated services for people in housing need while protecting the
long-term viability of the Association.
• To meet the supply needs of local communities in terms of new
housing provision and to achieve high standards in the development
and adaptation of its housing stock, particularly in relation to
accessibility, security and energy efficiency.
• To satisfy environmental needs for convenience, comfort, safety and
enjoyment.
• Providing recreational facilities like cafeteria, club house, swimming
pool etc.
• To comprehend various issues involved in planning and design of the
residential complex leading to a lively building that would promote
interactions and exposure to many activities in an interesting
environment.
• To analyse and study a balanced combination of functioning,
circulation and structural system based on technical specifications
for the spaces.
• Special considerations to services-water-supply, sanitation,
electrical, fire-fighting, air-conditioning, automated security system,
parking.
1.8 AIMS -
• To design a built environment which is technically, aesthetically and
climatically well suited
• To create a park for the inhabitants providing them a place to
interact and recreate.
• Developing opportunity built up to un-built relationship and around
the site.
1.9 WHY HIGH-RISE BUILDING NEEDED?
o A high-rise as "A multi-story structure between 30–100 meters tall,

or a building of unknown height from 10–39 floors.
o Also, to utilize land properly, and meet the living requirements of the
people.
o High rise structures are also called VERTICAL CITY, having the
potential to decongest URBAN SPRAWL
o These vertical towers reduce ground coverage but at the same time
increase the dwelling unit are self- contained individual unit.
o Definition: A HOUSING society or apartment associations is a

situation popular in India with a group of house owners within a
residential complex, usually one consisting of buildings that each
have flats.
1.10 METHODOLOGY
1.10.1 Collection of the Data
 Location of the site
 Neighborhood of the site
 Planning of the site
 Building Byelaws by PUDA
 Architectural standards and anthropometric study from the library
1.10.2 Site Analysis
 Visual survey of the site
 Features of the site (topography, climate, geography)
 Infrastructural facilities available on the site
 Positive and negative aspects of the site
 Hardscape and Softscape (Vegetation of the site)
 Photographic survey of the site
1.10.3 Case Study and Library Study
 Undertaking special and functional requirements for research on

design and technical issues, along with the study of various
materials
 Study the climate of the area where the site is situated
 Understanding the planning principles of the site including the

housing standards
 Understanding the byelaws of the area
 Understanding the special aspects, requirements and inter-relation

between different spaces.
 To understand planning and designing of the building blocks w.r.t
their functions, site planning etc.
 Visual understanding with the help of photographs and by

interacting with the users of the space.
1.10.4 Design Criteria and Design Concept
 Validating design possibilities owing to site features
 To define a scheme for detailed building design
 Evolving a design solution which is fully functional for the living

environment.
 Final design with all requirements including Site Plan, Floor Plans,
Sections and Elevations.
Chapter-2: ________________________
 Library Study
2.1 Cluster Planning__________________________________________10
2.2 Cluster________________________________________________10-12
2.3 Site Considerations____________________________________12-
13
2.4 Building Standards_____________________________________13-
21
2.5 Areas of Dwelling Spaces______________________________21-
23
2.6
Utilities___________________________________________________23
2.7 Natural ventilation and day
light__________________________23
2.8 Circulation Areas________________________________________24
2.9 Visual Privacy____________________________________________25
2.10 Building
Height__________________________________________26
2.11 Vertical Services________________________________________26
2.12 Circulations__________________________________________26-27
2.13 Recreational Areas___________________________________27-31
2.14 Parking______________________________________________32-34
2.15 Pedestrianisation_____________________________________35-
36
2.16 Wind Tower_____________________________________________36
2.17 Orientation of
building___________________________________37
2.18 Critical Analysis of housing in
general_____________________37
2.1 Cluster Planning
The approximate size and proportion of the rooms themselves must be

included in the sponsor’s program. In the private building sector market
conditions and the bet gauge of room sizes. Awareness of the local
housing market is essential, for market conditions vary considerably not
only from city to city but also from neighborhood to neighborhood. The
architect’s most reliable guide is a thorough analysis of the function,
furnishings and circulation pattern of each space.
2.2 Cluster
Plots or dwelling units or housing grouped around an open space.
2.2.1 Closed Cluster
Clusters with only one common entry into cluster open space.
2.2.2 Independent Cluster
Clusters surrounded from all sides by vehicular access roads and/or

pedestrian paths.
2.2.3 Interlocking Cluster
Clusters when joined at back and on sides with at least one side of a
cluster common and having some dwelling units opening onto or having
access from the adjacent clusters.
2.3 SITE CONSIDERATIONS
Physical characteristics of a site may impose limitations on a building

program; therefore an early analysis of site data and conditions should be
undertaken by the architect in order to ascertain and evaluated such
limitations. Borings and samples taken at the site will provide information
regarding location and extent of rock bearing capacity of the sub-surface
strata at various levels, and the level of a water table.
2.3.1 HOUSING LAYOUT
1. SITE SELECTION
On SE-E slope exposures, lower portions are preferred, where a cool air
flow effect can be utilized and controlled. High altitudes and locations with
evaporative possibilities are advantageous.
2. UNIT STRUCTURE
The walls of housing and gardens should provide shade to outdoor living
areas. Unit dwellings or groups should create patio-like areas. The town
structure should thus react against heat with a shaded and dense layout.
3. LANDSCAPE
As vegetation is generally sparse: concentration of plant- and grass-
covered areas in the manner of an 'oasis' is desirable.
4. VEGETATION
Vegetation is desirable both as a radiation absorbent surface and for its
evaporative and shade-giving properties.
5. PUBLIC SPACES
There should be a close connection between public spaces and residential
areas. Half- and full-shade protections are desirable; paved surfaces
should be avoided; pools of water are beneficial.
2.4 BUILDING STANDARDS
2.4.1 Plinth
 The plinth or any part of a building or outhouse shall be so located

