ADMINIstrative Management Utkarsh

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Meaning Scope & Significance of Public Administration
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t krk gSfd og v kS j ka
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Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in By : Abhay Kumar
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l EcU/ ew y r%dk; Z d kfj.kh l sgkst krk gSD; ka

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y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121
By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

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Av r%yksd &i z'kkl u
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P (Planning) µ ; ks t uk; sacukuk ; k fu; kst u djukAnw l js' kCnksaeasbl dk v k' k; gS µdk; ks±dh : i js[kk rS; kj djuk , oa
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S (Staffing) µ dkfeZ d &l axBu ; k deZ pkfj; ksadh O;oLFkk djuk Anw l js' kCnksaesa] mi ; q
Dr O;fDr; ksadksfofHkÂ i nksai j
fu; qDr djuk] mudksi zf' k{k.k nsuk rFkk mudsfy, dk; Zdjuk] v uq dw y n' kkv ksadk fuekZ . k djuk v FkkZ
r ~l w
puk dkfeZ d i zcU/A
D (Directing) µ funs ' ku djukAbl dkv fHki zk; gS' kkl u l EcU/hfu.kZ
Z ; ysuk] mUghadsv uq : i deZ pkfj; ksadksfof' k"V
, oal kekU; v kns'k rFkk l w
djuk v FkkZ
puk, ¡ nsuk rFkk mudk usrR̀o djukA
Co (Co-ordination) µ l eU
r ~muesai jLi j&O;kfIr rFkk l a
o; djuk v Fkok dk; Zdsfofo/ v a
?k"kZdkscpkuka
bh xksadk i jLi j l EcU/ djuk v kS j muesal eUo; LFkkfi r
:A
R (Reporting) µ i z frosnu ; k fji ksVZrS

; kj djuk v FkkZ r ~i z'kkl dh; dk; ks±dh i zfr dsckjsesamu yksxksadksl w puk, ¡ nsuk
ft udsi zfr dk; Z i kfydk mÙkjnk; h gSrFkk fujh{k.k] v uq la/ ku] v fHkys[ku v kfn }kjk bl i zd kj dh l w pukv ksadk l axzg djukA
B (Budgeting) µ ct V rS ; kj djuk ; k foÙkh; i z'kkl u A bl ds v UrxZ r ' kkfey gS µfoÙkh; ; kst uk rS
a ; kj djuk]
By
fgl kc&fdrkc j[ kuk] i z'kkl dh; foHkkxksadksfoÙkh; l k/ uksa}kjkv i usfu; a =k.kesaj[ kuk] v kfnAct sfVa x v i usO;ki d v FkZesal Ei w . kZ
foÙk&i z'kkl u dksl ekfgr djrk gS A
u
i ksLMdkcZfopkj&oxZdh ekU;rk gSfd ; kst uk] l a xBu] deZ pkfj; ksadk funsZ
' ku] dk; ks±dk l ek; kst u rFkk fu; a
=k.k] fji ksVZ
]
ct V dh rS ; kjh v kfn osekSfyd ckrsagS aft udk Kku fdl h Hkh i z'kkl u dsfy, v fuok; ZgSv kS j ; fn i ksLMdkcZdh bu i zfØ; kv ksa
dkekS fyd Kku fdl hO;fDr dksgSrksog l Hkhi zd kj dsl a xBu esafdl hHkhi zd kj ds{ks=kdki z'kkl u pykl drkgS A; si zfØ; k, ¡
kkl
v Fkok i zfof/ ; k¡ i z'kkl u v FkkZ

r ~i zcU/ dsl eLr {k= skksai j l eku : i l sykxwgksrh gS A; g nf̀"Vdks.k yksd &i z.kkyh dks, d fof' k"V
a
rduhdhKku ekurkgSv kS j bl nf̀"V l si zkbosV rFkki fCyd , MfefuLVsª'ku dsv Urj dks{ks=kh; u ekudj i ¼rh; ekurkgS Ai ksLMdkcZ
dksghyksd &i z'kkl u dk{ks=kekuusokysyw Fkj xq
fyd dkbl ckr i j v kxzg gSfd yksd &i z'kkl u , d fo' ks"k i zd kj dkKku gSft l s
i z'
, d foKku dhrjg i <+ kt kukpkfg, Av kt bl hfof' k"Vhdr̀ Kku dsfopkj dksysd j i zcU/&foKku v kxsc<+jgkgS Ai ksLMdkcZfØ; kv ksa
dksi z'kkl u dkv fuok; Zew y fcUnqekurkgSrFkkv esfjdkesai z'kkl u l EcU/hv è; ; u esa, d i h<+ hl sHkhv f/ d l e; esa; g fopkj
fo' ks"ki zHkko' kkyhjgkgS A
sd
i ksLMdkcZ
oknh ; g nf̀"Vdks.k v kt v usd nf̀"V; ksal sv ekU; v Fkok v i w
. kZl e>k t krk gS
µ
yk
i zFke rks; g nf̀"Vdks.k bruk l ad h.kZgSfd bl i j yksd &i z'kkl u ' kCn l si zd V gksusokyk v FkZi w
j h rjg ykxwughafd; k
t k l drk Ai ksLMdkcZdh i zfØ; k, ¡ rksi fjokj] l suk] ppZLFkkuh; bdkb; k¡ v kfn dghaHkh ns[kh t k l drh gS Av r%l a
a xBu pykus
dk ; g fo' ks"k Kku yksd &i z'kkl u ughagksl drkA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 5
nwl js] mu l ad h.kZ{ks=koknh nf̀"Vdks.k esa; g nq

cZ
y rk gSfd l a
nHkZdk è; ku ughajgrkA yksd &i z'kkl u dsyksd &fgr]
yksd &dY; k.k , oayksd &mís'; dk è; ku i ksLMdkcZxfrfof/ ; ksadsfy, v ko' ; d gSAv r%l anHkZl sckgj ekS fyd Kku v i w . kZ, oa
gkfudkjd gksl drkgS Ai ksLMdkcZnf̀"Vdks.kyksd &mís'; dhppkZughadjrkAv r%; g bl hrjg yksd &i z'kkl u dkl a iw
. kZ{ks=kugha
ar
gSt S
l s; k=kk dh rS; kjh djusek=k dks; k=kk ughadgk t k l drkA
rhl js] ekuo&l EcU/ nf̀"Vdks.k dsys[kdksadk dguk gSfd i ksLMdkcZdksyksd &i z'kkl u dguk i z'kkl u dk , d v R;Ur
m
fut hZ
o] ' k"qd] er̀&fp=ki zLrq
r djukgS AgkFkksZ
uZ
&i z;kxs dsckn yksd &i z'kkl u ds{ks=kesa; g fl ¼kUrLohdr̀ gksrkt kjgkgSfd i z'kkl u
, d ekuoh; dykgS ] , d l kekft d foKku gS ] ft l sdsoy ûV* v kS j ^cksYV* dk : i ughafn; k t k l drk AoLrq r %i ksLMdkcZdh
fØ; k, ¡i z'kkl u ughacfYd v kS t kj ek=k gS
A
a
Ku
2- i kB~
; &fo"k; d h fopkj / kj k
t ksys[kd i ksLMdkcZdkscgq r ladqfpr {ks=k ekursgSamudh ; g ekU;rk gSfd yksd &i z'kkl u dk {ks=k fo"k; dh nf̀"V l s
fu/ kZ
fjr fd; k t kuk pkfg, ] rduhd dhnf̀"V l sugha Aysfol esfj; e , d , slk ghys[kd gSt ks, d dS phdhnksi Q
a ydksadhrjg
ay
yksd &i z'kkl u ds{ks=k esafo"k; v kSj rduhd nksuksadksLFkku nsrk gS Aml dk dguk gSfd fdl h Hkh v fHkdj.k }kjk i zHkkoi w . kZ, oa
cqf¼eÙkki w. kZi z'kkl u dsoy rHkh l EHko gSt c ml dh fo"k; &oLrqdk Hkh v PNk Kku i zkIr dj fy; k t k, Ai z'kkl u dk eq [ k rÙo
l t krh; fØ; k, ¡ gS at kst urk dsfy, O;ki d v kjS fofo/ l sok i zLrq
l kekft d l jq{kk v kfnAbruk egÙoi w
i kB~
bhr djrh gS ] tS
a l sµdkuw u , oaO;oLFkk] f' k{kk] LokLF; ] df̀"k]
. kZdk; Zv Fkok ; sO;ki d l sok, ¡ i ksLMdkcZi zfØ; kv ksaesal ekfo"V ughagksrha
; &fo"k; l EcU/hfopkj/ kjk v Fkok O;ki d&{ks=k dsl eFkZyksd &i z'kkl u dksuhfr&foKku ekursgS
A
av kSj fo"k; dhnf̀"V
:A
l sml sfoLrr̀ dj l jdkj dhdk; Z d kfj.khdsl ed{kcuknsrsgS A; g nf̀"Vdks.kyksd &i z'kkl u ds{ks=kdksl jdkj dhl Ei w
a . kZxfrfof/
; ksard O;ki d cuk fn; k t krk gS A; sxfrfof/ ; k¡v f/ drj dk; Z d kfj.kh l sl EcfU/r gS ] fdUrqfo/ kf; dk] U;k; i kfydk v kS
a j t urk
l smudsl EcU/ Hkh yksd &i z'kkl u dsfo"k; gS Ayksd &i z'kkl u dksbl rjg jkt uhfr v kS
a j l jdkj dsfudV ykusokys; sfopkjd
By
ekursga Sfd uhfr&foKku gksusdsdkj.k yksd &i z'kkl u rhu i zd kj dsdk; Zdjrk gS µi gyk] ; g uhfr&fuekZ r k jkt uhfrKksadksl kexzh
inzku djrk gS _ nwl js] ; g uhfr&fuekZ. k v kS
j dk; kZ
fUofr esafjDrrk dksHkjrk gS ] , oarhl js] , d i zfØ; k ds: i esa; g v uojr : i
l suhfr dksi zHkkfor djrk gS Abl i zd kj] yksd &i z'kkl u dk {ks=k dsoy ' kq"d rduhdksadsKku rd ghl hfer ughagScfYd bl dk
{ks=k uhfr&fuekZ . k v kS
j O;ogkj l sl EcfU/r l Hkh xfrfof/ ; ksadksxgjkbZl sl e>uk v kS j i j[ kuk gS A
u
3- l ekt ' kkL=kh; , oaeuksoS

Kkfud fopkj / kj k
kkl
bl nf̀"Vdks.kdsl edkyhu ys[kd brusv kxsc<+pq d sgSafd osyksd &i z'kkl u dkv è; ; u l ekt ' kkL=kh; , oaeuksoS
Kkfud
<ax l sdjusyxsgS Av kt dkyksd &i z'kkl u rduhd rFkk fo"k; dkKku ek=ku jgdj mu l exzi fjfLFkfr; ksav kS
a j okrkoj.k dksHkh
v i usesal fEefyr djrk gSft udsv UrxZ r ' kkl u&i zfØ; k pyrhgS AÚS fMªd fjXl t ksi fjfLFkfr foKku l EcU/hv è; ; u dk i zorZ d
i z'
gS] dgrk gSfd yksd &i z'kkl u dk v FkZ &O;oLFkk] l a pkj&O;oLFkk] jkt uhfr] l a
Ldf̀r rFkk i zrhd v kfn dksè; ku esaj[ kdj v è; ; u
fd; kt kukpkfg, Arq y ukRed i z'kkl u ds{ks=kesagSMh, oaLVksd dsi z;Ru v kt yksd &i z'kkl u dhl a Ldf̀r v Fkokl aLdf̀r l sv kc¼
yksd &i z'kkl u dh i zfØ; kv ksai j cy nsrsgSAHkz"Vkpkj] eukscy] ekuo&l EcU/] i z'kkl dh; usrR̀o v kfn dq
a N , slsfo"k; gS aft udh
sd
l ekt ' kkL=kh; fLFkfr; ksadsl anHkZesagh Bhd i zd kj foospuk dh t k l drh gS A

yk
okLro esai ksLMdkcZv kS

j i kB~
; &fo"k; l EcU/hnksuksaghfopkj/ kjk, ¡, d nw
l jsdhfof/ ; hu gksd j i w
j d gS
Ai ksLMdkcZdk
a
fopkj i z'kkl u dsl S
¼kfUrd i gywi j v kSj fo"k; oLrqokykfopkj i z'kkl u dsO;kogkfjd i gywi j t ksj nsrkgS
Ayksd &i z'kkl u dsi w
. kZ
fp=k dsfy; sbu nksuksadk gksuk l eku : i l sv ko' ; d gS A; g dguk pkfg, fd yksd &i z'kkl u dk v è; ; u&{ks=k i ksLMdkMZdh
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
6 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
èkq
j hl sv kjEHkgksd j , d og̀rj oÙ̀kds: i esaKku dhl ekt ' kkL=kh; rkdksv i usesav kosf"Vr djusyxkgS Ayksd &i z'kkl u v kt dke
djokusdk rduhdh Kku rksc<+ krk ghgSv fi rq; srduhdsafdu {ks=kksaesa ] fdu fLFkfr; ksaea si zHkko' kkyh gksrhgS µ; g Hkhbl ds{ks=k
a
dk, d v a x gS At ksi ksLMdkcZ
&i z.kkyhi q fyl &i z'kkl u i j ykxwgksrhgSog fodkl &i z'kkl u i j ykxwughagk rhsAbl rjg fodkl &i z'kkl u
ar
dkt ksLo: i i kfdLrku esa; kFkkbYkS . MesagSog / kukvkS j vt sZ. Vkbukl sfHkÂ gS
Ayksd &i z'kkl u dk{k =skv kt vi usKku dhoS Kkfudrk
dsfoLrkj dsfy, l EcU/ksa ]lanHkks±] v Urj&l a nHkks±
] i fj.kkeksav kS
j muesat Ue ysusokyhi zfØ; kv ksadksHkhv i us{ks=kdsv UrxZ r ekurk
gSAyksd &i z'kkl u ds{ks=kdk; g foLrkj rhu pj.kka sesagqv kgSAi gykrduhdhKku] nw l jkfo"k; l EcU/hKku , oarhl jkl a nHkZv kS
j
m
v Urj&l EcU/ fo"k; d KkuAl a xBu] ukS d j' kkgh] l soh&oxZdhl eL; kv ksarFkkfoÙk&i z'kkl u dkt c yksd &i z'kkl u dsv UrxZ r v è; ; u
fd; k t krk gSrksmudk ; g v è; ; u dsoy l S ¼kfUrd u gksd j bl nf̀"V l sfd; k t kusyxk gSfd bu fl ¼kUrksai j jkt uhfrd]
Ku
l ka
Ldf̀r d rFkk{ks=kh; fo"k; dsfo' ks"khdj.kdkD; k i zHkko i M+ kgS Adqy feykdj yksd &i z'kkl u dk{ks=k v kt bruk foLrr̀ gksx; k
gSfd ml esav kt l jdkj dhl kjhxfrfof/ ; k¡v kS j jkt uhfr dsl kjsv Urj&l EcU/ l ekt krsgS A{ks=kdhnf̀"V l sv kt O;fDrxr rFkk
a
l koZt fud i z'kkl u dkv Urj HkhxkS . kgksrkt kjgkgS Ai Q S
fyDl , - uhxzksusyksd &i z'kkl u ds{ks=kdsfofHkÂ i gyq v ksadkl kjk¡' kfuEukuq
l kj
nsusdh ps"Vk dh gS µ
ay
^^yksd i z'kkl u %
( 1) l jdkjh <k¡psesa, d l gdkjh o"kh;Z i z;Ru gS
_
djrk gS _
bh
( 2) ; g l jdkjhdhrhuksa' kk[ kkv ksa( dk; iZkfydk] O;oLFkkfi dk] U;k; i kfydk) rFkkmudsi kjLi fjd l EcU/ksadkv è; ; u
:A
( 3) ; g l jdkjh uhfr dsfuekZ
. k ea
segÙoi w
. kZ; ksxnku nsrk gSv kS
j bl rjg jkt uhfrd i zfØ; k dk , d v a
x gS
_
( 4) ; g uhfr&i z'kkl u l sv f/ d egÙoi w
. kZgSv kS
j cgq
r dq
N ml l sfHkÂ Hkh_
( 5) v è; ; u , oai z;ksx ds{ks=k esagky gh dso"kks±esa; g êkuoh; rÙo l EcU/ nf̀"Vdks.k* l scgq
r i zHkkfor gq
vk
By
gS
- rFkk
( 6) l ekt dh l sok, ¡ i znku djusesa; g v usd fut h O;fDr; ksav kS
j oxks±l s?kfu"B : i esal EcfU/r gS
A**
u
y ksd &i z'kkl u d h i zd f̀r %, d l kekft d foKku

l kekft d foKkuksadhnq fu; kesa; g fookn i zR;sd v è; ; u&fo"k; dsl EcU/ esapyrkgSfd ml sdykekukt k, ; kfoKku
kkl
AokLro esal eL; k dyk cuke foKku u gksd j dyk v kS j foKku nksuksadh i wj drk dksfl ¼ djusdh gSA, slh dksbZdyk ughagS
ft l dkdksbZoSKkfud fu; e u gksv kSj bl hi zd kj cM+sl scM+soS
Kkfud dks, d dykdkj fl ¼ fd; kt kl drkgS Arkt egy LFkki R;
dykdkJs"Bre i zn' kZ u gS; g dgukmrukghl ghgSfd ft ruk; g fd rkt egy v fHk; kfU=kdhfoKku dkpeRdkj gS Av i ksy ksµ14
i z'
t c pk¡n i j t krk gSrksog foKku dh mi yfC/ gSfdUrqml sogk¡ rd yst kusokyspUnz&; k=kh oS Kkfud l sdykdkj v f/ d gS A
a
laxhrdkj dksHkh l a xhr dsLojksadk v uq ' kkl u oS
Kkfud <a x l sl h[ kuk i M+
r k gSA
y ksd &i z'kkl u d y k d s: i esa
sd
yk
MkW
-iQ kbuj] eksfjl ] dksgu v kfn dsfopkjkuq
l kj yksd &i z'kkl u dks, d foKku ughaekukt kl drkA; FkkFkZ
oknhfopkjd ds
: i easMkW
- , y- Mh- àkbV dk ; g dguk gSfd yksd &i z'kkl u v l y esafoKku gSv Fkok dyk] ; g ckr Hkfo"; dsfu.kZ ; dsfy,
NksM+nsuh pkfg, D; ksa
fd ; g , d fodfl r v è; ; u gSft l dh oS Kkfudrk l e; dsl kFk c<+r h t k jgh gS
A, y- mfoZ
d usi z'kkl u
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 7
dks, d dykekukgSv kS j mudkdgukgSfd v U; dykv ksadhHkk¡fr i z'kkl u dhdykv ksadksHkh[ kjhnkughat kl drkAoLrq &fLFkfr
; g gSfd yksd &i z'kkl u l nSo l s, d dyk fo' ks"k ds: i esat kuk&ekuk t krk jgk gS
Ayksd &i z'kkl u dksmPPkre dyk dhl a Kk nh
t k l drhgSv kS j ml dsfy, oghrdZfn, t k l drsgS at ksjkt uhfr dksl oksZ
Pp foKku v Fkokfl ¼&foKku ekuusdsØe esav jLrw
ar
usfn, FksA, d i z'kkl u dksdq ' ky cukusdsfy, v fuok; ZgSfd fo' ks"kdkS ' ky dkfodkl fd; kt k, A/ uq fo| k] fp=kdkjh] ew
frZ
d yk
rFkk, slhghv U; dykv ksadhHkk¡fr i z'kkl u dksi Q t y dk ^v kbus&v dcjh* v kfn jpuk, ¡i z'kkl u dsekxZdh mYk>uksadksnw j djus
esal gk; d gksd j i z'kkl dh; dq ' kyrk dk fodkl djrh gS Av kMZosV~ohM usekuk gSfd ^^l a {ksi esai z'kkl u dk l q Unj dyk gS A**
m
yksd &i z'kkl u dkst c dyk dgk t krk gSrksml ea
si k¡p ckrsafufgr gksrh gS
µ
a
Ku
i gy k] dyk, d O;fDrxr] oS ; fDrd] vl kekU; v kSj v uw Bkv uqHko gS
Adykdkj t Uet kr gksrkgS ] ml t S l knw
l jkughagksrk
v kS
j ft l dhi zfrHkki zkdf̀r d : i l sfn' kk&fo' ks"kesaeq
M+
r hgS
Abl hi zd kj yksd &i z'kkl u t Uet kr gksrsgS
a Ai z'kkl u dsfdrusghfu; e
a
cuk fn, t k, ¡] i z'kkl u , d , slh dyk gSft l sdq N yksxk v kS
j ksadh rq
y uk esav f/ d Js"Brk l sl Ei knu djsa xsA
l j k] dykesa^l R;e~f' koe~l q
nw Unje~
* dhv fHkO;fDr gksrhgSv kSsj ; g fookn pyrkgSfd ^dykdykdsfy, gSv Fkok
ay
l ekt dsfy, * gS Ayksd &i z'kkl u dh nq fu; k l R; gS
] ml dsmís'; f' ko ( dY; k.kdkjh) gSav kS
j ml dh rduhd dk l kS
Un; Zml s
dykRedrk nsrk gS Ai z'kkl u i z'kkl u dsfy, gS; k t urk dsfy, gS ] ; g fookn i z'kkl u dh , d , slh dyk fl ¼ djrk gSt ks
; FkkFkksZ
Ueq
[ k v kn' ko
Zkn dhv ksj l a d sr djrh gSA
r hl j k] i zR;sd dykesa, d l t̀ ukRed v fHkO;fDr gksrhgS
dght kl drhgS
bh
Adyk fuekZ . kgS ] l t̀ u v kS
Ayksd &i z'kkl u pkgsfdrukghHkkfSrd , oal ekt dht M+ckrksal sl EcfU/r gks]ml dkeq
j l t̀ u }kjk mnkrof̀Ùk; ksadk i fjrks"k
[ ; mís'; , d u, l ekt
:A
dk jpuk djuk ; k ml dsfuekZ . k esav i uk ; ksx nsuk gS
Ai z'kkl u dk l q
[ k , d dykdkj dk l q [ k gSv kSj ml sv i usdk; Zl soS l k gh
l Urks"kfeyrkgSt S l k, d dykdkj dksv i uhdykdksns[kdj feyrkgS A; fn i z'kkl d }kjkcuk, x, fu; e v Fkokfl ¼kUr O;ogkj
easmi ; ksxh v kSj l iQ Yk fl ¼ gksrsgS arks; g ml dsfy, xkS j o dh ckr gS A
By
pkS Fkk] dyk fl ¼kUr v kS j O;ogkj dsv Url Z EcU/ dk cks/ gS A dyk esav ew r Zesaewr Z: i dh v fHkO;fDr gksrh gS A
yksd &i z'kkl u Hkhv ew r Zfl ¼kUr v kS
j O;ogkj dhl kekft d nq fu; kd chp i kbZt kusokyhfLFkfr dkvè; ; u gS Aog O ; ogkj l sfl ¼kUr
cukrkgSvkS j fl ¼kUr dksO;ogkj esaykxwdjrkgS A; g ekuo&t xr yksd &i z'kkl dksadsfy, , d v ko' ; d gSt gk¡ekuo&O;ogkj v kS j
u
LoHkko dk v è; ; u djrsgq , v ko' ; drk v kS

j i fjfLFkfr; ksadsv uqdw
y yksd &i z'kkl u }kjk fu; e v Fkok fl ¼kUr cuk, t krsgS av kS
j
rc fi Qj mu fu; eksav Fkok fl ¼kUrksadksl EcfU/r ekuo l ekt i j O;ogkj esaykxwdjusdk i z;Ru fd; k t krk gS A
kkl
i k¡p ok¡] i zR;sd dykdkv i uk, d ekè; e] , d l k/ u gksrkgS Amnkgj.kkFkZ] fp=kdykdkl k/ u ja x] l a

xhr dkl k/ u Lrj]
l kfgR; dk ' kCn rFkk Hkko gS Ai z'kkl u : i h dyk dsHkh rhu eq [ ; l k/ u gS
µl oZ
a i zFke og Lo; adksl a xBu }kjk O;Dr djrk gS ]
rRi' pkr~og Lo; adksl a xBu dsmís'; ksa}kjki zd V djrkgSv kSj fi Q
j Lo; adksbUghayksxksadsl kekft d , oal ka Ldf̀r d i fjos'k}kjk
i z'
Lo: i i znku djrk gS Aft l i zd kj i zR;sd O;fDr dsfy, v i uh&v i uhnf̀"V l sl a

xhr] fp=kdyk] f' kYi dyk v kfn dh' kS fy; ksav kS
j
Lo: i ksaesai jLIkj fHkÂrkgksrhgSv Fkok; sl c , d nw l jsdsde ; kv f/ d i F̀kd~gksrsgS ] ml hi zd kj ' kkl u dh' kS
a fy; ksav kS
j Lo: i ksa
esaHkh l oZ i zFke , d: i rk ughai kbZt krhA
sd
bl rjg i z'kkl u dks, d dykdk v i uk , d ekè; e] , d l k/ u gksrk gS Amnkgj.kkFkZ

] fp=kdyk dk l k/ u jax] l a
xhr dk
yk
l k/ u Loj] l kfgR; dk ' kCn rFkk Hkko gS

Ai z'kkl u : i h dyk dsHkh rhu eq [ ; l k/ u gS
µl oZ
a i zFke og Lo; adksl axBu }kjk O;Dr
djrk gS ] rRi' pkr~og Lo; adksl a xBu dsmís'; ka s}kjk i zd V djrk gSv kS
j fi Qj Lo; adksbUghayksxksadsl kekft d , oal ka
Ldf̀r d
i fjos'k }kjk Lo: i i znku djrk gSAft l i zd kj i zR;sd O;fDr dsfy, v i uh&v i uhnf̀"V l sl a xhr] fp=kdyk] f' kYi dyk v kfn dh
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
8 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
' kS
fy; ksav kS
j Lo: i ksaea
sai jLi j fHkÂrkgksrhgSv Fkokl sl c , d nw
l jsl sde ; kv f/ d i F̀kd~gksrsgS
] ml dhi zd kj ' kkl u dh' kS
a fy; ksa
v kSj Lo: i ksaesaHkhl oZ =k , d: i rk ughai kbZt krhA
bl rjg i z'kkl u dks, d dguk u v l a
xhr gSv kSj u gh v f' k; ksfDrAt c rd og ekuo&t hou dk , d {ks=k gS ] rc rd
ar
ml dhdykRedrkfdl hu fdl h: i esafo| eku jgsxhAfookn ; g gksl drk gSfd og fdrusv a ' kksaesadykgS; kdkS u&l hdyk
gSAfdUrqml dsdyk gksusl sudkjk ughat k l drkAv r%v kMZ osdsv uq l kj] ^^; fn feV~Vh v Fkok ja xksal scuh df̀r dykdf̀r gS ]
m
; fn Lojksadsv ki l h l a
xq
iQu dsmrkj&p<+ ko dksl a
xhr dgrsgS ] ; fn ' kCnksav kS
a j Hkkoksadsl a
p; u dk uke l kfgR; gS µv kS
j ; sl Hkh
yfyr dyk, ¡ gS arksgesaml Je dksHkh yfyr dyk dh l a Kk nsusdk i w . kZv f/ dkj gSt ksO;oLFkk l EcU/h {ks=k dks] l kFkZ
d <a x
l sO;fDr; ksav kS
j v yx&v yx l ew gksadsfudV ykrk gSA**
Ku
y ksd &i z'kkl u %l kekft d foKku d s: i ea
s
yksd &i z'kkl u , d dykgksrsgq , Hkh, d foKku gS] v kS
j ; g i z'u i zk; %v f/ d fooknkLi n gS
Ayksd i z'kkl u dksl kekft d
foKku ds: i esaudkjuk i w . kZ
r %Hkzked v kS
j xyr gksxkAbl dhoS Kkfudrk dksfl ¼ djusdsfy, ; g ns[kuk gksxk fd foKku v kS j
ay
oSKkfudrk D; k gSA
foKku , d fo' ks"ki zd kj dkKku gSft l dhrudhd Hkhfo' ks"kgksl drhgS Al HkhKkuksadkseksVs: i esarhu l ew gksaesack¡Vk
t k l drk gSA, d i nkFkZdk Kku] ft l si nkFkZfoKku dgk t krk gS
l kekft d Kku] ft l sl ekt foKku dhl a
O;ofLFkr Hk.Mkj gksrk gS
Kk nht krhgS
Anw
A, d foKku ea
] ( 2) ml dsi fj.kke v Fkok fu"d"kZl koZ
seq bh
l jk ekuo&t hou dk Kku] ft l sekufodh dgrsgS
[ ; : i l srhu fo' ks"krk, ¡gksrhgS
nsf' kd] l koZ
d kfyd , oa' kk' or gksrsgS
µ( 1) og Kku dk , d
a
Arhl jk
a
] rFkk ( 3) ml dh
a
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v è; ; u&fof/ i fj.kekRed , oafu' p; kRed gksrhgS A; g mYys[kuh; gSfd dksbZHkhfoKku v i uhi w . kZ
r kesa' kr&i zfr' ku foKku ugha
gksrk fdUrqog v i uh oS Kkfudrk dksfujUrj i z;ksx }kjk c<+
k l drk gS
A
oS
Kkfud fu"d"kks±esadq N fo' ks"krk, ¡vko' ; d ekuht krhgS ]tS
a l sµl koZ
HkkS
fedrk] l koZ
d kfydrk] Hkfo"; ok.khdjusdh{kerk]
By
fuf' prrk] i zn' kZ u' khyrk] ew y &rVLFkrk] l t̀ u' khyrk v kS j i fj.kkeLo: i Abl i zd kj dsfu' p; ka srd i gq¡pusdsfy, foKku ft l
fo' ys"k.k&i ¼fr dkv uq d j.kdjrkgSml soS Kkfud i ¼fr dgrsgS av kS
j bl oS Kkfud i ¼fr esaeq[ ; pj.kgksrsgSµvo/ kj.kk] fujh{k.k]
a
oxhZ d j.k] i z;ksx] l R;ki u] i q
f"Vdj.k] l a xzghdj.kv kfnAbl rjg foKku l kj : i esa ] uohurkdhfujUrjrkdsl kFkrVLFkrki w oZd dh
u
xbZ' kks/ gS Apk¡n ds/ jkry i j pV~ VkusagS a; g fu"d"kZHkhoS Kkfud gSv kS j ft l i ¼fr l s; g fudkyk x; k gSog HkhoS Kkfud gS A
v kS
j xat sc l u~1707 esaejk] ; g fu"d"kZHkh dq N va ' kksaesaoSKkfud gSi j murk oS Kkfud ughaft ruk pUnzry i j pV~ Vkuksadk i k; k
t kukAfpfdRl k&foKku v kt Hkheuq "; dhekS r ; kbykt dsckjsesaoS l hHkfo"; ok.khughadj l drkt S l hv i ksy ksdsxzkm.Md.Vªksy
kkl
dsoS Kkfud dj l drsgS Afi Q

a j Hkh fpfdRl k de oS Kkfud ughagS A
bl i zd kj] dksbZHkhl kekft d foKku mrukl q fuf' pr ughagksl drkft rukHkkS frd foKku A; FkkFkZr kv kSj iwokZ
uq
eku dh{kerk
i z'
ft ruhHkkSfrd foKku esai kbZt krhgSmruhl kekft d foKku esaugha Al kekft d foKku dksv i usrÙoksai j brukv f/ d fu; a =k.ki zkIr
ughagksrkfd og mUgsaft l i zd kj pkgsi z;ksx dj l dsAjkt uhfr&foKku esa, slkughal q fuf' pr fl ¼kUr ughagSft l dkv uq l j.kdj
fuji okn : i l sØfUr; ksadksVkyk t k l dsv Fkok fuokZ puksaesacgqr i zkIr fd; k t k l dsAyksd &i z'kkl u dsi kl Hkh , slsdksbZi w . kZ
sd
fuf' pr fl ¼kUr ughagS aft uds}kjk l nS

o bPNkuql kj i fj.kke fudkyk t k l dsA; gh dkj.k gSfd i zkdf̀r d foKkuosÙkk v kS j ml ds
yk
l eFkZd yksd &i z'kkl u dksv Fkok v U; l kekft d v è; ; u dksfoKku ekuusl sba d kj djrsgS Abl dsfoi jhr l kekft d v è; ; u dks
a
foKku ekuusl sbd a kj djrsgS Abl dsfoi jhr l kekft d v è; ; u dksfoKku ekuusokyksadk rdZgSfd i w
a . kZfuf' prrk v kS
j ; FkkFkZ
rk
foKku dhl ghdl kS VhughagS ] cfYd fdl hHkhv è; ; u dhoS Kkfudrkew y r%bl ckr i j fuHkZ j gSfd og v è; ; u esafdl l hek
rd oS Kkfud i ¼fr dk mi ; ksx dj l drk gS Aft l fdl h Hkh v è; ; u esaoS Kkfudrk i ¼fr dk i z;ksx l EHko gS ] ml sfoKku dgk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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foKku u gksd j l kekft d foKku v Fkok cgq r dq N v fuf' pr foKku dhJs.kh ea sv k, xkAl kekft d foKkuksadh fo"k; oLrqekuo gS
v kS
j ; | fi ekuo&LoHkko dk fo' ys"k.k djuk mruk l jy ughagSft ruk HkkS frd i nkFkks±dk] rFkkfi ekuo&LoHko dsckjsesaHkheksVs
ar
rkS
j i j dq N l koZt fud fu"d"kZfudkyst k l drsgS A; fn , slk u gksrk rksl kekft d O;ogkj dk orZ
a eku l ew puk v k/ kj gh l ekIr
gkst krkAv k' k; ; g gSfd ekuo&LoHkko dkvkS j bl hdkj.ki z'kkl dh; O;ogkj dkHkhoS Kkfud : i esaoxhZ d j.krFkkv è; ; u l EHko
gSv kS j ml dsckjsesal kekU; fu"d"kZfudkyst k l drsgS ] pkgsosHkkS
a frd foKku dsl w =kksadhHkk¡fr ' kr&i zfr' kr l gh u gksa
] rFkkfi
m
laHkkoukv ksads: i ea smudh mi ; ksfxrk l sba
d kj ughafd; k t k l drkA
yksd &i z'kkl u dksl ekt &foKku ekursl e; ; g i z'u mBrk gSfd fu"d"kZ, oai ¼fr dh nf̀"V l sog fdrusv a ' k rd
Ku
oSKkfud gSv Fkok oS Kkfud gksl drk gS A, d l ekt &foKku gksusdsdkj.k ; g rksekudj pyuk gksxk fd og HkkS frd&' kkL=k ; k
jl k; u&' kkL=k ughacu l drk] fdUrq; g dguk Hkh l gh ughagSml dsfu"d"kZv kS j fu; e mrusgh v jkt drkoknh gSa
]tS l sµfi dkl ks
dh fp=kdykA yksd &i z'kkl u dsl kjsys[kd bl nf̀"V l srhu fopkj&oxks±esack¡Vst k l drsgS A dq
a N yksx rks; g ekursgS afd
ay
yksd &i z'kkl u foKku gSBhd , slkght S l scgqr l si zkdf̀r d foKku gSav kS
j ejl u] cukZ
MZrFkkfo; MZbl nf̀"Vdks.kdsl eFkZgS Anw
a l js]
dqN ys[kd ft uesaokYMksv kS j okykl i zeq[ kgS
] ekursgS
a afd yksd &i z'kkl u dHkhfoKku ughacu l drkAbl ckjsesal kjsi z;kl fujFkZ d
gSA
arhl jsfopkj&oxZesav kt dsv f/ drj ys[kd v krsgS aft udhekU;rkgSfd ge foKku ughagSysfdu gksd j jgsa xsv kS
j ; g l EHko
gSAmfoZ d ] Vsy j] l kbeu] fi i Q
l syksd &i z'kkl u dksi gysl sv f/ d oS Kkfud cuk; k gS
Z A
i gyk fopkj&oxZ; g ekurk gSfd foKku , d l ki s{k fLFkfr gS
bh
uj] fjXt v kfn ys[kdksausv i uhbl ekU;rkdsfy, dsoy rdZghughafd, gS
At Urq &foKku v kS
av fi rqoSKkfud ' kksèkksa
j ouLi fr&foKku jl k; u ' kkL=k dHkhugha

:A
cu l drs] fdUrqrq y ukdsv k/ kj i j ouLi fr&foKku dksudjkuku mfpr gSv kS j u l EHko gS Ayksd &i z'kkl u dhHkh, slhghl ki s{k
fLFkfr gSAbl dsv i usfl ¼kUr gS ]lS
a ¼kfUrd oS Kkfud i z.kkyh gSAfofHkÂ {ks=kksaesai z;ksx gksjgsgS
a A; g , d fujh{k.kkRed l kekft d
a
foKku gSv kS j cs;MZds' kCnksaesa; g bl i zd kj dsv uq Hkw
r fu; eksadksl a
xzghr dj pq d k gSt ksO;ogkj esal gh gS av kjSHkfo"; ok.kh
By
dh {kerk j[ krsgS Abl fopkj&oxZdsrdZgS

a afd ge , d v / Z fodfl r foKku gS AoS
a Kkfud v o/ kj.kk yksd &i z'kkl u dh nqfu; k esa
rst h l si zfo"V gksjgh gS
A^gS * v kSj ^pkfg, * nksuksadh gh nf̀"V l syksd &i z'kkl u esav k' kkrhr i zxfr gq
bZgS A
yksd &i z'kkl u dksfoKku u ekuusokyk nw l jk fopkj&oxZv f/ drj ogh rdZnsrk gSt ksv f/ drj l Hkh l ekt &foKkuksads
u
fo#¼ fn; kt kl drsgS Abl ys[kdka

a sdkdgukgSfdµ( 1) yksd &i z'kkl u dk{ks=kbruhfofo/ rk, ¡fy, gq , gSfd oS Kkfud i ¼fr; k¡
bl esai z;D
qr gh ughagksl drha A( 2) ; fn yksd &i z'kkl u usdq N oS Kkfud fl ¼kUr i zfri kfnr dj Hkh fy, gka srksu mu i j l gefr
gksl dsxhvkS j u osi z;ksx esaghv kl dsa xsA( 3) ykd s &i z'kkl u v i usv ki dksew
Y; ksal sdHkhLora =kughadj l dsxkv kS j ^pkfg, foKku*
kkl
v i usv ki esav UrfoZ j ks/ gS

A( 4) t S l s&t S
l syksd &i z'kkl u fodfl r gksxkl kekft drkdsv ckS f¼d v kpj.kml soS Kkfudrkdhnq fu; k
l smruhghnw j yst k; sa xsAdq
y feydj bu yksxksadkrdZgSfd yksd &i z'kkl u usfu"d"kZvoZ Kkfud gSavkS j bl dhi ¼fr esaHkhoS Kkfudrk
i z'
ughagS Anw l js' kCnksaesa