with respect to the surrounding ground level that adequate drainage
of the site is assured.
 The height of the plinth shall be not less than 450 mm from the
surrounding ground level.
2.4.2 Living Room (Living -Dining Room)
 The living room is the most impressive and largest of all rooms in the
apartment, which is why many developers like it to be visible from
the entry hall.
 A friendly, informal atmosphere is generally required, with good
natural light and views, preferably over a garden and away from
noisy area such as the front road etc.
 The circulation route should not be through a living area, except in
the smallest dwellings.
 A door to the garden is desirable.
Planning Considerations
 Should include adequate floor and wall space for furniture groupings,
separation of traffic ways from centers of activity, and ease of
access to furniture and windows.
 Circulation within the living room should be as direct as possible and
yet not interfere with furniture placement.
 During social activities, people tend to gather or congregate in
relatively small groups, desirable conversation distance is also
relatively small, approx. 10ft. in diameter.
 When the living room is combined with the dining area, the dining
area should be offset into an alcove or be clearly identified as an
entity in itself.
2.4.3 DINING
 A truly separate dining room can be afforded only in townhouse or

luxury housing. Although this alcove can occupy an inner zone, a
windowed area is preferable even though it creates a larger building
perimeter and consequently increases cost.
 It may be acceptable to provide an area opening off or adjacent to
the living room, rather than a separate dining room. Separation can
be achieved by arranging fitments to provide a degree of screening,
by a chance of floor finish, or by a chance in level.
Persons WXL (ft.) AREA (sq.ft)

4 10.5X12 126
6 10.5X14 147
8 10.5X16 168
10 10.5X18 189
12 10.5X20 210
2.4.4 KITCHEN
 The area of a kitchen where separate dining area is provided, shall

be not less than 5.0 sq.m with a minimum width of 1.8 m.
 Careful planning is required for kitchen. It is a place for cooking,
service and storage.
 Storage space normally provided in cabinets or utility closets can be
expanded by the addition of shallow pantries: floor to ceiling
shelving behind hinged doors.
 When planning kitchen, the basic sequence of refrigerator-sink-
stove, starting from the door and progressing towards the serving
and eating areas should be observed.
Work Trianngle
 The distance the user has to walk between sink, cooking and
refrigerator or store is critical in kitchen planning.
 Lines joining these three elements form what is known as ‘work
triangle’.
 The combined length of the sides of the triangle should be
between 5.50-6.00 m.
 The distance between the sink & cooker shouldn’t exceed 1.80m,
and should never be crossed by through- circulation.
Kitchen typical layouts
2.4.5 BEDROOM
Height
 The height of all rooms for human habitation shall not be less than
2.75 m measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of
the ceiling.
 The minimum clear head room under a beam, folded plates or eaves
shall be 2.4 m.
 In the case of air-conditioned rooms, a height of not less than 2.4 m
measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point of air-
conditioning duct or the false ceiling shall be provided.
Size
 The area of habitable room shall not be less than 9.5 sq.m, where
there is only one room with a minimum width of 2.4 m. Where there
are two rooms, one of these shall not be less than 9.5 sq.m and the
other not less than 7.5 sq.m, with a minimum width of 2.1 m.
 Each bedroom should have enough space for double occupancy and
provide basic furniture:
 Two twin beds 3’-3” x 6’-10”
 One dresser 1’-6” x 4’-4”
 One chair 1’-6” x 1’-6”
 One crib 2’-6” x 4’-6
2.4.6 BATHROOMS
 If bath and water-closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less
than 2.8 sq.m with a minimum width of 1.2 m.
 For the sake of economy, a back-to-back arrangement of bathrooms
is preferred either in the same apartment or with one that is
adjacent. When an apartment has two or more bathrooms, one is
customarily attached to the master bedroom; the others serve the
remaining bedrooms.
 A major factor while designing a bathroom is its ventilation.
 Good ventilation is essential in bathrooms.
 It is essential that all surface materials used in the bathrooms have
moisture resistant finishes.
bathroom typical layouts
2.4.7 BALCONIES
 Balconies offer an attractive means of improving the attractiveness

of domestic accommodation units. They give an extended work
space and supervised outdoor play area for children.
 Typical uses include relaxation, sunbathing, sleeping, reading, eating
etc.
During Planning specify:

 Good orientation in relation to the path of the sun and the view.
 Appropriate location w.r.t neighboring flats and houses.
 Effective spatial requirements w.r.t adjacent living rooms, studios
or bedrooms.
 Sufficient size, privacy, protection from noise and the weather.
 Suitable materials for parapets.
2.4.8 CLOSETS
 Although overall apartment size is stated in a client’s program, few

clients pay attention in the early design stages to the amount and
kind of closets that is provided. These have variety of shapes and
sizes.
2.4.9 ENTRY HALL
The precise function of the entry hall should be stipulated. It is merely for
circulation and for other uses as well. For example it is used for
telephoning, etc
2.5 AREAS OF DWELLING SPACES
2.5.1 ENTRANCE LOBBY:

 Door opening and closing space
 Home identification elements like name plate, call bell etc.
 At the entrance door conversation with tradesmen, neighbours etc.
 Loading and unloading of luggage, goods etc.
 Sometimes casual standing
 Specialized activities like display of rangoli at the door step.
 Locking / unlocking of front door from inside.
 Receiving visitors and associated formalities
 Small storage of articles like umbrella, raincoat, helmet etc
 Operating the telephone, electric and connected services
Approximate Area = 4.0 sq m
2.5.2 LIVING ROOM:

 Sitting and conversation with guests
 Light refreshment
 Recreation and entertainment of guest
 Parties / large gatherings.
 Watching TV & listening music.
 Display of articles, souvenirs
Approximate Area = 18.0 sq. m
2.5.3 DINING AREA:
 Informal, activities like relaxing, casual meals etc.
 All members taking meals.
 Hobbies, ironing of cloths, sewing, knitting etc.
 Extension of activities from the kitchen or living rooms on some
occasions.
Approximate Area: 10.0sqm.
2.5.4 BEDROOM:
 Sleeping isolated or together.
 Writing letters.
 Reading on bed.
 Paper work.
 Dressing up.
 Watching TV.
 Small sitting if required.
 Storing clothes.
 Storing books.
2.5.5 FAMILY LOUNGE:

 Playing indoor games like chess, carom board etc.
 Writing letters.
 Children do their home work.
 General sitting.
 Children friends can be entertained there.
2.5.6 KITCHEN:
 Preparation, cooking, packing of eatables.
 Sitting and washing dishes.
 Storage space for floor pulses and spices.
 Collection of garbage.
TOILET:
 Defecating etc.
 Brushing teeth and washing.
 Bathing
 Dressing and changing.
 Strong toiletries.
 Washing clothes.
2.6 UTILITIES
Availability, adequacy and location of site utilities enter into basic decision
making.
2.7 Natural ventilation and Daylight
Natural ventilation is an important aspect of apartment design because it

ensures regular exchange of fresh air which is essential for maintaining
comfortable living environment. The orientation, configuration and
articulation of the building envelope of both the building and each
apartment must be considered if adequate natural ventilation is to be
achieved. Good design which achieves appropriate natural ventilation in
apartment units and
buildings will eliminate the need for mechanical ventilation and air
conditioning.
2.8 Internal Common Areas, Circulation Areas &

Apartment Entries
Clear lines of sight and well-lit routes are required throughout the
development. In this regard, the routes from car parking areas and public
areas via the lift and stair lobbies to the apartment are particularly
important. Circuitous narrow routes and places that allow concealment
shall not be approved e.g. deep alcoves or numerous corners along a
corridor.
Common circulation areas should achieve the following minimum
dimensions:
A common lobby area with a dimension of 2 m in any direction outside a
lift or main staircase (not applicable to a fire stair which is in addition to a
lift or a main stair access);
Up to 4 m corridor length from common lobby = 1.5 m width;
2.9 Visual Privacy
Windows and balconies of an upper floor level apartment are to be

designed to prevent overlooking of more than 50% of the private open
space of a lower floor level apartment, either within the same
development or adjoining development.
Screening zone between different apartments: is determined by a 9 m
horizontal distance from the outer edge of a window to a habitable room or
balcony within a 45-degree angle. Any windows to habitable
rooms/balconies within this zone shall be designed to prevent direct views
between the two areas.
Applies to any window to a habitable room/balcony either adjacent.
2.10 BUILDING HEIGHT
The cost of a building may be affected by building height. A building may

be of such height that it exceeds prevailing capacities in terms of available
construction equipment’s and contractor experience.
2.11 VERTICAL SERVICES
ELEVATORS
There are four variables involved in elevator selection:
1. Travel distance
2. Elevator speed
3. Elevator capacity
4. Building population
VERTICAL CIRCULATION CORE
For purpose of security and convenience, elevators should be well

illuminated and visible from the lobby area. At least one exit stair should
empty directly to the outside. It should be borne in mind that the stair
layout in the lobby will frequently differ from a typical floor due to a
greater first floor ceiling height.
2.12 CIRCULATION:
Safety is the most important consideration in planning access routes for

cars and pedestrians,
This is best achieved by complete segregation on red burn principles. This
requires: -
 Roads for motor vehicles only.
 Separate footpaths.
 Houses especially designed and grouped with separate access for
pedestrians and cars.
In practice it is never possible completely to separate cars from

pedestrians but the layout should be prepared in such a way to discourage
pedestrians from walking along or crossing roads. In layouts providing
such separations. The house must be planned in such a way that the main
entrance is visible to the visitors. It is also necessary that access to houses
can be achieved without sacrifice of privacy to other adjoining property.
WIDTH OF ACCESS ROADS
TYPE
· Access road serving more than 300 dwellings 6m
· Access road including cul-de-sac serving 150
-300 Dwellings. 5.5m
· Access road including cul-de-sac serving
up to 150 Dwellings. 5.5m
· Secondary means of access limited
to cars only (e.g. to garage courts). 4m
· Access to parking of garages for one car
Up to 10 cars 3m
Over 10 cars 4m
· Footways where provided alongside
carriage ways 1.8m
· Main pedestrian’s ways or roots 2.5m
2.13 RECREATIONAL AREAS:
Every residential neighborhood requires recreational areas for both

children and adults that are easily accessible to the living units. Such
areas should be including at least the following:
 A play lot or tot lot, for very young children who require close
supervision. Such tot lots must be within easy reach of and visual
observation from the living unit. With judicious arrangement of building
these spaces can be usually located between buildings or at the end of
cluster to form natural informal groups.
 A centralized play area for grade – school children. The playground
should be well equipped and of adequate size to accommodate all the
children that will use the facility
 Outdoor sitting area should be provided for adults for passive activity.
Such areas must be attractive and also provide a variety of visual
experiences; they may include shaded areas, roof garden, paved areas
and areas to view children at play.
 In case of large residential areas, more activity recreational areas should
also be provided like tennis courts and swimming pool etc
2.13.1 RESTAURANTS
 The basic components of any restaurant exterior are the chair and
the table. Depending upon restaurant type, menu, service, 'We
setting, furniture selection, and degree Y intimacy required, table
size and overall chair space requirements can, and should, nary
greatly.
 A restaurant that encourages rapid turnover of customers will
normally provide smaller table top and chair sizes. On The other
hand, those restaurants that encourage limited turnover and
emphasize the inning and dining experience will typically provide
larger table top sizes and larger, more comfortable chairs, with
greater distance between table groupings
Circulation space required around tables
Table dimensions
2.13.2 RESTAURANT KITCHEN
 The trend away from conventional restaurants to those offering a