] yksd &i z'kkl u dh nq fu; k esafl ¼kUr v O;kogkfjd gS av kS
j O;ogkj dHkh fl ¼kUr dsv uq : i ughagksrkAv r%
oSKkfudrk dk l kjk mi Øe , d fu"i Q y ps"Vk gSft l dk i fj.kke rq PNrkv ksai j / u] ' kfDr v kS
j L=kksrksadk v i O;; djuk gksxkA
t ksyksx rhl jsfopkj&oxZea
sv krsgS
aosv k' kkoknh] deZ
B , oam| e' khy l ekt &oS
Kkfud gS
Abu yksxksadkdguk gSfd ge
a
sd
fudV Hkfo"; ea sfoKku bl fy, cuust k jgsgS afdµ

yk
1- yksd &i z'kkl u dsi kl v kt v è; ; u dsu, ; a=kv krst k jgsgS

aft l l sgekjhi jh{k.k&fof/ ; k¡v f/ d i zHkkohcu l dsaxhAft l
rjg pUnz; k=kk v kt bl fy, l EHko cu l dhgSfd v kLVªks&fi Q ft Dl dsi kl dEI; w Vj t S
l sfoy{k.k ; a=k gS
Ayksd &i z'kkl u esa
a
fi Nysi Pphl o"kks±esat ks' kks/dk; Zgq
v k gSml usbl v è; ; u dsu; s; a =k i znku fd, gS A
a
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
10 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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i zfri kfnr fd, x, gS arksekyw e gksxk fd oS Kkfudrk dh fn' kk ea age dki Q h c<+pq d sgS
A gjcVZl kbeu dh i q
a Lrd
Âdministration Behaviour* v kS j ^Models of Men* , sl s' kks/ xzUFkgS
aft uesayksd &i z'kkl u dhoS Kkfud v è; ; u&fof/ v kSj
ar
oS Kkfud fu"d"kZLi "Vrk , oafuf' prrk l sfu[ kjsgSA
a
3- i zkdf̀r d foKkuksadhnq fu; kesaKku v kSj ' kks/ dht ksv UrfuZHkZ
j rkcgqr i gysl spyhv kjghgSv kt l kekft d foKkuksaesaHkh
m
iS nkgksusyxhgS Al ekt ' kkL=k] euksoS
Kkfud v FkZ ' kkL=kdsfl ¼kUr v kt yksd &i z'kkl u dsi fj.kkeksav kS
j i z;ksxksaesal gk; d fl ¼
gksjgsgS At S
a l s&t S
l s; g cgqv è; ; uoknhnf̀"Vdks.kfodfl r gksrkgS ] yksd &i z'kkl u dsKku dhxgurk] fo' ouh; rk, oaekS fydrk
c<+ r hgS A; g ekU;rkrdZ laxr i zrhr gksrhgSfd l ekt ' kkL=kl sv i uhoS Kkfud i z.kkyhm/ kj ysd j yksd &i z'kkl u v f/ d ' kh?kz
Ku
v i uh oS Kkfudrk dk fodkl dj l dsxkA
l HkhfoKku fodkl dhi z.kkyhl sKku&l p a; djrsgq , v i uhv kt dhoS KkfudrkdsLrj i j v k, ga Av Hkhgky dsi z;ksx]
a
S
i jh{k.k, oauohurkv ksausyksd &i z'kkl u dsv è; ; u ' kkL=kdksv Hkw ri w
oZ<ax l si zxfr' khy cuk; kgS Ai zfl ¼ oS
Kkfud fl ¼kUr' kkfL=k; ksa
ay
dhHkk¡fr v kt yksd &i z'kkl u&' kkfL=k; ksadkny v kxsv kjgkgS A' kks/ dsu, &u, ekW My v kfo"dr̀ fd, t kjgsgS av kS
j xf.krh; i ¼fr
l si fjek.kkRed v è; ; u cgq r dq
N&v kxsc<+ sgSAField Research ds{ks=kesaêkbØks* v kS
a j êS
Øks* v è; ; u fodfl r gq , gSav kS
j i zcU/
rduhd dh fn' kk esarksWork Study, Methods Study PERT, Systems Analysis, Linear Programming v kfn foLe; dkjh
oSKkfud rduhd i zd k' k esav kbZgSft udsdEI; w
yksd &i z'kkl u fo' ks"kr MkW
v kS
DVj v Fkok ba
j ml dsv è; ; u dh fn' kk bruh mRl kgo/ Z
bh
Vjh i z;ksx l sv a
t hfu; j dhrjg , d l ykgdkj cu pq
d gSfd rduhd v kS
d xf.kr v kSj cht xf.kr t S
d k gS
l sl ehdj.k cuusyxsgS Av kt dk
a
Axr rhu n' kkfCn; ksadhyksd &i z'kkl u dhi zxfr
j v è; ; u&fof/ ; ksadh nf̀"V l syksd &i z'kkl u v U; l kekft d
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foKkuksadsl ed{kv kpq d kgSv kS
j ' kk; n ' kh?kzghv kxsfudy t k, xkAv è; ; u&fof/ dhoS / kfudrkfu"d"kks±dksv i usv ki ghv f/
d oS / kfud cukrhgSv kS j bl rjg Hkfo"; esaog fnu l ehi yxrkgSt c yksd &i z'kkl u ds{ks=kesal kbeu] fjXt ] ohMuj] ykIyEcksj]
l k; l Zv kfn dsvuq ; k; hv i uhbu ' kks/ksadksv kxsc<+ krsgq, yksd &i z'kkl u dks, d v f/ dr̀ foKku dkLrj fnykl dsav kS j l kekft d
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Kku gksrsgq , Hkh yksd &i z'kkl u i zkdf̀r Kkuksat S l k yxusyxsA

y ksd i z'kkl u d k egRo
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v k/ kj cu x; kgS Ayksd &i z'kkl u v k/ q
fud l H; l ekt dkv a x gS Abl esajkT; dsml Lo: i ust Ue fy; kgSft l dksge î z'kkl dh;
jkT; * dhl aKknsrsgS a
Al ekt dhu; h&u; hpq ukS
fr; k¡yksd &i z'kkl u i j u, &u, mÙkjnkf; Ro Mky jghgS av r%yksd &i z'kkl u v kt l ekt
kkl
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l H; rk dsfy, egÙo gS A; g Bhd ghdgk x; k gSfd ^^v k/ q fud v kS | ksfxd , oauxjh; l H; rk dht fVyrkv ksausjkT; dsdk; ks±
esadYi krhr of̀¼ dj nhgS ] , oavkt ge , d , slhv oLFkkesai gq ¡p x, gS at gk¡l ekt dsyxHkx l Ei w . kZt hou dki zcU/ dhdq ' kyrk
i z'
i j fuHkZ
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j ughajgk gS A; g ' kkl u&i zcU/ ghyksd &i z'kkl u
gSA; fn yksd &i z'kkl u v l i Q y gkst k, rksv k/ q
fud l ekt v kS j l H; rkdkl ew pkegy ckywdhHkk¡fr <g t k, xkA** pkYLkZ, - cs;MZ
usBhd gh fy[ kk gSfd ^î z'kkl u dsfo"k; l sv f/ d egÙoi w . kZv U; dksbZfo"k; ughagksrkAl H; ' kkl u rFkk esjsfopkj l sLo; a
sd
l H; rkdkHkfo"; Hkh] gekjhbl {kerki j fuHkZ j djrkgSfd ge , d l H; l ekt dsdk; ks±dhi w frZdsfy, , d dq ' ky i z'kkl dh;
yk
n' kZ
u] foKku v kS j O;ogkj dk fodkl dj l dsa A** i zks- Mkuge usrks; gk¡ rd dgk gS µ^^; fn gekjh l H; rk v l i Q y gqbZrksml ds
fy, i z'kkl u dh v l i Q yrk i zeq [ k : i l smÙkjnk; h gksxhA**
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yksd &i z'kkl u dhcgq

eq
[ khmi ; ksfxrkvkS
j bl dsegÙo dkfoospu vè; ; u dhl q
fo/ kdhnf̀"Vl sfuEukuq
l kj djukmi; q
Dr
gksxkµ
' kkl u j kT; d sLo: i d k , d fof' k"V Hkkx µ i gysdh v i s{kk orZ
(1) i z eku l e; esajkT; dsdk; Zv f/ d t fVy
ar
gksx, ga Sft l dsi fj.kke ds: i esajkT; dh fofHkÂ uhfr; ksadksl kea
t L; dsl kFk O;ogkj esaykusdsfy, i z'kkl dh; foKku ds
: i esaLora =kfpUru dhv ko' ; drk Hkhfodfl r gq bZ
AjkT; dsdk; Z&{ks=kdsv uq: i i z'kkl dh; foKku dsjkT; dksl ekt l sokdk
m
mfpr ekxZfn[ kyk; kAl e; &l e; i j jkT; v i uhl eL; kv ksadksl qy >kusdsi z;Ru esafofHkÂ i z;ksx djrkjgkA; si z;ksx i zk; %v ut kus
esagh i z'kkl dh; foKku dsv k/ kjHkw r fl ¼kUr cu x, v kS
j ft l rjg l sjkT; dsfofHkÂ v a x O;oLFkkfi dk] dk; Zd kfj.kh rFkk
U;k; i kfydkv kfn dhfoospukgksrhgSml hrjg l si z'kkl dh; Hkkx dhHkhfoospukgksrhgS ] i z'kkl u HkhjkT; dsLo: i dsfof' k"V
Ku
Hkkx ds: i esaLohdr̀ gS A; g i z'kkl dh; foKku dhekUr; k dk ghi fj.kke gSfd i z'kkl u dsdk; Zea sl a
a y Xu O;fDr; ksadks; ksX; rk
dsv uq l kj pquk t krk gSA
(2) y ks . kZt hou l sl EcU/ µ v kt yksd &i z'kkl u usO;fDr v kS
d &i z'kkl u d k O;fDr d sy xHkx l Ei w j l ekt dsl Ei w
. kZ
ay
t hou dksv kPNkfnr dj fn; k gS A, d fo}ku~ys[kd ds' kCnksaesa µ^^v k/ qfud l ekt esai kyusl sysd j fprk rd t hou dsi zR;sd
eksM+i j O;fDr yksd &i z'kkl u l sl EcfU/r jgrkgS Al R; rks; g gSfd xHkZ orhefgykv ksadhl q Jq"kkdhO;oLFkkdjdsyksd &i z'kkl u
O;fDr dst Ue l si gysl sghml esa#fp ysusyxrkgSrFkkml dheR̀;qdsckn rd ml esa#fp ysrk jgrkgSt S l s] og ml dheR̀;q
dk l jdkjh v fHkys[k esamYys[k djrk gS
v fHkys[kesadj fn; kt krkgS bh
] ml dsv o; Ld cPpksadh ns[k&js[k Hkh djrk gS
] i zlc rFkkcky dY; k.k dsUnzesacPpsdst hou dsi zkjfEHkd dq
Lo; adst hou dhns[k&Hkky j[ kht krhgSrFkk ml dsckn Vhdk yxkusokyk l jdkjhdeZ
At Ue gksrsgh ml dk mYys[k l jdkjh
N l Irkgksard ml dhek¡rFkkml ds
pkjhml dksVhdk yxkrk gS At c ckyd
:A
dq N o"kZdk gkst krkgSrksog f' k{kki zkIr djusdsfy, jkT; }kjk l a pkfyr fo| ky; esat krk gS Af' k{kk l ekIr djusdsi ' pkr~og
v i ukt hou O ; ol k; v kjEHkdjrkgS Acgq r l syksxka
sdksyksd l sokvksaesajkstxkj i zkIr gksusdhl EHkkoukjgrhgSrFkkv U; yksx O;ki kj]
m| ksx v Fkokv U; fdl hO;ol k; dkv kJ; ysrsgS A
abu l c O;ol k; ksai j jkT; fdl hu fdl h: i esafu; a =k.kdjrkgS AgekjsHkkst u
By
v kS
j t y dh' k¼ q rkgekjspkjksav ksj dhLoPNrk] gekjhl M+ ksadhv PNhn' kk] xS l o fct yhv kfn dhO;oLFkkdk nkf; Ro LFkkuh;
v f/ dkfj; ksai j jgrkgS AdjnkrkghgS fl ; r l srFkkyksd &i z'kkl u }kjkt q
VkbZykusokyh?kfu"B : i l sl EcfU/r gS At c gekjsmQ ij
csjkst xkjh] v Hkko] i zkdf̀r d l a
d V] egkekjhrFkk ; ¼ q v kfn dk i zd ksi gksrk gSrksge yksd &i z'kkl u esal gk; rk dh v i s{kk djrsgS A
a
u
okLro essa ] ; g dYi uk ughadh t k l drhfd ; fn yksd &i z'kkl u l si zkIr l q fo/ k, ¡ v kS
j la
j {k.k l ekIr gkst k, ¡ rksgekjst hou dh
D; k fLFkfr gksAbruk rksfuf' pr gSfd og l H; t hou dh v oLFkk ughagksxhA**
' kkl d ksad sfy , egÙo µ jkT; dsdk; ks±dspykusdkHkkj i z'kkl dksai j gS
(3) i z Ai z'kkl u jkT; dsfofo/ dk; ks±dksrHkh
kkl
l iQ yrki w
oZd l Ei Uu dj l drsgS at c mUgsai z'kkl u dk l eq fpr Kku gksAyksd &i z'kkl u mUga s; g Kku i znku djrkgS
a Ayksd &i z'kkl u
dsxEHkhj v è; ; u l sos; g l h[ k i krsgS afd i z'kkl fud dfBukb; ksadk l keuk dS l sfd; k t k, ] i z'kkl fud uhfr; ksaesal eUo; dS ls
i z'
cS Bk; kt k, ] deZ
pkfj; ksadksv uq
' kkl u esadSl sj[ kt k, Al a pkj&l k/ uksadksi zHkko' kkyhdS l scuk; kt k, Av kfn yksd &i z'kkl u i z'kkl dksa
dksusrR̀o&dky fl [ kkrkgS A; g i z'kkl dksav kS
j deZ pkfj; ksadschp ekuoh; l EcU/ka sdhLFkki ukdki kB i <+ krkgSA; g i z'kkl dksadks
i 'zkkl fud fl ¼kUrksadk Kku nsrk gSv r%osi z'kkl d dq ' ky cu i krsgsaA
sd
; kogkfj d t kek i gukusoky s; U=k µ ; g ekudj fd i z'kkl u uhfr dk v uq

(4) uhfr d ksO xkeh gksrk gS
] bl dsorZ
eku
yk
egÙo dkge l gt ghv uq eku yxkl drsga

q Auhfr dsoy l k/ kj.kfu; eksadh: i &js[kki zLrq
S r djrhgSfdUrqyksd &i z'kkl u l kekft d
v ko' ; drkvkS j v kfFkZ
d cpr dhnf̀"Vl s, slsfu.kZ ; ysrkgSft l l suhfr dksO ; kogkfjdrki zkIr gksrhgS
] ml esacnyrhgq bZi fjfLFkfr; ksa
]
mi dj.kksav kfn dsv Urjksadksi z'kkl u v i usdkS
' ky l sl EHkkyrkpyrkgS ] ; fn ; s, slku djsarc ; krksuhfr; k¡v l i Q
y gksaxhv Fkok
Ph. : 9650682121
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12 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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iR z; sd l eL; k dsfy, uhfr fu/ kZ j .k dsLrj i j ykSVdj i qu%foospuk djuk v ko' ; d gksxkµ, slk djusl sl e; ] / u rFkk Je dk
v i O;; ghv f/ d gksxkAv i usbl Lo: i dsfy, i z'kkl u esa; ksX; funsZ ' ku dksegÙoi w. kZekukx; kgS Ai z'kkl u l ekt l sl h/ kl EcU/
j[ krk gS ] l ekt i fjorZ u' khy gS
] bl fy, i z'kkl u esaHkhbruk yphyki u gksuk pkfg, fd og l e; dsv uq : i py l ds] l e; ds
ar
v uq : i l kekft d v kS j v kfFkZ
d i fjorZ uksadhnf̀"V l syksd &i z'kkl u dks<kyrsjguk pkfg, ] D; ksa fd jkT; dsv U; v a xksadkst urk l s
bl i zd kj dknS fud l EcU/ ughagS AO;oLFkkfi dkesat urkdsi zfrfuf/ ; ksadsjgusdsckn Hkh; g dk; Zml dsfy, v kl ku ughajgrk
gSD; kfsad mUgsai z'kkl dh; rduhd dht kudkjhmfpr : i l sughajgrh] bl fy, i z'kkl u Lo; at urk dksv fHk#fp v kS j ml dsgkfu
m
okysi fjorZ uksav kS
j v ko' ; drkv ksadkew Y; k¡d u djrkgS Av i usdk; ks±dsi zfr t urkdhD; ki zfrfØ; kgSbl st kuusdsfy, osfo' ks"k
i ;zRu' khy jgrsgS At urkfU=kd mís'; ksadkst urkrd i gq
a ¡pkusdkmÙkjnkf; Ro i zeq[ k: i l si z'kkl u dkghgksrkgS ] jkT; dkt urkfU=kd
Ku
Lo: i jkT; dh uhfr; ksaesai fjyf{kr v o' ; gksrk gSfdUrqokLrfod t urkfU=kd mi yfC/ i z'kkl u ds}kjk gh gksrh gS A
(5) l kekft d O j i zxfr d hegku~' kfDr µ yksd &i z'kkl u l kekft d O;oLFkkv kS
; oLFkk] fLFkj r k v kS j l keft d fLFkjrk
cuk, j[ kusesaHkkjh ; ksx nsrk gS A v kt ds; q x esaHkkst u] t y] i zd k' k] oL=k] fuokl t S l si zkFkfed v ko' ; drkv ksadh O;oLFkk
ay
dq' kyrki w
oZ
d rHkhl EHko gSt cfd l sok&i z'kkl u l psr jgsAyksx v kt t hou dsl Hkh{ks=kksaesayksd &i z'kkl u dhl gk; rkdsv kdk¡{kh
gSA
a bl i zd kj ; g v kt ds; q x dhl kekft d O;oLFkk dk v Urja x Hkkx cu pq d k gS
Al ekt dksfLFkjrk v kS j n`<+ r k i znku djusokyh
; g , d i zeq[ k' kfDr gS Al kekft d t hou esai fjorZ uksav kS
j mFky&i q
Fky dkpØ pyrkjgrkgS AØkfUr; ksav kfn dsdkj.kl kekft d
O;oLFkk fcxM+
inzku djrkgS
dsfy, l n
r hfn[ kkbZnsrhgS
q`<+v k/ kjHkw
fe rS
Al jdkjsav k, fnu cnyrhjghgS
Abl i zd kj ; g l ekt dksfc[ kjusl scpkrk gS
; kj djrkgS
bh
] ysfdu bu l c i fjfLFkfr; ksaesa' kkl u dk <k¡pkl ekt dksfLFkjrk
a
Ayksd &i z'kkl u l kekft d O;oLFkk v kS
A; g l kekft d i zxfr dsLoLF; dkjdksadksi zksRl kgu nsrkgS
j fLFkjrk ykdj l kekft d i zxfr
Ayksd &i z'kkl u dhdq ' kyrkds
:A
iQ yLo: i v kfFkZ d v kS j l kekft d {ks=k esamÂfr dsu, &u, rkj [ kq y rsjgrsgS ] ck/ kv ksadkfujkdj.kgksrk jgrkgS
a Abl esal Unsg ugha
fd , d dq ' ky v kSj LoLFk yksd &i z'kkl u l kekft d i zxfr dk eki n.M gS A
u d h i zsjd ' kfDr µ yksd &i z'kkl u LoLFkl kekft d i fjorZ
(6) l kekft d i fj or Z uksadksi zsj.kk nsrkgS
Al j t ksf' k; kLVsEi
By
dsv uql kj i z'kkl dh; deZ

pkjhl ekt dksizsj.kknsusokysL=kksr gS
Aosgj Lrj i j ml dkekxZn' kZ
a u djrsgS
] ml si zksRl kgu v kS
a j i jke' kZ
nsrsgS
A
a
ad sl ek/ ku esal gk; d µ yksd &i z'kkl u dkl EcU/ fofHkÂ dk; ks±v kS
(7) l eL; kv ks j l eL; kv ksadksgy djusl sgSrkfd
u
fu/ kZ
fjr y{; i jwsgksl dsa
Al eL; kv ksadsl ek/ ku esat kx: d jgusdsi Q yLo: i ghyksd &i z'kkl u v i usegÙo dkscuk, j[ krk gS A
D; k ge bl nf̀"V l syksd &i z'kkl u dsÍ .kh ughagS afd og csjkst xkjh dsfunku v kS
j U;kf; d l eL; kv ksadsl ek/ ku dsi zfr l nS
o
mRl d
q jgrk gSA
kkl
(8) LFkk; h l s xBu µ l jdkj] pkgsml dk jkt uhfrd Lo: i dq

ok l a N Hkh gks] l nS
o i fjorZ
u' khy gS
A bl dsfoi jhr
yksd &l sod v FkkrZ~yksd &i z'kkl u dsdeZ
pkjhLFkk; hl a
xBu dsv a
x gksrsgSav r%l jdkjhdhi fjorZ
u' khyrk l smRiÂ dq &i zHkkoksal s
i z'
osi z'kkl u esaO;oLFkk ughav kusnsrsAosu dsoy l sok dsy{; dksi w j k djrsgS
acfYd okLrfod l sok dk; ks±dksl Ei Â djrsgS A
a
(9) v f/ d kj ks
av kS r k d schp l eUo; y kusoky h ' kfDr µ yksd &i z'kkl u dk egÙo bl nf̀"V l sHkh gSfd ; g
j i zHkq
v f/ dkjksav kS
j i zHkrqkdschp l eUo; dkjh' kfDr gS AjkT; dhi zd f̀r v i uhv i uhl Ùkkdksv f/ dkf/ d c<+ kusv kS
j i znf' kZ
r djusdh
sd
gksrhgS
Ayksd rkfU=kd ekU;rkv ksausjkT; dhi zHkq l Ùkk dsfl ¼kUr dksLohdkj fd; k gS ] ysfdu jkT; dhv l hfer ' kfDr ukxfjdksads
yk
fy, t cjnLr [ krjk Hkh gksl drh gS Ayksd &i z'kkl u i zHkq
l Ùkk dsfuja
dq' k fl ¼kUr v kS
j ukxfjd v f/ dkjksadschp mfpr l ek; kst u
djusdk egÙoi w . kZdk; Zdjrk gS
Aog i kjLi fjd fojks/ksadksde djdsl g; ksx dsrÙoksadksi zcy cukrk gS A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 13
ad sfy , mi ; ksfxr k µ yksd &i z'kkl u dkv è; ; u Nk=kksadsfy, rkscgq

(10) Nk=kks r ghmi ; ksxhgS
ANk=k ghns'k dsHkkoh
a
ukxfjd gSAosghns'kdsHkkohi z'kkl d gS
a Ayksd &i z'kkl u dkv è; ; u mUgsal S
a ¼kfUrd Kku i znku djrkgSft l dkO;ogkj ea smi ; ksx
osHkfo"; esadj l drhgS
Abl dsv è; ; u l sNk=kksaesamu xq
a . kksadksl h[ kusdhi zsj.kkt kxzr gksrhgSt ksi z'kkl dksadsfy, ] l ekt &l sodksa
ar
dsfy, v ko' ; d gSA
¼d ky esay ksd &i z'kkl u d k egÙo µ v k/ q
(11) ; q fud ; q
x ^l exz; q
¼* dk ; q
x Hkh gSv kS
j v k/ q
fud ; q
¼ksaesans'k dh
m
i fzrj{kkdsfy, ns'kdhl Ei w . kZt u' kfDr v kS
j ml dsl eLr l k/ uksadkl a xBu&fu; eu v ko' ; d gksrkgS Abl xq #rj dk; Zdknkf; Ro
Hkhyksd &i z'kkl u dsdU/ksai j gS A' kkfUrdky esat ksdk; Z{ks=k fut hmi Øe v kS j i zcU/ dsfy, NksM+fn, t krsgS ] ;q
a ¼kdy esamUgha
esal sv usd dksyksd &i z'kkl u dsv / hu dj fn; kt krk gS Af}rh; egk; q ¼ dsl e; ; g Hkkj i z'kkl u i j NksM+fn; kx; k Fkkfd og
Ku
oLrq v ksarFkkl sokv ksadsmRiknu] forj.kv kS j miHkksx rFkkO;ki kj , oafofu; ksx dsl kekU; ekxks±i j fofHkÂ i zd kj dsv ko' ; d fu; a
=k.k
rFkk i jfeV , oafofu; ksx o dksVk dsfu; e ykxwdjsA
(12) l a j i z'kkl u d k l EcU/ µ l a
Ld f̀r v kS Ldf̀r , oai z'kkl u dsi kjLi fjd l EcU/ dksekU;rknsrsgq
, okYMksusfy[ kk
ay
gS
µ^î z'kkl u dks, d , slsegÙoi w . kZv kfo"dkj v Fkok mi k; ds: i esafu/ kZ fjr fd; k t k l drk gSft l dsekè; e l sfo"k; l ekt ksa
esal H; euq "; v i uhl aLdf̀r dksfu; a f=kr djusdki z;ksx djrkgS A** dqN v esfjdhfo}kuksadserkuq l kj mudkl ekt v kt i zcUèkdh;
ØkfUr dsnkS j l sxqt j jgk gSAt sEl cuZ ge dserkuq l kj mnh; eku l ekt dk eq [ ; xq
. k ml dk i zcU/dh; LoHkko gSv kS j i zcU/dksa
usv k/ fqud l ekt i j , d i zd kj l sv i uk v f/ dkj v Fkok fu; a
rks; gk¡ rd dg fn; k gSfd v k/ q fud v kfFkZ
d i .zkkyh dh î w bh
=k.k LFkkfi r dj fy; k gS A, d v esfjdh fl usVj jkYi Qi Q
¡t hokn* dsLFkku i j î zcU/dokn* dguk v f/ d mi ; q
yS. Ml Zus
Dr gksxkA
:A
v kt ; g yxHkx l oZ ekU; er gSfd v k/ q fud l ekt esayksd &i z'kkl u dhHkw fedk v R;f/ d egÙoi w . kZgSi jUrqbl egRo
dhek=kkdsl EcU/ ea sfo}kuksaesav o' ; erS D; ughagSAgS ujhi Q s;ksy dker gSfd i z'kkl dh; i zfØ; k l oZ
=ki kbZt krhgSv kSj l Hkh
O;ol k; ksaesaml sl okZ f/ d egÙoi w . kZrRo ekukt krkgS] v r%i z'kkl u dsoSKkfud v è; ; u dhv R;f/ d v ko' ; drkgS Ai ky fi xksj~
l
dserkuq l kj i z'kkl u dkeq [ ; dke l ekt esa; FkkfLFkfr dkscuk, j[ kukgSt cfd bl l sl oZ / kfHkÂ czq
Dl , MEl dkfo' okl gSfd
By
i 'zkkl u dk egÙo bl fy, gSD; ksa fd ml dsekè; e l sl kekft d i fjorZ u dksl q

xe cuk; k t k l drk gS At gk¡ t S
El cuZ ge dk er
gSfd i z'kkl dksav Fkok i zcU/dksadsgkFkksaesav kt bruh v f/ d ' kfDr v k x; hgSfd gesaml dsfy, î zcU/dh; ØkfUr* dh l a Kk
nsukmi; q Dr gSogk¡pkYLkZ90 esfj; e usbl er dk[ k.Mu djrsgq , dgkgSfd i z'kkl u dksekuoh; i zfo/ kdsfodkl dhv fHkO;fDr
u
ekuk t kuk pkfg, ft l ds}kjk euq "; ust fVy okrkoj.k dsl kFk v i uk v uq dwy u LFkkfi r fd; k gS
A
; g fu"d"kZLFkkfi r djuk l oZ Fkk mi ; q
Dr gksxk fd yksd &i z'kkl u dsoy orZ eku l H; t hou dk l a j {kd ghughagScfYd
kkl
l kekft d i fjorZ u v kS j lq / kj&l a' kks/u dk, d ' kfDr' kkyhv L=kHkhgS Ayksd &i z'kkl u , d , slhxR;kRed ' kfDr gSt ksbu&bPNkdk
v uql j.k djusdsl kFk gh&l kFk ml dk ekxZ n' kZu Hkh djrhgS Ayksd &i z'kkl u , d i jks{k l Ùkk ughagS] oju~i zR;{k , oal fØ; ' kfDr
HkhgSt ksv kfFkZd v kS j l kekft d fo"kerkv ksadsfuokj.kdsfy, i z;Ru' khy gS AHkkjr esayksd i z'kkl u ,d , slseq Dr gksxk] ft l esaf' k{kk
i z'
v kS
j dsv ol j l cdksl q y Hkgksa
xs]ft l esav Li `' ; rkdkv Ur gkst k, xk] fL=k; ksadksi q#"kksadsl kekft d Lrj v kS
j v f/ dkj rFkkv ol j
gksa
xs] , d O;ki d l oZ r kseq
[ khv kfFkZ d , oal kekft d fodkl gksxkrFkkv oka fNr fo"kerkv ksadsLFkku i j l ekurkv ksav kSj yksd &dY; k.k
dhi zLFkki ukgksxhAgesa; g ughaHkw y ukpkfg, fd v k/ q fud jkT; dsy{; ksaesaew y Hkwr i fjorZuiS nkgksusdsi Q yLo: i yksd &i z'kkl u
sd
dsmís'; ksaesaHkh uw r u i zof̀Ùk; ksadk mn; gq v k gSv kS j ûohu yksd &i z'kkl u* l ekt l sfudVrk i j v R;f/ d cy nsrk gSrFkk
yk
yksd &i z'kkl u v kS

j l kekft d l eL; kv ksaesai zR;{kv kS j egÙoi w. kZl Ecu/ t ksM+
r kgSAyksd &i z'kkl u ^v k/ q
fud l H; rkdkân; * gS A; g
l ekt dh, d v R;f/ d LFkk; h' kfDr gS Ayksd &i 'zkkl u dhv l i Q yrk dk v FkZgSfd orZ eku l ekt v kSj l H; rk dk l Ei w . kZ<k¡pk
fc[ kj t kukA
Ph. : 9650682121
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14 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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INTRODUCTION
Meaning Scope & Significance of Public Administration
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ar
m
ifjp; & yksd iz”kklu uk flQZ ljdkjh rU= ls lEcfU/kr gS cfYd ;g v/;;u dk fo’k; Hkh gSA
& yksd iz”kklu dk {ks= fujUrj O;kid gksrk tk jgk gS bldh O;k[;k esa ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ljdkj dk dke tufgr
Ku
dks lqfuf”pr djuk gS ,oa bl dk;Z esa ljdkjh rU= dks ftu leL;kvksa ls lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS mu leL;kvksa ds funku dk iz;kl
yksd iz”kklu :ih “kS{kf.kd fo’k; ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
tkfgj lh ckr gS fd Hkkjr tSls fodkl”khy ns”k esa tgkWa rhoz xfr ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh pqukSrh lkeus gS
vFkkZr~ vk;s fnu foKku ,oa rduhd ds fodkl ds vuq:i iz”kklfud <kaps dks Lo;a esa Hkh lrr~ ifjorZu djuk gksrk gS vkSj ;s rHkh
ay
gks ldrk gS tc iz”kklfud fpardksa ds }kjk O;kolkf;d iz”kkldksa dks leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq izf”k{k.k fn;k tk;s A vr% ftruk egRoiw.kZ
yksd iz”kklu dk ljdkjh <kapk gS] dgha mlls T;knk yksd iz”kklu ,d “kS{kf.kd fo’k; ds :i esa egRrk j[krk gSA
bh
“kS{kf.kd :i esa bldk egRo foYlu ds fuEukafdr mfDr esa ns[kh tk ldrh gS &
ßiz”kklu dk ,d dzec} ikB~;dze gksuk pkfg, ;s ljdkj ds fofHkUu ekxksZ ¼nkf;Roksa½ dks Li’V djus] bldh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks
de vO;ogkfjd ¼vdq”ky½ djus] blds laxBuksa dks lqn`<+ cukus ,oa u;h pqukSfr;ksa ls lkeuk djus yk;d vkSj blds dÙkZO;ksa dks
:A
dÙkZO; Hkkouk ls lq”kksfHkr djus dk iz;kl djsxk AÞ
& Øec} fo’k; ds :i esa yksd iz”kklu esa fuEukafdr fo’k; lfEefyr gksrs gSa &
(1) lkoZtfud laxBu dh lajpuk ftlesa dk;Zikfydk ds laxBuksa dk la”kks/ku ,oa iqulZek;kstu Hkh “kkfey gSA
By
(2) fdz;k”khy igyw tSls fu;a=.k lapkj O;oLFkk ,oa uhfr fu/kkZj.k dks Li’V djus okyh iz”kklfud izfdz;k,a A
(3) laxBukRed xBu ijLij O;fDrxr lEcU/k] ijLij lkewwfgd laca/kksa ij cy nsrs gq, vkf/kdkfjd rU=ksa ij cy nsukA
(4) laxBukRed i;kZoj.k dh ikjLifjd fdz;k ds vUrZxr izHkkoh ,oa dzec} laca/k dh LFkkiuk dSls gks A bldh fpark Hkh yksd
u
iz”kklu ds {ks= ds fo’k; esa “kkfey gS vkfn A

{ks = & lkFk gh yksd iz”kklu esa O;kid ,oa lhfer vk/kkj ij {ks= dk fu/kkZj.k nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS &
O;kid {ks= dk vFkZ ;g gS fd bldk laca/k dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk vkSj fo/kkf;dk rhuksa ls gS ,oa lhfer vFkksZa ls dk;Zikfydk
kkl
ls laca/k ekuk tkrk gSA

lhfer {ks= ds vUrxZr ,y0 Mh0 OgkbV izeq[k gS tks yksd iz”kklu ds {ks= dks yksd uhfr ds fdz;kUo;u rd lhfer ekurs
i z'
gSA vkSj blh izdkj foYlu Hkh lhfer vFkksZa esa bldk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;Fkk ßyksd iz”kklu fof/k dk foLr`r ,oa dzec} iz;ksx gSAÞ
fMekWd Hkh lhfer {ks= ds i{k/kj gS] D;ksafd os dgrs gS fd ß?kksf’kr yksd uhfr dks iwjk djuk yksd iz”kklu dk dk;Z gSAÞ
lkbeu vkSj xqfyd tSls fopkjd Hkh bls fu’iknd ;k iz”kkldh; “kk[kkvksa ds fdz;kdykiksa rd lhfer ekurs gSA
sd
ijUrq uhxzks dh O;k[;k vf/kd O;kid gSA D;ksafd vU; lHkh i{kksa ds vykok yksd iz”kklu vkSj jktuhfrd o lkekftd iz.kkyh
yk
ds vkilh lEcU/kksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA uhxzks }kjk yksd iz”kklu dh O;k[;k fuEukafdr N% fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij izLrqr
dh x;h gS &
(1) lekt esa lg;ksxh vkSj lkewfgd iz;kl
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(2) rhuksa vaxksa ls ijLij lacaf/kr ¼dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk½