wide range of gastronomy not only affects0 the planning of dining
rooms but also of kitchens.
 Small and medium sized restaurant kitchens play a very important
role here and the following details are primarily armed at such
restaurants.
 The functional and organization of the restaurant and kitchen is very
important to understand before designing.
 The capacity of the kitchen is primarily dependent on the number of
customer seats, in the case of housing it depends on the density.
 ‘Hot Kitchen’ contain following zones and some or all of the following
equipment depending on their main function: cooker, steamer,
automatic steamer etc.
 The main units should be arranged in a block in kitchens having
more than 100-200 meals or with more than 30sqm of available
space.
2.14 PARKING:
 Problems increase proportionately as the density of housing

increases. Streets around housing sites cannot be expected to
handle over flow parking.
 Adequate on-site parking facilities have become a necessity the
amount of space required for parking is determined by many factors
i.e. the ratio of space per Dwelling unit are occupant characteristics
(total population, age, family status) and the location of site with
respect to public transportation, shopping, recreational facilities and
employment centers.
 Parking areas directly in front of dwelling may also be unsatisfactory
because of exhaust fumes, bright head light and engine noise are
because cars may have to back across major pedestrian routes to
leave the site.
 In group housing scheme space must be provided for in group
housing scheme space must be provided for the parking and
garaging of resident’s and visitor’s cars, which is controlled by the
planning authority.
 Consideration must also be given to the needs of frequent and
regular visit by vehicles such as refuse Lorries, tradesman,
emergency services etc.
 There should be adequate provision for turning for fire appliances.
 The minimum internal size of individual garages should be 5.0 m by
2.5 m, which will comfortably house the majority of cars available.
 Where the garage is adjacent to or integral with the house, space
must also be provided outside the garage for a car to stand when
being cleaned are unloading and for visitors to park clear of the
road.
 Where the garage is in a block of others, adequate space must be
provided to enable a car to enter and leave and to see other cars are
pedestrians in the vicinity.
 Parking shall be provided as per norms given below. The standards
given are Equivalent Car Space (ECS) and it includes parking for all
types of vehicles i.e. cars, scooters cycles and light vehicles.
 Parking area should be provided @ 1.33 ECS per 100sq.m.of floor
area.
For provision of car parking spaces the space standards are as follows shall
be under:-
1. Open parking -23sq.m per ECS
2. Ground floor covered parking -28sq.m par ECS
3. Basement -32sq.m per ECS
 In case of apartments: the parking on stilts shall be permitted within

the building envelope and the same shall be counted toward FAR.
However the maximum permissible height of the stilts shall be 8’-
6”(2.60m) and the floor of the stilt parking shall be kept at zero
level.
Table showing different parking space arrangement
2.15 PEDESTRINISATION
Pedestrian movement free from any vehicular obstruction in a

metropolitan city is a boon.
Presently this respect is not being given sufficient consideration in the
planning and designing of residential areas.
In the design of residential areas, the pedestrian movement should be so
provided that one could reach the bus stop, shopping centre and nursery
school without conflicting with the vehicular road. While preparing the
division plan it should be tried to provide pedestrian movement to link
major work places and recreational, residential and conservation areas
through major pedestrians parks.
OPEN SPACES:
In most traditional settlements, every open space, ‘belonged to’ or ‘was

meant for’ one house , a group of houses or the whole settlements. In
group housing today, these spaces can be broken down into – Public
Spaces, Semi-Public Spaces and Private Open Spaces.
PUBLIC SPACE
A public space belongs to all the residents. It is normally maintained by

residents, welfare association or some public body. Orientation for a
person can be made easier if the complex has a central space leading into
the other spaces.
SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES
It is one which is shared by a small group of houses. There are several

such spaces in housing. These spaces ‘belong to’ or ‘meant for’ these
small groups in the sense that they consider and maintain them as their
own. This level of open spaces is difficult to designing since its success
depends almost totally on how much the designer bas understood the
psychology of the user. This level of open space is meant for interaction
between residents, which is an integral part of day to day activity.
PRIVATE OPEN SPACES
Every unit has an open space. This is mean t for the household activities
which spill over outside the home. Privacy is best defined as the control of
unwanted interaction with other people. Private open space is extremely
important to man anywhere in the world.
Another function of the private open space is that it allows a person to ‘get
away’ while still in the familiar territory of his territory and the separation
of Domains achieves that. The utilitarian functions of private open spaces
are very important such as drying clothes, spill out of kitchens activities
etc.
HIERARCHY OF SPACES
Any open space, be it a garden terrace street park courtyard or play area
requires a certain amount of hierarchy to be present to make it more
relevant.
Every outdoor space according to Alexander requires two things: -
 At least one smaller space which looks into end forms natural back of it.
 It should be so placed that it looks into at least one larger space which
forms a natural ‘front’ to it.
If these two conditions are fulfilled, every open space will have one back
and every person who takes up the natural position.
2.16 WIND TOWER
The hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower
and is cooled when it comes in contact with the cool tower and thus
becomes heavier and sinks down. When an inlet is provided to the rooms
with an outlet on the other side there is a draft of cool air. After a whole
day of heat exchange, the wind tower becomes warm in the evening .
During night the reverse happens , i.e , the cooler ambient air comes in
contact with the bottom of the tower through the rooms ;it gets heated up
by the warm surface of wind tower and begins to rise due to buoyancy,
and thus an air flow is maintained in the reverse direction.
This system can work very effectively in hot and dry types of climate,
where daily variations in temp. are high with high temp. during day time
and low temp. during night time. As a result of clear sky conditions during
the nights, radiation losses are high. The openings of the wind tower are
provided in the direction of the wind, and outlets on the leeward side take
advantage of the pressure difference created by wind speed and direction.
Normally ,the outlets have thrice the area of the inlet for better efficiency.
The inlet should be properly designed for uniform distribution.
2.17 ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
Maximum solar radiation is interrupted by the roof followed by the east