(3) ;g jktuSfrd izfdz;k dk vax gS D;ksafd yksd iz”kklu yksd uhfr dh jpuk esa izeq[k Hkqfedk fuHkkrk gSA
(4) futh iz”kklu ls vyx ;g vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
ar
(5) yksd iz”kklu b/kj dqN o’kksaZ ls v/;;u vkSj O;ogkj ds {ks= esa ekuoh; laca/k ewyd {ks=ksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor
gqvk gSA
m
(6) yksd iz”kklu lekt dh lsok djus ds dze ;s vusd futh lewgksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ls ?kfu’B :i ls tqM+k gS A
mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls lkekU;r% fuEukafdr ckrs mHkjdj vkrh gSA yksd iz”kklu yksd uhfr dh jpuk ,oa mlds fdz;kUo;u rd
Ku
lacfU/kr gS A
• ;g ljdkj dh fu’iknu “kk[kk gS blesa laxBukRed <akpk vkSj iz”kklu rU= “kkfey gSA
• iz”kklfud izfdz;k,a
• vf/kdkjh ra= o muds fdz;kdyki
ay
• lkewfgd fdz;kdyki vFkok lkekftd laca/kksa dk leUo;
• laxBu vkSj mlds ifjos”k ds chp ikjLifjd fdz;kA
bh
& nwljs vFkksZa esa yksd iz”kklu ds fuEukafdr fo’k; {ks= ,oa izHkko {ks= ns[ks tk ldrs gSA
dk;Zikfydk
:A
izHkko {ks= fo/kf;dk
U;k;ikfydk
fo’k; {ks= &
By
1. lkoZftdrk (Publicness)
2. uhfr dh laosnu'khyrk ¼ifjorZuksa ,oa lkekftd my>uksa ds dkj.k½
u
3. dk;kZUo;u {kerk & ljdkj esa ifj;kstuk izca/ku dks mudh lHkh “kk[kkvksa ¼ljdkjh½ esa ojh;rk nh tkuh pkfg,A
4. lkekftd ;FkkFkZrk dk cks/k Hkh yksd iz”kklu dk ,d fc’k; {ks= gSa A
vuqHko izkfIr ds :i esa iz”kklu & fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa budk vkSj Hkh vf/kd egRo gS D;ksafd mifuos'koknh 'kklu ls
kkl
5.
eqDr ns”kksa esa turk ds lkekftd vkfFkZd iqufuekZ.k esa yksd iz”kklu eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
fo’k; dk Lo:i & yksd iz”kklu] iz”kklu dh dk;Z{kerk dks c<+kus ds mn~ns”; ls vius ewy fo’k; jktuhfr “kkL= ls vyx
i z'
gqvk gS A “kklu esa lq/kkj ykus rFkk iz”kklfud laLFkkvksa dks O;kolkf;d ,oa mRiknd cukus ds fy, yksd iz”kklu ,d izcU/k foKku
(Management Science) dh vksj >qd x;k gSA
yksd iz”kklu ds fo’k; ds Lo:i dh O;k[;k xksyEcLdh ds yksdl ¼dgka½ ;k LFkku vkSj Qksdl ¼dsUnz fcUnq ;k D;k½ mikxe
sd
ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

yk
dkQh le; ls yksd iz”kklu ds v/;;u ds fo’k; ds :i esa yksd iz”kklu dk LFkku (Locus) T;knkrj jktuhfr”kkL= vkSj
dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa bfrgkl rFkk vFkZ”kkL= ds lkFk jgk gS ijrq Focus ¼dsUnz fcUnq½ fiNys dqN o’kksZa esa lkoZtfud uhfr;ks dh vis{kk
iz”kklfud rduhdksa ij T;knk tksj nsus dh jgh gSA
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vr% ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS] fd NBs n”kd ls uohu yksd iz”kklu vkUnksyu ls bl fo’k; dks lkekftd foKku dk fo’k;
dgs tkus dh izo`fÙk c<+h gSaA D;ksafd yksd iz”kklu dks vUrr% fdlh u fdlh lkekftd ifjos”k esa gh vius dk;ksZa dk fuokZgu djuk
gksrk gS A vr% blds fy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd ;g lkekftd ewY; ,oa lkekftd izklafxdrkvksa dk eku j[ks A
ar
lkFk gh 80 ds n”kd ls iqu% yksd iz”kklu dk Qksdl iz”kklfud rduhdksa ,oa dk;Zdq”kyrk rFkk izHkko”khyrk dh rjQ >qdk
fn[krk gS D;ksafd vkt ;g ekuk tk jgk gS fd ljdkj dks uk flQZ lkekftd ewY;ksa dk gh [;ky j[kuk pkfg, cfYd mls m|eh;
m
(Enterprising) Hkh gksuk pkfg, A
vFkZ & yksd iz”kklu ds vFkZ dh dksbZ fuf”pr ifjHkk’kk nsuk mruk gh dfBu gS ftruk fd i`Foh ij pkan vkSj rkjsrksM+dj ykukA fQj
Ku
Hkh yksd iz”kklu ds vFkZ dks fuEuafdr ?kVdksa ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu fopkjdksa ds }kjk le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgk gSA
1. eaf=eaMy ;k loksZPp dk;Zdkjfj.kh & ;Fkk eueksgu ljdkj
2. ;g Kku dh ,d “kk[kk Hkh gS & ;Fkk] ;g cgqr lkjs lkekftd foKku dk Hkkx gSA
3. lkoZtfud uhfr ;k mls ykxw djus ds fy, dh tkus okyh lkewfgd fdz;kvksa dk ;ksx & f”k{kk ls lEcfU/kr
ay
iz”kklu] jsyos iz”kklu] j{kk iz”kkluA
4. ;g izcU/k dh ,d dyk gS & tks bls tkurk gS] tSls tks O;fDr iz”kklu esa :fp j[krk gS ogh izca/ku dh dyk
dks le> ldrk gSA
bh
mi;qZDr ?kVdksa esa f}rh; ?kVd ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd yksd iz”kklu ,d v/;;u dk fo’k; Hkh gS ,oa r`rh; rFkk prqFkZ ?kVdksa
ls lkekU;r% ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd yksd iz”kklu ,d izfdz;k dk Hkh Hkkx gSA bu izfdz;kvksa esa yksd iz”kklu ds vUrZxr nks izdkj
:A
dh izd`fr (Nature) ns[kus dks feyrh gS & ;Fkk & ,dhd`r ¼lHkh dk;Z½ ,oa izca/kdh; izd`fr vFkkZr POSDCORB ls lacaf/kr dk;ZA
mi;qZDr ;gh rhljs vkSj pkSFks ?kVd feydj nqljs ?kVd ds fy, fo’k; oLrq cukrs gSaA
By
,dhd`r n`f’Vdks.k ¼laxBu esa lHkh dk;Z½

lkbeu] LyhioxZ] QsfyDl uhxzks] fox] fMekWd
izd`fr
u
izac/kdh; n`f’Vdks.k ¼laxBu esa mPPk Lrjh; dk;Z½ ;Fkk & xqfyd&iz'kklu dk laca/k dk;ks±
dks ldjokus ls gS A
kkl
Qs;ksy ds vuqlkj ogh iz”kklfud dkS”ky gS ftldh vko”;drk m|ksx] ljdkj ,oa ?kj ds izca/ku esa vkrh gS ijUrq blds
foijhr esfj;e dk dguk gSa] fd iz”kklfud fLFkfr;ksa ds chp fHkUurk,a lekurkvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd O;kogkfjd egRrk j[krh gSA vr%
i z'
fofHkUu laxBuks esa vUrj mu fo’k; oLrqvksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuls dksbZ laxBu lacaf/kr gksrk gSA
;g dkj.k gS fd POSDCORB fopkj ds ekuus okys fpardks dk lewg lHkh izdkj ds iz”kklu dks ;k lHkh lxaBuksa ds
iz”kklu dks ,d gh ekurk gS ijUrq esfj;e tSls fopkjdksa ds }kjk lHkh laxBuksa ds iz”kklu dks fHkUu fHkUu ekuk x;k D;ksafd mu lHkh
sd
dk fo’k; oLrq vyx vyx gksrk gSA

yk
egRo & yksd iz”kklu dh egRrk dks izLrqr djuk lkxj esa ,d ?kMs+ ds }kjk ty mMs+yuk gSA vFkkZr~ yksd iz”kklu ds egRo ds ckjs
esa ftruk dgk tk;s cgqr de gh gksrk gS D;ksafd yksd iz”kklu fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh lsok esa womb ¼xHkZ½ ls Tomb ¼dcz½ rd
yxk jgrk gSA
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fQj Hkh fuEukafdr dqN fopkjdksa dh mfDr;ksa ds ek/;e ls bldh egRrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA
tSlk dh ßMkugeÞ us dgk gS fd yksd iz”kklu dk egRo bl ckr ls gh Li’V gks tkrk gS fd ß;fn gekjh lH;rk vlQy
jgrh gS ;g eq[;r% iz”kklu dh vlQyrk ds dkj.k gksrh gS AÞ
ar
^pkYlZ cs;MZ* ds }kjk ;g O;Dr fd;k x;k fd lH; ljdkj vkSj lH;rk dk Hkfo’; bl ckr ij vk/kkfjr gS fd ge iz”kklu
ds foKkun”kZu rFkk O;ogkj dks fodflr dj ldsa A
m
lkFk gh ÔkkYMks* dh ,d mfDr yksd iz”kklu ds egRo dk efgekeaMu djrh gS ß¼vFkkZr iz”kklu lkekftd lkaLd`frd mUufr
dk ,tsaV gS½ iz”kklu lkaLd`frd lfEeJ.k dk Hkkx gS] u dsoy bl ij dk;Z gksrk gS vfirq ;g Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ¼vFkkZr~ blds fcuk
Ku
dqN ugh gks ldrk gS½
;gh ugha flQZ ;g uhfr fdz;kfUor gh ugh djrk cfYd fuEu rhu izdkj ls uhfr fuekZ.k ls Hkh lEcfU/kr gksr k gSA
1. jktuhfrd v/;{k dks uhfr fuekZ.k djrs le; iz”kkld vfuok;Z vkadM+s] lq>ko] vkykspuk bR;kfn izLrqr djrk gS A
ay
2. fo”ks’k fo’k;ksa esa orZeku dkuwu esa la”kks/ku ds izLrko ds L=ksr vkf/kdkjh gksrs gS ,oa fdz;kUo;u Lrj ij nSfud dfBukb;ksa dh
jks”kuh esa vkus okys izFke ;gh yksd ¼iz”kkld½ gksrs gS tks ;g tku ikrs gS fdl izdkj ds ifjorZu dh vko”;drk gS A
bh
3. laxBu ds izR;sd Lrj ij vf/kdkfj;ksa ds foosd ls uhfr fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ns[kus dks feyrh gSA ;Fkk ykblsal bR;kfn fuxZr djus
laca/kh uhfr vkfn A
:A
Note : ;fn eq[; ijh{kk esa fdlh fopkjd dk dksbZ dFku dk fo”ys’k.k djuk visf{kr gks rks ,slk fo”ys’k.k fuEu
fcUnqvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksuk pkfg, &
By
1. fn;k x;k dFku fdl izdkj ds {ks= dk leFkZu djrk gS vFkkZr~ oks O;kid {ks= ¼fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk½ dh ckr
djrk gS ;k og dFku lhfer {ks= ¼dk;Zikfydk½ dh ckr djrk gSA
2. izLrqr dFku esa fdl izdkj dh izd`fr dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA vFkkZr~ D;k og dFku izca/kdh; izd`fr dh ckr djrk gS ;k ,dhd`r
u
izd`fr dh ckr djrk gS A

3. ml dFku dh :ijs[kk ;k <kapk dSlk gS vFkkZr fn;s x;s dFku esa jktuSfrd <kaps ¼yksd uhfr½ dh ckr dh x;h gS ;k oSèkkfud
kkl
<kaps ¼fu;e ,oa dkuwu½ dh ckr dh x;h gS ;k vU; dksbZ vk;ke ;Fkk lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] ifjos”k ds vUrxZr iz”kklfud fØ;k
ds dk;ZØe dh ckr dh x;h gS A bl ckr dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
i z'
4. lkekUr;% fVIi.kh ds iz”uksa esa cgqr T;knk fo’k; oLrq ;k rF;ksa dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh] cfYd ml fo’k;oLrq dks /;ku esa j[kdj
rkfdZd :i ls vius fopkj izdV fd;s tkus dh vko”;drk gSA
5. lkFk gh vkt ds iz”kklfud gydksa dh ekU;rkvksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kdj dksbZ ,d ;k nks egRoiw.kZ lq>ko izLrqr fd;s tkus pkfg,]
sd
c”krsZa fd “kCn lhek bl ckr dh vkKk nsrh gks] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh gkykr~ esa 200 “kCnksa ls vf/kd “kCnksa e fd, x;s izLrqrhdj.k
yk
dks Js; ugha fn;k tk;sxk A

For Example, ß,y- Mh- OgkbVÞ dk dFku gS ^^yksd iz”kklu dk lEcU/k mu lHkh dk;ksZa ls gS ftudk iz;kstu yksd
uhfr ;k mn~ns”;ksa dks iwjk djus ls gS ;k mls fdz;kfUor djus ls gS\** fVIi.kh djsa\
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j
fn;k x;k dFku ladqfpr {ks= ls lEcfU/kr gS D;ksafd bl dFku esa yksd uhfr dks flQZ fdz;kfUor djus dh ckr dh x;h gS
lkFk gh ;g dFku iz”kklu ds izd`fr ls lEcfU/kr fo”ys’k.k ds ,dhd`r (Integrated) n`f’Vdks.k dk i{k/kj gS] D;ksafd bl dFku
esa ;g lkQ lkQ izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd yksd iz”kklu dk lEcU/k mu lHkh dk;ksaZ ls gS vkSj yksd iz”kklu dk lEcU/k fdlh laxBu
ar
ds lHkh dk;ksaZ ds rHkh gksxk tc ml laxBu ds lHkh Lrjksa ij dk;Z djus okys deZpkjh dks “kkfey fd;k tk;sxk vFkkZr~ laxBu ds
mPp ls fuEu Lrj rd vkus okyh lHkh fo’k; oLrq iz”kklu dk Hkkx gksrh gSA
m
bruk gh ugh ;g dFku iz”kklu ds jktuSfrd :ijs[kk dk Hkh i{k/kj gS D;ksafd blesa yksd uhfr dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA pwafd
yksd uhfr jktuhfr dk eq[; Hkkx gqvk djrh gS vr% ;g LokHkkfod gSA
Ku
,sls esa iz”kklu jktuSfrd fdz;k&dykiksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vius dk;ksZ dk fuokZgu djsxk A
mi;qZDr dFku esa vkt ds vk/kqfud iz”kklfud ifjn`”; esa izpfyr izR;k;kstu fo/kku (Deligated legislation) ,oa iz”kklfud
vf/kdkfj;ksa dk foosdkf/kdkj ls lEcfU/kr fopkj/kkjk dks ekU;rk ugha feyh gS A lkFk gh ;g dFku yksd iz”kklu dk vfr lkekU;hdj.k
ay
djrk gS ,oa mlds flQZ vkSj flQZ dk;Zikfydk ls lEcfU/kr gksus dh ckr djrk gS tcfd ljdkj ds rhu vax ¼dk;Zikfydk]
U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk½ gksrs gSA vkSj vkt iz”kklfud dk;Z] bu rhuksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA
bruk gh ugha] mi;qZDr dFku esa iz”kklfud dk;ksaZ ds dqN fof”k’V (Specific) eqn~nksa ;k pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkh izLrqfrdj.k ugha
bh
fd;k x;k gS] ftl ij vkusokys le; esa “kS{kf.kd fopkjdksa ds }kjk v/;;u ;k vuqla/kku fd;k tk lds vkSj iz”kklfud laxBu ds
dk;Zdzeksa ds dk;Zdq”kyrk ds Lrj dh ek=k dks c<+k;k tk ldsA
:A
yksd iz”kklu ij fofHkUu fopkjdksa ds }kjk izLrqr ifjHkk’kk dks fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gS bl ckr
ds ckotwn Hkh fd fopkjdksa ds }kjk izLrqr cgqr lh fopkj/kkjk vLi’V ,oa tfVy gS] mlds fufgrkFkZ rks ns[ks tk ldrs gS ijUrq fuEukafdr
oxksZa esa j[kuk vlEHko lk izrhr gksrk gS fQj Hkh dqN fopkjdksa] ,y- Mh- OgkbV] ywFkj xqfyd ,sls gSa ftuds }kjk izLrqr fopkj dks
By
fuEukafdr oxksaZ esa j[kk tk ldrk gS &

1. izd`fr O;kid ,oa {ks= ladqfpr ¼dk;Zikfydk½
,dhd`r n`f’Vdks.k & ¼,y Mh OgkbV½
u
2. izd`fr ,oa {ks= nksuksa ladh.kZ & gjcVZ lkbeu] belZu

& belZUk ds }kjk ;g O;Dr fd;k x;k gS fd iz”kklu dk lEcU/k dk;ksZa dks djokus ls gS vkSj ;g bl ckr ls
kkl
lEcfU/kr gS fd fdl izdkj uhfr;ksa dks loksZÙke <ax ls fdz;kfUor fd;k tk ldsA
3. izd`fr ladh.kZ ¼izca/kdh; n`f’Vdks.k½ ,oa {ks= O;kid & ywFkj xqfyd budh ifjHkk’kk esa iz”kklu dk vfHkizk; dk;ksaZ dks
i z'
djokuk gS ;g ifjHkk’kk bl ckr dks ekudj pyrh gS fd iz”kklu dh leLr “kk[kk,a ;k ljdkj ds rhuksa vaxs iz”kklfud fdz;k dk
Hkkx gksrs gSA
4. izd`fr ,oa {ks= nksuksa O;kid & fMekWd] fQQuj bR;kfn A
sd
yk
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mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 19
DIFFERENCES yksd ,oa futh iz'kklu
dkj d Ykksd iz”kklu dh fo”ks’ krk futh iz”kklu dh fo”ks’ krk
ar
¼1½ mn~ns”; & tufgr ;k turk ds fgrksa dks lqfuf”pr djuk equkQk vftZr djuk A
m
¼2½ dk;ksaZ dh la[;k & dk;ksaZ dh la[;k T;knk ,oa dk;Z T;knk ek=k esa dk;ksaZ dh la[;k de ,oa dk;Z ljy
,oa izd`fr tfVy] lkFk gh dk;ksaZ ds chp foHksnhdj.k dh izd`fr ds gksrs gS dk;ksaZ ds chp ,d:irk
Ku
ek=k Hkh vf/kd gksxh A ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
¼3½ fu;e ,oa & fu;e ,oa dkuwu n`< gksrs gS rFkk fu;e ,oa fu;e ,oa dkuwu esa yphykiu ns[kus dks
dkuwu dkuwu dks O;ogkfjd :i ls ykxw djrs le; feyrk gSA vkSj turk ds chp fu;e ,oa
yksd iz”kkld turk ds chp HksnHkko ugha djrs gSaA dkuwu ykxw djrs le; HksnHkko fd;k
ay
tkuk dksbZ ubZ ckr ugha A
¼4½ fu;a=.k ,oa

mÙkjnkf;Ro
¼5½ dkfeZd iz”kklu
T;knk
bh
;ksX;rk ,oa lkekftd igyw dk /;ku j[kk tkrk
de
flQZ ;ksX;rk
:A
gS A ;Fkk USA essa ldkjkRed iz;kl ,oa Hkkjrh;
ifjizs{; esa vkj{k.k uhfr A
¼6½ dk;Zdq”kyrk de T;knk
By
¼7½ foÙkh; fu;a=.k foÙkh; fu;a=.k ckgjh ,oa vkrfjd nksuksa ns[kus dks vkUrfjd gksxk etc.
feyrh gS ckgjh ls rkRi;Z fo/kkf;dk ;k laln ls gS
,oa vkarfjd fu;a=.k ls Lor% dk;Zikfydk ds }kjk
u
fd;k x;k fu;a=.k gS tSlk fd Hkkjrh; foÙk ea=ky;

ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS A
kkl
Note -
vk/kqfud le; esa yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu ds chp lekurk dk {ks= vf/kd gksrk tk jgk gS A
i z'
sd
yksd futh vkt ;g nwjh c< jgh gS ¼vFkkZr~ lekurk c< jgh gS½
yk
ijEijkxr le; esa ;k yksd futh ds chp dh nwjh de gks jgh gSA
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j
eqn~nk &
yksd iz”kklu vkSj futh iz”kklu ds chp dk vUrj mruk T;knk ugha gS ;k mruk cM+k ugha gS ftruk fd NksVs
vkSj cM+s laxBuksa ds chp gksrk gSA
ar
1. yksd foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ij futh laxBu dh vR;f/kd fuHkZjrk ,slh n”kk esa futh iz”kklu ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd yksd iz”kklu
dh fopkj/kkjk ,oa dk;Z i}fr ds vUrxZr vius dk;ksZa dk lapkyu djs A
m
2. vk/kqfud le; esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds mnkjhdj.k oS”ohdj.k ,oa futhdj.k dh uhfr;ksa dh otg ls nksuksa ds chp dh nwjh de
gks jgh gS A
Ku
3. orZeku le; esa ljdkj dk ;g iz;kl gS fd yksd iz”kklu dks vf/kd O;kolkf;d vkSj dk;Zdq”ky cuk;k tk;s ,oa futh iz”kklu
ds vUrxZr lkekU; ,oa ekuoh; igyw ij fo”ks’k cy fn;k tk;sA ,slk rHkh lEHko gS tc yksd iz”kklu vkSj futh iz”kklu ds
chp dk;Z i}fr;ksa ,oa fopkj/kkjk dk vknku iznku gks tks fd varr% yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu ds chp lekurk ds {ks=
ay
dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrk gS A
4. iz”kklfud LVkWQ dkyst gSnjkckn vkSj iz”kklfud dkyst gSuys (UK) ds }kjk yksd iz”kkld ,oa futh iz”kkldksa ds fy, ,d
bh
leku izf”k{k.k dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk bl otg ls gSa D;ksafd tgkWa futh iz”kkldksa dks lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk ikB
i<+kuk gS ogha yksd iz'kklu dh dk;Zdq'ky cukuk gS A vr% bu LVkQ dkystksa ds }kjk yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu ds chp
vkt utnhdh c<+kus dk dke fd;k tk jgk gS A
:A
5. yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu ds chp vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ijLij gLrkukUrj.k lekurk ;k ,d:irk dks O;Dr djrk gSA
6. tSls&tSls NksVk futh laxBu cM+s laxBu vFkkZr~ yksd laxBuksa dk :i ysus yxrk gS oSls oSls] oks futh laxBu] yksd iz”kklu
dh cgqr lh vPNh ,oa cqjh izd`fr;ksa ls xzfgr gksrk pyk tkrk gS ;Fkk jsM VSfiTe A
By
7. iz”kklu esa vUrj rc vkrk gS tc yksd ,oa futh tSls “kCnksa dk iz;ksx iz”kklu ds vkxs fd;k tkrk gSA vU;Fkk iz'kklu rks ,d
gh gS A
8. (Public Private Partenership) yksd futh lk>snkjh dh fopkj/kkjk & bl fopkj/kkjk dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k jk’Vªh;
u
jktekxksZ ds fuekZ.k dh uhfr;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS bles BOT vFkkZr (Build, Operate, Transfer) dh i}fr ls vkt
vkèkkqfud le; esa jk’Vªh; jktekxksZa dk cgqr gh dk;Zdq”ky rjhds ls fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gS A
vkt lkjs fo”o esa Hkh ;g yksd futh lk>snkjh dh i}fr dks fodkl dk;ksZa esa viuk;s tkus dk izpyu gS ;Fkk & U;wthyS.M ds
kkl
ljdkjh midzeksa ls ;g visf{kr gS fd os futh lk>snkjh ls futh laxBuksa ds leku fu’iknu djs A lkFk gh vkWLVsªfy;k tSls ns”kksa
ds ljdkjh {ks=ksa esa futh midzeksa ds izfreku viuk;s tk jgs gS A
i z'
9. bruk gh ugha vkt ds vk/kqfud lekt dh ekU;rkvksa ,oa ewY;ksa esa Hkh] Critical Theory, yksd p;u mikxe] uohu yksd izcUèku
ds ek/;e ls yksd ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gS A lkFk gh vkt ds fodkl”khy ns”kksa ds lekt esa Hkh lkekU;r% flfoy lekt
,oa Kku lekt tSls laLFkkvksa ij izcyrk ns[kus dks feyrh gS] D;ksafd ,sls ns”kksa esa Hkh vkt ukxfjdksa ds }kjk Lo&igpku dk
Lrj izkIr djus ij cy fn;k tkus yxk gS A
sd
;gh dkj.k gS fd ,sls ukxfjdksa ds }kjk fdlh Hkh gkyr esa rqyukRed :i ls csgrj oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa dh ekax dh tkus yxh
yk
gS ;g ekax bl otg ls Hkh vf/kd dh tkus yxh gS D;ksafd ukxfjdksa ds Loigpku ds Lrj dh izkfIr esa ,slh csgrj lsokvksa dh
vfr vko”;drk gS A
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j 21
tkfgj lh ckr gS fd csgjr lsok,a ukxfjdksa dks rHkh izkIr gksxh A tc yksd iz”kklu dk;Z dq”kyrk dh [kkst esa futh iz”kklu
dh rjQ funsZf”kr gksxk A ,oa futh iz”kklu Hkh uSfrd ,oa lkekftd dk;Zdq”kyrk dh [kkst esa yksd iz”kklu ls utnhdh cukuk pkgsxk
vkSj vUrr% yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu ds chp dh nwwjh lekIr gksrh lh izrhr gksus yxsxh A
ar
yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu dks fuEukafdr dqN xfrfof/k;ksa ls tksM+u s dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS &
m
1. dEiuh ,oa yksd fuxe dh bdkb;ksa ds }kjk nksuksa dks vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa tksM+s tkus dh fLFkfr;kWa vke fn[krh gSa A
2. xSj ljdkjh laxBu ,oa Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa }kjk nksuks fodkl o dY;k.k ds {ks=ksa esa tqM+rs gq, vklkuh ls ns[ks tk
Ku
ldrs gS A
3. la;qDr midzeksa ds }kjk yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu dh lkFk lkFk Hkkxhnkjh lkekftd vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
4. nksuksa iz”kkluksa esa dkfeZdksa ds vknku iznku ds ifj.kkeLo:i yksd iz”kklu ,oa futh iz”kklu dk tqM+ko rhoz xfr ls c<+ jgk gSA
iz”kklfud lVkWQ dkWyst gSnjkckn bl dk;Z esa ,d ldkjkRed izcyd dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZgu dj jgk gS A
ay
5. lkadsfrd fu;kstu (Indicative planning) ds c<+us dh otg ls yksd iz”kklu o futh iz”kklu esa ikjLifjd fdz;k ns[kus dks
feyrh gS A
jgh gS A bh
6. yksd iz”kklu o futh iz”kklu ds j.kuhfrd lglEcU/k u;h oSf”od izfrLinkZ dks vFkZO;oLFkk esa ykus dk dke rhoz xfr ls dj
7. lkFk gh yksd midzeksa esa fofuos”k dh izfdz;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i Hkh yksd iz”kklu o futh iz”kklu esa vUrj de gksrk tk jgk gSA
:A
8. vfUre :i ls Kku lekt o flfoy lekt dh ekU;rkvksa esa Hkh bu nksuksa iz”kkluksa dks utnhd ykus dk dke rhoz rxf ls fd;k gS A
eqn~nk &
By
yksd iz”kklu esa lkekU;r% futh iz”kklu dh rqyuk esa n{krk de D;ksa gSa\
1. yksd iz”kklu esa dkfeZd iz”kklu dh tfVyrk,a rqyukRed :i ls T;knk cM+h gksrh gS vkSj ;fn fdlh dkj.ko”k v{ke dkfeZdksa
u
dh HkrhZ gks tkrh gS rks cgqr lh laoS/kkfud ck/;rkvksa ds dkj.k muls NqVdkjk ikuk vklku ugha jgrk tcfd futh iz”kklu
esa ,slk ns[kus dks ugha feyrk gSa A
yksd iz”kklu esa ,d vksj cgqy fu;a=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gS A ogh nwljh vksj fu;a=.k izfdz;k Hkh cgqr dsUnzhd`r vkSj cksf>y
kkl
2.
lh fn[krh gS A iz”kklfud izfdz;kvksa esa fodsUnzhdj.k rks nwj dh ckr gS izR;k;kstu dk Hkh vHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gS A tcfd
futh laxBuksa esa dk;ksaZ ds vuq:i lapkyu Lrj dh lÙkk ,oa mRrjnkf;Ro dk gLrkukUrj.k cgqr vklkuh ls ns[kus dks feyrk
i z'
gS A futh laxBu esa dk;Zdq”kyrk vf/kd gksus dk ;g ,dek= dkj.k rks ugh gS ijUrq lcls egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gS A
3. yksd iz”kklu esa n`<+ inlksiku vkSj ykyQhrk”kkgh dh otg ls fu.kZ;ksa dk uk flQZ dsanzhdj.k gks tkrk gS cfYd fu.kZ; dh izfdz;k
esa vko”;drk ls vf/kd nsjh gks tkrh gSa A
sd
4. fu’iknu ds vk/kkj ij (Incentive & Reward) izsj.kk vkSj iqjLdkj dh O;k[;k futh iz”kklu esa yksd iz”kklu dh rqyuk esa
yk
dgh T;knk ns[kus dks feyrh gSa
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22 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
5. bruk gh ugh vkt vk/kqfud le; esa ljdkj dh yksd dY;k.kdkjh xfrfof/k;ksa dh otg ls] yksd iz”kklu dks dbZ ,sls xSj vkfFkZd
{ks=ksa esa vius dk;ksZa dk fuokZgu djuk iM+rk gS A futh iz”kklu lkekftd ck/;rk ds vHkko ds dkj.k blls eqDr gksrk gS A
;gh dkj.k gS fd yksd iz”kklu vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa izpfyr dk;Zdq”kyrk ,oa ferO;;rk tSls egRoiw.kZ ?kVdksa dk [;ky ugh
ar
j[k ikrk gS A
6. mRiknu l`tukRedrk ;k uokpkj (Product innovation) futh iz”kklu esa yksd iz”kklu dh rqyuk esa csgrj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
m
7. futh iz”kklu esa le; ls foÙk dh miyC/krk ns[kus dks feyrh gS ijUrq yksd iz”kklu esa fofu;kstu vf/kfu;e (Appropriation
act) tSls laoS/kkfud ck/;rk dh ctg ls yksd iz”kklu esa foÙk dh O;oLFkk esa foÙk dh lhek,a ns[kus dks feyrh gS A
Ku
8. futh iz”kklu esa HkrhZ ,oa dkfeZd izca/ku dh O;oLFkk rqyukRed :i ls T;knk csgrj ,oa ifjorZuk”khy gS bldh otg ls
dk;Zdq”kyrk ds lqj dks /;ku esa j[kdj futh iz”kklu dkfeZd izca/ku esa vklkuh ls ifjorZu dj ysrk gS ijUrq yksd iz”kklu
,slk djus esa l{ke ugh fn[krk A
9. futh iz”kklu esa miHkksDrk iwath (Customer capital) dk T;knk izHkkoh izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gS] blfy, futh iz”kkluksa esa ;g
ay
ykHk vtZu dh {kerk c<+k ikus esa T;knk l{ke gS] ijUrq yksd iz”kklu esa lkekftd ewY;ksa dh lhekvksa dh otg ls miHkksDrk
iwath dk T;knk izHkko ns[kus dks ugh feyrk gS A bl otg ls ykHk vtZu Hkh de ns[kus dks feyrk gS A
bh
ysfdu mi;qZDr reke lhekvksa ds ckotwn Hkh yksd iz”kklu dk Qksdl flQZ vkfFkZd {kerk dks c<kuk gh ugha gS cfYd
lkekftd miyfC/k;kWa lkekftd n{krk vkSj yksdrkaf=d rFkk l”kDrhdj.k ds mn~ns”;ksa dks Hkh izkIr djus dh n{krk dks c<+kuk gSA
D;ksafd yksd iz”kklu ;k ljdkj dh dk;Zdq”kyrk dk ,d uSfrd lqj gksrk gS A vr% tc nksuksa iz”kkluksa ds dk;Zdq”kyrk o`f}
:A
dh fpark dk {ks= gh vyx vyx gS rks ;g dgka rd lgh gS fd nksuksa iz”kkluksa ds dk;Zdq”kyrk dk ekiu ,d gh Parameter ls
fd;k tk;s A dqN vFkksZa esa pwafd yksd iz”kklu dk ,d uSfrd lqj Hkh gksrk gS vr% dqN gn rd lkekU; vkfFkZd xSj dk;Zdq”kyrk {kek
izkIr djus dh {kerk j[krh gS A lkFk gh bl deha dh iwfrZ lkekftd dk;Z dq”kyrk tSls ?kVdksa ls rks gks gh tkrh gS A
By
vr% nksuks ds dk;Zdq”kyrk dk ,d ekud (Parameter) nksuksa ds iz”kklfud dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa {kerk ds fy, LokLFk o)Zd
ugha gS A
u
kkl
i z'
sd
yk
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mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 23
inlksiku %& (Hierarchy or Scalar Process)
fo”ks’ krk,¡
ar
*inlksiku dk “kkfCnd vFkZ mPp Lrj ds }kjk fuEu Lrj ij fu;a=.k ls gSA
v/;{k
m

Ku


 vk/kkj
ay
* fdlh Hkh laxBu esa dk;Z&foHkktu ,oa leUo; dks lqfuf”pr djus gsrq] inslksiku ds fu;e dk gksuk vfr
vfuok;Z gSA
leUo;
v/;{k
bh
dk;Z dk foHkktu
:A
vk/kkj
* inlksikfud ds vUrxZr dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ds ifjHkkf’kr dÙkZO; ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrs gSa ftldh
By
tVhyrk uhps Lrj ls Åij dh vksj c<+rh phy tkrh gSA

DutiesResponsibility
u
Function
&
kkl
Resion ¼tckcnsgh½
i z'
oS/kkfudrk
Accountability ¼mÙkjnkf;Ro½
sd
* inlksiku laxBu dks lqO;ofLFkr djrk gS ,oa vuq”kklu dks çksRlkfgr djrk gSA
yk
* fdl O;fDr dks fdlls vkns”k çkIr djuk gS ,oa fdldks vkns”k nsuk gS dks innlksiku ds fu;e esa
ifjHkkf’kr fd;k tkrk gSA
* inlksiku ds fu;e esa lapkj] rRdkyhu Lrjksa ds chp Åij ls uhps ;k Åij gks ldrk gS ;kfu inlksiku
ds fu;e esa Horizontal ¼{kSfrt½ lapkj dh O;oLfkk ugha dh xbZ gSA
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j
leUo; (Co-Ordination) %& leUo; dk vfHkçk; çR;uksa dh ledkyhurk ls gSA lg;ksx ,d LoSPNh dk;Z gS
ftlds vUrxZr nks ;k vU; O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk ,d nwljs dks lgk;rk çnku fd;k tkrk gSA
ijUrq leUo; ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS] tks fd tku&cw> dj dh tkrh gS ,oa leUo; ds fy, ,d leUo;dÙkkZ dk
ar
gksuk vfuok;Z gSA ;g leUo;drkZ ;k rks O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dk lewg gks ldrk gS] ;k laxBu dh dksbZ bdkbZ gks ldrh
gSA leUo; ds fy, lg;ksx dk gksuk vfuok;Z gS ijUrq flQZ lg;ksx ds vk/kkj ij leUo; dks ifjHkkf’kr ugha fd;k tk
m
ldrk gS] leUo; ds fy, lg;ksx ds ek/;e ls leku mÌs”; çkfOr kds lqfuf”pr djuk vfuok;Z gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj ds Lrj ij fofHké ea=ky; dh LFkkiuk fof”k’V mÌs”;ksa ds lanHkZ esa dh xbZ gSA
Ku
ijUrq tufgr dks çkIr djus gsrq ,oa ljdkjh ç.kkyh esa dk;Zdq”kyrk dks çksRlkfgr djus gsrq leUo; dk gksuk vfr
vfuok;Z gSA e.g. & f”k{kk ea=ky; ,oa lekt dY;k.k ea=ky;
f”k{kk ea=ky; ds }kjk iwjs ns”k ds fy, leku f”k{kk uhfr dh ?kks’k.kk dh tkrh gS] lekt dY;k.k ea=ky; }kjk
lekt ds fof”’V oxksZa ds fy, dY;.k dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr f”k{kk uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gS] nksuksa ea=ky; ds chp
ay
f”k{kk uhfr ds nksgjhdj.k ,oa la?k’kZ dks nwj djus gsrq leUo; dk gksuk vfr&vfuok;Z gSA
foÙk ea=kky; dk dk;Z flQZ leUo; dk gh gSA
* fdlh Hkh laxBu esa leUo; fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls fo”ks’k egRo j[krk gS &
bh
(1) fdlh laxBu dh bdkbZ;ksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;ksZa esa nksgjhdj.k dks jksdus gsrqA
(2) leUo; ds vk/kkj ij bdkbZ;ksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds chp la?k’kksZa dh lHkkouk lhfer gks tkrh gSA
(3) leUo; ds ek/;e ls laxBu ds çR;sd bdkbZ ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dks ,d nwljs ds dk;ksZa dh tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA
:A
(4) leUo; ds dkj.k deZpkfj;ksa ds chp lkekU; ,oa O;kid y:{; dh çkfIr dks lqfuf”pr djuk laHko gks ikrk gSA
(5) leUo; ,d ,slk ek/;e gS ftlds dkj.k ftlds dkj.k dk;Z ds fdlh ,d igyw ij vR;f/kd cy nsus dh ço`fr
dks jksdrk gSA ¼dk;ksZa ds chp ds larqyu dks çkIr djus gsrq½
By
(6) leUo; ds dkj.k vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp vf/kd ls vf/kd vf/kdkj çkIr djus dh Hkkouk lhfer gksrh gSA
* leUo; dks çkIr djus ds fuEukafdr lk/ku gSa &
¼ljdkjh laxBu½
u

(1) fu;kstu
kkl
(2) uhfr fuekZ.k ds Lrj ij eaf=eaMy ,oa eaf=eaMy lfpoky; ,d leUo;drkZ dk dk;Z djrk gSA
(3) lapkyu ds Lrj ij vUr% foHkkfx; lfefr;ksa ds }kjk leUo; dks çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
(4) LVkQ vfHkdj.k ,d çe q[k leUo;drkZ ds :i esa eq[; dk;Zikfydk dks lg;ksx nsrk gSA
i z'
(5) {ks=h; ifj’kn~ ds ek/;e ls {ks= ds vk/kkj ij leUo; dks çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
(6) inlksiku ,d ,slk fu;e gS tks dk;Z ds foHkktu ds lkFk&lkFk leUo; dks çkIr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gS]
inlksikfud Øe ds vUrxZr lÙkk ds vH;kl ds ek/;e ls leUo; dks çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
sd
(7) jktuhfrd ,oa ç”kklfud Lrjksa ij fd;k tkus okyk lEesyu leUo; dks çkIr djus dk ,d çeq[k lk/ku gSA
yk
(8) dk;Z i)fr dk O;ofLFkr gksuk Lor% leUo; dh ,d rduhd gSA

(9) vukSipkfjd lk/ku
(10) jk’Vªh; fodkl ifj’kn~
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

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leUo;u
izR;sd laxBu vius mís';ksa dh iwfrZ dk iz;kl laxBu ds fofHkUu dk;ks± esa yxs fHkUu&fHkUu yksxksa dh lgk;rk ls djrk
gSA laxBu esa dk;ks± dh vusdrk ds dkj.k Je&foHkktu ds fl)karksa ds vuqlkj dk;Z dk foHkktu vko';d gks tkrk gSA izR;sd
ar
ns'k esa fdlh ljdkjh laxBu dks vusd foHkkxksa] lsokvksa ,oa vfHkdj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA t f Ugsa iqu% iz'kklfud bdkb;ksa
esa dk;Z&ljyhdj.k gsrq foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA ;s fofHkUu bdkb;k¡] vfHkdj.k ,oa foHkkx ijLij lkeatL;iw.kZ rjhds ls dke
m
djsa] blds fy, leUo;u vko';d gks tkrk gSA OgkbZV ds 'kCnksa esa] ^^leUo; fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds dk;ks± ,oa leLoj Hkkxksa dh xfr
,oa lapkyu dk leatu gS ftlls fd izR;sd lEiw.kZ ds mRikn esa viuk egÙke ;ksxnku ns ldsA**lHkh ewuh ds vuqlkj] ^^leUo;u
Ku
lkewfgd iz;kstu dh fn'kk esa dh xbZ dkjZokbZ dks ,drk iznku djus ds fy, lkewfgd iz;kl dk Øfed O;oLFkkiu gSA**
leUo; dh vko';drk rhu izeq[k dkj.kksa ls gksrh gS %
1. vfèkO;kiu] fookn ,oa LFkkbZ varfoZHkkxh; >xM+ksa dks jksdus ds fy,A varfoZHkkxh; fookn ;k >xM+s rc mBrs gSa
tc nks ;k vfèkd foHkkx fdlh fo"k; ij vuU; vfèkdkj&{ks= dk nkok djrs gSa vFkok tc mu fo"k;ksa ij fookn
ay
mBrk gS ftuesa dbZ foHkkxksa dk oSèk fgr gksrk gS fdUrq os fojksèkkRed fu.kZ; nsrs gSaA ljdkjh foHkkxksa ds fy,
oxhZdj.k dh ,d&izdk;kZRed iz.kkyh viuk, tkus ds dkj.k Hkh vDlj >xM+s gq, gSaA bl iz.kkyh ds varxZr ;fn
dksbZ ?ku cukuk gks rks ;kstuk foHkkx LFkku fuèkkZfjr djsxk] okf.kT; foHkkx lkekuksa dh vkiwfrZ djsxk] Je foHkkx
bh
Jfed eqgS;k djsxk vkSj vkokl foHkkx Hkou dk fuekZ.k djsxkA bl rjg dh O;oLFkk esa varfoZHkkxh; fooknksa
dk mBuk dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gksrhA
:A
2. ladh.kZ foHkkxh; foospuk ds ctk; iz'kklu dh O;kid foospuk djus esa deZpkfj;ksa dks leFkZ cukus ds fy,A
3. ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd lgh le; ij lgh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lgh ;ksx yksx vkSj lgh lalkèku lgh ;k=k
esa miyCèk gksaA
By
leUo; lHkh lQy izcUèkuksa dh vko';d iwoZ'krZ gS] fo'ks"kdj ljdkjh iz'kklu esa tgk¡ ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSj mudh
bdkb;ksa ds nkf;Roksa dk cgqyhdj.k gksrk gSA
leUo; ds udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed nksuksa ladsrkFkZ gksrs gSaA udkjkRed :i ls leUo;u dk vFkZ gksrk gS iz'kklu
u
esa fooknksa vkSj vfèkO;kiu dks gVkuk tcfd ldkjkRed :i ls bldk vFkZ gksrk gS fdlh laxBu ds dkexkjksa ds chp lg;ksx
vkSj lkgp;Z dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA U;weSu leUo;u dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa %
fu"iknu dks mfpr ek=k] le; ,oa funsZ'ku iznku djus okys iz;klksa dk Øfed lekØe.k ftlls fuèkkZfjr
kkl
mís'; ds izfr lkeatL;iw.kZ ,oa ,dhÑr fØ;k,¡ gksaA