and west walls and the the north wall during the summer period ,when the
south oriented wall receives minimum radiation. It is therefore desirable
that the building is oriented with the longest walls facing north and
south ,so that only short walls face east and west. Thus only the smallest
wall areas are exposed to intense morning and evening sun.
2.18 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HOUSING IN GENERAL
Multi-story housing is also divided between two schools of thoughts. Some

town planners favors the idea of m.s. housing while others do not agree
on this point. The arguments for and against are as follows:
Arguments FOR :
(1) It gives sunlight and pure air to the residents and gives them relief
against noise nuisance.
(2) It permits more open space around the building and this open space
can be used for various purposes such as swimming pool, badminton
court, recreation area, etc.
(3) It results in curtailment of costs of various services, Such as water
supply, transport, electrification, Drainage, etc.
(4) The conveniences such as markets, etc can be had in the same
building.
(5) The staying on upper floors grants the pleasure of scenic views of near
and distant objects such as roads, green farms, hills, mountains, trees,
rivers, lakes, etc.
(6) It saves precious land which can be utilized for agriculture, etc.
Arguments AGAINST :
(i) It becomes difficult for old people to undertake vertical travel when lift
or elevator fails. (2) The benefit of enjoying the charm of a private garden
cannot be obtained by the residents.
(3) It is quite likely that a skyscraper may cause an obstruction to air
traffic and micro-wave transmission.
(4) The costs of construction and maintenance are high for m.s. housing
because of the installment of services, like lifts, etc.
(5) It may create psychological problems for children as they have no open
space to play.
Chapter-3: ________________________
 Case Studies
3.1 Case Study – 1 Trishla City, Zirkapur
3.2 Case Study – 2 Antriksh Golf View, Noida
CASE STUDY - 1
TRISHLA CITY, ZIRAKPUR
Zirakpur-Patiala National Highway,

LOCATION Zirakpur
BUILDERS Trishla Builders
SITE AREA 51706 sq.m (12.75 Acre)
BUILT UP AREA 103201 sq.m
NO. OF TOWERS + TOTAL NO.

OF UNITS
NUMBER OF FLOORS STILT+11

4BHK APARTMENTS
AMENITIES 3BHK APARTMENTS
CLUB HOUSE
RETAIL SHOPS
Location
 The Trishla City is a high-rise residential apartment complex located

in Zirakpur built over an area of 12.75 Acre.
 This project is very well designed and caters to ones every need.
There is no dearth of recreation and lifestyle options in the neighbourhood
and it is very well connected to other parts of the city.
 The high-rise residential complex comprises beautifully designed 4

Bedroom apartments & 3-bedroom apartments.
 The Trishla City is accessed from 8m wide road.
 It is 4 Km from Patiala Chowk.
 It is 13 km from International Airport Chandigarh.
Zoning
 The complex currently is divided into 7 Blocks ranging to S+11 with

308 apartments in all.
 The Trishla city is comprises of Seven – T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6,T7
 The high-rise residential complex comprises beautifully designed 3-

bedroom apartments.
 The Trishla City is accessed from 8m wide road.
 There is no basement currently in site.
 All tower are well connected with the club house & other recreational
activities.
Each tower is equipped with
 A Semi-Open Stair-case
 2 Lifts
 Fire Shafts
 Central Service Core
 Stilt Parking
 Corridor consists of electrical shaft
 Each tower has an elevation treatment to hide washroom shaft

placed in front.
Connectivity of Spaces
 Horizontally the spaces are connected through pathways and a road

that runs along the periphery of road.
 Vertically the floors are connected through lifts (2 in number in each

block, and staircase
Site Zoning
DRAWINGS
 Site Plan________________________________________________15
 Typical Floor Plan_______________________________________16
 Typical Stilt Plan________________________________________17
 Front Elevation_________________________________________18
 Typical Section_________________________________________19
 Club House All Floors Plan_______________________________20-21
 Club House Elevation___________________________________22
 Club House Section____________________________________23
 Site Photographs_______________________________________24-25
Site plan
Typical Stilt Plan
Typical floor plan
Typical Section
Club House Ground floor plan
Main gate Vehicular Movement
Market Green Area
Kids play area Swimming Pool
Club House Parking
Electrical+Fire Shaft Semi-open Staircase
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SPACE PLANNING
POSITIVES
 The project conceived a typical courtyard planning as common area

is in the centre and area is covered by buildings
 Units blocks have complete natural ventilation.
 Space for future expansion is ample.
 Club house is modern with all the facilities like gym, spa, party hall
etc.
 Open landscape areas are provided.
 Good circulation for vehicular movement
NEGETIVES
 The common area provided is not enough for such population

residing inside the society
 Common Balcony for all rooms
 Only one Staircase in Service core of tower.
CASE STUDY - 2
ANTRIKSH GOLF VIEW, NOIDA
Statistics of the Project
 Location : Noida
 Project : Group Housing for Morpheus & Golf View
 Builder : Antriksh Group
 Architect : Andley & Associates Pvt. Ltd
 Site Area : 12 Acres
 Ground Coverage : 20%
 No. of Units : 1500
 Total Towers : 15
 Terrain : Flat
The Golf View is located in sector 7 8, Noida.
Inferences
 Green area and club house is surrounded by towers which restrict