Vsjh ds vuqlkj]
i z'
leUo;u ,d nwljs ds Hkkxksa rFkk lgh le; ij xfr vkSj dkjZokbZ dk leatu gS ftlls fd izR;sd lEiw.kZ
ds mRikn esa viuk egÙke ;ksxnku ns ldsA
iqu% ewuh dks mn~èk`r djrs gq,
sd
leUo;u laxBu dk igyk fl)kar gS vkSj Lo;a esa vU; lHkh fl)karksa dks lekfgr djrk gS tks blds vèkhuLFk gSa
yk
,oa ftuds ekQZr ;g pyrk gSA

var% leUo;u ds fy, lEiw.kZ lHkh Hkkxksa dk fuckZèk ,oa ln~Hkkoukiw.kZ ifjpkyu vko';d gS ftlesa vfèkdre
ferO;; vkSj dq'kyrk ds lkFk de&ls&de le; esa okafNr y{; rd igqapus ds fy, dksbZ fookn ;k vfèkO;kiu
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j
u gksA
leUo; nks izdkj dk gks ldrk gS % ¼v½ vkarfjd ;k dk;kZRed tks laxBu esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds
leUo;u ls lEc) gS( ,oa ¼c½ cká ;k lajpukRed tks laxBu dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds leUo;u ls lEc) gSA
ar
nksuksa izdkj dk leUo;u {kSfrt ,oa mnxz nksuksa rjg ls gksrk gSA {kSfrt :i ls leUo;u ,d dkexkj dk nwljs ls] ,d 'kk[kk
dk nwljs ls] ,d vuqHkkx dk nwljs ls] ,d izHkkx vkSj@vFkok foHkkx dk nwljs ls varl±caèk LFkkfir djrk gSA mnxz :i ls
m
leUo;u ,d deZpkjh vkSj mlds vfèkdkjh ds chp] vfèkdkjh vkSj mlds rRdky izoj ds chp] vuqHkkx vkSj 'kk[kk ds chp] 'kk[kk
vkSj izHkkx ds chp LFkkfir ,Iiych ds 'kCnksa esa %
Ku
inkuqØe mnxz vkSj {kSfrt nksuksa rjg ls dk;Z djrk gSA {kSfrt lacaèk bdkb;ksa ,oa vfHkdj.kksa ds chp gksrk
gS ftls izk;% {kSfrt leUo;u ekuk tkrk gS ftldk iz;kl gksrk gS ,d gh vfèkdkjh ds izfr mÙkjnk;h bdkb;ksa
ds leUo;u rFkk ml vfèkdkjh ds Lrj ij iz'kklu ds leUo;u ds chp varj djuk tgk¡ og vius Lrj ds
vU; vfHkdj.kksa ds leUo;u esa Hkkx ysrk gSA
ay
xszOt ds vuqlkj] leUo;u ds vfuok;Z dkjd gSa (i) vU; vfHkdj.kksa ds dk;Z dk Kku] (ii) vukSipkfjd tkudkjh] (iii)
'kkjhfjd fudVrk] (iv) ,d fof'k"V mís';] (v) Hkkxhnkjksa dh ,d lhfer la[;k dh okaNuh;rkA ,YckWuZ us fdlh cM+s laxBu esa
leUo;u dh iz.kkyh ds N% vfuok;Z rÙo izLrqr fd, gSa % (1) dkfeZdksa dk leUo;u (2) lfefr;k¡ ,oa lEesyu] (3) vuqns'k] (4)
bh
fjiksVZ ,oa okilh] (5) izf'k{k.k ,oa (6) uhfrA lg;ksx leUo;u dk gh ifj.kke gSA
leUo;u ,d iz'kklfud fØ;k gS ftlesa izR;sd deZpkjh dHkh&u&dHkh izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls yxk jgrk gSA ewyr%
:A
;g ,d lkekU; izÑfr dk dk;Z gS tks fdlh ukSflf[k, vFkok lkekU; izÑfr dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs izfofèkK }kjk laikfnr gks
ldrk gSA leUo;u mnxz vkSj {kSfrt nksuksa izdkj dk gks ldrk gSA lkoZtfud laxBuksa eas izkfèkdkj ges'kk ftEesnkjh ds
leifj.kke gksrk gSA izkfèkdkj vkSj ftEesnkjh ds chp cqf)laxr larqyu gksus ls laxBu ds deZpkjh dk izdk;kZRed larqyu cuk
jgrk gSA leUo;u esa mPprj LVkQ }kjk ftEesnkjh dk mfpr fuiVku gksrk gSA leUo;u laxBu ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ds chp lacaèk
By
dk;e djrk gS ftlls lEiw.kZ laxBu ds izdk;kZRed larqyu ij izHkko iM+rk gSA
fMekWd dgrs gSa %
;fn ,d ckj dk;ZØe ds y{; r; dj fy, tk,¡] bldh ;kstuk,¡ vkSj uhfr;k¡ fu/kkfjr dj yh tk,¡] jkf'k
u
iznku dj nh tk,] laxBu dks vko';drk ds vuq:i <ky fn;k tk,] dkfeZdksa dks dk;Z lkSai fn, tk,¡] funsZ'k
ns fn, tk,¡] izR;k;kstu fu/kkZfjr dj fn, tk,¡ rFkk i;Zos{k.k iznku dj fn;k tk, rks leUo;u bu lHkh
kkl
dkjdksa dks ,d lkFk varxz±fFkr lacaèk esa ykus dk lk/ku gS] ,oa fu;a=.k ,d ,slh rduhd gS ftlds }kjk lcksa
ij fuxjkuh j[kh tkrh gS ,oa lcksa dks fuèkkZfjr y{;ksa dh vksj ekxZLFk fd;k tkrk gSA leUo;u ,d lfØ;
lkèku gS ftlds }kjk lfEeJ.k izkIr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fu;a=.k fo'ys"k.kkRed rjhdk gS ftlds }kjk bl
i z'
lfEeJ.k dk fu;fer ijh{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu gksrk gSA bl izdkj] leUo;u vkSj fu;a=.k iz'kklfud izfØ;k
ds o`Ùk dks iwjk djrs gSaA
eSdQjyS.M dkjxj leUo;u izkIr djus ds pkj rjhds crkrs gSaA
sd
izkf/kdkj vkSj ftEesnkjh dk Li"Vhdj.k % ;g dk;Z ds vf/kO;kid ,oa izfrfyfidj.k dks de djsxkA
yk
1.
2. fu;a=.k vkSj voyksdu % ;g fu;a=.k fØ;kfofèk Hkh gS ftlds }kjk vf/kdkjh okLrfod xfrfof/k vkSj okafNr
xfrfof/k ds chp rqyuk dj ldrk gSA fjdkWMZ ,oa fjiksVZ vf/kdkjh dks mu LFkkuksa dk irk djus esa lgk;rk djrh
gSa tgk¡ bdkb;ksa ds varl±caèk detksj gksrs gSaA
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3. dkjxj lEizs"k.k esa lgk;rk djuk % dkjxj lEizs"k.k izfØ;k,¡ izkf/kdkj dks Li"V djus ,oa fo|eku leUo;u ds
voyksdu eas lgk;rk djrh gSaA ;gk¡ dkjxj leUo;dkjh ;qfDr;k¡ gSa lfefr;ksa ,oa lkewfgd fu.kZ;u rduhfd;ksa
dk iz;ksxA
ar
4. usr`Ro ds ekQZr leUo;u % 'kh"kZ iz'kklu dks viuh usr`Ro okyh Hkwfedk vo'; vnk djuh pkfg, vkSj blds fcuk
leUo;dkjh egÙo dh dksbZ ckr ugha cusxhA
m
leUo;u dh izHkkouh;drk dh rhozrk dk fu.kZ; fuEufyf[kr ekun.Mksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gS %
1. ;g le;kuqdwy gksrk gS vkSj laxBu ds lHkh Hkkxksa esa larqfyr :i ls O;kIr jgrk gS] ,oa {kSfrt vkSj mnxz nksuksa
Ku
rjg ls djrk gSA esjh ikdZj QkWysV dgrh gSa % ¼d½ ;g ,d vuojr izfØ;k gksuk pkfg,( ,oa ¼[k½ izR;{k :i
ls lEc) O;fDr;ksa ds chp ;g ,d lh/kh fØ;k gksuk pkfg,%
2. fdlh xfrfof/k ds izkjEHk esa gh bls 'kq: gks tkuk pkfg,A
leUo;u dh dfBukb;k¡
ay
varfoZHkkxh; leUo;u esa vusd vojksèk gks ldrs gSaA xqfyd ds vuqlkj] buesa ls dqN dfBukb;ksa ds lzksr gSa % (i) ,d
O;fDr vkSj ,d lewg ds :i esa ekuo O;ogkj ds lacaèk esa Hkfo"; dh vfuf'prrk( (ii) Kku] vuqHko] fojksèkkRed fopkjksa ,oa mís';ksa
bh
dk vHkko( (iii) iz'kklfud dq'kyrk ,oa rduhd dk vHkko( (iv) fufgr pjksa dh cgqyrk ,oa viw.kZ ekuo Kku ¼fo'ks"kdj O;fDr;ksa
vkSj thou ds ckjs esa½( ,oa (v) u, fopkjksa ,oa dk;ZØksa dk fodkl djus] mu ij fopkj djus] mUgsa ifj'kq) vkSj xzg.k djus ds
fy, mfpr fofèk;ksa dk vHkkoA
:A
lsDyj gMlu us pkj vkSj dkjd crk,a gSa & "(i) vkdkj vkSj tfVyrk] (ii) O;fDrRo vkSj jktuhfrd dkjd] (iii) yksd
iz'kklu ls lacafèkr foosd Kku okys usrkvksa dk vHkko] ,oa (iv) varjkZ"Vªh; vk;keksa ds yksd iz'kklu dk Rofjr foLrkjA** la{ksi
esa leUo;u ds vojksèk gSa ljdkjh foHkkxksa ,oa vfHkdj.kksa dk rhoz izpqjksn~Hko] ofj"B izkfèkdkjh }kjk iz;kstu dk vHkko] ,oa fu;a=.k
By
foLrkj dks ifjHkkf"kr djus esa vLi"VrkA

leUo;u ds lkèku
leUo;u uhfrxr dk;ZØeksa ds Lrj ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDrxr Lrjksa ij Hkh gksuk pkfg,A leUo;u izkIr djus ds
u
vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd nksuksa lkèku gksrs gSaA os bl izdkj gS %

1. fu;kstu % leUo;u ds iz;klksa esa lQyrk ikus ds fy, lcls NksVh bdkbZ ds Lrj ls ysdj lcls cM+h bdkbZ
kkl
ds Lrj rd uhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds dk;ZHkkjksa dk izHkkoh fu;kstu vfuok;Z gSA cM+s laxBuksa esa igys
ls r; dh gqbZ lqfopkfjr ;ksguk vfèkO;kiu] fookn ,oa f}jko`fÙk ds {ks=ksa dks Li"V dj nsxhA Hkkjr esa ;kstuk
vk;ksx eq[; leUo;dkjh vfHkdj.k ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
i z'
2. laxBu ds Bksl fl)kar % lajpuk vkSj izdk;Z ds Bksl fl)karksa ij LFkkfir laxBu leUo;u ds vHkko esa Åijh
cqjkb;ksa ds fo:) ,d izHkkoh fuxzg gSA izkf/kdkj dk Li"V foHkktu] i;kZIr 'kfDr;ksa] izdk;Z dk lqfoK vkoaVu]
iz;klksa ds vfèkO;kiu vkSj f}jko`fÙk dk vHkko rFkk dk;Z dk lgh izR;k;kstu okyk laxBu leUo;u dh
sd
vko';drkvksa dks de djrk gSA

yk
dSfcusV vkSj dSfcusV lfpoky;

foHkkx ds Hkhrj leUo;u dk dk;Z lkekU;r% foHkkxkè;{k dk gksrk gS fdarq varfoZHkkxh; leUo;u ds fo"k; lkekU;r%
dSfcusV ds gokys fd, tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa dSfcusV lfpoky; tks fd lhèks izèkkuea=h ds v/khu dk;Z djrk gS fofHkUu ea=ky;ksa
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j
dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk leUo;u djrk jgk gSA bls Hkkjr ljdkj ds ,sls egRoiw.kZ iz'kklfud dneksa ds lkekU; leUo;u dk dk;Z
lkSaik tkrk gS tks ,d ls vf/kd ea=ky;ksa ij izHkko Mkyrs gSa vFkok tc jkT; vkSj dsUnzh; ljdkj ds chp iz'kklfud fookn
mBrs gSaA ;g Hkkjr ljdkj ds lHkh vkfFkZd vkSj lkaf[;dh; dk;ks± ds fy, Hkh ftEesnkj gSA
ar
var foZH kkxh; lfefr;k¡
varfoZHkkxh; fookn varfoZHkkxh; lfefr;ksa }kjk lqy>k, tkrs gSaA ;s lfefr;k¡ lEc) foHkkxksa ds 'kh"kZ vFkok eè;orhZ
m
Lrj ls fy, vfèkdkfj;ksa ls cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA
{ks= h; ifj"kn
Ku
fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= esa dk;Zjr fofHkUu {ks=h; laxBuksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djusokyh {ks=h; ifj"knsa vDlj bu {ks=h; laxBuksa
dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks lefUor djus ds fy, cukbZ tkrh gSaA lwpukvksa ds ysu&nsu ,oa uhfr vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh O;k[;k ds tfj,
;s ifj"knsa ,d gh {ks= esa dk;Zjr lsokvksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds leUo;u vR;ar mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSA Hkkjr dh eaMyh; ifj"knsa
ay
blh iz;kstu ds fy, gSaA
LVkQ vfHkdj.k
LVkQ vfèkdkjh ,oa vfHkdj.k lwpuk vkSj lykg ds tfj, ykbu foHkkx dks lHkh laHko lgk;rk djrs gSaA lkFk gh] viuh
bh
xfrfofèk;ksa ds leUo;u ,oa fu;a=.k esa Hkh bls cM+h lgk;rk feyrh gSA Hkkjr esa flfoy lsok vk;ksxksa] ^vks* vkSj ^,e* izHkkx rFkk
dsUnzh; Ø; vfHkdj.k tSls LVkQ vfHkdj.k leUo;u ds mi;ksxh vfHkdj.k gSaA
:A
leUo;u ds vU; rjhds
Hkkjr esa leUo;u dh vusd laxBukRed ;qfDr;k¡ gSaA dsUnzh; ljdkj vkSj izèkkuea=h dk;kZy; Hkh loksZifj leUo;dkjh
vfHkdj.k gSaA ftyk&Lrj ij ftykè;{k loksZifj leUo;drkZ gSA
By
varl±xBukRed Lrjksa ij leUo;u varfoZHkkxh; lfefr;ksa] fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds vfèkdkfj;ksa dh cSBdksa ,oa lEesyuksa tSlh
;qfDr;ksa ds tfj, rFkk dsUnzh;Ñr LVkQ] lgk;d ,oa foÙkh; vfHkdj.kksa dh fu;qfDr }kjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr esa
bu dsUnzh;Ñr vfHkdj.kksa ds mnkgj.k gsa varl±cafèkr foHkkxksa dh le;≤ ij fu;qDr la;qDr lfefr;k¡] yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx]
u
jkt laink dk;kZy;] vkiwfrZ ,oa fuiVku egkfuns'kky;] la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] Hkkjr dk egk ys[kk&ijh{kd ,oa foÙk ea=ky;
vkSj blds fofHkUu foHkkxA
Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij varjkZT;h; Lrjksa ij leUo;u dh izkfIr ;kstuk vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn] lEesyuksa vkSj
kkl
cSBdksa rFkk eaMyh; ifj"knksa ds ekè;e ls dh tkrh gSA dSfcusV lfpoky;] izèkkuea=h dh vè;{krk esa dSfcusV] fofHkUu dSfcusV
lfefr;ksa] dsUnz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp leUo;u djrh gSaA jkT;ikyksa] eq[;eaf=;ksa vkSj fofHkUu foHkkxksa ds eaf=;ksa ds lEesyu Hkh
i z'
leUo;u esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA

blds vfrfjDr fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] varfoZ'ofo|ky; ifj"knsa] Hkkjrh; ,sfrgkfld fjdkWMZ vk;ksx tSlh dqN
vU; ifj"knsa vkSj laLFkk,a Hkh ,sls vfHkdj.k gSa tks leUo;u esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA var esa] Hkkjr ljdkj dk foÙk ea=ky; Hkh ,d
sd
cM+s leUo;drkZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA Lo;a okf"kZd ctV ljdkj ds lalkèkuksa] [kpks± ,oa dk;ZØeksa dks leUo;u dk ,d iz;kl
yk
gS vkSj ,d jk"Vªh; ctV dk fodkl djus ds fy, ;gh foHkkx fofHkUu ea=ky;ksa ds nkoksa vkSj ekaxksa dk leUo; djrk gSA
mi;qZDr vkSipkfjd lkèkuksa ds vfrfjDr lEizs"k.k ds dqN vukSipkfjd rjhds tSls vfèkdkfj;ksa ds chp O;fDrxr lEidZ]
okn&fookn ,oa fopkj&foe'kZ Hkh gSa tks izk;% fdlh fu.kZ; ij igq¡pus esa rFkk fooknksa dks lqy>kus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA iz'kklfud
leUo;u esa budk cM+k egÙo gksrk gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

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Super vision ¼i;Zos{k.k½

Supreme fdlh pht dk
mPp vf/kdkjh ns[k&js[k djukA
ar
i;Zos{k.k dk vfHkçk; mPp Lrj ds vf/kdkjh ds }kjk v/khuLFkksa ds dk;Z ds çxfr ij ns[k&js[k j[kukA
m
* i;Zos{k.k djrs le; mPp vf/kdkjh 3 igywvksa ij fo”ks’k ?;ku nsrk gS &
(I) okLOrfod ;k rduhdh igyw ftldk lEcU/k dk;Z i)fr ls gksrk gSA
Ku
(II) laLFkkxr] blds vUrxZr i;Zos{kd dks ;g lqfuf”pr djuk gksrk gS fd v/khuLFk ds }kjk laxBu esa LFkkfir uhfr;ksa ,oa
fu;e rFkk dkuwu dk ikyu mfpr ek=k esa fd;k tkuuk pkfg,A
(III) vUr% ijLij lEcU/k
ay
* Jhon D. Millet ds vuq lkj i;Zos{k.k dks çkIr djus gsrq fuEuka fdr rduhdksa ;k lk/kudk ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
(I) ifj;kstukvksa dh iwoZ Lohd`fr (II) ctVh; lhek dk fu/kkZj.k
(III) dk;Z ds lEcU/k esa fofHké ekin.Mksa dks ifjHkkf’kr djukA (Standardisation)
(IV) çeq[k v/khuLFkksa ds fu;qfDr dks Lohd`r djus dk vf/kdkj
(V) fujh{k.k (Inspection) (VI) çfrosnu (Report)
bh
:A
& Extra - Invesigation ¼vUos’k.k@tk¡p&iM+rky½

Investigation ,d xSj lkekftd çfØ;k gS ,oa fdlh Hkh vkjksi dh iqf’V gsrq Investigation dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk gSA
By
Concept  Investigation ¼fujh{k.k½ & then vxj dksbZ xM+cM+h gks

(A) then vkjksi dh iqf’V gsrq Investigation

u
vkns”k çfrosnu
(B)
kkl
Concept
Inspection ¼fujh{k.k½ & foLr`r tkudkjh
Tour ¼nkSjk½ & lrgh tkudkjh
i z'
fu;a=.k T;knk xaHkhj ugha gksrkA

fu;a=.k T;knk xaHkhj gksrk gSA
Concept * dFku & tks fujh{k.k (Postmartum) dk vfHkçk; ç”kklfud
sd
xfrfof/k;ksa ds lanHkZ esa gS] ogh ys[kk&ijh{k.k dk vfHkçk; foÙkh;

yk
Control ysu&nsu ds lanHkZ esa gSA

Supervision
Inspection
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
30 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
l Ùkk
l xaBu dsv k/ q fud fl ¼kar ksadhO;k[ ; k djrsgq , v usd fopkjdksausmu ew y Hkwr ekU;rkv ksadh[ kkst dhgSft udsv kèkkj
ar
ij l a XkBu dk: i cnyrkjgrk gSrFkkl a xBu dhfØ; k' khyrk, oafuf"Ø; rk] l kFkZ d rk, oafujFkZ d rk fl ¼ gksrhgS Ai zR;sd l a xBu
mu l Hkh v kS i pkfjdrkv ksadsl kFk t Ue ysrk gSt ksi jEi jkoknh fopkjdksa}kjk i zLrq r dh xbZFkha A, d l a xBu dk uke gh , d , slk
m
fp=kmi fLFkr djrkgSft l esauhpsl smQ i j rd dq N l hf<+; k¡cuhgqbZgS AmQ
a i j okyhl h<+ hi j t ksv f/ dkjhcS Bkgqv kgS Aog v i us
l suhpsdhl hf<+ ; ksai j cS
Bsv f/ dkfj; ksadksv kns'k&funsZ
' knsrkgSrFkkmudsdk; ks±dkl eUo; ] fu; a =k.k] i ; Z
os{k.krFkkew Y; k¡d u djrk
Ku
gS Al xaBu dk ; g fp=k gekjsl keusmu usrkv ksadks[ kM+ k dj nsrk gSft udhv kKk l q uusdsfy, v usd v uq ; k; hrS
; kj jgrsgS arFkk
ft udsfunsZ ' kksai j l a xBu dh xfrfof/ ; k¡v i usy{; dhv ksj v xzlj gksrh gS Al a
a xBu dsmPp l ksikuksadsv f/ dkfj; ksadsi kl dq N
l Ùkk jgrhgSft l dsv k/ kj i j osv i usHkkjhmÙkjnkf; Roksadk fuokZ g djrsgS Abl l Ùkk dh ek=kk i zk; %mruhghgksrh gSft ruk bu
a
v f/ dkfj; ksadsmÙkjnkf; Roksadk foLrkj gksrk gS Al xaBu dsbl fp=k dst c ge fudV t krsgS arksKkr gkrsk gSfd mPp v f/ dkjh
ay
v i uh l Ùkk dk i z;ksx dq ' kyrk dsl kFk ughadj i k jgk gS Aekuoh; det ksfj; k¡] l e; dh l hek, ¡] dk; Z dq' kyrk dh eka x , oav U;
, slsgh v usd rRo ml sv i uh l Ùkk dk dk i zR;k; kts u djusdsfy, i zsfjr , oai zHkkfor djrsgS A
a
t c l Ùkk dk i zR;k; kst u dj fn; k t krk gSrksuhpsdh l hf<+
i j v usd mÙkjnkf; Roksadk Hkkj v k i M+
l eUo; LFkkfi r djusdhdfBukbZi S
r k gSAt c fuEu l ksikuka
nk gksrhgS
bh ; ksadsv f/ dkfj; ksadksdq N ' kfD; k¡ i zkIr gkst krh gS
sdsv f/ dkjh v i uh l Ùkk dk i z;ksx djusyxrsgS
AmPp v f/ dkjhdsgkFkksaesal eUo; LFkkfi r djusdk, d u; kdk; ZvkS
av kS
j mu
arksmudsdk; ks±esa
j vkt krkgS A
:A
dk; ks±esal eUo; bl fy, t : jhgkst krkgSfd i zR;k; ksft r ' kfDr; ka sdsi z;ksx l sl EcfU/rnksgjko dksjksd kt kl dsv kS j ml dschp i jLi j
l g; ksxi w
. kZO;oLFkk dk; e dh t k l dsAbl i zd kj l a xBu dsdk; ks±esa, d: i rk cuk, j[ kusdsfy, ml i j fu; a =k.k dk; e j[ kuk
Hkh , d v R;ko' ; d dk; Zgkst krk gS A
By
l Ùkk d h i zd f̀r
l Ùkkdkl a xBu esaoghLFkku gSt ksekuo ' kjhj esav kRekdkgS Aft l i zd kj v kRekdsfcuk' kjhj fuf"Ø; gkst krkgS ] ml h
idz kj t c rc ge , d l a xBu esal Ùkk dh mfpr O;oLFkk ughadjsa xsog dk; Z ' khy ughagksl dsxkA' kfDr dksl ekt dh uho dk
u
i RFkj dgk t krk gS Aekuo O;ogkj] pkgsog l a xBu esagksv Fkok ml dsckgj] fdl h u fdl h i zd kj dh ' kfDr i j v k/ kfjr jgrk
gSAt c l xaBu esai n&l ksiku dhLFkki ukdj v / hurkLFkkfi r dht krhgSrksogk¡l Ùkk dki z;ksx LokHkkfod cu t krk gS Al Ùkk dks
ge ekuoh; O;ogkj dsl a nHkZesaghns[kl drsgS A; g dksbZfuxw
a <+rRo ughagSoju~, d , slhpht gSft l dkfo' ys"k.kv kS j v è; ; u
kkl
ekuo fØ; kv ksaea sghfd; kt kl drkgS Al kbeu] fLeFkoxZrFkkFkkW el u usdk; Z &foHkkt u v kS j l Ùkkdksfdl hHkhl a xBu dhv R;Ur
egÙoi w . kZfo' ks"krk ekuk gS
AmudsdFkkuq l kj] ^^t c dHkhge , d l a xBu dk <k¡pk rS ; kj djrsgS arksgedksl a xBu dhi zR;sd bdkbZ
i z'
dks, d LFkku nsukgksrk gSv kS j ml dsckn bu LFkkuksadksdq N Jsf.k; ksal sl EcfU/r dj fn; k t krkgS Abu Jsf.k; ksadksl ÙkkdhJs.kh
dgrsgS A** i zR;sd l axBu esai kbZt kusokyhl ÙkkdhJsf.k; k¡v kS i pkfjd Hkhgksl drhgS av kS
j v ukS
i pkfjd HkhAl Ùkkdhv ukS i pkfjd
Jsf.k; ksaeasv / huLFkv f/ dkfj; ksadkdk; ZegÙoi w . kZgkst krkgS
Al kbeu rFkkv U; ys[kdksads' kCnksaesa ] ^^v usd v uqHkohi z'kkl u l Ùkk
dhbu i n&l ksiku&foghu Jsf.k; ksadsegÙo l sbrusi zHkkfor gS afd mudk ; g fo' okl cu pq d k gSfd t c rd budk i ; kZ oyksd u
sd
u fd; k t k, ] l a xBu dsLo: i , oadk; ks±dsokLrfod rF; ksadk v è; ; u ughafd; k t k l drkA**

yk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 31
l Ùkk d k v FkZ
^l Ùkk* , d , slk' kCn gSft l dsv usd i zd kj l sv usd v FkZi zLrq r fd, t krsgS Abl ' kCn dhO;ki drkrFkkv Fkks±dksv usd
a
: i rk dbZckn i kBdksadsefLr"d esaHkezi S nk dj nsrh gS A, d l a xBu dk v è; ; u djrsl e; dbZckj ge , sl srÙoksadksHkh l Ùkk
ar
l e>usyx t krsgS at ks; FkkFkZesal ÙkkughagksrsAos; k rksml dk fodr̀ : i gksrsgS av Fkok ml dhdsoy i zfrNk; Al Ùkk dksfo}kuksaus
vusd : i ksaesai fjHkkf"kr fd; k gS AgcZ VZl kbeu dsv uq l kj l Ùkk dksfu.kZ ; ysusdh ' kfDr ds: i esai fjHkkf"kr fd; k t k l drk gS A
m
; g nksO;fDr; ksadschp l EcU/ gSft uesa, d mPpLrj dk v kS j nwl jk v / huLFk gksrk gS AmPpLrj dk O;fDr ; g l kspdj
fu.kZ; ysrk v kS j lapkfyr djrkgSfd mudksv / huLFkksa}kjkLohdkj fd; kt k, xkAv / huLFkksadks, slsfu. kZ ; dhv k' kkjgrhgSv kS j
Ku
muds}kjk ml dk O;ogkj fuf' pr gksrk gS A
i jEi jkoknhfopkj/ kjk usl Ùkk dkseq [ ; : i l s, d dkuw uhv o/ kj.kk dhnf̀"V l sns[kk gSft l sv f/ dkj v kS j dÙkZ O;ksads
: i esai fjHkkf"kr fd; kt kl drkgS Ai jei jkoknhfopkjdksadsv uq l kj ft u O;fDr; ksadsgkFkesal ÙkkjgrhgS ] osv kKki kyu djokus
dhek¡x dkv f/ dkj j[ krsgS av kSj ft u yksxksadksv kKk, ¡nht krhgS amudk; g dÙkZ O; gksrkgSfd osv kKkv ksadki kyu djsa Al kbeu
ay
rFkk v U; fo}kuksausl Ùkk dhbl i jEi jkoknhdkuw uhfopk/ kjk dsLFkku i j l ÙkkdkseuksoS Kkfud : i esai fjHkkf"kr fd; k gS Amudk
er gSfd dq N , slhi fjfLFkfr; k¡ gksrhgS aft uesaykxs nw l jksadsv kns'kksav kS j fu.kZ; ksadk i kyu djrsgS Aosv kKki kyu dsoy bl fy,
a
ughadjrsfd , slkdjukdkuw uhnf̀"V l smudkdÙkZ O; gS A; g l p gSfd dkuw uhl Ùkk dkHkh, d euksoS Kkfud v k/ kj gksrkgS At c
ge ; g t kuusyxrsgS
dh Hkkouk mRiÂ gkst krh gS
afd dkuw
A
u usfdl dksi z'kkl dh; l Ùkk l ka
, d l xaBu esaokLrfod euksoS Kkfud l Ùkkdk t ks: i gksrkgSdkuw

bh i hgSrksml O;fDr dh v kKkv ksadsi zfr gekjsfny esav / huLFkrk
S
uhl Ùkkml hdk, d Hkkx gksrhgS At c l Ùkk dki z;ksx

:A
euksoSKkfud : i l sfd; k t krk gSrksml esanks; k v f/ d O;fDr; ksadk l EcU/ v ko' ; d cu t krk gS A, d v ksj rks, slsyksx gksrs
gSat ksnw l jksadsdk; ks±dsfy, dq N i zLrko rS ; kj djrsgS arksnw l jhv ksj , slsyksx gksrsgS at ksmu i zLrkoksadksLohdkj dj mudki kyu
djrsgS Al kbeu v kfn dker gSfd dksbZHkhO;fDr nw
a l jsdhv kKkv ksa, oai zLrkoksadki kyu dsoy bl fy, ughadjrkfd ml sdkuw uh
By
l Ùkk i zkIr gS Amudsfopkjuq l kj , d O;fDr nw l jsdsi zLrkoksadksrhu fofHkUu i fjfLFkfr; ksaesaLohdkj dj l drk gS &
(i) og t c i z Lrko dsxq . kksadht k¡p dj ml dsxq . kksadsv k/ kj i j i zHkkfor gkst krkgSfd budkseku ysuk pkfg, Al kbeu
v kfn usbl i zd kj dsmnkgj.kksadks^l Ùkk dh ekU;rkv ksadsckgj j[ kk gS ] fi Qj Hkh v U; fo}ku~bl sfopkjksadh l Ùkk* dgrsgS A
a
u
(ii) og bu i z Lrkoksadksmudsxq . kksal si w j hrjg v Fkokv ka f' kd : i l si zHkkfor gq , fcukghLohdkj dj l drkgS Al a Hkor%
og ml dsxq . kksadh t k¡p dj gh u l dsA
kkl
(iii) og i z Lrkoksadks; g t kursgq , Hkhfd osxyr gS ] Lohdkj dj ysrk gS

a A; g i zLrko ml sbl fy, xyr i zrhr gksl drs
gSaD; ksa
fd ml dsO;fDrxr ew Y; ksal sesy ugha[ kkrs; k l a xBu dsew Y; ksadsv uq : i ughagS av Fkok nksuksagh ckrsagS A
a
bu rhuksaghi zd kj dsi zLrkoksadhLohdf̀r esai zFke i zd kj dksl Ùkk dhi fjf/ l sv yx j[ kk t krk gS Ai zLrko v usd i zd kj
i z'
dsgksl drsgS Ai zR;sd i zLrko dks]t ksl a

a xBu dsv U; O;fDr; ksadksl fØ; cukrkgS ] l Ùkkughadg l drsAosv kKk, ¡] v uq ns'k] i zfØ; k, ¡]
lq>ko v kfn dq N Hkhdgst kl drsgS Ai zLrko rksi R
a z; sd ml dFku dksdg l drsgS at ks, d l eL; kdkl keukdjusdsfy, l q >k; k
t krk gS At c rd fdl h i zLrko dksLohdkj ughafd; k t krk rc rd ml sl Ùkki w . kZughadg l drsAokLro esal Ùkki .wkZl EcU/ og
sd
gksrk gSft l esa, d O;fDr fdl h i zLrko dsxq . kksal si zHkkfor gq , fcuk gh ml sLohdkj dj ysrk gS A
yk
l Ùkk dsl EcU/ dkseq [ ; : i l soLrq fu"B , oaO;kogkfjd l a nHkZessagh ns[kk t k l drk gS Al Ùkki w
. kZl EcU/ksa}kjk mPp
v fèkdkjh , oafuEu v f/ dkjh nksuka sdksgh fØ; k' khy cuk; k t krk gS At c bl i zd kj fØ; k, al Ei Â dh t krh gS arHkhnksO;fDr; ksads
chp l Ùkkdkl EcU/ jgrkgS Al kbeu dsdFkukuq l kj O;ogkj dsv Hkko esal Ùkkughagksrh] pkgsl a xBu dh^dkxt h* fopkj/ kjkdq N
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
32 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
HkhgksAl Ùkkdsv kns'kksadksLohdkj fd; kt krkgSrksv / huLFkv f/ dkfj; ksadsl keusdksbZfodYi ughajgrk] mudksosv kKk, ¡Lohdkj
djuh gh gksrh gS A
a
dHkh&dHkhrksv / huLFkv f/ dkjhv kKkv ksadks, slhfLFkfr esaLohdkj djrsgS at c mudhv i uhdksbZi l a n ughagksrhAfdUrq
ar
dbZckj , slk Hkh gksrk gSfd v / huLFk v f/ dkjh dksv i uh bPNk dsfoi jhr Hkh v kKk, ¡ Lohdkj djuh gksrh gS A; fn nksO;fDr; ksa
a
dschp erHksn mRiÂ gkst k, v kS j bl erHksn dksokn&fookn l s] l e>kus&cq >kusl s; k v U; i zd kj l si zHkkfor djusl snw j u fd; k
t k l dsrksml sl Ùkk }kjk l q y >k; k t krk gS Al Ùkk dk v kns'k v fUre gksrk gS ] ml ds' kCn v dkV~ ; gksrsgS ] ml dk fojks/ ughafd; k
a
m
t kl drkAv kKk, ¡ekuokukv kS j erHksnksadksl q y >kukl Ùkkdsnksi zeq [ kxq . kgSAfdUrqog bu nksuksadhi fjf/ esaghl hfer ughajgrh
a
gS] ml dk {ks=k v R;Ur O;ki d gS Al Ùkk ds: i dksHkyh i zd kj l e>usdsfy, gedksl Ùkk v kS j ' kfDr] l Ùkk v kSj i zHkko] l Ùkk v kS
j
Ku
mÙkjnkf; Ro , oal Ùkk v kS j t okcns;rk dschp dk l EcU/ ns[kuk pkfg, A
l Ùkk v kjS' kfDRk cgqr dq N feyrs&t q y rs' kCn gS AdHkh&dHkh budksi ; kZ
a ; okph ' kCn ds: i esaHkh i z;ksx fd; k t krk gS A
yksd &i z'kkl u dhHkk"kk esa; snksuksa' kCn v i uk fo' k"sk v FkZj[ krsgS av kS
j , d dsfy, nw l jsdk i z;ksx ughafd; k t k l drkAbu nksuksa
ay
esa, d Li "V v Urj ; g gksrk gSfd ^l Ùkk* dk : i , d i zd kj l sdkuw uhgS ] t cfd ^' kfDRk* dk : i dkuw uhgksuk v ko' ; d ughagS A
' kfDr dsckjsesav i usvè; ; u dsvk/ kj i j ykW l oSy usv i usfopkj foLrkji w oZd i zd Vfd, gS Aosv i uhi q
a Lrd i kW oj esa' kfDr&i fjokj
ea s' kfDr dsfofHkUu : i ksadk o.kZ u djrsgS AmudsdFkukuq
a l kj ' kfDr v kS j dq N u gksd j dsoy , d i zHkko gS AO;fDr dsdk; ks±i j
v usd i zd kj dsi zHkko i M+
cu t krhgS
Kkr ughajgrkfd ; FkkZesafu.kZ
r sgS
] ; sl Hkhi zHkko ' kfDr&i fjokj dsl nL; gS
a
Al Ùkkdk v FkZml fcUnql sgSt gk¡i j fu.kZ
; dkS u ysjgkgS
; fy, t krsgS
Ai z'kkl fud fu.kZ
bh At c ' kfDr dksdkuw
a u dk: i nsfn; kt krkgSrksog l Ùkk
At c ge okLrfod O;ogkj dkfu.kZ
a
; ksai j v usd , slsckgjhi zHkko i M+ r sgS
; djrsgS arksgedks; g
aft udksi zk; %u ns[kkt kl drk
:A
gSv kS j u v uq Hko fd; k t k l drk gS Al Ùkk dh i fjHkk"kk nsrsgq , dbZfopkjd ; g ekursgS afd l Ùkk dkuw uh : i esafu.kZ ; yssusdh
' kfDr gS A
i jEi jkoknhfopkj/ kjk ea sv kKk nsusdk v f/ dkj Hkhv kKki kyu dk dÙkZ O; t Sl h ekU;rk, ¡LFkkfi r dh xbZFkhamul s' kfDr
By
dkdkuw uh: i O;Dr gksrkgS At c v kS i pkfjd : i l s, d O;fDr dksv kKknsusdkv f/ dkj i znku dj fn; kt krkgSrksml esadkuw uh
Lohdf̀r >ydrhgS A; gk¡l kekft d rFkkv ukS i pkfjd rÙoksadkdksbZegÙo ughajgrkA; g t : jhughagksrkfd ft l O;fDr dksv kKk
nsusdk v f/ dkj i znku fd; k x; k gSml esav kKk nsusdhl keF; ZHkh gksAv kKk nsusdk v f/ dkj i znku fd; k x; k gSml esav kKk nsus
u
dhl keF; ZHkhgksAv kKk nsusdhl keF; Zdks' kfDr dgk t kl drk gS Abl i zd kj ft l O;fDr dsi kl l Ùkk gSml dsi kl ' kfDr dk
gksukv ko' ; d ughagS AdbZckj dq N yksx ' kfDr dki z;ksx fcukfdl hl ÙkkdsHkhdjrsgS A' kfDrfoghu l ÙkkdsO;ogkj dhrq
a y uk
, d dBi rqyhl sdht kl drhgS AdBi q r yhdk t ksHkhdk; ZgksrkgSog ns[kusokysdksrks, slk i zrhr gksrk gSfd Lo; adBi q r yh
kkl
gh ml sdj jgh gSfdUrq; FkkFkZesamudsO;ogkj dk l w =k/ kj dksbZv U; O;fDr gksrk gS Abl mnkgj.k esadBi q r yh dsi kl l Ùkk gS ]
i j ' kfDr ughA at c l a xBuksadk ge v è; ; u djrsgS arks, slsv usd mnkgj.k i zkIr gkst krsgS at cfd i n&l ksiku dsmPp v f/ dkjh]
ft udksv kS i pkfjd : i l sv f/ dkj feysgq , gS ] mudk i z;ksx ughadjrsAmudsLFkku i j v / huLFk v f/ dkjhbu ' kfDr; ksadk i z;ksx
a
i z'
djrsgS Abl i zd kj mPp v f/ dkjh dsoy l Ùkk/ kjh gS a' kfDroku ugha A
v / huLFkv f/ dkjhl Ùkk/ kjhu gksrsgq , Hkh' kfDRkoku gS Aesjhi kdZ
a j iQkW
y sV dsdFkukuq l kj ' kfDr l k/ kj.k: i l sdk; Zdjus
dh; ksX; rkgksrhgSrFkkfu.kZ ; ml sdgrsgS aft l esa' kfDr dks, d fo' ks"k y{; i zkIr djusdsfy, i z;ksx esayk; k t krk gSv kS j l Ùkk
sd
esafu; a =k.k fufgr jgrk gS Aesjhi Q kW

y sV us' kfDr dksv kRefodkl dh l keF; Zekuk gS Amudk l q >ko gSfd t ksl Ùkk euksoS Kkfud : i
yk
l sfodfl r ughadh t k l drhrFkk t ksl keF; Zdh, d v fHkO;fDr ughagSog , d fjDr uS frdrk gS Afi i Quj rFkk ' ksjoq Musl Ùkk
v kSj ' kfDr dh i fjHkk"kk nsrsgq , nksuksads: i dk foospu fd; k gS Amudk dguk gSfd v kS i pkfjd i n&l ksiku dsv FkZesal Ùkk dks
v kKk nsusdk v f/ dkj l e>k t k l drk gSt cfd ' kfDr esav i usew Y; ksav kS
j y{; ksadksi zkIr djusdh l keF; Zgksrh gS A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 33
l Ùkk v kS
j i zHkko
O;fDr dsO;ogkj i j nw l jsyksxksadsv usd i zd kj dsi zHkko i M+ r sgS
Abu l Hkhi zHkkoksadksge l Ùkkughadg l drsAl e>kuk]
a
lq>ko nsuk ; k i zHkkfor djuk v kfn ckrsai zHkko ds: i esagksrh gS arksv ko' ; d : i l sl Ùkk dk fufgr gku sk fl ¼ ughadjrsAl Ùkk
ar
v kS
j i zHkko dschp dsv Urj dksLi "V djrsgq , ; g dgk t k l drk gSfd i zHkko ml sdgrsgS afd ft l esa, d v / huLFk v f/ dkjh
v i usfopkj/ hu fodYi ksaesal sdq N fodYi ksadksbl fy, pq u ysrk gSfd og v kKk i zkIr djusdsv kS i pkfjd eki n.Mksadksv i uh
m
il an dkv k/ kj cukrkgS Al q>ko] i zHkko v kS
j v kns'k, sls' kCn gSaft udschp Li "V : i l sv Urj ughan' kkZ ; kt kl drkAbl dsv Fkks±
esaHkze jgrk gS Abudschp Li "V : i l sdksbZfoHkkt d js[kk Hkh ugha[ kha ph t k l drhA
Ku
t c dHkhl q >koksadksfcukfdl hv kykspuk; k fopkj&foe' kZdsLohdkj dj fy; k t krkgSrksml sge l Ùkki .wkZdk; Zdgrs
gS_ fdUrql Ùkkdk; g : i v R;Ur fodr̀ gS Al Ùkki w
. kZl EcU/ksaessai zk; %, slkgksrkgSfd , d O;fDr t ks, d {k.kfdl hdkv / huLFk
gksrkgS ] nwl js{k.knwl jsdkmPp v f/ dkjhcu t krkgS Abl fy, ; g , d fopkj.kh; i z'u gSfd fdl hdksmPp D; ksaekukt k; sAi zHkko
v kS
j l Ùkk dsl EcU/ksadk ; g v è; ; u bl ckr dk l w pd gSfd l Ùkk v i usv ki esadksbZv f/ dkj] ' kfDr] l keF; Z; k dksbZi zHkko
ay
ughagksrhoju~bl dk v fLrRo bu l cl sfcukHkhjg l drk gS Abl rÙoksadsfcuk l Ùkkdks: i cst ku ' kjhj dhHkk¡fr fuf"Ø; v kS j
fujFkZd gksrk gS Aog okLrfod rHkhgksrh gSt c bu rÙoksadk mfpr : i l sl Ùkk dsdkuw uh: i dsl kFk l ek; kst u dj fn; k t k, A
l Ùkk dsLo: i esamPp v f/ dkfj; ksadk v kns'k brusughav krsft ruk v / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadsO;ogkjA
ml smu mÙkjnkf; Roksadksi w j k djusdsfy, l Ùkk l kS

l Ùkk v kS
l Ùkk v kjSmÙkjnkf; Ro dschp xgjk l EcU/ i k; k t krk gS
bh
j mÙkj nkf; Ro
Aft l fdl h O;fDr dksdq
i uk Hkh t : jh gkst krk gS
a
N djusdsmÙkjnkf; Ro l kS
Al Ùkk dsfcuk mÙkjnkf; Ro i w
i st krsgS
a
j sughagksl drsv kS
A
a
j
:A
mÙkjnkf; Roksadsfcukl Ùkk, d xyr fn' kki dM+l drhgS Al kbeu v kfn dsv uq l kj l ÙkkdhO;oLFkkdh; g , d egÙoi w . kZfo' ks"krk
gksrhgSfd ; g l nS o mÙkjnkf; Roi w . kZgksrhgSA; fn t ul Ùkk/ kjhO;fDr v i usv f/ dkjksadksi w j hrjg ; kdq ' kyrkdsl kFkmi ; ksxhugha
dj i krk rksog v i uh l Ùkk dksi z;k; ksft r dj nsrk gS At c l Ùkk i zR;k; ksft r dh t krhgSrksv / huLFk v f/ dkjhdhl Ùkk dsL=kksr
By
mPp v f/ dkfj; ksadks; g fo' okl fnyk nsrsgS afd osmudksl kS i sx; sdk; ks±dksl a
a r ks"kt ud : i l si w j k djsaxsAv / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksa
}kjk bl i zd kj dsdÙkZ O; dh Lohdf̀r mudsmÙkjnkf; Roksadh l w pd gS A
l Ùkkdki zR;k; kst u mÙkjnkf; Roksadsfcukv / w j kv kSj fu"i Q y jgrkgS Agsesu ds' kCnksaesa ] ^^mÙkjnkf; Ro v kSj l ÙkkdhekU;rk, ¡
u
, d&nw l jsds?kfu"B : i esal EcfU/r gS A** mÙkjnkf; Ro dkew y rÙo dÙkZ O; gksrkgS AmÙkjnkf; Ro dkv FkZgS & v / huLFkv f/ dkfj; ksa
}kjk og dk; Zl Ei Â djusdk dÙkZ O; t k mPp v f/ dkfj; ksa}kjk pkgk t k, A; g l p gSfd t c fdl h O;fDr ; k l a xBu dksdq N
djusdsfy, mÙkjnk; h Bgjk; k t krk gSrksml s, slk djusdh i ; kZ Ir l Ùkk l kS
i h t krh gS
a ] fdUrqi z'u ; g gSfd î ; kZ Ir l Ùkk* D; k
kkl
gksrhgSAdHkh&dHkh; g dgkt krkgSfd î ; kZ Ir l Ùkk* dkv FkZgSv kns'kdh, drk] v FkkZ r ~, d bdkbZdks; g v f/ dkj gksukpkfg,
fd og deZ pkfj; ksadksfcuk fdl h i zd kj dsgLr{ksi dsdÙkZ O; dh v ksj funsZ f' kr dj l dsA
i z'
mÙkjnkf; Roi w. kZl Ùkk dk l kfgfR;d v FkZughafy; k t kuk pkfg; sAfdl hO;fDr dkst c dksbZmÙkjnkf; Ro l kiS ak t k; srksml s
fuHkkusdsfy; sdksbZHkh] fdl hi zd kj dhHkhv ksj pkgsft ruhl Ùkk ughal kS i ht k l drhAml sv f/ dkjksai j dq
a N l hek, ¡Hkhyxkuh
gksrh gSAge ; g ughadg l drsfd v i usdk; ks±dksi w
a j k djusdsfy, og t kspkgsl ksdjsAmnkgj.k dsfy, ] ge yksd &i z'kkl u
sd
esal Ùkk v kS
j mÙkjnkf; Ro dsO;ogkj dksysl drsgS A; gk¡ t c dk; Z
a i kfydk dksdq N djusdsmÙkjnkf; Ro l kS i st krsga
a Srksl kFk gh
yk
dq N ' kfDr; k¡ Hkh nsnh t krh gS ] fdUrq; s' kfDr; k¡ v l hfer ughagksrhAbu i j l a
a l n~ ] U;k; i kfydk] yksd er] fojks/h nyksav kS j ns'k
dsv U; L=kksrksadh v usd l hek, ¡ yxh jgrh gS Adk; Z
a i kfydk dsO;ogkj i j i zfØ; k l EcU/h fu; eksadh Hkh v usd l hek, ¡ gksrh gS A
a
bu l cdsv frfjDr , d dk; Z i kfydkdksml dhbdkb; ksadkHkhi w . kZl g; ksx feyukpkfg; svkS j ; g l g; ksx dsoy v kS i pkfjd O;oLFkk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
34 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
}kjk i zkIr ughafd; k t k l drkAbl dsfy; sv usd v ukS i pkfjd rjhdsv i ukusgksrsgS at ksdk; Z i kfydk dsdk; ks±dksl hfer dj nsrs
gS Aa mÙkjnkf; Ro dk Hkkj] dk; Zi w j k gkst kusi j t ksjh Hkhjg l drk gSv kS j l ekIr Hkhgksl drk gS AmÙkjnkf; Ro dh / kjk esadk; ks±ds
iH zkko dsl kFk&l kFk eksM+v krsjgrsgS A
a
ar
t c dHkhl Ùkkdki zR;k; kst u fd; kt krkgSrksl kFk&l kFkmÙkjnkf; Roksadki zR;k; kst u HkhgksrkgS Al Ùkkv kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro dks
, d ghfl Ddsdsnksi gywekukt kl drkgS Adq N fopkjdksadkdgukgSfd mÙkjnkf; Ro dksi zR;k; ksft r ughafd; kt kl drkv FkkZ r~
ml sv / huLFkksadksughal kS i k t k l drkA, d mPpkf/ dkjh] v i usv / huLFkksadksdq
a N dk; Zdjusdh' kfDr nsl drk gS ] ysfdu og
m
v i usmÙkjnkf; Ro dksmu i j ughaFkksi l drk fdUrqbl fLFkfr esa, d v / huLFk v f/ dkjh t ksi zR;k; ksft r dk; Zl Ei Â dj jgk gS
rFkk ml dsi kl , slk djusdh ' kfDr Hkh gS ] mÙkjnkf; Ro dsHkkj l seq Dr ughafd; k t k l drkA; fn , slk fd; k x; k rksog v i us
Ku
dk; Zdksl Ei Â ughadj i k; sxk v fi rql Ùkk dk nq #i ; ksx djsxkA
mi ; q Dr fooj.k l smÙkjnkf; Ro dsdbZ: i i zd V gksrsgS
Z Age rRdkfyd mÙkjnkf; Ro v kS
a j v fUre mÙkjnkf; Ro dschp Hksn
dj l drsgS ] rkRkdkfyd mÙkjnkf; Ro v kS
a j v fUre mÙkjnkf; Ro dschp Hksn dj l drsgS ] rkRkdkfyd mÙkjnkf; Ro mu v / huLFk
a
ay
v fèkdkfj; ksadk gksrk gSft udksdq N l Ùkk gLrkUrfjr dh t krh gSv kS j dq N dk; Zdjusdsfy; st okcnsg Bgjk; k x; k gS Av fUre
mÙkjnkf; Ro mu v f/ dkfj; ksadk gksrkgSt ksmPp Lrj i j gS arFkkft uds}kjk' kfDr; k¡gLrka r fjr dht krhgS ArkRdkfyd mÙkjnkf; Ro
a
i kz; %ml dsi zfr gksrk gSft l us' kfDr; k¡ i zR;k; ksft r dh gS A; fn v / huLFk v f/ dkjh i zR;k; ksft r ' kfDr; ksadk mfpr : i l smi ; ksx
a
ughadj i krsrksmul sos' kfDr; k¡Nhuht kl drhgS
ekeyk gksrk gSfd rkRdkfyd mÙkjnkf; Roksadh v ogsy uk i j D; k dk; Z
l xaBu dsckgj yksx rksl a xBu l sl EcfU/r i zR;sd v PNs; k cq
bh
arFkkmudsfo#¼ v U; deZ pkjhHkhdht kl drhgS
okgh dh t k; sA
A; g, d l a xBu dkvkUrfjd
j sdk; Zdsfy, mPp v f/ dkjhdksgh mÙkjnk; hekursgS ]

a
:A
D; ksa fd v fUre mÙkjnkf; Ro ml h i j jgrk gS Amnkgj.k dsfy, ge ea =kh v kSj foHkkxkè; {kh dksysl drsgS At c , d foHkkx fo' ks"k
a
esadksbZv f/ ; ferrkgksrhgS ] v i O;; gksrkgS ] xcu gksrkgS ] ; kv U; dksbZxyrhgksrhgSrksml dsfy, ge ea =khdksghnks"khBgjkrs
gS ]a D; kfsad l fao/ ku usml foHkkx l sl EcfU/r mÙkjkfnRo v kS j l Ùkk i w j h rjg l sml h dksl kS i h gS
a ] ; | fi rF; ; g gSfd dbZckj
By
ea =khdksv i usfoHkkx dhxfrfof/ ; ksadki rkHkhughagksrkAv fUre : i l smÙkjnkf; Ro gksusdsdkj.kfoHkkx l sl EcfU/r l Hkhi z'uksa
dk ea =kh dksgh mÙkj nsuk i M+ r k gS Aea =kh fdl h Hkh fLFkfr esav i usbl mÙkjnkf; Ro dk i zR;k; kst u ughadj l drkA
t c dHkhmPp v f/ dkjhv i usv / huLFkka sdksl Ùkkdki zR;k; kst u djrkgS ] rksog Lo; adkseq Dr egl w l ughadjrkAml ds
u
mQ i j i zR;k; kst u dsdkj.kdq N uohu dk; ks±dkmÙkjnkf; Ro v kS j v k t krkgS Amnkgj.kdsfy, ] ml sml v / huLFkksadsmQ i j yxkrkj
v / hu{k.k] funsZ ' ku v kS
j fu; a =k.k j[ kukgksrk gSft udksl Ùkk gLrka r fjr dhxbZgS AU;wesu dk dFku gSfd dbZgLrka r fjr l Ùkkdk Hkh
gLrkraj.kdj fn; kt krkgS Abl i zd kj dkgLrka r j.kl gh: i esagLrka r j.kughaekukt kl drkv kS j u gh; g v / huLFkv f/ dkfj; ksa
kkl
dksdq N mÙkjnkf; Ro l kS i rk gS
a A, slh fLFkfr esai zR;k; kst u djusokysO;fDr dksv / huLFk deZ pkfj; ksadsdk; ks±dksi zHkko' kkyhcukus
dsfy, yxkrkj ns[k&js[kdjuhgksrhgS AU;w esu usbl rF; dks, d mnkgj.k}kjkl e>k; kgS Aosfy[ krsgS afd ; fn Msfol usjk"Vªh;
i z'
cS d l si gysdq
a N / u m/ kj fy; k v kS j ckn esav i usi q =kdksml si q u%Í .k ds: i esansfn; krksbl dk; Zl sMsfol dkfy; k gq vk
dt Zu rksde gkst krk gSv kS j u ghml soki l pq d kusdk ml dk mÙkjnkf; Ro l ekIr gkst krk gS A; | fi ; g l p gSfd i zR;k; kst u
}kjk mÙkjnkf; Ro l ekIr gkst krk gSv kS j u i fjofrZ r gksrk gS ] rFkkfi dq N O;kogkfjd fLFkfr; ksadsdkj.k mÙkjnkf; Roksadk i zR;k; kst u
dj fn; k t krk gS Agsesu dserkuq l kj i zR;k; kst u v kS
j iq ui Z
zR;k; kst u dk; Z i kfydk dksl kS i sx; scM+
a s&cM+ sdk; ks±dh l Ei Ârk dsfy,
sd
v ko' ; d gS Ackr ; g gSfd nksuksadkv uq

a i kr cjkcj gksukpkfg, Abl dkv FkZ; g gSfd , d v / huLFkdksbruh' kfDr l kS i nht k;
a
yk
fd og v i usl Hkh dÙkZ O;ksarFkk v a xhdr̀ mÙkjnkf; RoksadksBhd i zd kj l si w j k dj l dsAnw l js' kCnksa] ; fn v ki fdl h dksmÙkjnk; h
cukukpkgrsgS arksml sv i usdÙkZ O;ksadkfuokZ g djusdhl Ùkknht kuhpkfg, Al Ùkkv kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro dhek=kkesav l ekurkgksusi j
dfBukb; k¡ mRiÂ gksl drh gS A; fn l Ùkk de v kS
a j mÙkjnkf; Ro v f/ d gq , rksosi wj sughagksaxsAnw l jh v ksj] ; fn l Ùkk v f/ d v kSj
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 35
mÙkjnkf; Ro de gq , ] rksl Ùkkdsnq #i ; ksx dhl a HkkoukgksxhAgsesu ds' kCnksaesa ] ^î zR;k; ksft r l Ùkkv kSj mÙkjnkf; Ro dschp v l ekurk
v upkgsi fj.kke mRiÂ djrhgS A**
; | fi , d l a xBu esa, slhi fjorZ u mRiÂ gksl drhgSt c fuEu v f/ dkjhgLrka r fjr ' kfDr dsl kFkdksbZmÙkjnkf; Ro u ysuk
ar
pkgs] rFkkfi l Ùkkv kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro dhl eku ek=kkdkfl ¼kUr l kekU; : i l sLohdkj fd; kt krkgS AcukZ MZvkS j mfoZ d usmÙkjnkf; Ro
v kSj l Ùkk esal ekurk dsfl ¼ka r dksbl v k/ kj i j pq ukSr hnhgSfd dbZckj O;fDr; ksadks, slhfLFkfr esaMky fn; k t krk gSt cfd
; smÙkjnk; hrkscukfn; st krsgS ] fda
a r ql Ùkkughaj[ kl drsAl Ùkkv kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro dschp l eku ek=kk dkfl ¼ka r U;w esu dsv uq l kj
m
, d cq j kfl ¼ka r gSt ksv usd xyr&i Q gfe; k¡i S
nkdj l drkgS Al Ùkk ds: i , oai z;ksx i j v usd cká i fjfLFkfr; ksadhl hek; sarFkk
v kUrfjd ck/ kv ksadscU/u jgrsgS ] , slhfLFkfr esai zR;sd mÙkjnk; hO;fDr dksl eku mÙkjnkf; Ro ughal kS
a i st kl drsAdbZmÙkjnkf; Roksa
a
Ku
dhi zd f̀r , slhgksrhgSft uesal Ùkkdhv ko' ; drkughajgrhv kS j gksrhgSrksl Ùkki zkIr ughadht kl drhAmnkgj.kdsfy; s] v ki dk
; g , d ukxfjd mÙkjnkf; Ro gksl drkgSfd v i usi M+ ksfl ; ksadhl q [ k&l qfo/ kdsfy, dk; Zdjsa ] fdUrq; g mÙkjnkf; Ro v ki dksdq N
' kfDr ughal kiS asxkAbl dsuke i j v ki LFkkuh; l jdkj esadksbZi n i zkIr ughadj l drsA
ay
psLVj cukZ MZdk er gSfd fdl h Hkh l a xBu esa, d v PNh dk; Z i kfydk og gksrhgSt ks; g l e>rh gSfd osdk; Zfdl
idz kj l Ei Â djk, t k, ¡ft udksdjusdhl Ùkkughanht k l drhAbl fy, , d u, i z'kkl d dksl cl si gys; g crkuk egÙoi w . kZgS
fd v f/ dka ' kl axBuksaesamQ ¡ps; k uhpsLrj dsO;fDr; ksadkscgq r FkksM+h l Ùkk nsus; k fcYdq y u nsusi j i w j h rjg l st okcnsg v kS j
mÙkjnk; hBgjk; kt krkgS AmÙkjnkf; Roksadsdq
v f/ d l sv f/ d ysusesai zlÂrk dk v uq
fopkj esamÙkjnkf; Ro dsbl h: i esav uq
N foLrr̀ : i HkhgksrsgS
Hko djrsgS
Hkw
fr gksrhgS
av kS bh
Abl dk, d uS
a frd {ks=kHkhgksrkgS aft l esage mÙkjnkf; Roksadks
j ml dscnys; k ml dsfy, l Ùkk dh v kdk¡{kk ughadjrsAt ujy Dysds
Aos, d , slsO;fDr dhfeÂrkesal a r ks"kdkv uq Hko djrsgS at ksv i usmÙkjnkf; Ro
:A
dksfuja r j O;ki d cukukpkgrkgS AuS frd : i esamÙkjnkf; Ro dkdq N Hkhv FkZfy; kt kl drkAfdUrqbl dkv FkZ; g ughagksrkfd
mÙkjnkf; Ro v kS j l eku ek=kk dk fl ¼ka r dksbZegÙo ughaj[ krkAgsesu dsv uq l kj l Ùkk v kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro dh ekU;rk, ¡ i jLi j ?kfu"B
: i l sbruhl EcfU/r gS afd t c rc nksuksadhek=kkl eku u gks] l HkhO;kogkfjd mís'; ka sdsfy, fy, i zR;k; ksft r dhl a iw. kZi zfØ; k
By
iHzkkoghu gkst krhgS A

mÙkjnkf; Ro dsv U; : i ksadksge v kJ; dsv k/ kji j foHkkft r dj l drsgS Abl i zd kj dsfoHkkt u dsfy, og ns[kuk
a
t : jh gSfd mÙkjnkf; Ro , d O;fDr esafufgr gSv Fkok v usd O;fDr; ksaesa Ayksd &i z'kkl u esal fefr; ksa ] e.Myka s] fuxeksa] v kfn ds
u
v f/ dkf/ d i z;ksx dsdkj.kl Ùkk dkdsUnz, d O;fDr u gksd j , d l ew g dkscuk; kt krk gS A, slhfLFkfr esal Ei Â fd, t kusokys
dk; ks±dsfy, fdl h, d O;fDr dksmÙkjnk; hughaBgjk; kt k l drkv kS j la xBu esagksusokyhxfYr; ksarFkkv fu; ferrkv ksadsfy,
dksbZ, d O;fDr nks"kh ughaekuk t k l drkAbu mnkgj.kksaesamÙkjnkf; Ro dk : i O;fDrxr : i l sfHkÂ gSrFkk bl dksl fEefyr
kkl
mÙkjnkf; Ro dk uke fn; k t krk gS A

l fEefyr mÙkjnkf; Ro O;fDrxr mÙkjnkf; Ro dh v i s{kk dbZdkj.kksal sv f/ d mi ; q Dr l e>k t krk gS
Z A bl i zd kj ds
i z'
mÙkjnkf; Ro esal Ùkk dki z;ksx i ; kZ Ir fopkj&foe' kZdsckn gksrkgS ] bl fy, dk; ZBhd <a x l sgksrsgS av kS
j l Ùkkdk nq #i ; ksx ughagks
i krkAl xaBu t ufgrdkjhdk; Zdjusesav f/ d l i Q y gksl drkgS ] D; ksa
fd l fEefyr mÙkjnkf; Ro dhO;oLFkkl sdksbZHkh, d O;fDr
' kfDr; ksadk i z;ksx v i usO;fDrxr LokFkZl k/ u dsfy, ughadj l drkAl fEefyr mÙknkf; Ro dh O;oLFkk esat ksfu.kZ ; fy, t krs
gSamudsi zfr v / huLFk deZ pkfj; ksadh v f/ d J¼k v kS j l n~ Hkkouk jgrh gS ] D; ksa
fd os; g t kursgS afd ; sfu.kZ ; v usd O;fDr; ksa
sd
dh , d yEch fnekxh dl jr dsi fj.kke gS A

a
yk
l fEefyr mÙkjnkf; Ro dh O;oLFkk dksnk"skksal seq Dr ughal e>k t k l drkAbl ea sosv usd ykHk ughagksrst ksO;fDrxr
mÙkjnkf; Ro dhfo' ks"krk l e>st krsgS Amnkgj.k dsfy, ] t c fdl hdk; Zdsfy, ge , d O;fDr dksmÙkjnk; hBgjk nsrsgS
a arksog
dk; Zt Ynhl Ei Â gksl drkgSv kS j ml esamÙkjnk; hO;fDr v i uhO;fDrxr #fp dki z;ksx dj l drhgS A; srhuksaghckrsal fEefyr
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
36 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
mÙkjnkf; Ro dh O;oLFkk esai zk; %ughai kbZt krh gS
A
l Ùkk v kS
j t ckons;r k
t okcns;rk v kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro cgq r dq N l ekukFkZ d l s' kCn gS aft udksi zk; %, d&nw l jsdsfy, Hkhi z;q
Dr dj fn; kt krk gS A
ar
^t ckons;rk* ' kCn dki z;ksx eq [ ; : i l sl S
fud l a XkBuksaesafd; kt krkgSbl v FkZesat ckons;hgksusdkv FkZgS &l gh&l ghv kS j i ; kZ
Ir
fjdkMZj[ kukv kS j bl i zd kj t u&l Ei fÙkdhl q j {kkdjukAv usd ys[kdksaust ckons;rkvkS j mÙkjnkf; Ro dschp Hksn fn[ kkusdki z;kl
m
fd; k gS
Amnkgj.k dsfy, ] i hVjl u v kS j Iyksesu dsv uq l kj t ckons;h gksusdk v FkZgSi w j sfd, x, v Fkok u fd, x, dÙkZ O;ksads
fy, mÙkjnk; hgksukAi j bl i zd kj dhi fjHkk"kkv ksal s; ghLi "V gksrk gSfd mÙkjnkf; Ro dsl EcU/ esanhxbZi fjHkk"kkv ksal s; sv f/
Ku
d fHkÂ ughagS A
a
t okcns;rk dh ekU;rk mÙknkf; Ro dh O;oLFkk esav i us&v ki fufgr gkst krh gS Anksuksadschp eq[ ; v Urj ; gh ekuk t k
l drk gSfd mÙkjnkf; Ro esauS frdrk dk i q V jgrk gSrFkk; g uhfr' kkL=k ds{ks=k esaHkhv i uk n[ ky j[ krhgS Anwl jhv ksj t okcns;rk
, d dkuw uhekU;rkgSft l dkl EcU/ i z'kkl dh; fØ; kv ksaesav f/ d gSv kS j t ksfu; a
=k.kdh; kst ukds, d Hkkx ds: i esaHkhdk; Z
ay
djrhgS Al Ùkk v kjSt okcns;rk dksfudV l EcU/ gS Al Ùkk dsnks: i gksrsgS Ai gys: i esaog i w
a j hrjg dsv kS
i pkfjd v kSj dkuw uh
gksrhgSrFkk nwl js: i esaog v kS i pkfjdrkv ksarFkk cká i zHkkoksal sfuf' pr gksrh gS Al Ùkk dk i gyk : i t okcns;rk l scgq r ?kfu"B
l EcU/ j[ krk gSt cfd ml dsnw l js: i esamÙkjnkf; Ro l efUor jgrk gS A
l Ùkkv i us&v ki esadksbZxq

bh
l Ùkk d sd k; Z
. kughagksrhAml dkegÙo , d l k/ u rFkkfl ¼ka r ds: i esagksrkgSft l ds}kjk dq N y{; ksadks
:A
i kzIr fd; k t k l dsAdgk t krk gSfd l Ùkk }kjk nw l jsO;fDr; ksadsl a pkfjr fu.kZ ; ksadsv / hu O;fDr dsfu.kZ ; ksadksj[ kdj l ew g esa
l efUor O;ogkj dk; e fd; k t krk gS Abl i zd kj l Ùkk dsi z;ksx }kjk ; g l a Hko gksrk gSfd fu.kZ ; dh i zfØ; k dksokLrfod dk; ks±
l sv yx fd; k t k l dsAft l i zd kj , d t gkt dsdIrku dksi zfri y v i ust gkt dh fLFkfr dk Kku jgrk gSrFkk ml Kku ds
v k/ kj i j gh og fu.kZ ; ysrk jgrk gS ] ml h i zd kj , d l a xBu dk l nL; v i usO;ogkj dksl a xBu dh fu.kZ ; ysusokyh bdkbZds
By
l Eeq [ k i zLrqr djrk jgrk gS Abl i z.kkyh l s, d rksO;fDr dsdk; ks±dschp Hkh l eUo; cuk jgrk gSrFkk nw l js] v usd O;fDr; ksa
dsO;ogkj dschp Hkhl eUo; LFkkfi r gkst krkgS AnksuksafLFkfr; ksaesafo' ks"kfu.kZ
; ksadksl kekU; fu.kZ
; ksadsv / hu j[ kkt krkgS ] fu.kZ
;
ysusdhi zfØ; k esafo' ks"khdj.k fcuk l Ùkk dsi z;ksx dsHkh gksl drk gS A, d bdkbZdksdsoy i jke' kZnsusdk dk; Zl kS i k t k l drk
a
u
gSrFkk ml dh fl i Q kfj' kksadsv k/ kj i j okLro esadq N fu.kZ ; fy, t k l drsgS aft Ugsal axBu Lohdkj djysAt c l a xBu , d LVki Q
v fHkdj.k dh fl i Q kfj' kksadksfcuk ml dsykHkksadh t k¡p fd, Lohdkj dj ysrk gSrksbl dk v FkZgSfd og v fHkdj.k okLor esa
kkl
dq N l Ùkkdk i z;ksx dj jgkgS Al EHkor%l a xBu esa, slsmnkgj.ki zLrq r djukcgq r dfBu gksxk t gk¡fu.kZ ; ysusdhi fzØ; kdk , d
iH zkko' kkyh fo' ks"khdj.k fLFkr gksv kS j ml sykxwdjusdsfy, fdl h i zd kj dh l Ùkk dk i z;ksx u djsAt c , d l ew g dsdk; ks±dk
l eUo; djusdsfy, l Ùkk dkl k/ u ds: i esami ; ksx fd; k t krk gSrksl Ùkk eq [ ; : i l srhu i zd kj dsdk; Zdjrh gS Al kbeu
i z'
usbu dk; ks±dk fuEu i zd kj l smYys[k fd; k gS &

( 1) ; g mu yksxksadksdq N mÙkjnkf; Ro l kS i rh gSt ksl Ùkk dk i z;ksx djrsgS
a A
a
( 2) ; g fu.kZ ; ysusea sfo' ks"kKrk dksdke esaykrh gS A
sd
( 3) ; g fØ; kv ksadschp l eUo; LFkkfi r djrh gS A

yk
1- l Ùkk dsjkt uhfrd , oadkuw uh i gyqv ksai j fy[ kusokysfopkjdksausbl ckr i j t ksj fn; k gSfd l Ùkk dk , d i zeq [k
dk; Z; g gSfd og O ; fDrxr dk; ks±dhl ekt }kjkLFkkfi r vkn' kks±dsl kFk, d: i rkLFkkfi r djrhgS ApkYLkZesfj; e v kfn fopkjdksa
dk uke buesamYys[kuh; gS Amnkgj.k dsfy, O;oLFkkfi dk dsdkuw uksadksfy; k t k l drk gS AO;oLFkkfi dk dsdkuw u dsoy jkT;
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 37
}kjk fu; q Dr i z'kkl dh; i n&l ksiku }kjk gh l Ùkkoknh ughaekust krs] v fi rqmYya ?ku dh fLFkfr esamu l HkhO;fDr; ksa}kjk ekust krs
gaSt ksbl dk; Z {ks=k l sl a
c¼ ga ] t c dHkh budk mYya
S ?kudÙkkZl nL; dsfo#¼ nckoksadk i z;ksx fd; k t k l drk gS A; g l p gS
fd v usd v R;ra egRoi w . kZl kekft d l a LFkkv ksadsdsUnzesal Ùkk dh O;oLFkk fgr jgrh gSrFkk l kFk gh ml sykxwdjusokysncko
ar
HkhjgrsgS AjkT; dksbl dkl cl segRoi w
a . kZmnkgj.kkekukt krkgS Aol sl Ei fÙkdkdkuw u] / kfeZd la KFkk, ¡v kS
j i fjokj Hkhcgq r &dq N
bl h Js.khv krsgS A
a
t c l ÙkkdksmÙkjnkf; Ro ykxwdjusdsfy, i z;ksx esayk; k t krkgSrksbl i zfØ; k esal EHkor%ncko , d dsUnzh; v fHku;
m
iLzrqr djrsgS Anckoksadsfcukl Ùkki zk; %i zHkkoghu , oaegÙoghu gkst krhgS
a At c HkhdHkhge fdl hHkhv kKkv ksadk i kyu djrs
gaSrkspsrukv Fkokv psru : i l sgekjsfny esamu nckoksadkHk; jgrkgSft udksv kKki kyu u djusi j gekjsfo#¼ i z;ksx esayk; k
Ku
t kl drk gS A, d l Ùkkdsnckoksadk : i uS frd] l kekft d] / kfeZ d ] jkt uhfrd] dkuw uhv Fkokv U; fdl hi zd kj dkgksl drkgS A
bu nckoksadsHk; l sgh l ekt esa, slh i jEi jk, ¡ LFkkfi r gkst krh gS aft udsi Q yLo: i i zR;sd ; g fo' okl djusyxrk gSfd ml s
l Ùkki w. kZl LaFkkv ksa}kjk cuk, x, dkuw uksadk i kyu djuk pkfg, v kS j ml snw l jksadsv f/ dkjksadksekU;rk nsuh pkfg, Al Ùkk v kS j
mÙkjnkf; Ro dsl EcU/ksadksdsoy nckoksadsekè; e l sof.kZ r ughafd; k t k l drk] fi Q j Hkh ; g , d rF; gSfd l Ùkk v i us
ay
v fèkdkj&{ks=k esav kusokysO;fDr; ksadksmÙkjnk; h cuk nsrh gS A
2- l Ùkkdk nw l jkegRoi w . kZdk; Z; g gSfd bl ds}kjk t ksfu.kZ ; fy, t krsgS amuea smPp&Lrjh; dhcq f¼ dki z;ksx fd; k
t krk gSv kS
ysrsgS
xq. kkgkst krkgS
j osv R;Ur i zHkko' kkyhgksrsgS
Ai z'kkl dh; dq
a ' kyrk dsfy, fo' ks"khdj.k ekS bh
Al Ùkk dk i z;ksx djrsl e; , d l a
a
fyd : i esaegRoi w
Afo' ks"khdj.k, d ghl kFkdk; ks±dhi zfØ; kl sl EcfU/r gksrkgSv kS
xBu dsmPp v f/ dkjhv i usfof' k"V Kku dk l gkjk
. kZfo"k; gS Abl ds}kjk l a
j og fu.kZ
xBu dsi z;kl ksadksi fj.kke dbZ
; HkhysrkgS AcM+ sl axBuksaesafof' k"V
:A
Kku dkykHki zkIr djusdsfy, l a xBu dsdk; ks±dksfofHkÂ Hkkxksaesacka V fn; kt krkgSrFkk; g O;oLFkkdht krhgSfd ft l dk; Z
esa, d fo' ks"k; ksX; rk dhv ko' ; drkgSml s; ksX; rki zkIr O;fDr; ksa}kjk ghi w j kfd; kt k, Abl hi zd kj fu.kZ ; yssusdhi zfØ; kea sHkh
fo' ks"kKrkdk ykHki zkIr djusdsfy, fu.kZ ; ysusdkmÙkjnkf; Ro ; Fkkl a Hko bl i zd kj fd; kt krk gSfd ft u fu.kZ ; ksaesafo' ks"kKku
By
v kSj dq ' kyrkdhv ko' ; drkgksrhgSosfo' ks"kKrki zkIr O;fDr; ksa}kjkghfy, t k, a ] bl hfy, , d l a xBu dsfu.kZ ; ksadksv usd Hkkxksa
esafoHkkft r dj fn; k t krk gSv kS j la xBu dsi zR;sd O;fDr dh fdl h u fdl h Hkkx dsl kFk l fEefyr dj fn; k t krk gS A
fdl h l a xBu esafo' ks"kKrk dk ykHk i zkIr djusdsfy, , d ekS fyd dne ; g mBk; k t k l drk gSfd fo' ks"kK dksl Ùkk
u
dsv kS i pkfjd i nl ksiku esamPPk&Lrj i znku dj fn; k t k, ] v FkkZ r ~ml s, d , slhdq ehZi j cS Bk fn; k t k, t gk¡l sml dsfu.kZ ; ksadks
laxBu dsnw l jsl nL; Lohdkj dj l dsa Aft u l a xBuksadksi zfØ; k dsv k/ kj i j xfBr fd; k t krk gSmuesa; g xq . k v i us&v ki v k
t krk gSt c fpfdRl k l sl EcfU/r l Hkh fu.kZ ; , d ghfoHkkx }kjk fy, t krsgS arks; g l a Hko gkst kuk gSfd fu.kZ ; ysusdk dk; Z
kkl
bl i zd kj fuf' pr dj fn; kt k, ft l esav ko' ; d rduhdh; ksX; rk dhj{kk gksl dsAt c fu.kZ ; fy, t krsgS arksmuesav usd i zd kj
dhrduhdhl gk; rkdhv ko' ; drk gksrhgS A; g l gk; rkml l e; i zkIr ughagksl drht c fu.kZ ; ysusdksv kS i pkfjdrk l seq Dr
fd; k t k, Anckoksadhl Ùkk dhHkk¡fr fopkjka sdhl Ùkk dksHkhl a xBu dk l eUo; djrs{ks=k dgk gSt cfd cukZ MZusmi s{kk dk {ks=k
i z'
dgdj i q d kjk gSA; fn mPp v f/ dkjh}kjk fy, x, fu.kZ ; bl {ks=k l sckgj gS arksmudksLohdkj ughafd; k t k, xkA; gh dkj.k gS
fd t c l Ùkk/ kjhmPp v f/ dkjhv i usv / huLFkksadksv kKknsrk gSrksbl ckr dk è; ku j[ krkgSfd v kKkbl {ks=k l sckgj u gksA
v f/ dkfj; ksadh nksuksaJsf.k; ksadschp dk l EcU/ dsoy bl {ks=k dsv UrxZ r gh jg l drk gS Av / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadh Lohdf̀r
sd
dk ; g {ks=k i zR;sd l a xBu esa, d t S l k ughagksrk v kSj u gh, d l a xBu esaHkhl nS o ,d t S l k gksrk gS
ALohdf̀r ds{ks=k dk Lo: i
yk
, oav kdkj fuf' pr djusesav usd ckgjh nckoksa, oarF; ksadk i zHkko jgrk gS A
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
38 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
lÙkk (AUTHORITY)
oscj us lÙkk dks ^^,slh laHkkouk** ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k ^^fd dksbZ ik= fdlh lkekftd lacaèk ds varxZr izfrjksèk
ds ckotwn viuh bPNk iwjh dj ldsxkA** nwljh vkSj ^voS;fDrd fu;a=.k* vFkok izkfèkdkj ,slh laHkkouk gS fd fdlh fn, fof'k"V
ar
fo"k; esa fdlh vkns'k dk dqN fo'ks"k O;fDr;ksa ds lewg }kjk ikyu gks ldsxkA bl izdkj lÙkk vfèkd O;kid 'kCn gS ftldk
foLrkj fLFkfr;ksa ds mu lHkh la;kstuksa rd gksrk gS ftuesa dksbZ O;fDr fdlh nh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa viuh bPNk dk iz;ksx dj
m
ldrk gSA lÙkk ds iz;ksx dk ;g Hkh vFkZ gqvk fd dksbZ O;fDr vius vèkhuLFkksa ds lewg dks lQyrk iwoZd vkKk ns ldrk gS
ftldk ikyu os ml O;fDr dh oSèkrk esa vius fo'okl ds dkj.k djrs gSaA
Ku
psLVj cukZMZ us izkfèkdkj dks fdlh laxBu esa fdlh vkns'k dh izÑfr ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS ftlds cy ij ;g
laxBu ds fdlh ^lnL;* }kjk mldh fØ;k ds fu;a=d ds :i esa LohÑr gksrk gSA bl ifjHkk"kk ls nks egRoiw.kZ ckrsa mRlkfgr
gksrh gSa(
cukZMZ izkfèkdkj dks laxBu ra= dk varHkwZr Hkkx ekurs gSa] Åij ls iznÙk pht ughaA
ay
1.
2. fdlh izkfèkdkj lacaèk esa vfuok;Z gksus ds dkj.k vuqikyu&fcUnq ij ;g vfèkd è;ku nsrh gSA
blds flok;] cukZMZ ekurs Fks fd izkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx lEizs"k.k ds ekè;e ls gksrk gS vkSj lEizs"k.k fo'oluh; ;i ls
bh
rHkh LohÑr gksrk gS tc ;g fuEufyf[kr pkj vfuok;Z 'krks± dks iwjk djrk gS & (i) lqcksèkxE;rk] (ii) laxBu ds iz;kstu ls
lkeatL;] (iii) mu yksxksa ds O;fDrxr fgrksa ds lkFk laxrrk ftudks vkns;k fn, tkrs gSa\ ,oa (iv) vkSfpR;A
izkf/kdkj ds vkèkkj
:A
izkfèkdkj fdlh ,d lzksr ¼inkuqØe esa bldh izfr"Bk vFkok egÙo lfgr½ esa ugha gksrkA oLrqr% ;g tks O;fDr bldk
iz;ksx djrk gS mlds }kjk iznf'kZr {kerk] le>nkjh] fu.kZ; ,oa dYiuk esa fufgr gksrk gSA
izkfèkdkj iz'kklfud laxBu esa izHkko ds lzksrksa ij Hkh è;ku dsfUnzr djrk gSA laxBuksa esa lacaèkksdsa fy, lokZfèkd izklafxd
By
fo"k; gSa % vkSipkfjd 'kfDr] lEifÙk] fo'ks"krk] vknj ,oa LusgA vkSipkfjd 'kfDr lafoèkkuksa ds izkoèkkuksa] foèkkuksa vFkok fofu;euksa
dks izfrfcfEcr djrh gS( ;s lc fdlh O;fDr dks nwljksa ij dqN fu;a=.k j[kus dh vuqefr nsrs gSaA izR;sd iz'kklfud laxBu esa
dqN izkfèkdkfj;ksa ds ikl laxBu ds fy, u;s lnL; fu;qDr djus] fofHkUu iz;kstuksa ds fy, dks"kksa ds O;; dks vfèkÑr djus
u
,oa eqofDdyksa dks lsok,a iznku djus dks vuqeksfnr djus dh vkSipkfjd 'kfDr gksrh gSA fdlh iz'kkld esa vkSipkfjd 'kfDr dk
gksuk mls laxBu esa vU; yksxksa ds O;ogkj ij izHkko Mkyus esa l{ke cukrk gSA
kkl
izkf/kdkj ds izdkj
oscj us izkfèkdkj dk oxhZdj.k oSèkrk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k D;ksafd blh ij eq[;r% vkKkikyu] vkKkikyu dk izdkj]
i z'
blds mi;qDr iz'kklfud LVkQ dk izdkj ,oa izkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djus ds rjhds fuHkZj djsaxsA oSèk izkfèkdkj ds muds rhuksa izdkj
muds rhu vkèkkjksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA os gSa &
1. rdZlaxr vkèkkj tks fu;ked fu;eksa ,oa izkfèkdkj&izkIr yksxksa ds ,sls fu;eksa ds rgr vkKk nsus ds vfèkdkj dh
oSèkrk esa fo'okl ij fVds gksrs gSa ¼oSèk izkfèkdkj½A
sd
yk
2. ikjLifjd vkèkkj tks LFkkfir ijEijkvksa ,oa muds rgr izkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djus okys ds in dh oSèkrk esa LFkkfir
fo'okl ij fVds gksrs gSa ¼ikjEifjd izkfèkdkj½A
3. peRdkjh vk/kkj tks fdlh O;fDr fo'ks"k dh fof'k"V vkSj vlk/kkj.k ohjrk vFkok vuqdj.kh; pfj= rFkk mlds
}kjk mn~?kkfVr vFkok fofgr vkns'k ds fu;ked <k¡pksa ds izfr HkfDr&Hkko ij fVds gksrs gSa ¼peRdkj izkfèkdkj½A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 39
ijEijkxr iz.kkyh esa iz'kklfud LVkQ ds nks Lo:i gks ldrs gSa & iq'rSuh vFkok lkearoknhA igys Lo:i esa vfèkdkjh
'kkld ds O;fDrxr lsod gksrs gSa vkSj os 'kkld ds izfr ikjEifjd fu"Bk j[krs gSa nwljs esa vkenuh ds vius lzksrksa ds lkFk mUgsa
vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk jgrh gS] fdarq muesa usrk ¼'kkld½ ds izfr ikjEifjd fu"Bk Hkh jgrh gSA ikjEifjd izkfèkdkj iz.kkyh esa iz'kklfud
ar
lsok,a izk;% HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn ij vkèkkfjr jgrh gSa vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i p;u ,oa fu;qfDr;k¡ fuiq.krk vFkok LFkkfir ;ksX;rk
ij vkèkkfjr ugha gksrhaA
m
peRdkjh izkfèkdkj eq[;r% usrk ds O;fDrxr xq.kksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA bl rjg dh iz.kkyh esa dksbZ i`Fkd iz'kklfud
dSMj ugha vfirq vuq;kf;kvsa dks ,d lewg gksrk gS tks vius peRdkjh xq.kksa ds dkj.k inklhu gksrs gSaA bl izdkj iz'kklfud
oxZ dks 'kkflr djus ds dksbZ oSèkkfud fu;e ugha gksrsA vuq;k;h vius usrk ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu eq[;r% bl dkj.k djrs gSa fd
Ku
os mlesa ije ekuoh; xq.k ns[krs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i] bl izkfèkdkj iz.kkyh ds laxBuksa esa vfLFkjrk gksrh gS D;ksafd usrk ds ej
tkus ;k gVk, tkus ij mÙkjkfèkdkj dh leL;k ges'kk mB [kM+h gksrh gSA
oSèk&rdZlaxr izkfèkdkj iz.kkyh esa ukSdj'kkgh gh iz'kklfud ra= dk dsUnz&fcUnq gksrh gSA blds varxZr vkKkikyu
ay
oSèkkfud :i ls LFkkfir voS;fDrd Øe dk gksrk gSA bl rjg dh izkfèkdkj iz.kkyh vkèkqfud jkT;ksa esa izeq[k laLFkk gksrh gSSA
;g iz.kkyh ^rdZlaxr* dgykrh gS D;ksafd blesa dqN fof'k"V y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, Li"V lkèku cusgksrs gSaA ;g ôSèkkfud*
gS D;ksafd izkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx fu;eksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh ,d iz.kkyh ds ekè;e ls gksrk gSA
izkf/kdkj ds izdkj
oscj ds vuqlkj] izkfèkdkj ds fuEufyf[kr vo;o gSa &
bh
:A
1. O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa dk fudk; tks 'kklu djrs gSa izkfèkdkj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA
2. 'kkld viuh iztk ds vkpkj ij izHkko Mkyuk pkgrs gSa( mudh bPNk dh vfHkO;fDr dh vkns'k gSA
3. 'kkldksa }kjk iz;qDr izHkko oLrqfu"B va'k ds vkns'k ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
By
4. ml izHkko dk izR;{k ;k ijks{k izek.k vkns'k ds ikyu esa 'kkflrksa dh O;fDrfu"B LohÑfr esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
5. fdlh foHkkx esa izkfèkdkj dk LFkku dksbZ O;fDr vFkok O;fDr;ksa dk fudk; gks ldrk gSA foHkkx dh xfrfofèk;ksa
ds funsZ'ku] fu;a=.k vkSj vèkh{k.k ds fy, foHkkx dk izèkku ¼,dy gks ;k cgqy½ ftEesnkj gksrk gSA bl lacaèk esa
u
,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u mBrk gS% izkfèkdkj ,d O;fDr esa fufgr gksuk pkfg, ;k cgqy fudk; esa\ ;fn iz'kklfud
izkfèkdkj fdlh foHkkx esa cgqy fudk; esa fufgr gks rks bls îfj"kn* ;k ^vk;ksx* dgrs gSaA ;fn izkfèkdkj fdlh
,dy O;fDr esa fufgr gks rks bls C;wjksiz.kkyh dgrs gSaA
kkl
6. izkfèkdkj ds lkFk mÙkjnkf;Ro jgrk gSA