the visions.
 Negative Spaces between the cluster and cluster to cluster.
 Proper vents were provided for basement near tower and around
green space.
 Facilities of swimming pool for residents.
 No view to the Gym.
Chapter-4: ________________________
 SITE ANALYSIS
4.1 Site
Location______________________________________________66
4.2 Site Development
conditions______________________________67
4.3 Site
Plan__________________________________________________68
4.4 Sun Path Diagram______________________________________69-
70
4.5 Site
Accesibility___________________________________________71
4.6 Site Context______________________________________________71
4.7 Location Advantages_____________________________________71
4.8
Distances_________________________________________________71
4.9 Climate________________________________________________72-
73
4.10 Users & Areas as per
requirements______________________73-75
4.11 Building Byelaws in
Mohali______________________________75-77
SITE ANALYSIS
Group Housing Site, Aerocity Road, Mohali
(Ambika Realcon Pvt. Ltd.)
4.1 Site Location
 Site is located in Sector-66 Beta, Aerocity, Mohali
 It is located on a highway connecting with the airport road.
 Site is approved by Greater Mohali Area Development Authority.
 The promoter of the site are Ambika Realcon Pvt. Ltd.
Site location map
4.2 Site Development Conditions
Total Site Area - 6.90 Acre
FAR – 3.00 Acre
Ground Coverage – The Maximum ground coverage shall be 35% of the

total area of the site.
Setbacks – 6m or 1/3rd of the height of the building whichever is more.
Height Restrictions – No Restriction
4.3 Site Plan
 Showing immediate surroundings
4.4 Sun Path Diagram
 Sun Path – N-W to N-E (Summers)
S-W to S-E (Winters)
Site Approach road to the site
Site adjacent to 50m wide road
Residential plots behind the site
4.5 Site Accessibility
 The site is linked with 50m wide road which is a connecting road to
60m wide airport road.
 The site will be approached from service lane of highway or from the
residential road behind the site.
 The site is at 15 minutes’ drive from international airport and 30

minutes drive from railway station.
4.6 Site Context
 The land surrounding the site is also used for residential purposes.
 Individual Plots are located next to the site.
 And there is a reserved area of Group site adjacent to this site of

6.50 Acres.
 And there are many reserved areas around for commercial, sports
complex, mixed use buildings etc.
4.7 Location Advantages
 10 min. away from Chandigarh International Airport.
 Faster access to main highway around the city.
 Present in inhabited area with established market, proposed housing

sites/institutional areas.
 Multi-Speciality Hospital within minutes.
 20 Minutes away from Railway Station.
 Over a no. of malls with multiplexes & food-court area
4.8 Distance
 14 km from Railway Station
 6.5 km from International Airport
 10 km from Tribune Chowk
 11 km from ISBT Sec-43, Chd
 2 km from Mohali Airport Chowk
 13 km from IMT Manesar
 6 km from NH-7
 9.6 km from Chd-Delhi Highway
4.9 Climate
 Mohali has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal

rhythm: very hot summers, mild winter, unreliable rainfall and great
variation in temperature (-1degree C to 46 C).
 The average annual rainfall is 1110.7mm.
 The city also receives occasional winter rains from the western
disturbances originating over the Mediterrian Sea.
 Cold winds usually tend to come from the north near Shimla, capital
of H.P and from the state of J&K, both of which receive their share of
snowfall during winter times.
Average temperature condition
Temperature graph
4.9.1 Soil Type
 The soil strata in general comprises of clayey silt soils in the top
layers followed by sandy silt to silty sands at depths in most of the areas.
4.10 Users and Areas as per Requirements
4.10.1 Club House

 Reception
 Office
 Gym Facility
 Spa
 Indoor Games Room
 Swimming Pool
 Common Toilets
 Multi-purpose Hall
 Kitchen
 Restaurant-cum-Banquet
4.10.2 2 BHK
 Master Bedroom
 Bedroom
 Toilet - 2
 Kitchen
 Living Areas and Dining Area
 Balcony
4.10.3 3 BHK
 Master Bedroom
 Children Bedroom
 Guest Bedroom
 Toilet - 3
 Kitchen
 Small Lobby
 Terrace
 Store Room
4.10.4 4 BHK
 Master Bedroom
 Children Bedroom
 Guest Bedroom
 Bedroom
 Toilet - 3
 Kitchen
 Small Lobby
 Terrace
 Store Room
4.10.5 Official Zone
 Conference Room
 Maintenance Room
 Security Room
 Attendants Room
 Staff Room
 Official Room
4.10.6 Public Zone
 Medical Clinic
 Retail Outlet
 Parking
 Services
 Green Areas -Park
4.10.7 No. of Units Calculation

Total Site Area – 6.90 Acre
In sq.m – 27923.00 sq.m
No. of Units/ Acre – 60 Units (As per Byelaws)
Permissible Ground Coverage – 30%
- 27923.00X.30 = 8377 sq.m
Total No. of units – 6.90X60 = 414 units
4.11 Building Byelaws in Mohali by GMADA
 Setbacks shall be 6m or 1/3rd of the height of the building height

(whichever is more)
 Distance between two buildings is 2/3 rd or 2/5th of the building height

for proper ventilation and day lighting.
 Site coverage is restricted to 30%.
 Height of the building can go up to 45m.
 Parking – 1.5 ECS per dwelling unit area up to 1200sq.ft.
 10% parking for visitors.
 Basement height shall not be less than 3m