mÙkjnkf;Ro
i z'
^mÙkjnkf;Ro* 'kCn fofHkUu rjg ls ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gS fdarq iz'kklu ds {ks= esa bldk vfHkizk; vèkhuhdj.k ls gksrk gSA
bldk udkjkRed vkSj ldkjkRed nksuksa gh vFkZ gksrk gSA udkjkRed vFkkZ esa ;g tokcnsgh gksrk gSA ldkjkRed vFkZ esa bldk
vFkZ miyfCèk gksrk gSA jktuhfrd in ds :i esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dk udkjkRed vFkZ gksrk gS( ;g foèkkf;dk vFkok jk"Vªifr ds izfr
sd
vèkhuhdj.k ij cy nsrk gSA yksd iz'kklu esa bldk ldkjkRed vFkZ gksrk gS tks iz'kkld dks mlds izoj }kjk iznÙk 'kfDr ,oa
yk
bl lekukarj rF; fd dk;ZØe dk dk;kZUo;u mlds gkFkksa esa lkSaik x;k gS dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
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40 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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mÙkjnkf;Ro dk vkoaVu Lora= :i ls gksuk pkfg,( iz'kklfud fu.kZ; vko';drk ls vfèkd Å¡ps Lrj ij dHkh ugha
djus pkfg,A dksbZ vfèkdkjh iz'kklfud dk;ZØe dks iwjk djus ds vius mÙkjnkf;Ro ls eqDr ugha gks ldrk fdarq og vèkhuLFkksa
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ar
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mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fl)kar ds fuEufyf[kr nl mifl)karksa ij lko/kkuh ls fopkj djuk pkfg, &
Ku
1. izR;sd vfèkdkjh dks fuf'pr vkSj Li"V mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSaius pkfg,(
2. mÙkjnkf;Ro ds lkFk lnk rnuq:i izkfèkdkj gksuk pkfg,(
3. fdlh in ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds foLrkj&{ks= esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu lHkh lEc) O;fDr;ksa ij blds izHkko dh fuf'pr
le> ds fcuk ugha djuk pkfg,(
ay
4. laxBu esa ,dek= in ij vklhu dksbZ Hkh vfèkdkjh ;k deZpkjh dks ,d ls vf/kd lzksrksa ls feys vkns'kksa dk ikyu
djus ds fy, ckè; ugha djuk pkfg,(
5.
6. bh
,d mÙkjnk;h vfèkdkjh dh mis{kk djrs gq, mlds vèkhuLFkksa dks vkns'k ugha fn, tkus pkfg,(
tc dHkh laHko gks] vèkhuLFkksa dh vkykspuk vdsys esa djuh pkfg, rFkk fdlh Hkh gkyr esa fdlh vèkhuLFk dh
vkykspuk leku ;k fuEu vksgns ds vfèkdkfj;ksa ;k deZpkfj;ksa dh mifLFkfr esa ugha dh tkuh pkfg,(
:A
7. vfèkdkfj;ksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa vFkok deZpkfj;ksa rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds chp izkfèkdkj vFkok mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds lacaèk
esa dksbZ Hkh fookn ;k erHksn rqPN ugha le>k tkuk pkfg, vkSj iwjh cqf)ekuh ls mldk rqjar QSlyk djuk pkfg,(
8. izksUufr] osru&ifjorZu ,oa vuq'kklfud dkjZokbZ dk ges'kk mÙkjnk;h vfèkdkjh ls Bhd Åij ds vfèkdkjh }kjk
By
vuqeksnu gksuk pkfg,(

9. fdlh Hkh vfèkdkjh ;k deZpkjh dks ,d gh lkFk fdlh izkfèkdkjh dk lgk;d vkSj vkykspd nksuksa gh ugha gksuk
pkfg,( ,oa
u
10. ftl vfèkdkjh ds dke dk fu;fer fujh{k.k gksrk gks mls vius dke dh xq.koÙkk ij Lora= fuxjkuh j[kus esa
leFkZ cukus ds fy, vko';d lgk;rk vkSj lqfoèkk,¡] tgk¡ dgha O;kogkfjd gks] nh tkuh pkfg,A
kkl
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l Ùkk dsi zR;k; kst u v Fkok Hkkjki Z

. k dh O;k[ ; k djrsgq , t kser VS j h }kjk O;Dr fd; k x; k gSog l kekU; / kj.kk l sdq N
fHkÂ gS Amudh i fjHkk"kk dsv uq l kj] ^^; g v ko' ; d ughafd l Ùkk dk i zR;k; kst u mPp v f/ dkjh }kjk v i usv / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksa
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S xBu esal Ùkk dk i Rz; k; kst u uhps
l smQ i j] mQ i j l suhpsrFkk cjkcj okyksadschp Hkh gksl drk gS A** VS
j hrksdsoy ; g dg dj NksM+nsrsgS afd gLrka r j.k dk v FkZ
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gS^^, d dk; Z i kfydk v Fkok l a xBu dh fdl h bdkbZl snw l jsdksl Ùkk i znku fd; k t kukA** v i user dk Li "Vhdj.k djrsgq , VSjh
yk
usv kxsdgk gSfd ^^t c fdl hl a xBu dk î zcU/d* foØsrk dksv i uh l Ùkk l kS i nsrk gSrksog mQ
a i j l suhpsdh v ksj i zR;k; kst u
dgykrk gSv kS j t c dq N fgLl snkj v i uh ' kfDr fdl hl a pkyd e.My dksl kS i nsrsgS
a arksog uhpsmQ i j dhv ksj i R
z; k; kst u ekuk
t k, xkAcjkcj dsLrjksai j i zR;k; kst u dsmnkgj.k ds: i esadq N v Úhdh dchyksadsl jnkjksarFkk mudsdchysdh dsUnzh; l Ùkk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 41
dseè; fLFkr i zR;k; kst u dksfy; kt kl drkgS A** yksd &i z'kkl u dsv U; fopkjd feysV dsv uq l kj] ^^l Ùkkdsi zR;k; kst u dkv FkZ
nwl jsdksdÙkZ O; l kSi nsusl sdq
a N v f/ d gS Ai zR;k; kst u dk l kj gSnw l jksadksLofoosd l kS i uk rkfd osv i usdÙkZ
a O;ksal sl EcfU/r
fof' k"Vl eL; kv ksadksl q y >kusesav i usfu.kZ ; ksadki z;ksx dj l dsa A** l ÙkkdsgLrka r j.kdksyksd &i z'kkl u dsv usd fopkjdksausi zR;sd
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dqN fopkjdksadk ; g Hkher gSfd î zR;k; kst u* ; k ^Hkkjki Z . k* yksd &i z'kkl u dhfopkj/ kjkdh, d feF; k dYi ukgSt ks
dsoy ' kCnt ky gksusdsv frfjDr dq N Hkh ughagS Abl / kj.kk dsi hNs' kk; n ; g ekU; gksl drh g fd i zR;k; ksft r l Ùkk nsusokys
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}kjk oki l yh t k l drhgS A, d v è; {k }kjk t ksHkh l Ùkk i zR;k; ksft r dh t krh gSml l sog Lo; adksi w j hrjg l si F̀kd~ughadj
ysrkAv è; {k dksml soki l ysusdh' kfDr gksrhgS Ai zR;k; ksft r ' kfDr dksoki l ysysusi j v è; {k pkgsrksLo; aml dk mi ; ksx dj
Ku
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l e; bu ckr dk è; ku j[ ksfd bl l sv / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadk eukscy rksughafxjrkA
l Ùkkdsi zR;k; kst u dsl EcU/ esai zks-U;w eu
s uscrk; kgSfd l kekU;r%l ÙkkdsgLrka r j.kdkv FkZgSfdl hdksHkhdq N djus
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dhv kKknsukAgsesu dk dgukgSfd ^^l Ùkk dsgLrka r j.k dkv FkZdsoy ; g gSfd v / hUkLFkksadks, d fu/ kZ fjr l hek esadq N djus
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fLFkfr dhrq
gSv kSj fi Q
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j Hkhog ml fo| k l s; q
dsckn Hkh ml l Ùkk l s; q
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l Ùkk dk gLrka r j.k ghv / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadsi n dhjpuk djrk gSv kS j bl i zd kj l a
xBu dk , d fuekZ . k gksrk gS
Ai j
gLrkar j.kfdl i zd kj fd; kt k, ] ; g , d eq [ ; l eL; kgSft l dkl eq fpr l ek/ ku t kusfcukdksbZHkhv è; {kv i usi n dsmÙkjnkf; Roksa
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dki kyu l i Q yrki w

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d ughadj l drkAgLrka r j.kdhi zfØ; kdsfofHkÂ i gyq v ksadksv PNht kudkjhv è; {kdh, d fo' ks"k; ksX; rk
gksusdsl kFk gh l a xBu dh l i Q yrk dk Hkh i zR;sd gS A
i zks-uw
esu dserkuq l kj i zR;k; kst u dhi zfØ; kdsrhu i gywgksrsgS µ(i) , d dk; Z
a i kfydkv i usrq j Ur dsv / huLFkksadksdÙkZ O;
u
l kS
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dj nht krh gS ] rFkk (iii) bu dÙkZ O;ksadhl a r ks"kt ud l Ei Ârk dsfy, i zR;sd v / huLFk dksdk; Z i kfydk dsi zfr l Ùkk i znku djuk
v kS
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kkl
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j fuf' pr gksrk gS ]la xBu Hkh mruk gh v f/ d dq ' kyrk , oal i Q
yrki w
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k d k egÙo
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xBu esav f/ dkj , oankf; Ro dsHkkjki Z
. kdsegÙo , oavko' ; drkdksfuEu : i ksaesans[kkt kl drk
gS
µ
1. ekuoh; l hek, ¡& Hkkjki Z
. kdhv ko' ; drk, oaegÙo dki zeq
[ kdkj.kekuo dhi zkdf̀r d l hek, ¡gS
A, d O;fDr fdruk
a
sd
ghdq ' ky D; ksau gksfi Q

j Hkhog l eLr fØ; kv ksadkl Ei knu ughadj l drkgS Ai zks-czsp usl ghfy[ kkgSfd] ^^fdl hmi Øe v Fkok
yk
mi foHkkx dhi zcU/ i zfØ; kesabrusdk; Zl fEefyr gksrsgS afd , d v dsy kO;fDr bu l c dk; ks±dksmÙkjnkf; Ro dhek=kk] ekufl d
' kfDr] v f/ d l e; v kfn dsdkj.k ughadj l drk gS A** v r%bu l eL; kv ksadk , d ek=k egÙoi w . kZmi k; ; g gSfd ml sv U;
O;fDr; ksadksv f/ dkj , oankf; Ro dk Hkkjki Z
. k djuk pkfg, ft l l sfcuk l e; dsv i O;; dsdk; Zl ghv kS j mfpr l e; gksl dsA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
42 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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2. fof' k"Vhd j . k & , d l a
xBu essafofHkÂ fØ; k, ¡ gksrh gS
av kS
j mudsv yx&v yx i zd kj dh dq
' kyrk] Kku v kfn dh
v ko' ; drk i M+ r h gS
Ai zR;sd O;fDr esa; sxq . k ughafey l drsgS Av k/ q
a fud O;ol k; dh t fVy l eL; kv ksadks, d ek=k mi k;
Je&foHkkt u , oafof' k"Vhdj.kdksv i ukukgS A; g fcuknkf; Ro , oav f/ dkj dsHkkjki Z . kdsl a
Hko ughagksrkgSAdeZ pkfj; ksal EcUèkh
ar
ekeysdeZ pkjh i zcU/d rFkk foÙkk l EcU/ksafoÙk i zcU/d dksl kS i dj fof' k"Vhdj.k dsykHk v kl kuh l si zkIr fd, t k l drsgS
a A
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3. O; kol kf; d foLr kj & v k/ q fud cM+ sv kdkj okysO;ol k; dsoy , d LFkku i j dsfUnzr ughagksrsgS Amudh ' kk[ kk, ¡
a
ns'k rFkk fons'kksaesaHkh LFkkfi r dh t krh gSAbu ' kk[ kkv ksadkspykusgsrq' kk[ kk i zcU/dksadksv f/ dkj , oankf; Ro l ka
a iSusv ko' ; d
m
gSa
A
cU/ d h; fod kl & Hkkjki Z
4. i z . kdhi zfØ; kl sfuEu Lrjh; i zcU/dksadksfofHkÂ i zcU/dh; dk; ks± &fu; kst u] l axBu] funsZ' ku
Ku
, oafu; a
=k.kl EcU/hdk; ZdkKku gksrkgSrFkkfofHkÂ fu.kZysusl smudsfodkl dkekxZ[ kq y rkgSAnkf; Ro rFkkv f/ dkjksadsHkkjki Z .k
l sfofHkÂ l eL; kv ksadsfo"k; esafu.kZ ; ysusl smudsi zcU/dh; xq . kksadk fodkl l EHko gksrk gS A
. k d sfl ¼kUr
ay
; fn fofHkÂ fØ; kv ksadks, dhdr̀ djuk gSrFkk mi Øe dsi fj.kkeksaesal eUo; rFkk , drk djuh gSrksHkkjki Z . k dsdk; Z
dksi zHkkoi w. kZcukuk gksxkAi zHkkoi w . kZHkkjki Z
. k dsv Hkko dsmi Øe dsmís'; ksadksi zkIr ughafd; k t k l dsxkAi zHkkoi .wkZHkkjki Z . k gsrq
ew y fl ¼ka r ksadksv k/ kj pq uuk gksxkA; sv k/ kjHkw r fl ¼ka r fuEufyf[ kr gS A
a
1. fuf' pr nkf; R o , oav f/ d kj µ fdl hHkhmi Øe esai zHkkoi w bh
fuf' pr gksuspkfg, ¡AmPp Lrjh; i zcU/] eè; e l rjh; i zcU/ , oafuEu Lrjh; i zcU/ esadk; Z
. kZHkkjki Z
. kgsrq; g v ko' ; d gSfd nkf; Ro , oav fèkdkj
j r v f/ dkjh , oamudsv / huLFkksads
:A
chp dk; Z ] v f/ dkj , oankf; Ro fuf' pr gksuspkfg, Afdl hHkhfu.kZ ; v FkokLi "Vhdj.k gsrqv / huLFk dksv i usmPp v f/ dkjhl s
ckj&ckj l ykg , oafopkj&foe' kZdjusdhi zfØ; kHkkjki Z . kdsew y mís'; ksadksi jkft r dj nsrhgS A; ghdkj.kgSfd cM+ s&cM+ sl a
xBuksa
esadk; ks±
] nkf; Roksa
] ' kfDr; ksa
] v f/ dkj , oai zR;sd i zcU/d dsl EcU/ksai j fyf[ kr esal a xBu fooj.ki q fLrdkj[ kht krhgS Ai zR;sd O;fDr
dksLi "V gksuk pkfg, fd ml dsD; k v f/ dkj gS arFkk og ml dsd i zfrnk; h gSrFkk dkS u O;fDr ml dsi zfr mÙkjnk; h gS A
By
2. v f/ d kj v kS j mÙkj nkf; Ro d h l ekur k µ bl fl ¼ka r ksadsv uq l kj v f/ dkj v kS j mÙkjnkf; Ro nksuksaesal ekurk gksuh
pkfg, A; g bl ekU;rk i j v k/ kfjr gSfd ; fn v / huLFkksadksdk; Zl kS i k t krkgSv kS
a j ml dksi w j k djusgsrqv f/ dkj Hkhi znku fd,
t krsgSarksmudk ; g nkf; Ro gkst krk gSfd osbudk i z;ksx djusgsrqmÙkjnk; h gS Amnkgj.kkfkZfoØ; i czU/d dksfoØ; i zksRl kgu
u
gsrqnkf; Ro l kiS ak t krk gSrksml sfoØ; dk; kZ y ; [ kksy us] foØsrk fu; q Dr djus] mudkset nw j h o Nw V nsu]s foKki u djusv kfn dk
v f/ dkj Hkhgksuk pkfg, Afcuki ; kZ Ir v f/ dkjksadsfdl hHkhdk; Zdksi w j k djusdknkf; Ro i w . kZ: i l sughafuHkk; k t kl drk gS A
kkl
v f/ dkj ges'kk mÙkjnkf; Ro l sde gksrsgS aD; ksa

fd l Hkhi zcU/dksadksdq N v kUrfjd rFkk cká l hekv ksaesadk; Zdjuki M+ r k gS A, d
i czU/d dksv i usdk; ZdksdjusgsrqrduhdhKku dkv f/ dkj] fLFkfr dkv f/ dkj rFkkO;fDrxr v f/ dkj i zkIr gksuspkfg, ¡Afdl h
Hkh dk; Zdsl Ei knu gsrqv f/ dkj , oankf; Ro nksuksal kFk&l kFk pyrsgS A; s, d nw
a l jsdsv fHkÂ v a x gSA
a
i z'
3. mís ' ; ksai j v k/ kfj r µ i zHkkoi w . kZHkkjki Z

. k gsrq; g Hkhv ko' ; d gSfd dkS u&dkS u l smís'; ksagsrqbl i zfØ; k dksdke
esaysukgS AfdrukHkkjki Z . kfd; kt k, ; g mi Øe dsmís'; ksai j fuHkZ j djrkgS AHkkjki Z . kbrukfd; kt k, fd O;fDr; ksadsl keusj[ ks
x, mís'; ksadksv kl kuh l si zkIr fd; k t k l dsA; fn mís'; cgq r mQ ¡psj[ ksx, gS ] ysfdu v f/ dkj , oankf; Ro dk Hkkjki Z
a . k i ; kZ
Ir
sd
ughafd; kx; k gSrksog i zHkkoi w . kZl axBu dksi zksRl kfgr ughadj l dsxkAv r%Hkkjki Z . kdhi zfØ; kdksfofHkÂ v f/ dkfj; ksadsl e{k
yk
j[ ksx, mís'; ksadksè; ku esaj[ kdj mi ; ksx esaykuk gksxkA

4. v kns ' k d h , d r k µ i zcU/d dk , d egÙoi w . kZfl ¼kUr ; g gSfd v kns'kksaesa, d: i rkgksuhpkfg, A; fn , d O;fDr
dksdbZmPp v f/ dkfj; ksal sv kns'k i zkIr gksrsgS arksog Lo; afuf' pr ughadj l dsxkAfd fdl v f/ dkjhdhv uq i kyuk dht k, A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 43
bl i zd kj dsHkze dsfuokj.k gsrq; g v ko' ; d gSfd mPp v f/ dkjh}kjk v i usv / huLFkksadksdk; Zl kSi uk pkfg, rFkk ml smfpr
a
v f/ dkj Hkh fn, t kuspkfg, ¡Av f/ dkj , oankf; Ro dsoy , d gh L=kksr l sfeyuspkfg, A; fn , d L=kksr l sv f/ dkj , oankf; Ro
i kzIr ughagksa
xsrksbl esadke l st h pq
j kuk] v f/ dkjksadk nq
#i ; ksx rFkk nkf; Ro dk v i oa
pu gksxkA
ar
. k d snks"k
o; d h l eL; k µ Hkkjki Z
1. l eU . k dhv f/ d ek=kk dsl kFk&l kFkfofHkUu foHkkxksa
] mi &foHkkxksav kS
j i zcU/dh; Lrjksadh
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fofHkUu fØ; kv ksaesal eUo; djusesadfBukbZmRiUu gksrhgS Al kekU; O ; ogkj esaHkkjki Z
. kdhi zfØ; kdhnq cZy rkvLi "V rFkkvf/ dkj
l kS
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a Adq N dk; ks±dksfi Q j l sdjusv Fkok mi s{kk djusdsdkj.k Hkh l eUo; esav dq ' kyrk i kbZt krhgS A
Ku
bl dehdksnw j djusgsrqmÙkjnkf; Ro dksLi "V i fjHkkf"kr dj nsuk pkfg, v kS j mPp v f/ dkfj; ksadksHkkjki Z
. k djusl si woZ
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2. / ukR ed i zjs.kk d h v i ; kZIr r k µ , d mPp v f/ dkjh }kjk v i usv / huLFk deZ pkfj; ksadksv f/ dkj , oamÙkjnkf; Ro
dkHkkjki Z . kfd; kt krkgS ] ysfdu i ; kZ
Ir i zsj.kkv ksadsv Hkko esadksbZHkhv / huLFkdeZ pkjhLohdkj djusesfgpfdpk, xkA; fn ml dks
ay
l eqfpr i zsj.kk , oal k[ k feyrhgSrksog fu% lad ksp v f/ dkj , oankf; Ro dsHkkjki Z . k dksLohdkj djsxkv kS j #fp l sv i uhnkf; Roksa
dksi wj k djsxkA
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gksrkgS A
3. fu. kZ
j jguk i M+
; gsrqv f/ d kj hi n fuHkZ
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j gksuk µ ; fn v / huLFkdeZ pkfj; ksadksfdl hl eL; kgsrqml dsfu.kZ
r k gSrksdksbZHkh v / huLFk v f/ dkjhLohdkj ughadjsxk pkgsml dk v f/ dkjhHkkjki Z
; dsfy, v fèkdkjh
. k djusgsrqD; ksaugharS; kj
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4. v / huLFkks aesafo' okl d k v Hkko µ , d mPp v f/ dkjhv i usv / huLFkksaesai w . kZfo' okl u j[ kusdsdkj.kk Hkkjki Z .k
dsfl ¼kra dsfo"k; esackr rksdjrk gS ] ysfdu v f/ dkj l kS i usesafgpfdpkrk gS
a A
5. funs ' k d j usd h; ksX; r k d k v Hkko dHkh&dHkhmPp v f/ dkjhHkkjki Z
Z . kdjukpkgrkgS ] ysfdu og i zHkkoi w. kZ<a
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ughadj l drk gSD; ksa fd ml dh ; kstuk dh fo' ks"krkvksadsckjsesaml si w . kZè; ku ughajgrk gSfd fdl i zd kj l s; kst uk cukbZt k, A
l Ùkk d si zR;k; kst u d s: i
l Ùkk dsi zR;k; kst u dsnksi gywgksrsgS &, d og t ksv i uhl Ùkk esal sdq
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l jsdksi znku djrk gSrFkk nw l jk og t ks
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v i usdk; ks±dhl Ei Uurkdsfy, dq N l Ùkki zkIr djrkgS Abu nksuksaghi gyq v ksadhi zd f̀r ] l keF; Z, oanf̀"Vdks.kksadsv k/ kj i j ; g
fuf' pr gksrkgSfd fdruhl Ùkk l kS i ht k, v kS
a j fdl h: i esal kS i ht k, Anw
a l js' kCnksaesa
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xBu t c l Ùkk dki zR;k; kst u djrk
gSrksbl i zR;k; kst u dsdbZ: i gksl drsgS µ
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1. l j y i zR;k; kst u µ i zk; %NksVsl sNkV ssi z'kkl dh; l a xBu esaHkh i zR;k; kst u fd; k t krk gS At c , d l a xBu esafdl h
v f/ dkjhdsi kl brusdk; Zgkst k, ¡ft udksog Lo; au dj l dsrksog v i uh' kfDr; ksadksl a xBu dsv U; O;fDr; ksaesafoHkkft r
i z'
dj nsrhgS At c l axBu dk: i cM+ kgksrkgSrksml ea si zR;k; kst u dsoy mPp v f/ dkjh}kjkfuEu v f/ dkjhdksghughafd; kt krk]
oju~fuEu v f/ dkjh Hkh i zR;k; kst u Lo: i i zkIr ' kfDr esal sdq N v i usv / huLFkksaea sck¡V nsrsgSAbl i zd kj cM+
a sl axBuksaeasacgqr ls
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z; k; kst u gksrsgS Al jy i zR;k; kst u esanht kusokyhl Ùkk dk: i t fVy ughagksrk v kS
a j la xBu dk i zR;sd l nL; Li "V : i l sl Ùkk
ds{ks=k , oal Ùkk dh l hekv ksadsi fjfpr jgrk gS A
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2. fof' k"V ; k l kekU ; i zR;k; kst uµ i R

z; k; kst u dk : i fof' k"V Hkh gksl drk gSv kS j l kekU; Hkh Ai zk; %i zR;sd l a xBu
esai zR;k; kst u dk fof' k"V gksuk , d v PNhckr l e>ht krhgS ] rFkkfi v usd ckj i zR;k; kst u v f/ dkjh; g Li "V : i l sughacrkrk
fd og dkS u&dkS u l h ' kfDr; k¡ fdl : i esav i usv / huLFkksadksl kS i ajgk gS
Aog mul sdsoy ; g dg nsrk gSfd osmÙkjnkf; Ro
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l EHkko ysav kS j t kspkgsaog djsa Al Ùkkdsi zR;k; kst u dk; g : i l a r ks"kt ud ughal e> t kl drkv kS j ; g dgkt krkgSfd l a f{kIr
v kS j Li "V gksuk v f/ d v PNk gSct k; bl dsfd l a xBu dsl nL; ; g v uq eku yxkrsjgsafd fdruh l Ùkk fdl dsgkFk esagS A
3. i w. kZv Fkok v k¡f' kd i zR;kst u µ i zR;k; kst u dsnksuksagh : i gksl drsgS µog i w
a . kZHkhgksl drk gSv kS j v k¡f' kd HkhA
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iw . kZi zR;k; kst u dk v FkZgS µl axBu dk l Ùkk/ kjh dk mnkgj.k nsrsgq , dw Vuhfrd i zfrfuf/ ; ksadk mYys[k fd; k t krk gS At , d ns'k
nwl jsns'kesav i ukdw Vuhfrd i zfrfuf/ Hkst rkgSrksog ml sv i uhi w j h' kfDr; k¡i zR;k; ksft r dj nsrkgS Abl i zd kj i zR;k; kst u esav è; {k
dhfLFkfr , d uke ek=k dhjg t krhgSv kS j ml dhl Ùkk dk i z;ksx i w j hrjg l sml dsv / huLFk }kjk fd; kt krk gS Ai zR;k; kst u dk
m
; g : i i z'kkl dh; l a xBuksaesav f/ d i zpfyr ughagS Abu l a xBuksaesaft l i zd kj dki zR;k; kst u i k; kt krk gSog i zk; %v k¡f' kd gksrk
gSv kS j ml esav è; {k v i uh dq N ' kfDr; k¡ v / huLFkksadksl kS i nsrk gSrFkk ' ks"k dk i z;ksx og Lo; adjrk gS
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4. v kS i pkfj d ; k v ukS i pkfj d i zR;k; kst u µ fdl hHkhl a xBu esafd; kt kusokyki zR;k; kst u v kS i pkfjd Hkhgksl drh
gSv kS j v ukS i pkfjd HkhAv kS i pkfjd i zR;k; kst u og dgykrk gSt ksfdl hfyf[ kr fu; e] dkuw u ; k v kns'k }kjk fd; k t krk gS Abl
id z kj dsi zR;k; kst u esav è; {kdk; ksxnku cgq r de gksrkgSrFkkl a xBu dsjpukdkjksav kS j ; kst ukdkjksa}kjki gysl sghbl dhO;ogkj
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dj nh t krh gS Al a xBu dsi jEi jkoknh fopkjd i zR;k; kst u dsv kS i pkfjd : i esacgq r fo' okl djrsgS Abl dsfoi jhr l a
a xBu l s
l EcfU/r orZ eku i z;ksxksa
] v uqla/ kuksa, oav è; ; uksadsv k/ kj i j ; g dgkt krkgSfd v kS i pkfjd i zR;k; kst u O;ogkj esav f/ d egÙo
ughaj[ krkAi zR;sd l a xBu t c v i uh v kS i pkfjdrkv ksadksfØ; kfUr djusyxrk gSrksml i j v usd l kekft d] v kfFkZ d ] jkt uhfrd
rFkk O;fDrxr i zHkko i M+
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r sgS
av kS
xBu esai zR;k; kst u dkv ukS bh
j og mu i zHkkoksadh v ogsy uk ughadj i krkA
i pkfjd : i fodfl r gkst krkgS AdbZckj ; g ns[kkt krkgSfd v / huLFkv fèkdkjh
v i usmPp v f/ dkjh dh mu ' kfDr; ksadk i z;ksx dj jgk gksrk gSt ksokLro esaml si zR;k; ksft r ughadh xbZgS Av kS
a i pkfjd : i l s
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i kzIr u gksrsgq , Hkh t c , d v f/ dkjh dq N ' kfDr; ksadk i z;ksx djrk gSrksog , slk dsoy mUghafLFkfr; ksaesadj l drk gSt cfd
mPp vf/ dkjhdsl kFkmudsl EcU/ vukS i pkfjd gksa Al a xBu dhi jEi jk, ¡] jhfr&fjokt rFkkO;ogkj bl i zd kj dsvusd v ukS i pkfjd
iR z; k; kst uksadhjpukdj nsrsgS Aft l i zd kj , d ns'kdsi z'kkl u esafyf[ kr l a
a fo/ ku dsv frfjDr v fHkl e; ksadki zHkko jgrkgSml h
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i zd kj , d l xaBu esav kS i pkfjd i zR;k; kstu dsl kFk&l kFkvukS i pkfjd i zR;k; kstu dkHkhegÙoi w . kZLFkku gSA; g bl fy, gksrkgSD; ksa fd
v kusokyh l eL; kv ksa, oai fjfLFkfr; ksadk i gysl sgh v uq eku ughayxk; k t k l drkA
5. l ' kr Zv Fkok v ' kr Zi z R;k; kst u µ i R z; k; kst u dk , d v U; : i ; g Hkh gksrk gSfd ml dsl kFk ; k rksdq N rks' krsZ a
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yxkbZt krhgS av FkokughayxkbZt rkhgS Aft l i zR;k; kst u dsl kFkdq

a N ' krsZ ayxknht krhgS aml sge l ' krZi zR;k; kst u dgrsgS Al ' krZ
a
iR z; k; kst u esal Ùkk i znku djusokysdks; g v f/ dkj jgrk gSfd og l Ùkk i kusokysdsdk; ks±dksl e; &l e; i j ns[krk jgs] ml esa
i fjorZ u dsfy, l q >ko nsrkjgsrFkkdk; ks±dksLohdr̀ ; kv Lohdr̀ dj l dsAv ' krZi zR;k; kst u esamPPv f/ dkjhdsi kl ; g ' kfDr
kkl
ughagksrh fd og v / huLFkksadsdk; ks±dksi zR;sd Lrj i j ns[krk jgsAbl i zd kj dsi zR;k; kst u esamPp v f/ dkjh dsi kl dsoy ; g
v f/ dkj jgrk gSfd ; fn og pkgsrksi zR;k; kst u dh xbZl Ùkk dksl ekIr djs; k oki l ysys] fdUrqog ml l e; gLr{ksi ugha
i z'
dj l drk t cfd v / huLFk v f/ dkjh }kjk ml dk i z;ksx fd; k t k jgk gS A

6. i zR;k; kst u d sfn' kk Hksn µ i zR;k; kst u dkS u djrk gSrFkk fdl dsfy, djrk gS ] bl v k/ kj i j ge ml sdbZ: i ksaesa
foHkkft r dj l drsgS At c i zR;k; kst u djusokyk mPp v f/ dkjhv i uh ' kfDr; k¡v / huLFkksadksl ka
a i rk gSrksog uhpsdhv ksj dk
S
iR z; k; kst u dgykrkgS Av f/ dk¡' kl a xBuksaesai zR;k; kst u dhfn' kki zk; %mQ i j l suhpsdhv ksj ghgksrhgS ] v FkkZ
r ~ogk¡mPp v f/ dkfj; ksa
sd
}kjkuhpsdsi nkf/ dkfj; ksadks' kfDr gLrk¡r fjr dht krhgS At c dHkhi zR;k; kst u uhpsdsv f/ dkfj; ksa}kjkmPp v f/ dkjhdksfd; k
yk
t krkgSrksml smQ i j dhv ksj dki zR;k; kst u dgrsgS Al Ùkkdsi zR;k; kst u dk; g : i v f/ d i zpfyr ughagSfi Q
a j Hkht gk¡rgk¡bl ds
mnkgj.ki zkIr gkst krsgS At c , d ns'kdht urkv i uhl Ei zHkq
a r k' kfDr esal sl a l n~v Fkokdk; Z d kfj; ksadksl Ùkkl kS i rhgSrksog bl h
a
id z kj dk gLrk¡r j.k gksrk gS AdbZckj l Ùkk , slsykxsksadksl kS i nh t krh gSt ksl a
a xBu dsl nL; ughagksrs] l a xBu dsckgj jgrsgS A
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i nkf/ dkfj; ksaesai zR;k; kst u fd; k t krk gSAbl i zd kj dsi zR;k; kst u dksVS j h usi k' oZdk i zR;k; kst u dgk gS A
7. i z R;{k v Fkok v i zR;{k i zR;k; kst u µ i zR;k; kst u dbZckj rksi zR;{k: i l sdj fn; kt krkgSv kS j dbZckj ml dsfy,
ar
v i zR;{kl k/ u vi ukusi M+ r sgS
Ayksd &i z'kkl u dsi zfl ¼ ys[kd ew
a uhdserkuq l kj bl v k/ kj i j ge i zR;k; kstu dksnksHkkxksaesafoHkkft r
dj l drsgS µi gyk Hkkx og gSft l esamPp v f/ dkjh v i uh l Ùkk dsdq
a N Hkkx dksl h/ s: i esav i usv / huLFk dksl kS i nsrk gS
a A
mu nksuksadschp dksbZt ksM+ usokyhdM+ hughagksxhAi zR;k; kst u dhbl i zfØ; kdksi zR;{ki zR;k; kst u dgkt krkgS Ai zR;k; kst u dsnw l js
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idz kj esal Ùkk nsusokysv kS j ysusokysdschp , d v Fkok , d l sv f/ d eè; LFk v k t krsgS av kSj mPp v f/ dkjh v i uh l Ùkk dks
mu eè; LFkksadsekè; e l sgh l Ùkk i kusokysrd i gq ¡pkrk gSA; g l Ùkk dk v i zR;{k i zR;k; kst u dgykrk gS A
Ku
i zR;k; kst u d h l hek, ¡
l Ùkkdki zR;k; kst u ; | fi i zR;sd l a xBu dhfo' ks"krkgksrhgS ] rFkkfi dksbZv f/ dkjhv i uhi zR;sd ' kfDr fdl hdksHkhl e;
dsfy, ughal kiS a l drkAgsesu dsv uq l kj l eL; k; g ughagSfd ^^, d i zcU/d l Ùkkdksi zR;k; ksft r djrkgS; kughadjrk] v fi rq
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egÙoi w . kZckr ; g gSfd l Ùkk fdruhgLrka r fjr dht krhgS A** i zR;k; ksft r dht kusokyhl Ùkkdhek=kk dk fu' p; djusesav usd
rÙoksadkgkFk jgrkgS Al Ùkk nsusdk nf̀"Vdks.k] ysusokysdh; ksX; rk , oal keF; Z ]laxBu dk v kdkj] l a xBu dhv kfFkZ d fLFkfr , oa
ml dsy{; v kfn }kjk ; g fu/ kZ fjr fd; kt krkgSfd fdruhl Ùkkfdl dksv kS j fdl : i esal kS i ht k; Abu l c rÙoksadsv frfjDr
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l Ùkkdsi zR;k; kst u dhdq N v U; l hek, ¡HkhgksrhgS
bu l hekv ksadk è; ku j[ ksfcuk ; fn l Ùkk dksi zR;k; ksft r fd; k rksl a
dsekxZl sHkz"V gkst k; xkAl Ùkkdsi zR;k; ksft r dh, slhv usd l hek, ¡gS
bh
at ksbl ckr dkfu' p; djrhgS
xBu esa
afd i zR;k; kst u fd; kt kukpkfg, v Fkokugha
sv O;oLFkk mRiÂ gkst k, xhv kS j og v i usy{; ksai zkfIr
at ksml sfdl h{ks=kesaykxwgksusdsv k¡f' kd v Fkoki w . kZ: i
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l sjksd nsrh gS A
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(1) oS/ kfud l hek µ t c fdl h l a xBu dh LFkki uk dh t krh gSrksml dsl a LFkki dksa}kjk ; g fuf' pr dj fn; k t krk
gSfd dkS u vf/ dkjhv i uhfdruhl Ùkkfdl vf/ dkjhdksi zR;k; ksft r djsxkAi z'kkl fud l a xBuksaesans'kdkl a fo/ ku ; kdkuw u v Fkok
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Lo; amu l xaBuksadsfu; e Li "V : i l si zR;k; kst u dk{ks=kfu/ kZ fjr dj nsrsgS Al a

a xBu dsv f/ dkfj; ksadhi zR;k; kst u djusdhl keF; Z
i j l hek, ¡yxk nh t krhgS Abu l hekv ksadsmYya
a ?ku dksv oS / kfud ; k xS j &dkuw uh ekuk t krk gS Al axBu dk , d ; ksX; , oanw j n' khZ
v f/ dkjh i zR;k; kst u djrsl e; bu v kS i pkfjd l hekv ksadk è; ku j[ krk gS A
u
ad h i zd f̀r µ v usd ' kfDr; k¡ , slh gksrh gS

(2) fo"k; ks aft udk i zR;k; kst u ughafd; k t k l drkAmnkgj.k dsfy, ] mPp
v f/ dkjh dks; g v f/ dkj gSfd og v i usrq j Ur dk i z;ksx Lo; agh djsxk v kS j fdl h Hkh gkyr esafdl h v U; dks; g v f/ dkj
ughal kS i l drkAv U; fo"k; ft udk i zR;k; kst u ughafd; k t k l drk] dbZHkkxksaesafoHkkft r fd, t k l drsgS Ai zFke] dq
a N uhfr
kkl
l EcU/hfu; e gksrsgS aft uesamPp v f/ dkjhdksubZuhfr; ksav kS j ; kst ukv kasdksLohdf̀r nsusrFkki jk quhuhfr; ksav kS
j i jEi jkv ksadksBq d jkus
dh' kfDr gksrhgS Aog v i uhbl ' kfDr dksHkhi R z; k; ksft rughadjsxkAnw l jsl a
xBu dsv kfFkZ d v / h{k.k dh ' kfDr; k¡rFkk O;; dks
i z'
ekU;rk nsusdk v f/ dkj v è; {k dhi zeq [ k ' kfDr; kasesafxuk t krk gS Aog v i uh bl ' kfDr dksi zk; %i zR;k; ksft r ughadjrkArhl js]
iRz; k; kst u dusokysv f/ dkjh dsgkFk esat c l a xBu l sl EcfU/r fu; e cukusdh ' kfDr l kS i h t krh gSrks; g v k' kk dh t krh gS
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fd ' kfDr dki z;ksx og Lo; adjsxk v kS j i zk; %; g ns[kk t krk gSfd og v i uhbl ' kfDr dksi zR;k; ksft r ughadjrkApkS Fks] v è; {k
dksmPp i nkf/ dkfj; ksadhfu; q fDr dsdq N v f/ dkj i zkIr gksrsgS Abl v f/ dkjksadk i z;ksx Hkhog Lo; aghdjrk gS
a Abu fo"k; ksads
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v frfjDr v / huLFkv f/ dkfj; ksadhf' kdk; rsal q usrFkkmu i j fu.kZ ; nsusv kfn dsv f/ dkjksadkHkhv è; {k }kjkLo; Zghi z;ksx fd; k
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(3) v / huLFkks z; k; kst u i zk; %rHkhfd; kt krkgSt c fuEu v f/ dkjhgLrkUrfjr l Ùkkdki z;ksx
djusdh ; ksX; rk , oal keF; Zj[ krsgS AdksbZHkh ; kX
a s; v è; {k , slsO;fDr dksv i uh l Ùkk ughal kS i sxk t ksml dk Bhd i z;ksx u dj
a
l ds_d; ksfad v ; ksX; ' kfDr; ksadksl kS a
i ht kusokyhl Ùkkdknq "i fj.kke l a
xBu dksHkq xrku gksrkgS AHkjrh; i z'kkl u dsi zlax esai zR;k; kst u
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dh; g l hekv R;Ur egÙoi w . kZgS
AmPp v f/ dkjhv i uh' kfDr dksv U; vf/ dkfj; ksadksu l kS i usdkdkj.k; g crkrsgS
a afd v èkhuLFk
v f/ dkjhbrus; ksX; ughafd osl Ùkk dk i z;ksx dj l dsa AHkkjrh; i z'kkl u dsuofu; q Dr i nkf/ dkfj; ka sdsl EcU/ esa, l - , l - [ ksjk
usfy[ kk gSfd ^ôsu, v f/ dkjhnrusv uq Hkoghu] brusv Yi k; qv kS j brusu, gksrsgS afd mudksi ; kZ Ir v uq
Hko v kSj i zf' k{k.k i zkIr
m
ughagksrkA** bl v uq Hkoghurk v kS j i zf' k{k.k ghurk l s; qDr v f/ dkfj; ksadksl Ùkk dk i zR;k; kst u djuk [ krjsl s[ kkyh ughagS A
(4) v è; {k d k nkf; R o µ u, l a xBuksaesa; g v ko' ; d gSfd i zfrfnu dsdk; ks±l sl EcfU/r fu.kZ ; ml hO;fDr }kjkfy,
Ku
t k, ¡t ksl a
xBu dsl ew psfp=kdkKku j[ krkgSrFkkft l dsefLr"d esal a xBu dkHkkoh: i Li "V gS Al axBu dsv è; {kdsv ka r fjd
dksbZO;fDr bl i zd kj dk ughagksl drk v kS j u ghi zfrfnu dhl eL; kv ksal sl EcfU/r mfpr fu.kZ ; ghysi krkgS Av / huLFk v f/
dkjhbu l eL; kv ksai j fu.kZ ; rHkhysl drsgS at c rRl EcU/h v usd i jEi jk, ¡fodfl r gkspq d hgksarFkk l a xBu O;ofLFkr gkspq dh
gksAu, l a xBu esa; snksuksaghfo' ks"krk, ¡ ughai kbZt krha ] v r%bu l a xBuksaesai zk; %l HkhegÙoi w . kZfu.kZ; Lo; av è; {k }kjk fy, t krs
ay
gSav kS j og l Ùkkv ksadk gLrkUrj.k ughadjrkA
(5) l ap kj &l k/ u , oafu; a =k. k d h i zfØ; k, ¡ µ i zR;k; kst u dh, d v U; l hek l a pkj&l k/ uksarFkkfu; a=k.k dhi zfØ; kv ksa
}kjkyxkbZt krhgS
iH
Ai woZorhZl a xBuksaesal a
zkkoh : i l sdk; Zughadj l drh FkhA l a
l ksp&fopkj djrk FkkAv kt Hkhl a
pkj rFkkfu; a
bh
=k.kdsi jEijkxr l k/ uksadki z;ksx fd; kt krkFkk] bl fy, i zR;k; kstu dhO;oLFkk
Hkor%; gh dkj.k gSfd ml l e; i zR;k; kst u djrsl e; , d v f/ dkjh i w
pkj&l k/ uksa}kjk i zR;k; kst u dh i zfØ; k i j l hek yxkusdk dk; Zfd; k t krk gS
j h rjg
Abl dk v FkZ; g
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gSfd t ksl a xBu l a pkj&l k/ uksadh nf̀"V l sv f/ d l e`¼ ughagksrk ml ea si zR;k; kst u ughafd; k t k l drkA
(6) l axBu d hi zfØ; k µ i zR;k; kst u dsoy ml hfcUnqrd fd; kt kl drkgSt gk¡og l a xBu dhi zfØ; ki j dksbZ?kkrd
iHzkko u MkysAft l l a xBu esai zR;k; kst u brukdj fn; kt krkgSfd ml dsfofHkÂ l nL; ksadsdk; ks±dschp l eUo; djukHkhdfBu
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Ph. : 9650682121
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i z'u gSµ, d v PNki zR;k; kst u dkS ul kgksrkgSv kS j , d v PNsi zR;k; kst d esadkS u&dkS u l sxq . ki k, t kuspkfg, ¡\ i zR;k; kst u
dsfl ¼kUrksadsv è; ; u dsv UrxZ r mu fo' ks"krkv ksai j fopkj fd; kx; kFkkt ks, d v PNsi zR;k; kst u dsfy, v fuok; ZgksrhgS Av PNk
a
ar
iRz; k; kst d i zk; %og gSt ksi zR;k; kst u dsfl ¼kUrka sdksv i uh i zfØ; k dk v k/ kj cukrk gSrFkk i zR;k; kst u dsekxZdh ck/ kv ksadks
de djusdk i z;kl djrk gS Aml esaeq [ ; : i l s; sxq . k i k, t kuspkfg, ¡µ
m
1. mnkj r k µ ml si z R;k; kst u djrsl e; mnkj nf̀"Vdks.k v i ukdj pyuk pkfg, v FkkZ r ~og l kjhl Ùkk dk i z;ksx Lo; agh
djusesa#fp u ysrFkk v / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadksHkh dq N v ol j i znku djsrkfd osv i uh ; ksX; rkv ksadk fodkl dj l dsa A
Ku
2. l hekv ks ad k è; ku µ , d v PNsi zR;k; kst u dksbrukv f/ d mnkj Hkhughagksukpkfg, fd og i zR;k; kst u dhl hekv ksa
dkè; ku u j[ ksv kS j v i uki zR;sd v f/ dkj v / huLFkksadksl kS i usdhi zof̀Ùkv i ukysAft l i zd kj mnkj nf̀"Vdks.ku v i ukusi j , d
a
mPp v f/ dkjh dÙkZ O;&Hkkj l snc l drk gS ] ml h i zd kj v f/ d mnkj nf̀"Vdks.k v i ukusi j og i zHkkfor Hkh cu l drk gS A
3. Li "Vr k µ i z R;k; kst u djrsl e; mPp v f/ dkjhdkspkfg, fd og Li "V : i l sv i usv / huLFkksadkscrk nsfd mUgsa
ay
D; k djuk gS Ai zR;sd v / huLFk dks; g Kkr gksuk t : jh gSfd mudksfdu fo"k; ksaesafu.kZ ; ysusdh ' kfDr l kS i h xbZgSrFkk muds
a
fu.kZ ; ysusdh ' kfDr; ksai j D; k l hek, ¡ yxkbZxbZgS A
a
4. i ; Z
a , d v PNsi zR;k; kst d dksv / huLFkksadksl kS i sx, dk; Z

a
bh
os{k. k µ , d v PNk i zR;k; kst u ' kfDr i znku djusdsckn mudhv ksj l sfuf' pr ughagkst krk] cfYd l e; &l e;
i j bl ckr dh t k¡p djrk jgrk gSfd i zR;kksft r dhxbZ' kfDr; ksadksl ghi zd kj l srFkk mfpr l hekv ksaesai z;ksx fd; k t k jgk gS
v FkokughA ] ' kfDr , oamÙkjnkf; Ro esal a rqy u LFkkfi r djukpkfg, Aml s; g
:A
ns[krsjguk pkfg, fd uohu i fjfLFkfr; ksadsdkj.k v / huLFkksadh l Ùkk] dÙkZ O; ; k mÙkjnkf; Ro esaD; k i fjorZ u fd; k t k, A
5. l hfer gLr {ks i µ i zR;k; kst u djrsl e; v / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadkst ksl Ùkk l kS i h t krh gSml i j yxh l hekv ksads
a
dkj.k , d , slk {ks=k cp t krkgSft l esabl sfu.kZ ; ysusdk v f/ dkj ughagksrkAbl {ks=kdhl eL; kv ksadksmPpLrj dsv f/ dkfj; ksa
dsl keusj[ kukt : jhgksrkgS Abl sl keku; ; i l sv i okn fl ¼kUr dgrsgS a
Abl fl ¼kUr dsv uq l kj ft l {ks=kdksv / huLFkvfèkdkfj; ksa
By
dhfu.kZ ; &' kfDr l sckgj j[ kkt krkgS ] og HkhLi "Vdj nsukpkfg, AdbZckj bl v i okn fl ¼kUr dknq #i ; ksx dj v/ huLFkvfèkdkjh
v i usv f/ dk¡' k fo"k; ksadksv uko' ; d : i l smPPk v f/ dkfj; ksadsi kl Hkst rsjgrsgS av Fkok Lo; amPp v f/ dkjhbl fl ¼kUr ds
uke i j v uko' ; d : i l sv / huLFkksadsdk; ks±esagLr{ksi djrsjgrsgS A, d v PNki zR;k; kst u og gksrkgSt ksbl v i okn dksnq
a #i ; ksx
u
fd, t kusdh l EHkkoukv ksadk fujkdj.k dj l dsA

6. ; ksX; r k d k è; ku µ l Ùkkdk i zR;k; kts u djrsl e; v / huLFkv f/ dkfj; ksadh; ksX; rkdkè; ku j[ kuki jeko' ; d gS A
kkl
; fn xyrh l sv ; ksX; O;fDr; ksadksl Ùkk l kS i nh xbZrksosml dk nq

a #i ; ksa
x djsa xsv kS j la
xBu dsml dsnq "i fj.kke Hkq
xrusgksaxsA
7. i woZd Yi uk, ¡ µ i zR;k; kst u djrsl e; ; g è; ku esaj[ kk t krk gSfd bl l smPPk v f/ dkjhD; k i zkIr djuk pkgrk gS A
iRz; sd mPp v f/ dkjhdk; g xq . kekukt krkgSfd t c og l Ùkkdki zR;k; kst u djsrksv i usefLr"d esa; g ckr j[ ksfd v èkhuLFk
i z'
v f/ dkfj; ksadsdk; Z, oadÙkZ O; D; k gksa xsAl kFk ghml smu i fj.kkeksadksHkhè; ku esaj[ kuk pkfg, ft udhog v k' kk djrk gS Aml s
mu i fj.kke i zkIr djusdsfy, i zR;k; kst d }kjk ; g Li "V : i l scrk nsuk pkfg, fd og D; k v k' kk djrk gSrFkk bl v k' kk dks
og dc rd v kS j fdl ds}kjk i w . kZgqbZns[kuk pkgrk gS Agsesu ds' kCnksaesa ] i zR;k; kst d dk ; g HkhmÙkjnkf; Ro gksrk gSfd og , slh
sd
O;oLFkk djsft l esaft l si zR;k; kst u fd; k x; k gSog ; t t ku ysfd ml l sD; k v k' kk dh t k jgh gS At c , d i zR;k; kst d dq N
yk
i fj.kkeksadhv k' kkdjrkgSrksml spkfg, fd og v i usv / huLFkksadksbruhl Ùkknsfd osml dhv k' kkv ksadksi w j hdj l dsa
AdÙkZ O;ksa
dksi w j kdjusdsfy, v ko' ; drkl sv f/ d l Ùkki zR;k; ksft r djukt : jhughagS ] rFkkfi v / huLFkksadsi kl bruhl Ùkkgksuhghpkfg,
a
fd osv i usdk; ks±dksHkyh i zd kj l Ei Â dj l dsA a , d v / huLFk l sdsoy ml h dk; ZdsckjsesamÙkjnk; h gksusdh v k' kk dh t k
l drh gSft l dsfy, ml sl Ùkk l kS i h xbZgS
a A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 51
fu; a
=k. k %v FkZ
l xaBu dsO;ogkj esafu; a =k.k , d v U; egÙoi w . kZrÙo gS A; g , d i zcU/kRed dk; ZrFkk yxkrkj pyusokyh i zfØ; k gS A
i kzs- gsesu dsdFkukuq l kj] ^fu; a =k.k* ns[kHkky djusdh, d i zfØ; kgSrkfd ; g ekyw e fd; kt kl dsfd fu; kst uksadkv uq xeu fd; k
ar
t k jgk gSv Fkok ugha ] y{; ksadh fn' kk esai zxfr gksjgh gS; k ugha; fn v ko' ; d gksrksl q / kj dsfy, D; k i z;kl fd; k t k, A
^fu; a =k.k LVki Qdk dk; Zu gksd j , d Js.khdhi zfØ; k gS A; g dgk t krk gSfd ' kh"kZdsi ; Z os{kd dksfu; a =k.k ughadjuk
m
pkfg, ] ml sdsoy i ; Z os{k.kdjukpkfg, A; fn , slkughafd; kx; krksml dsrFkkvU; deZ pkfj; ksadschp xyri Q gehi S nkgkst k, xh]
og v i uh' kfDr; ksadknq #i ; ksx djusyxsxkv kS j ml dsdk; ks±esav usd v l xfr; k¡mRiÂ gkst k, a xhAi zks-i Qs;ksy dserkuq l kj ^^fu; a=k.k
Ku
dk v FkZ; g i zekf.kr djuk gSfd i zR;sd dk; ZLohdr̀ ; kst uk] funsZ ' ku , oafu: fi r fl ¼kUrksadsv uq l kj fd; k t k jgk gS A**
fu; a =k.k i zcU/kRed i zfØ; k dk , d Hkkx gS A; g nw j nf' kZ
r k dh , d i zfØ; k gS Afu; a =k.k i j gh i zcU/d dh l i Q yrk fuHkZ j
gS A; fn fdl hHkhl a LFkku esafu; kst u] l a xBu] funsZ ' ku] v fHki zsj.kk, oal eUo; l EcU/hi zcU/dh; dk; Zi zHkkoh<a x l sykxwgS ] ysfdu
fdl h i zd kj dk fu; a =k.k ughagSrksfn, dq N mís'; ksadksi w j k ughafd; k t k l drkAfu; a =k.k dk , d i gyw, oaHkkoh dk; Z Øe dh
ay
: i js[k i znku djrk gS A
fu; a =k.k dksfofHkUu i zd kj l si fjHkkf"kr fd; k x; k gS %
1- i zksdq UV~ t v kS
rFkkmudksi zkIr djusdsfy, fu/ kZ
djuk gksrk gS A**
j i zks- v ks* Mksusy ds' kCnksaesa ] ^^fu; a
bh
=k.k dk i zcU/dh; dk; Z; g fuf' pr djusdsfy, mi Øe dsmís'; ksa
fjr ; kst ukv ksadksfØ; kfUor fd; k t kjgkgS ] deZ pkfj; ksadsfu"i knu dkseki ukrFkkml esal q èkkj
:A
i zks-czsp dsv uq l kj] ^^fu/ kZ fjr i zeki ksav Fkok; kst ukv ksal sokLrfod fu"i knu dhrq y ukdjusdhi zfØ; kghfu; a =k.kdgyrh
gS ] ft l l sbl ckr dk i rk yx t k, fd i ; kZ Ir i zxfr v Fkokl a r ks"ki zn fu"i knu gksjgk gSv Fkok ugha Abl dsv frfjDr bl i zd kj l s
i kzIr fd, x, v uq Hko dksl EHkkfor Hkkoh v ko' ; drkv ksadh i w frZgsrq; ksxnku ds: i esav a fdr fd; k t k l dsA**
By
fu; a =k.k dsi gysfdl h Hkh l a LFkku esafu; kst u , oal a xBu dk dk; Zfd; k t krk gS Afi Q j Hkh fu; a =k.k l EcfU/r ; kst ukv ksa ]
mís'; ksa ] uhfr; k]sadk; Z Øeksa, oafn, gq , la xBu dsv UrxZ r ykxwdjuki jeko' ; d gS Afu; kst u , oal a xBu u dsoy fu; a =k.kdksi zHkkfor
djrsgS acfYd osLo; aHkh i zHkkfor gksrsgS Abu l EcU/ksadksi zks- eS
a d~ iQ kjyS . M usHkyh&Hkk¡fr l e>k; k gS A
u
i zks-eS d~
iQ kjyS . Mdsv uq l kj] ^^fu; U=k.k, d i zfØ; kgSft l ds}kjkv f/ dkjhv i usv/ huLFkksadsfu"i knu fu/ kZ fjr ; kst ukvksa]
v kns'kk]sa mís'; ksav Fkok uhfr; ksadsv uq l kj v Fkok budsfudV djrsgS A**
a
mi ; q Dr i fjHkk"kkv ksadsv k/ kj i j l a
Z {ksi esa; g dgk t k l drk gSfd fu; a =k.k i zcU/ dk og dk; ZgSft l dsv UrxZ r bl
kkl
ckr dki rkyxk; kt krkgSfd dk; Z; kst ukv ksa ] y{; ksa, oauhfr; ksadsv uq l kj gksjgkgSv Fkokughav kS j ; fn ughagksjgkgSrksml ds
dkj.kksadk i rk yxkdj mUgsafdl h i zd kj nw j fd; k t kuk pkfg, Abl i zd kj fu; a =k.k , d l q / kjkRed mi k; ft l sfd i zcU/ dk
i z'
udkjkRed i gywHkhdgk t krk gS A

fu; a =k.k i zR;sd m| ksx v Fkok mi Øe dsfy, v ko' ; d egÙoi w . kZi zcU/dh; dk; ZgS Abl dsekè; e l sfu; kst u , oal a xBu
v kfn dht k¡p l H ako gkst krhgS Afu; kst u o l a xBu dhdfe; ksadksbl dsekè; e l snw j fd; kt kl drkgS Afu; a=k.kl a LFkdsi z;kl ksa ]
l k/ uksa] dk; Z Øeksa, oay{; ksaesal a rq y u LFkkfi r djdsl eUo; l EcU/h dk; Zdh i zHkkoi w . kZcrkrk gS Afu; a =k.k l si zcU/dh; dfe; ksa
sd
dki rk ghughayxk; k t krkgScfYd bu dfe; ksadksdS l snw j fd; k t k, dk Hkhmi k; crkrk gS Abl dsi hNsD; kdkj.kgS\ v PNs
yk
Je l EcU/ksadsdkj.kmRiknu esafxjkoV v krhgksrksbl dsfy, fofHkÂ foÙkh; rFkk v foÙkh; i zsj.kkv ksadhO;oLFkkfofHkÂ foHkkxksa
dsdeZ pkfj; ksa}kjkdht kuhpkfg, Av k/ q fud mRiknu i z.kkyhesacMs+i S ekusi j Je&foHkkt u , oafof' k"Vhdj.kdsekè; e l smRiknu
fd; kt krkgS Abl dsv UrxZ r la LFkkdsv f/ dkjksadkfodsUnzhdj.kfd; kt krkgSv kS j fu; a=k.kdsekè; e l sbl sv kl kuh, oai zHkkoi w . kZ
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
52 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
rjhdsl spyk; kt kl drkgS Afu; a=k.kdsdkj.kghm| ksx v FkokO;ol k; ksaesai k; ht kusokyhv fuf' prrkv ksadksde fd; kt kl drk
gSrFkk ykHki zkIr djdsl aLFkku dkspyk; kt krkgS Afu; a
=k.kgksusl sHkz"Vkpkj] pksjhrFkk v uSfrdrkt Sl sv oxq
. kksai j l a
LFkku esajksd
yxk nh t krh gS Ai zcU/ dsfofHkUu Lrjksai j fu; a
=k.k dsekè; e l si zHkkoi w
. kZi zcU/ fd; k t krk gS
A
ar
fu; a
=k. k O
; oLFkk d sv ko' ; d r Ùo
fu; a
=k.k dh i zfØ; k bl i zd kj gksuh pkfg, fd ft l l smís'; ksadksi zkIr fd; k t k l dsAv r%v ko' ; d gSfd fu; a =k.k dh
m
i fzØ; k bruhl jy] l q xe v kS j l e> esav kus; ksX; gksfd t ksfu; a =k.kdj jgk gSv kS j ft l i j fu; a =k.k fd; kt k jgk gSosnksuksaml s
Hkyh i zd kj t ky ysa Afu; a =k.k dsy{; ksadsl EcU/ esaLi "Vrk gksuh pkfg, rkfd fdl h i zd kj dk Hkze i S nk u gksl dsA
Ku
l xaBu dh i zfØ; k dksdk; Z: i nsusdsfy, l a xBukRed Lo: i v i ukuk pkfg, Abl dsfcuk fu; a =k.k dh i zfØ; k i zHkkoh
ughagksl drhA
fu; a
=k.kdhi zfØ; k ea sa, slhO;oLFkkgksuhpkfg, fd uohurkv ksadks' kh?kzv i uk; kt kl dsAoS l si fjfLFkfr v kjSv ko' ; drk
dsv uq l kj bl dsv i okn Hkh gksl drsgS ] fdUrql kekU;r%' kh?kzl ek; kst u dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, A
a
ay
fu; =
ak.kdhO;oLFkkmi ; q Dr , oai ; kZ
Ir gku shpkfg, Av uq fpr fu; a =k.kl a
xBu dsdeZ pkfj; ksaesav l a
r ks"ki w
. kZvkS
j fonzksghHkkouk
rFkk dk; Z &l pakyu esav l q fo/ k i S nk djrk gS A; fn fu; a
=k.k v i ; kZIr gqv k rksl axBu i j bl dk i zHkko ughagksxkA
=kq
fu; a
=k.k yphyk gksuk pkfg, rkfd bl esav ko' ; drk dsv uq
fu; a
=kkdhi zfØ; kferO;; rki w
fVjfgr cukuk gSv kS
. kZgksuhpkfg, Adsoy mfpr v kS bh l kj i fjorZu v kS
j la' kks/u fd; k t k l dsA
j v ko' ; d O;; ghgksuspkfg, Afu; a
j bl h mís'; dksè; ku esaj[ kdj bl dk mi ; ksx gksuk pkfg, A
=k.kdkmís'; dk; Zdks
:A
, d v PNhfu; a =k.k&O;oLFkkesav kS j Hkhv usd egÙoi w . kZckrksadkè; ku j[ kkt kukpkfg, Afu; a =k.kdhi zfØ; kesaHkfo"; dks
è; ku esaj[ kdj v kxsc<+ kt krkgS A; g dk; Z d ÙkkZ
v ksadkè; ku j[ kdj pyrhgSfu; a =k.kdk; Zl Ei Uurkdsfy, , d fuf' pr i Fk&i zn' kZ u
gksrkgS A
By
fu; a
=k.kl a
xBu dsO;fDrxr , oal a xBukRed y{; ksadksè; ku esaj[ kdj fd; kt krkgS AMkW- Mdj ds' kCnka sesa
] ^^fu; a
=k.kdk
l oZ J s"B rjhdk l ksís'; i zcU/ gSt ksfu; a =k.kdÙkkZdksv i uh dk; Z &l Ei Uurk fu; fU=kr djusdks; ksX; cukrk gS A**
fu; a
=k. k&i zfØ; k
u
fu; a
=k.k i zfof/ t hou dsi zR;sd {ks=kesav ko' ; d gS AO;kol kf; d {ks=kesaHkhfu; a =k.ki jeko' ; d gS Aysfdu bl i zfØ; k esa
dq N v ko' ; d dne mBkusi M+ r sgS] ft udsi zHkko esa; g fu; a
a =k.k i zfØ; k i zHkkoi w
. kZ<a
x l sykxwughadht k l drhgS A; sv ko' ; d
kkl
dne v xzfyf[ kr gS &

a
1. i z j . k(Establishment of Standards) & fu; a
Ekki ksad k fu/ kZ =k.kdsfy, ; g vko' ; d gSfd dq N i zeki fu/ kZ fjr fd,
t k, ¡ft l l sfd fu; a =k.kesabudkeki n.Mds: i esai z;ksx fd; kt kl dsAi zks-dq UV~
Tk, oai zks-v ks*Mus
ksy dsv uq l kj i zeki fuèkkZ
fjr eki n.M
i z'
gksrsgS aft ul sokLrfod dk; Z &l Eiknu dksuki kt krkgS AosmiØe vFkokfoHkkx dsfu; kst u&y{; ksadhv fHO k; fDr dksbl i zd kj i znf' kZ
r
djrsgS aft l l sfd fu/ kZ fjr dÙkZ O;ksadhi wfrZdksbu y{; ksal suki k t k l dsA; si zeki HkkS frd : i l stS l s&mRiknu ek=kk] dk; Zds?k.Vs
vkfn rFkk ekS fnzd : i esat S l s&ykxr] v kxe] fofu; ksx v kfn esagksl drsgS Abudsv k/ kj i j gh fu; a
a =k.k fd; k t k l drk gS a
sd
2. d k; Z&l Ei Âr k d k ew d u (Evaluation Performance) & eki n.M dk fu/ kZ

Y; ka j .k fu; a=k.k dk i F zke l ksiku gS]
yk
v fUre rFkki ; kZ Ir ugha At c rd l Ei Â dk; Zdkew Y; ka

d u bu fu/ kZ fjr eki n.Mksadsi zd k' kesaughafd; kt krkrc rd fu; a =k.kdks
i fzØ; k l Ei Uu ughagksl drhAfØ; kfUofr dk ew Y; ka
d u djusdsfy, js[kh; dk; Z Øe rFkk v uq : i .k dh fof/ dksv i ukusdh
fl i Qkfj' ka
sdht krhga Aew
a
S Y; ka
d u ml l e; fd, x, okLrfod O;ogkj dkfd; kt kl drkgS A; g bl O;ogkj dsrq y ukRed v è; ; u
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 53
ds: i esagksl drk gSrFkk ml fu; kst u dk Hkh ew Y; ka

d u fd; k t k l drk gSft l dsv k/ kj i j dk; Z &l Ei Uu fd; k x; k ; k fd; k
t k, xkAbl rjg ew Y; kad u esadk; Z &l Ei Uurk dsv rhr] orZ eku , oaHkfo"; rhuksagh : i l efUor gksrsgS A
a
i VZ(PERT = Programme, Evaluation, Review, Technical) ds: i esafu; a =k.kdhubZrduhdksadkfodkl fd; kx; k
ar
gSA; g rduhd t fVy fodkl v kS j mRiknu dk; Z Øeksai j l a ' kksf/ r fu; a =k.k ekuh t krh gS A; g cgq r l kjsv kad M+ ksadksl a{ksi esarFkk
O;ofLFkr : i esaj[ kl drhgS Aî VZ
a * fu; a=k.kdh, slhfof/ gSft l ds}kjki zcU/ l hfer ykxr , oafuf' pr l e; esafu/ kZ fjr y{;
dksi zkIr djusdsfy, l k/ uksadk Js"Bre i z;ksx dj l drk gS A
m
î VZ* l sfeyrh&t q y rhgh, d v U; rduhd l h- i h- , e- (Critical Path Method) gS A; g i z.kkyhfuekZ . km| ksx esafo' ks"k
: i l sl i Q y i kbZxbZgS Av usd v uq la/ ku fd, t kjgsgS arkfd î VZ * , oa^l h- i h- , e-* dsi zlkj l st u&' kfDr] ykxr , oai w ¡t hxr
Ku
v ko' ; drkv ksadksi zHkkfor fd; k t k l dsA
dk; Zdh l Ei Ârk dk ew Y; ka
d u nksi zd kj l sfd; k t k l drk gS &
( 1) mu rjhdksadhnf̀"V l st ksfu/ kZ fjr eki n.Mdksi zkIr djusdsfy, v i uk, t k jgsgS ] v kS
a j ( 2) mu v ft Z r i fj.kkeksa
ay
dhnf̀"V l sA; g ew Y; ka d u dk; Zl ekIr gkst kusdsckn gksukpkfg, v Fkokdk; Z d ky esagksukpkfg, &bl l EcU/ esav yx&v yx er
gSA
a l kekU; / kj.kk dsv uq l kj nksuka sgh v ol j fu; a =k.k dsfy, mi ; q Dr gS
Z A
a
3. fopy uks ad k l q / kj (Correction of Deviations) & fdl h Hkh mi Øe esafu; a =k.k i ¼fr }kjk fu"i knu dksv ka d uk
, oaew Y; kda u djuk] dfe; ksa, oafopyuksadksKkr djuk v kS
fy, dksbZBksl l q / kjkRed mi k; i zcU/dksa}kjk ughamBk, t krsgS
v yx&v yx i zd f̀r dhgksxhAdq N fopyu i zcU/dksa}kjk Lohdk; ZgS
j fu; a
bh
=k.k i zfrosnu rS
Al q
a / kjkRed dk; Z
aD; ksa
; kj djuk rc rd O;FkZgSt c rd fd bu l cl s
okgh fofHkÂ fopyuksadsdkj.kka
fd i zeki ksaesav l xrrk] eki l sv i w . kZ
sdsv k/ kj i j
r kv Fkok fØ; kRed
:A
n' kkv ksaea si fjorZ u v kfn dsdkj.k mRiÂ gksrsgS Abl i zd kj fopyuksadk l q
a / kj dj O;kol kf; d mi Øe dsfofHkÂ foHkkxksadksi w oZ
fu/ kZfjr ; kst uk] mís'; ksa ] funsZ' kksa, oafl ¼ka r ksadsv k/ kj i j py dj v i sf{kr mís'; ksadksi w j k fd; k t k l drk gS A
fu; a =k. k d h fo' ks"kr k, ¡
By
fu; a=k.k i zcU/dh; dk; ZgS Abl dh dq N fo' ks"krk, ¡ gS Ai zks- cut hZdsv uq l kj fu; a=k.k dh fuEu fo' ks"krk, ¡ gS a
&
1. , d v fU r e fØ; k(An End Function) & fu; a =k.ki zcU/ dki zkjfEHkd dk; Zu gksd j , d v fUre D; kgS Abl dsi gys
l eLr i zcU/dh; dk; Zt S l s&fu; kst u] l a xBu] funsZ ' ku] v fHki zsj.kk] l eUo; fd, t krsgS A; g fu; kst u i j v k/ kfjr gkrsk gSv kS
a j fi Q j
u
; g ns[krkgSfd fofHkUu l k/ uksat S l s&euq "; ] l kexzh] e' khu v kS j eq nzkv kfn dksfdl i zd kj l a xfBr v kSj l efUor fd; kt krkgSft l l s
fd dk; Zdk fu"i knu v PNh rjg gksl dsAbl dsi ' pkr~fu; a =k.k dk mi ; ksx fd; k t krk gS A
kkl
2. v kxsv kusoky h i z fØ; k (Forward-looking Process) & i zcU/d Hkw r dkyhu ?kVukv ksai j fu; a =k.k ughadj l drk
gSAog Hkw r dkyhu ?kVukv ksai j i q ufoZpkj djrkgSv kjSfi Nysv uq Hko dsYkkHkksadksHkkohl q / kjksaea
sdke esaykrsgS Al cl sJs"B fu; a
a =k.k
og ekuk t krk gSt ksfd Hkkoh gkfu] v i O;; ] dfe; ksav Fkok fupyuksadksjksd dj j{kk djusdk dk; Zdjrk gS A
i z'
3. xfr ' khy i z fØ; k (Dynamic Process) & l e; i fjorZ u' khy gS Acnyrh gq b i fjfLFkfr; ksadsv uq l kj gh mi Øe dh
; kst ukv ksav kSj mís'; ksaesai fjorZ u djuk v ko' ; d gS A; fn fu; a =k.k esaHkh bu i fjfLFkfr; ksadsv uq l kj i fjorZu ughafd; k t krk gSrks
iHzkkoi w. kZfu; a =k.kl EHko ughagksxkA
sd
4. l r r ~i z fØ; k (Continuous Process) & fu; kst u dh Hkka fr fu; a =k.k Hkh , d fuja r j t kjh jgusokyh i zfØ; k gS Ai zks-
yk
dq . V~t v kS j i zks- v ks*Mksusy dsv uq l kj] ^^ft l i zd kj , d ukfod ; g fu' p; djusdsfy, fd og fu; ksft r ekxZdsl a nHkZesadgk¡
gS] fuja r j v è; ; u djuk jgrk gS ] ml dhi zd kj ; g fu' p; djusgsrqfd ml dk mi Øe v Fkok foHkkx fu/ kZ fjr ekxZi j gS ] O;ki kj
dsi zcU/d dksfuja r j v è; ; u djrsjguk pkfg, A**
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
54 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
cU/ d sl Hkh Lr j ksai j y kxw(Exercised at all levels of Managements) & fu; a
5. i z =k.k i zcU/ dsl Hkh Lrjksai j
ykxwfd; kt krkgS Afu; a =k.kdhek=kkesat : j v Urj gksl drkgAmi Øe dkl eLr fu; a =k.k, oai ; Z
os{k.kl a
pkyd e.My dsgkFkksa
esagksrkgS] , d foHkkx dkfu; a =k.k foHkkxh; v è; {k}kjk rFkkmi foHkkx dk fu; a =k.k mi &foHkkxh; v è; {k }kjkfd; k t krkgS Abl
ar
id
z kj fu; a=k.k dh ; g Jà [ kyk , d Lrj l sl Hkh Lrjksard pyrh gS A
6. O ; fDr ; ksal sl EcfU/ r fØ; k(Identified with Individuals) & fu; a =k.kl EcU/hfØ; ki zR;{k: i l sl kexzh] i zfØ; k
v Fkok foÙk l sl EcU/ j[ krh gS Afi Q
j Hkh bu l c dk fdl h u fdl h : i esaeuq "; l sl EcU/ jgrk gS Afdl h Hkh nks"k gsrqeuq ";
m
ghmÙkjnk; hgksrkgS Afu; a =k.kfofHkÂ foHkkxksaesadk; Z
j r deZ
pkfj; ksadsfu"i knu dkew Y; ka
d u djrkgS A; g i zfØ; kdq N O;fDr; ksa}kjk
nw
l jsO;fDr; ksai j ykxwdh t krh gS A
Ku
ai j v k/ kfj r i zfØ; k(Based on Facts) & v k/ q
7. r F; ks fud i zcU/ dsfodkl dsdkj.k fu; a =k.k rF; ksarFkk l k¡f[ ; dh
dsmQ i j v k/ kfjr gksrkgS Av c O;fDrxr ekU;rkv ka sv FkokHkkoukv ksai j fuHkZ
j ughajguki M+ r kgSD; ksa
fd oSKkfud i zcU/ dkfodkl
gksx; k gSA
ay
fu; a
=k. k d k egÙo
fu; a =k.k i zcU/d dk , d egÙoi w . kZdk; ZgS
Ai zcU/d dsv U; dk; Zt S l s&fu; kst u] l a xBu] funsZ ' ku] v fHki szj. kkv kS
j l eUo;
dksi zHkkoi w . kZ<ax l sdjdsHkh mi Øe dsoka fNu mís'; ksadksrc rd i zkIr djusesal i Q yrk ughafeyrh gS ] t c rd fd fu; a =k.k
dsdk; Zdksykxwughafd; k t k, Ami Øe dk; ZdeZ
i kzs- pVt hZusv xzfyf[ kr ykHkksads: i esafu; a
1. fu; a =k. k d k chek ew
pkjhx.kka
bh
s}kjkfd; k t krk gS
=k.k dsegÙo dksLohdkj fd; k gS
Aysfdu mu i j fu; a
Y; (Insurance Value of Control) & okLrfod fu"i knu i w