 All multi-storied building having four storey or above the height of
15m or above shall confirm to fire safety regulations and would require
prior clearance from the fire authorities.
4.11.1 Site Coverage by GMADA
 Minimum approach road 60ft - 79ft; F.A.R - 1:2.00
 Minimum approach road above 80ft – 150ft; F.A.R - 1:2.50
 Minimum approach road above 150ft; F.A.R - 1:3.00
Group Housing maximum ground coverage can be 30%
4.11.2 Projections
 Where there is an uncovered balcony or chajja or cantilever from

wall it shall not project more than 1.22m beyond the building line when
measures at right angle to the outer face of the wall for plots above 250
sq.m and it shall be within the boundaries of the site.
 In the case of row houses or buildings adjoining each other where

the area of plot is up to 225 sq.m the projection shall not be more than
1/3rd of the corresponding depth of the front or rear setbacks or 0.91 m,
whichever is less.
 Provided that projection on door and window shall not exceed

0.91m.
 Provided further that projection shall not be at a lesser height than

2.06m clear above the plinth level of the building.
 The area of the projection shall not be counted towards the covered
area of the site.
4.11.3 Parking
 Group Housing project and independent floors building
 1.5 ECS with unit area up to 1200 sq.ft
 2 ECS with unit area up to 3000 sq.ft
 3 ECS with unit area above 3000 sq.ft
1ECS – 22 sq.m for open parking
 Parking shall be calculated @ 1.33 ECS (Equivalent Car Space) for

100 sq.m of covered space provided on all floors.
4.11.4 Site Orientation
As an architect our role is to design an environment (inside & outside),

which caters to human needs, both physical and phycological, human
comforts and luxurious. According to our site and the climate the following
design patterns to be followed.
ORIENTATION
 The buildings should be oriented from solar point of view so that as a

whole it should receive the maximum solar radiation in winter and
the minimum in summer.
 Longer walls of building should face north & south. Non-habitat

rooms can be located on outer faces to act as a thermal barrier.
 Preferably, the kitchen should be located on leeward side of the

building to avoid circulation of hot air and smell from the kitchen.
WINDOWS & FENESTRATION
 Large openings with heavy shutters should be provided on northern

and western faces as light coming from north us always diffused and
indirect. Also direction of breeze, which is from west at most of the
places enters from the opening on west side.
 Windows area should be 15 to 20% of floor area.
 Internal courtyard caters for cross ventilation & thermal buffer.

Suitable radiation barriers in the form of canopies, chajjas, long
verandahs etc. should be provided on the west side of the building.
 Sufficient number of ventilators close to the bottom of slab should
be provided.
WALLS
 Thick walls are preferred to act as insulating barrier. Walls with light
and shining paints on outer surface have good reflective quality and
do not disturb heat.
 The surface of the walls should be smooth and non-dust catching

type. Cavity walls also can be provided as they provide very good
thermal insulation.
ROOFS
 Should be built up with good insulating material having slope in

windward direction. False ceiling can be used to improve thermal
performance of the building.
 Terracing should be provided on the flat roof with mud phuska, lime
concrete, foamed concrete or burnt clay block paving over roof slab.
Top roof surface should be made reflective by providing
whitewashing or any reflective paint.
Chapter-5: ________________________
 PROGRAMME FORMULATION_________________________79-82
PROGRAM FORMULATION
HIGH-RISE APARTMENTS
 Location : Sector-66 Beta
 Site Area : 6.90 Acres
 Total number of dwelling units – 416 Units
Type No. of Units

2 BHK 56 Flats
3 BHK 224 Flats
4 BHK 94 Flats
EWS 40 Flats
2 BHK
No. of Towers - 1
Storied – S+14
Unit Area For Each Apartment - 115 sq.m
Core area - 160 sq. m.
Ground Coverage of each block – 500 sq.m
Lifts = 2 No. of Lift in each Tower
Staircase = 2 No. - 1500mm Wide
Space Standards Case Propos
(As per NBC/Neufert) Study ed Area
(Trishla (sq.m)
City)
Living Room Min. area 9.5 sq. m with a min 14 sq.m 22 sq.m
width of 2.4 m
Kitchen+Dinin Area shall not be less than 5 sq 12.75 sq.m 18 sq.m
g m with a minimum width of 1.8
m
Master Min. area 9.5 sq m with a min 12.5 sq.m 15.5
Bedroom width of 2.4 m sq.m
Bath Min area required is 2.8 sq m 3.75 sq.m 4.5 sq.m
with a min. width of 1.2 m
Bedroom Min. area 9.5 sq m with a min 11 sq.m 14.5
width of 2.4 m sq.m
Dress(x2) 2.30 sq.m 4.5 sq.m
Bath Min area required is 2.8 sq m 3.25 sq.m 5.25
with a min. width of 1.2 m sq.m
3 BHK
No. of Towers - 4
Storied – S+14
Unit Area for Each Apartment - 140 sq.m
Staircase = 2 No. -1500mm Wide
Space Standards Case Study Proposed

(As per NBC/Neufert) (Trishla Area
City) (sq.m)
Living Room Min. area 9.5 sq. m with a 14 sq.m 25 sq.m
min width of 2.4 m
Kitchen Area shall not be less than 5 7.5 sq.m 10 sq.m
sq m with a minimum width
of 1.8 m
Dining 7.90 sq.m 12 sq.m
Master Min. area 9.5 sq m with a 14 sq.m 16.5 sq.m
Bedroom min width of 2.4 m
Bath Min area required is 2.8 sq 4 sq.m 5.5 sq.m
m with a min. width of 1.2 m
Bedroom(x2) Min. area 9.5 sq m with a 12 sq.m 14 sq.m
min width of 2.4 m
Dress (x3) 2.55 sq.m 4.5 sq.m
Bath (x2) Min area required is 2.8 sq 4 sq.m 5 sq.m
4 BHK
No. of Towers - 2
Storied – S+12
Unit Area for Each Apartment - 200 sq.m
City) (sq.m)
Living Room Min. area 9.5 sq. m with a 20 sq.m 30 sq.m
min width of 2.4 m
Drawing - - 18 sq.m
Room
Kitchen Area shall not be less than 5 8.25 sq.m 12 sq.m
sq m with a minimum width
of 1.8 m
Dining 9 sq.m 14 sq.m
Master Min. area 9.5 sq m with a 15.25 sq.m 18 sq.m
Bath+Dress Min area required is 2.8 sq 9 sq.m 12 sq.m
Bedroom(x2) Min. area 9.5 sq m with a 14.5 sq.m 15 sq.m
min width of 2.4 m
Dress (x3) 2.80 sq.m 6 sq.m
Bath (x3) Min area required is 2.8 sq 3.25 sq.m 5.5 sq.m
Guest Min. area 9.5 sq m with a 12 sq.m 14 sq.m
CLUB HOUSE
Storied – G+1
Ground Coverage of block – 840 sq.m
Lifts = 1 No. of Lift
City) (sq.m)
Reception- 84 sq.m 80 sq.m
Waiting Area
Gym 191 sq.m 200 sq.m
Restaurant- 286 sq.m 300 sq.m
cum-
Banquet
Toilet (He) 21 sq.m 25 sq.m
Toilet (She) 17 sq.m 20 sq.m
Table Tennis 100 sq.m 100 sq.m
Squash 60sq.m 60 sq.m
PARKING
Total No. of cars = (PUDA REGULATIONS 2BHK=1ECS, 3BHK=2ECS,
4BHK=2.5ECS)
2BHK = 56 x 1 = 56
3BHK = 224 x 2 = 448
4BHK = 94 x2.5 = 235
Total No. of Cars – 739
+10% for visitors parking – 74
Total no. of cars – 813
Total No. of Two-Wheeler – ½ of total no. of car parking – 406 Two-Wheeler
+ 50 Two-Wheeler for EWS – 456 Two-Wheeler Parking
PERMISSIBLE GROUND COVERAGE - 35% (9773.00 sq. m.)

PERMISSIBLE FAR – 3.00
SITE AREA = 6.90 Acres (27923.00 sq.m)
TOTAL BUILTUP AREA = 80,885.00 sq.m (approx.)
Achieved F.A.R – 2.90 (approx.)
EWS Flats – Unit area upto 35sq.m
(10% of total no. of units is reserved for EWS)
Total Ground Coverage – 3440 sq.m (approx.)

Total No. of Dwelling Units – 416 Units
Commercial Area – 8% of Total Site Area
- 8% of 27923.00 sq.m
- 2234 sq.m

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CONTENTS

1.1 What is Housing?

1.2 What is HIGH RISE HOUSING?

1.3 Why HIGH-RISE HOUSING?

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

Apartments Individual families + Comfort, Privacy

Sports and other Families living in the Recreational

Outlets Families living in the Availability of daily

1.6 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

1.6.1 NEED OF APARTMENTS

Due to growing industrialization, growing technology and increasing

Consequences have given rise to joblessness, hunger, crime, and

So apartment is a need in the today’s cooperative time, which puts man in

URBANIZATION in India was mainly caused after independence, due to

Rapid rise in urban population in India, is leading to many problems like

1.6.3 NEED OF LUXURIOUS APARTMENTS IN MOHALI

Mohali is a growing city near Chandigarh. When Chandigarh started to

With development in IT park in chd., demand for residential flats have

1.6.4 GROUP HOUSING DESIGN

 Responsive architecture-responding to climate using nature as an

 Responsive architecture – E.g.. The exterior could be responsive to

1.9 WHY HIGH-RISE BUILDING NEEDED?

o A high-rise as "A multi-story structure between 30–100 meters tall,

o Definition: A HOUSING society or apartment associations is a

1.10.1 Collection of the Data

 Location of the site

 Neighborhood of the site

 Building Byelaws by PUDA

 Architectural standards and anthropometric study from the library

1.10.2 Site Analysis

 Visual survey of the site

 Features of the site (topography, climate, geography)

 Infrastructural facilities available on the site

 Positive and negative aspects of the site

 Hardscape and Softscape (Vegetation of the site)

 Photographic survey of the site

1.10.3 Case Study and Library Study

 Undertaking special and functional requirements for research on

 Study the climate of the area where the site is situated

 Understanding the planning principles of the site including the

 Understanding the byelaws of the area

 Understanding the special aspects, requirements and inter-relation

 Visual understanding with the help of photographs and by

1.10.4 Design Criteria and Design Concept

 Validating design possibilities owing to site features

 To define a scheme for detailed building design

 Evolving a design solution which is fully functional for the living

The approximate size and proportion of the rooms themselves must be

Plots or dwelling units or housing grouped around an open space.

2.2.2 Independent Cluster

Clusters surrounded from all sides by vehicular access roads and/or

2.3 SITE CONSIDERATIONS

Physical characteristics of a site may impose limitations on a building

2.3.1 HOUSING LAYOUT

2.4 BUILDING STANDARDS

 The plinth or any part of a building or outhouse shall be so located

2.4.2 Living Room (Living -Dining Room)

 A truly separate dining room can be afforded only in townhouse or

Persons WXL (ft.) AREA (sq.ft)

 The area of a kitchen where separate dining area is provided, shall

 Balconies offer an attractive means of improving the attractiveness

During Planning specify:

 Although overall apartment size is stated in a client’s program, few

2.5 AREAS OF DWELLING SPACES