&
oZ
=k.k i zcU/d }kjk j[ kk t krk gS
fu; ksft r mís'; ksav kS j i zeki ksads

A
:A
v uq : i gksjgkgSv Fkokugha ] ; g fu; a =k.ki zfØ; k dsekè; e l si rk yxk; kt krk gS Abl hi zfØ; k l si w oZfu/ kZfjr mís'; ksadsv uq l kj
dk; Zdk fu"i knu djokusesal gk; rk feyrh gS AfofHkÂ dk; ks±dksbl i zd kj l sfu; a f=kr fd; k t krk gSfd i w oZfu/ kZ fjr mís'; ksadh
iw frZl EHko gksl dsA
By
2. Hkkoh d k; Z okgh d k v k/ kj (Bases for Future Action) & dk; Zdsi w j k gksusi j ml dk ew Y; kad u fd; k t krk gS
v kS j bl h ew Y; kd
a u l sHkkoh fu; kst u o l a xBu dk ekxZi z'kLr gksrk gS Abl h dh l gk; rk l si q ufuZ ; kst u o i q uxZ Bu dk dk; Zfd; k
t krk gS Av / hUkLFk deZ pkfj; ksadksi qj Ldr̀ djuk] nf.Mr djuk v kS j v uq ' kkfl r djuk bl h fu; a =k.k dsv k/ kj i j fd; k t krk gS A
u
3. i z cU / d h; nq cZ
y r kv ksad kl w p d (s) & miØe dsi zHkkoi w . kZi zcU/ gsrqfu; a =kkvU; dk; ks±i j fu; a =k.kj[ krkgS Ai zcU èkdksa
dhdfe; ksadki rkyxkdj mudksnw j djrkgS AfofHkÂ foHkkxksarFkki zcU/dksadhnq cZ y rkv ksadsi fj.kkeLo: i ghfu; a =k.kdkdk; Z
kkl
fd; kt krkgS A; g fu; a =k.kghi zcU/dh; dk; ZgSft l dsekè; e l sgesai zcU/dh; nq cZy rkv ksadsl EcU/ esal w puki zkIr gksrhgSv kS j
bu nq CkZ
y rkv ksadksnw j djusgsrql q / kjkRed mi k; dke esafy, t krsgS a
4. l eU o; d h l q fo/ k (Facility of Co-ordipation) & l eUo; dk dk; Zfu; a =k.k l sv f/ d l q fo/ kt ud <a x ls
i z'
fu"i kfnr djuk l H ako gksrk gSA; g fofo/ fØ; kv ka sdks, d l w=k esacka
/ rk gS Ai woZfu/ kZ
fjr mís'; ksadsl a nHkZesafu; a =k.k l HkhfØ; kv ksa
v kS j i z;kl ksadksmudh fuf' pr l hek v kS j v uq lw
phesaj[ krk gSrFkk bu l cdksl efUor funsZ ' kuksal sl kekU; mís'; ksadksv kS j yst kus
dk dk; Zdjrk gS Al e; ] / u , oai z;kl ksadsl Hkh i zd kj dsv i O;; ksadksfu; a =k.k dsekè; e l sgh jksd k t k l drk gS A
sd
5. fod s Uæhd j . k d k foLr kj (Expansion of Decentralisation) & v k/ q fud i zcU/ i z.kkyh }kjk mPPk i zcU/ l eLr
yk
mi Øe i j fu; a =k.kj[ kusdsl kFk&l kFkfodsUnzh; dj.kdhl hekv ksaesaof̀¼ djusdhi zksRl kfgr gksrkgS Anw l jsdeZ pkfj; ksadksdk; Zgsrq
mÙkjnk; hcrk; kt krkgSrFkkbl dksi w j kdjusgsrqmUga sv f/ dkj l kS
i st krsgS
a Abl l snw
a l jksadksv f/ dkj , oamÙkjnkf; Ro l kS i dj dk; Z
a
dksl p qk: : i essapyk; k t k l drk gSv kS j mudsi z;kl kasdk v f/ dre mi ; ksx fu; a =k.k dsekè; e l sl a Hko gksrk gS A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 55
yksd izcU/ku ds u;s vk;ke

NEW DIMENSIONS OF PUBLIC MANAGMENT
uo yksd izcU/k ;k ,u-ih-,e-] ,d u;k oSpkfjd vkanksyu rFkk voèkkj.kk gS ftls vU; dbZ ukeksa] tSls & mÙkj ukSdj'kkgh
ar
izfreku (Post Bureaucratic Model), ;k izcUèkokn (Managerialism) ;k cktkj vkèkkfjr yksd iz'kklu (Market Based Public
Administration) ;k m|eh 'kklu ;k m|edrkZ 'kklu (Entrepreneurial Government) ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gSA îzcUèkokn* uke
m
iksfyV us fn;k gS fd tcfd uo yksd izcUèk uke ;k cktkj vkèkkfjr yksd iz'kklu dk leFkZu ysu rFkk jkstuCywe us fd;k
Ku
gSA vkWlcksuZ rFkk xscyj bls ^m|eh 'kklu* dk i;kZ; ekurs gSaA ;w-,- xu blh yksd ,oa futh iz'kklu ds eè; rhljk jkLrk
(Third Way) uke nsrs gSaA njvly ûo yksd izcUèk* 'kCn ds izfriknu dk Js; fØLVksQj gwM (Christospher Hood) dks fn;k tkrk
gSA lu~ 1991 esa 'Public Administration (Vol. 69, Issue-I)' uked if=dk esa izdkf'kr muds ys[k 'A Public Management for All Seasons'
ls ;g 'kCn yksdfiz; gqvkA vU; leFkZd fo}kuksa esa Gerald Caiden, P. Hoggett, C. Pollit, R. Rhodes, R.M. Kelley, P. Ancoin, L. Terry,
ay
Lan rFkk Rosenbloom lfgr Osborne ,oa Gaebler dk uke lfEefyr gSA
ukSdj'kkgh ds ijEijkxr ,dkfèkdkj rFkk yksd iz'kklu ds fofoèkrk ls ;qDr (Stereotype) dk;ks± rFkk Hkwfedk ds chp oSf'od
bh
lrj ij ifjyf{kr gq, lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd rFkk rduhdh ifjorZuksa] tfVyrkvksa rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh Økafr lfgr lektokn
ds iru ds chp ;g iz'u mBk gS fd D;k vkt dk yksd iz'kklu lekt dh vis{kkvksa ij [kjk mrj ldrk gS\ nj vly uohu
yksd iz'kklu dk vkanksyu Hkh bUgha iz'uksa dks ysdj mBk Fkk] fdarq uo yksd izcU/k dk vkanksyu vf/dk lkef;d rFkk rkfdZdrk ls
:A
Hkjiwj gSA fjpMZ dkWeu ds vuqlkj & ^ûo yksd izcU/k lelkef;d iz'kklfud ifjorZuksa dk i;kZ; vkanksyu gSA** njvly 21oha lnh
dk thou fuEukafdr fo'ks"krkvksa dks mtkxj djrk gS &
yksxksa dh mPp vkdka{kk,¡
By
•
• yksxksa esa de gksrk èkS;Z
• thou 'kSyh esa c<+rh Hkkx&nkSM+ rFkk ^rqjUr laLÑfr* ¼izR;sd dk;Z dk 'kh?kz ifj.kke pkguk½
u
• yksxksa esa c<+rh psruk ;k tkx:drk

• mPp Lrjh; rduhdh dkS'ky dk izlkj
kkl
• yphyh rFkk vuqdwyu ;ksX; lajpuk,¡

ljyhÑr fdarq y{;ksUeq[k izfØ;k,¡ tks mPp y{; izkIr dj ldsa
i z'
•
• oSf'od Lrj ij vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa c<+rh fudVrk rFkk lkeatL;rk
• ekuokfèkdkj] ekuo lalkèku fodkl] i;kZoj.kh; j{kk] vkradokn ls eqdkcyk rFkk fyax Hksn ls eqfDr tSls tfVy eqn~nsA
sd
mi;qZDr of.kZr fo'ks"krk,¡ dfri; mnkgj.k Hkj gSa tks ;g fl) djrs gSa fd ifjofrZr ifjos'k esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk yksd iz'kklu
yk
bruk l{ke ugha gS fd og bu leL;kvksa ;k izo`fÙk;ksa dk lkeuk dj ldsA ;gk¡ okjsu csful dk ;g dFku Hkh izklafxd izrhr gksrk
gS fd & ^^vkxkeh 25-30 o"kks± esa ge ukSdj'kkgh ds iru esa lgHkkxh cusaxs rFkk ,d ubZ O;oLFkk dk tUe gksxkA** csful dk ;g dFku
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
56 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
lu~ dk gSA ;|fi csful dh Hkfo";ok.kh iw.kZr;k lR; ugha gqbZ gS rFkkfi ;g Hkh lR; gS fd vkt foukSdj'kkghdj.k
1965
(Debureaucratisation) ij ppkZ tksjksa ls py jgh gSA ;gh uo yksd izcUèk dk dsUnzh; fpUru gSA oLrqr% 21oha lnh] Kku vkèkkfjr
lekt dh i;kZ; gS tks foalVu pfpZy ds bl dFku dks js[kkafdr dj jgh gS & ^^Hkfo"; dk lezkV fopkjksa (Ideas) dk lezkV gksxkA**
ar
dkjdksa us uo yksd izcUèk vkanksyu dks xfr nh gSA ijEijkxr yksd iz'kklu esa lq/kkj ykus dh izFke ek¡x vLlh ds n'kd esa
m
^^vkfFkZd lg;ksx ,oa fodkl laxBu** (OECD) ls tqM+ ns'kksa esa mBh FkhA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa ykyQhrk'kkgh rFkk vfr
ukSdj'kkghdj.k ij fu;a=.k ikus gsrq jk"Vªifr }kjk xfBr 'National Performance Review (1993)' dh fjiksVZ esa izeq[k flQkfj'ksa bl
Ku
izdkj Fkh &
1. i;Zos{k.kh; LVkQ dks de fd;k tk, rFkk fupys Lrj ij dk;Zjr rduhdh dkfeZdksa ¼tks okLro esa dk;Z dks vatke nsrs gSa½
dks l'kDr cuk;k tk,A
ay
2. foHkkxksa dks vkarfjd :i ls iqufoZfu;kstu djus gsrq2 vfèkd Lora=rk nh tk,A
3. fu"iknu ewY;kadu O;oLFkk dks vfèkd izHkkoh cuk;k tk,A
4.
5.
dkfeZdksa dh la[;k esa 50% deh ykbZ tk,A
bh
cPpksa] vYila[;dksa rFkk csjkstxkjksa dks lsok,¡ nsus okys vfHkdj.k ,dhÑr rFkk izHkkoh :i esa lsok,¡ iznku djsaA
:A
6. foHkkx vius miHkksDrkvksa dh lsokvksa gsrq ekudksa (Standards) dk izdk'ku djsa rFkk f'kdk;rksa dk leqfpr ,oa rRdky
fuokj.k gksA
7. jk"Vªifr rFkk foHkkxksa ;k vfHkdj.kksa ds eè; ôkf"kZd fu"iknu le>kSrk* fd;k tk,A
By
8. foHkkxksa dks pkfg, fd os miHkksDrkvksa ds er dk losZ{k.k djsa rFkk izkIr izR;qÙkj ds vuq:i Lo;a esa lq/kkj djsaA
9. ykxr&ekudksa dk lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa esa /;ku j[kk tk,A
u
10. izR;sd foHkkx uokpkj gsrq i`Fkd~ ls ctV dk izko/kku djsA

blh izdkj fczVsu esa ^FkSpjokn*] vesfjdk esa ^jhxuksfeDl* rFkk U;wthyS.M esa ^jkstjuksfeDl* U;wthyS.M ds iwoZ foÙk ea=h
kkl
Roger Douglas ds uke ij½ us uo yksd izcUèk vkanksyu dks gok nhA Hkkjr esa ik¡posa osru vk;ksx fjiksVZ (1997) Hkh bl vkanksyu
ls lEcfUèkr l'kDr nLrkost gSA dukMk esa czk;u eyjksuh ds dk;Zdky esa Hkh cgqr lqèkkj gq,A fo'o cSad }kjk yksd lsokvksa esa lqèkkj
i z'
gsrq tkjh fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh ppkZ ds fo"k; cusA oLrqr% oscj ds izfreku ij vkèkkfjr ukSdj'kkgh vFkok Vsyj ds oSKkfud izcUèk ij cus
vkS|ksfxd laxBuksa lfgr lHkh izdkj ds mikxeksa ,oa izfrekuksa esa dqN ewyHkwr dfe;k¡ gSa tks turk dh ek¡xksa] Hkkoukvksa rFkk ewY;ksa ds
izfr mnklhurk iznf'kZr djrh gSaA ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ ;g ek¡x djrh gSa fd yksd iz'kklu dks ,d u, Lo:i esa <kyk tk,A MsfoM
sd
vkWlcksuZ rFkk VhM xscyj us uo yksd izcUèk dks mRizsjd (Catalytic) 'kklu ds :i esa ns[krs gq, iz'kklu ls ;g vis{kk dh gS
yk
fd og fe'ku vkèkkfjr rFkk cktkjksUeq[k xfrfofèk;k¡ lapkfyr djsA mRizsjd (Catalytic) og rÙo gksrk gS tks jklk;fud fØ;k esa Lo;a
Hkkx u ysrs gq, fØ;k dh xfr dks rst djrk gSA ;gk¡ 'Catalytic' 'kklu ls rkRi;Z ifjorZu&vfHkdrkZ ls gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 57
yksd izca/ku ds cnyko 1980-90 ds n'kd esa lkeus vkus yxs [kkl dj if'peh ns'kksa esa tks fuEu rRoksa dk
ifj.kke Fkk &
& lwpuk Økafr
ar
& lekt esa mPp xq.koÙkkiw.kZ lsok dh ekax
& rhoz izfrLi/kkZ
m
& mnkjhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k bR;kfnA
Ku
vr% 1990 ds n'kd esa fo|eku mnkjhdj.k ds uhfr;ksa ds ifj.kke Lo:i yksd iz'kklu dh izo`fÙk ,oa fo"k;{ks= ij blds
izHkko dk gksuk LokHkkfod gSA Public Sector ds izca/kksa esa bl uohu la'kksf/kr ifjorZu dks uoyksd izca/ku dh laKk nh xbZ ftls fd
cktkj vk/kkfjr yksd iz'kklu ;k O;olk;h 'kklu@m|eh; 'kklu ds :i esa Hkh fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
NPM dk ukjk gS & Let the managers manage; leave the managers free to achieve the govt. objectives as they see
ay
fit in the most cost-effective manner.
vr% NPM ds ifjizs{; esa yksd iz'kklu vkSj ckgjh vkfFkZd okrkoj.k ds vUr%fØ;k ij izkFkfedrk ls cy fn;k x;kA
iz'kklu bh
ckgjh okrkoj.k  jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd (cy fn;k x;k)
:A
NPM rhu mís';ksa ij fo'ks"k cy nsrk gS ftls 3E's dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
E - Efficiency (dk;Zdq'kyrk)
By
E - Economy (ferO;;hrk)
E - Effectiveness (izHkko'khyrk)
bu mi;qDr mís';ksa dh izkIrh dh fn'kk esa NPM fuEu ekU;rkvksa ij cy nsrk gS &
u
(1) uhfr ds ctk, izca/k ij cy ,oa miyfC/k ewY;kadu ,oa iz'kklfud n{krk ij è;ku dsfUnzr djukA
(2) blds vuqlkj yksd vf/kdkjh ra= dk foHkktu fofHku vfHkdj.kksa ds vUrxZr fd;k tkuk gS tks fd ^^miHkksDrk Hkqxrku
kkl
vk/kkj** ij vius dk;ks± dk lapkyu djsA

(3) bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj v)Zcktkj ds dkjdksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Bsds ij dk;ks± dk lapkyu fd;k tkuk gS rkfd
i z'
izfr;ksfxrk ;k izfrLi/kkZ dks c<+kok feysA

Quasi-market vkfFkZd Market base
lkekftd Not market base
sd
yk
(4) yksd iz'kklu dks de [kphZyk cukus gsrq ykxr dVkSrh ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkukA
(5) izca/ku ds ,slh 'kSyh dks fodflr fd;k tkuk tks vU; ckrksa ds lkFk&lkFk fuEu ckrksa ij Hkh dsfUnzr gks &
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
58 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
& mRiknu y{;
& lhfer Bsdk
& ekSfnzd izksRlkgu
ar
& izca/ku dh Lok;Ùkrk
uoyksd izca/ku ds fo"k; oLrq ij vkSj vf/kd ldkjkRed ifjn`'; dh fn'kk esa vkslcksuZ vkSj xscyj ds ;ksxnku dk fo'ks"k
m
egRo gSA
Ku
bu nksuksa dh jpuk ^^ Reinventing Govt** uked iqLrd dk izdk'ku gqvk vkSj blds ekè;e ls vkslcksuZ vkSj xscyj
}kjk NPM ds fo"k;oLrq ij 10 lw=h; dk;ZØe dk izfriknu fd;k x;k ftls mu nksuksa us m|eh; 'kklu dgk] vkSj bl izdkj
m|eh; 'kklu ds fopkj/kkjk ;k ladYiuk dk lw=ikr gqvkA
bu nksuksa }kjk crk;h xbZ bl izdkj dh Lkjdkj esa fuEu fo'ks"krk gksuh pkfg, &
ay
& ADAPTABLE
& RESPONSIVE
&
&
EFFICIENT
EFFECTIVE
bh
:A
vksl cksZu @xsc yj }kjk (m|eh; 'kklu ) crk;h xbZ 10 lw= h; dk;ZØe &
(1) Catalytic Govt. (mRizsjd ljdkj) - Govt engaged in steering rather than rowing
(2) Community-Owned Govt (leqnk;ksUeq[k ljdkj) - Strengthening and empowering Community to Solve
By
their own problem.

(3) Competitive Govt (izfr;ksfxrkRed ljdkj) - Injecting competition into service delivery by rewarding
u
efficiency and econony.

(4) Mission-driven Govt (fe'ku&mUeq[k ljdkj) - Transforming rule-driven govt to mission oriented govt.
(5) Results-oriented Govt (ifj.kkeksUeq[k ljdkj) - Funding out come encouraging target achievement and
kkl
goal-directed efforts.
(6) Customer-driven Govt (Øsrk&mUeq[k ljdkj) - Meeting and working towards customers and not
i z'
bureaucracy
Note -
Client iz'kklfud lsok
=
sd
yk
Customer = iz'kklfud lsok $ larq"Vh

(7) Enterprising Govt (m|eh ljdkj) - Emphasis on earning and rasources mobilisation rather than spending
(8) Anticipatory Govt (iwokZuqeku djus okyh ljdkj) - Identification and Prevention before occurrence of
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 59
problems.
(9) Decentralised Govt (fodsUnzhd`r ljdkj) - Shift in Working patteren from hierarchy to partici
pation and team-work
ar
(10) Market-oriented Govt (cktkjksUeq[k ljdkj) - Leveraging change through market forces.
ukSdj'kkgh dh fu;a=.k&'kfDr dks de djds ;g ukxfjdksa dks vf/kdkfjrk iznku djrk gSAS ,oa tu dY;k.k ds mRizsjd dk
m
(1)
dk;Z djrk gS] Lo;a m|eh; 'kklu lkjk dk;Z ugha djrkA
(2) m|eh 'kklu flQZ turk dks fn, tkus okys lsokvksa ij viuk è;ku dsfUnzr uk djds lkeqnkf;d leL;kvksas ds fujkdj.k
Ku
dh izfØ;k esa yksd] futh ,oa LoSPNh laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk ds izksRlkgu ij fo'ks"k cy nsrk gSA
(3) O;olk;h 'kklu] lsokvksas vkSj oLrqvksa ds iznkrkvksa ds chp izfrLi/kkZ dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
(4) m|eh; 'kklu vius fe'ku ls mRizsfjr gksrh gS] fu;e vkSj dkuwu ls ughaA
ay
(5) m|eh 'kklu ds vUrxZr iz'kklfud vfHkdj.kksa ds miyfC/k dk ewY;kadu djrs le; flQZ fuxZr ij è;ku uk nsdj vkxr ij
Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg,@nsrk gSA lkFk gh ;g ifj.kke&mUeq[k Hkh gksrh gSA
bh
(6) ,slk 'kklu vius xzkgdksa dks miHkksDrk ds :i esa iqu% ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ,oa bldks nh tkus okyh fofHkUu lsokvksa ds lanHkZ
esa fofHkUu fodYiksa dks izLrqr djrk gSA
:A
(7) m|eh 'kklu vius ÅtkZ dks flQZ O;; esa O;rhr uk dj vk; ds vtZu ij cy nsrk gSA
(8) ;g leL;k mRiUu gksus ls iwoZ gh mlds fuokj.k ij cy nsrk gSA
(9) lrk ds fodsUnzhdj.k ,oa Hkkxhnkjh n`f"Vdks.k ij fo'ks"k cy nsrk gSA
By
(10) ukSdj'kkgh dh rqyuk eas cktkj vk/kkfjr ra= dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
mi;qZDr ckrksa dk izHkko Clinton iz'kklu ds National Performance Review ij Hkh rhoz xfr ls iM+k A ftls vkxs pydj
REGO (Reinventing Govt) dgk x;kA USA ,oa vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh blls cgqr Qk;ns gq,A
u
NPM dk ewY;ku (3) n`f"Vdks.k ds vUrxZr fd, tkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS &
(1) mu xzkgdksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls tks iz'kklfud lsok,¡ izkIr djrs gSa
kkl
(2) dj nkrkvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ftuds }kjk ljdkjh dk;ZØeksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA
(3) yksd{ks= ds deZpkfj;ksa ds fgrksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls A turk dks iz'kklu ls vis{kk,¡ gSa rkfd turk csgrj ,oa xq.kkRed lsokvksa
i z'
dks izkIr dj ldsA

vr% LoHkkfod gS fd bldk izHkko yksd{ks= esa dke djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ij iM+sxk blds lkFk&lkFk ftu djnkrkvksa ds
}kjk ljdkjh jktLo esa fuos'k fd, tk jgs gSa] mUgsa Hkh bldk mfpr ewY; izkIr gksuk pkfg,A
sd
vr% NPM dh lQyrk bu rhuksa oxks± ds fgrksa ds mfpr larqyu dks izkIr djus ij vk/kkfjr gSA
yk
xzkgd@djnkrk
Public Sector = larqyu vko';d gS (NPM dh lQyrk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
60 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
ds fy,)
Note : (vkykspuk) & ikfjfLFkfrd izfreku dgrk gS fd iz'kklu] ns'k ,oa dky rFkk i;kZoj.k ds vuqlkj Lo:i xzg.k djrk gS ijUrq
NPM flQZ ,d gh cktkjksmUeq[k iz'kklu dh ckr djrk gSA
ar
Hkkjr esa fofuos'k vk;ksx] O;; lq/kkj vk;ksx tSls laLFkkuksa ds ekè;e ls yksd laxBu ds dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa ferO;;hrk dks izksRlkfgr
djus ij cy fn;k tk jgk gS ijUrq ijke'kksZa ds O;ogkfjdrk ij mfpr è;ku dsfUnzr ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA
m
% lkbZeu us dgk gS fd Hkkjr esa tc&tc futh gkFkksa esa lsok,¡ c<+h gSa rc&rc ukxfjdksa dh larqf"V esa fxjkoV gqbZ gSA vr%
Ku
Note
Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa iz'kklfud lq/kkj ds fy, NPM cgqr Bhd ugha gSA
buds vykok dk ewY;kadu & ¼vkykspuk½
ay
NPM
- NPM dh cktkj ds izfr mUueq[krk@futh{ks= ij vR;f/kd fuHkZjrk ls ,slk yxrk gS fd uo&Dykfldy vFkZ'kkL= us iwjs
fo'o ds lkoZtfud {ks= ij dCtk dj j[kk gSA
bh
& futh izca/ku fdl izdkj dk;Z djrk gS ;g tkuuk vPNk gS ijUrq blds lkFk mPprj yksd lsok dh vf}rh; ^ûhfr&fuekZ.k
Hkwfedk^* dks Hkh ^îzca/kokn** ds gaxkesa esa de djds ugha vkaduk pkfg,A
:A
& ^lkoZtfud fgr* tks ljdkjh lapkyukas dk àn;&LFky gS] vkSj bls cktkj vk/kkfjr n'kZu ds ckotwn] R;kxk ugha tk ldrkA
& NPM dh lQyrk gsrq tks ckr jk"VªeaMy lEesyu esa mBk;h xbZ mlesa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa flfoy lekt dh LFkkiuk ,oa
vU; Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa }kjk igys turk dks vf/kdkjrk iznku fd;k tk, rkfd turk lef"V izca/ku ds 'kks"k.k ls cp ldsA vr%
By
NPM us flQZ dsUnzh; eqíksa dks mBk;k vkSj ;g lrg dh ckr NksM+ dj pyrh gSA
& NPM dks jk"Vªdqy ds lEesyu esa Lohdkj rks fd;k x;k ijUrq ljdkj dks fodkl gsrq vU; fodYiksa dks [kkstus dh Hkh vkokt
mBk;h xbZ & D;ksafd fofHkUu jk"Vªksa dh fodklkRed izkFkfedrk,¡ vyx&vyx gSA
u
& lkbZeu }kjk Hkh vkykspuk dh xbZ fd ljdkjh dk;Z] U;k; ds fl)kUr ij ewY;ksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrk gS uk fd rF; }kjk rFkk
NPM rF;ijd T;knk fn[kkrk gSA
kkl
& NPM ds }kjk fodkl'khy] r`rh; fo'o ds ns'kksa ij uo&mifuos'kokn ;kfu vkfFkZd mifuos'kokn Fkksius ds Hkh vkjksi yx jgs
gSa D;ksafd IMF & WTO, World bank tSlh laLFkkvksa }kjk cktkjksmUeq[k ifj;kstuk ykxw djus ds fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks izsfjr fd;k
i z'
tk jgk gSA
& NPM dk yksd 'kCn Hkh fopkjdksa dks fpafrr djrk gS D;ksafd ;g fof'k"V :i ls laoS/kkfud :ijs[kk] ewyvf/kdkj] ukxfjd
sd
mÙkjnk;fRo ls tqM+k gSa ftldk vHkko NPM esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
yk
uoyksd izca/ku ds ik¡p rRo &

NPM ds bl ubZ :ikoyh ls tqM+s dbZ u, ?kVd gSa ijUrq fuEu (5) eq[; :i ls iqjkuh i)fr;ksa dks [kkfjt djrs gSa&
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 61
(1) ukxfjdksa dks mPpxq.koÙkk okyh lsok iznku djuk & blds vuqfØ;k Lo:i 1991 ls fczVsu esa iz/kkuea=h tkWu estj }kjk
^flfVtu pkVZj* tkjh fd;k x;k tks ljdkjh lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk dk lkoZHkkSe izfrKkiu gSA
blh rjg flaxkiqj esa SIU (Service Implement Unit) dks LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
ar
(2) mPpxq.koÙkk ds ekudksa dks iwjk djus okyh lsokvksa ds fy, izca/kdksa dks T;knk Lok;Ùkrk dh t:jr gSA
m
(3) laxBu vkSj O;fDrxr dkedkt dk dBksj ewY;kadu vr% deZpkfj;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr vof/k ds Hkhrj dk;Z iwjk djus ds
vk/kkj ij osru fu/kkZj.k dks c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gS rkfd y{; dh izkIrh le; ij gks ldsA
Ku
izca/ku ds {ks= esa ^ûxnh iz.kkyh** dh txg izksn~Hkou iz.kkyh (Accrual Accounting) dks viuk;k tk jgk gS rkfd ykxr
dks de ;k cpk;k tk ldsA
(4) iwoZ fu/kkZfjr y{;kas dh miyfC/k dks lqfo/kktud cukus gsrq izca/kdh; lgk;rk lsok&vr% izcU/ku dks leqfpr ekuo vkSj
ay
izkS|ksfxd lalk/ku miyC/ djk, tk,¡A
var% flaxkiqj dh yksd lsok dks 1990 rd iw.kZr% dEI;wVjhd`r dj fn;k x;k gS] teSdk esa ,d LFkk;h lfpoksa dk cksMZ
(5)
LFkkfir fd;k x;k gS] Hkkjr esa Hkh iz;kl tkjh gSSA
bh
izfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok nsuk vkSj bl ckr ds izfr [kqyk n`f"Vdks.k viukuk fd fdu mís';ksa dh iwfrZ lkoZtfud {ks=k }kjk dh
:A
tk,xh vkSj fdudh futh {ks= }kjk A
Hkkjr esa lkekftd {ks= dh vusd ifj;kstukvksa f'k{kk] LokLF;] efgyk fodkl dks NGO/Lo;a lsokh laLFkkvksa dk lkSasik tk jgk
gSA ckXykans'k ds xzkeh.k cSad dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSa tgk¡ xzkeh.k fu/kZuksa dks fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa dks dtZ miyC/k djk;k x;k ftls
By
vUrZjk"Vªh; ekU;rk feyh gSA

u
kkl
i z'
sd
yk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
62 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
ifjorZu dk izca/ku
Management of Change
ar
^îfjorZu ,oa fodkl izÑfr dk vk/kkjHkwr fu;e gSA izR;sd euq"; dks ifjorZu dh fujarj xfr'khy izfØ;k ls
xqtjuk iM+rk gSA mls ifjofrZr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa okrkoj.k ds vuqlkj vius vki dks lek;ksftr djuk vko';d gksrk
m
gS] vU;Fkk mls vius lewg rFkk lekt esa gh vusd izfrfØ;kvksa rFkk pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA euq";
dh Hkkafr lalkj esa Hkh fujarj ifjorZu ,oa fodkl gksrk jgrk gSA xfr'khy okrkoj.k esa laxBukRed izHkko'khyrk gsrq
Ku
laxBu dh uhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa rFkk fu.kZ;ksa esa ifjorZu djuk rFkk mlesa lek;kstu djuk vko';d gksrk gSA laxBu
ds varxZr gksus okys ifjorZuksa ds izfr ekuoh; vfHko`fÙk;ksa dks ugha igpkurs gSa vkSj dHkh muds izfr ltx Hkh ugha
gks ikrs gSaA Qyr% ge mu ifjorZuksa dk fojks/k Hkh dj ldrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks ifjorZu bruk ean xfr ls gksrk
ay
gS fd ge o"kks± rd mUgsa ugha igpku ikrs gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh ifjorZu dh ygj bruh rhoz gksrh gS fd ge mlds le{k
'okl Hkh ugha ys ikrs gSaA** vr% ifjorZu ij lrr è;ku j[kuk rFkk mls vuqlkj laxBu esa lek;kstu djuk vko';d
gksrk gSA dksV~Vj rFkk flfyaxj (Kotter and Schlesinger) dk er gS fd ^^vfèkdka'k dEifu;ksa ;k cM+s fuxeksa ds foHkkxksa
bh
dks o"kZ esa ,d ckj rFkk izR;sd pkj&ik¡p o"kZ ds ckn la'kksf/kr laxBukRed ifjorZuksa dks vo'; viukuk pkfg,A**
bl izdkj dk ifjorZu laxBukRed vfLrRo ds fy, u dsoy vko';d gS vfirq ,d pqukSrh Hkh gSA ,sls ifjorZu ds
fy, ftl fu;ksftr ifjorZu vo/kkj.kk dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] mls ^laxBukRed fodkl* (Organisational
:A
Development) ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
ifjorZuksa ds izdkj
By
1- ;kaf=d ifjorZu
2- dk;Z dh rduhd rFkk fof/k;ksa esa ifjorZu
u
3- laxBu ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu

4- deZpkfj;ksa esa ifjorZu
kkl
5- vkSipkfjd rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBu esa ifjorZu

i z'
pkgs laxBukRed ifjorZu fdlh Hkh :i esa gks] muds y{;ksa dks iw.kZr% ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu gksrk gS] fQj Hkh
os laxBu ds y{;ksa ds lkFk LokHkkfod :i ls tqM+s gksrs gSAa xzsoj rFkk cusal us laxBukRed ifjorZu ds vxz y{;
crk;s gSa %
sd
1- csgrj fu"iknu(
yk
2- uohu izfofèk;ksa dh LohÑfr(

3- vfHkizsj.kk esa o`f)(
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 63
4- vf/kdkf/kd uohurk(
5- lg;ksx esa o`f) rFkk
ar
6- Je vkorZu (Labour turnover) esa deh ykukA
ifjorZu dk fojks/k
m
laxBukRed ifjos'k esa ifjorZu ykuk ,d tfVy dk;Z gSA izR;kf'kr ifjorZu ds dkj.k tks vfuf'prrk rFkk
Ku
lkekftd vlarqyu dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS] mlls dHkh&dHkh ifjorZu esa vojks/k dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSA
cxZ rFkk lqpeSu (Berg and Shucheman) us laxBukRed ifjorZuksa ds izfrjks/k ds fuEu dkj.k crk;s gSa %
1- 'kfDr ,oa fu;a=.k dk vR;f/kd dsUnzhdj.k gksukA
ay
2- fu;kstu dk vHkkoA
3- Hk; ,oa cspSuh dk izlkj gksukA
4- f'kfFky lapkj O;oLFkk dk gksukA bh
:A
5- lhfer fu"Bk dk gksukA
6- y?kq jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksukA
laxBukRed ifjorZu esa iz;qDr izfr:i (Models of Organisational Changes): vc iz'u ;g gS fd ifjorZuksa
By
dk izca/k dSls fd;k tk;\ laxBu ,d fujarj tkjh jgus okyh izfØ;k gS ftlesa lrr ifjorZu gksuk jgrk gSA ifjorZu
dk izca/k laxBu lajpuk dks xfr'khy cukdj iwoZ fu/kkZfjr mís';ksa dh izxfr esa lg;ksx djrk gSA pw¡fd ifjorZu dk
izk;% fojks/k fd;k tkrk gS] vr% izca/kd dks ifjorZu dh leqfpr izfØ;k dk Kku gksuk furkar vko';d gSA ifjorZu
u
ds izfrjks/k dks lekIr djus ds fy, jpukRed n`f"Vdks.k dks viukuk vko';d gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ds varxZr ifjorZu
dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ ds :i esa O;fDr ds LFkku ij lewg ij è;ku dsfUnzr djuk ykHkdkjh fl) gks ldrk gSA bldk
kkl
dkj.k ;g gS fd ifjorZu dk vuqdwyu (adaption of change) iw.kZr% ,d O;fDrxr rRo ;k py ugha gSA fuf'pr :i
ls bl py dh 'kfDr rFkk mldk funsZ'ku lewg dh mu lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa ftuesa og fo|eku
i z'
jgrk gSA izR;sd O;fDr ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS vkSj og fdlh u fdlh lewg dk lnL; gksrk gSA vr% mlds dk;Z]
mldh eukso`fÙk;k¡ vkSj mldh fØ;k ij lewg }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekU;rkvksa ,oa fu;eksa dk iw.kZr% izHkko iM+rk gSA
dqVZ ysfou (Kurt Levin): us izHkkoh ifjorZu izfØ;k dks ,d rhu Lrjh; O;oLFkk ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k gSA ;s
sd
rhu Lrj gSa % leL;k dks mHkkjdj lkeus ykuk] vko';d ifjorZu djuk rFkk iqu% laxBu ds fofHkUu midj.kksa dks
yk
,d lkFk lesV ysukA izFke pj.k esa O;fDr;ksa dks ifjorZu dh vko';drk dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA bl gsrq ;g vko';d
gS fd dqN ,slh ?kVuk ?kVs ftlds }kjk O;fDr viuh vko';drk dh larqf"V gsrq ,d u;s ekxZ dks <wa<us dk iz;kl
djsaA rc ifjorZu gsrq uohu ekxks± dks <wa<k tkrk gSA var esa] dqN ,sls iz;kl fd;s tkrs gSa ftuds }kjk ;g fuf'pr
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
64 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
gks lds fd uohu dk;Z fof/k;ksa dks vko';d :i ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA ysfou us ifjorZu dh fLFkfr dks ,d
v)Z xfrghu lkE; dh fLFkfr ekuk gS ftleas ifjorZu ds vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy nksuksa gh izdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ fo|eku
jgrh gSaA ;s lHkh 'kfDr;k¡ lewgksa esa fufgr gksrh gSaA ysfou us loZizFke bl rF; dh vksj ladsr fd;k fd fdlh O;fDr
ar
ds cjkcj dks futh :i ls ifjofrZr djus dh vis{kk lewg ds lnL; ds :i esa mlds vkpj.k dks cnyuk pkfg,]
D;ksafd tc rd lewg dh ekU;rk,¡ rFkk ekin.M vifjofrZr jgrs gSa] rc rd mlls lacafèkr izR;sd O;fDr n`<r+ kiwoZd
m
ifjorZu dk fojks/k djrk jgsxkA blds foijhr] tc lewg dh ekU;rk ,oa mlds ekin.M dks gh ifjofrZr dj fn;k
tk;sxk] rc O;fDr vkSj lewg esa ?kfu"B lEcUèk gksus ds dkj.k fojks/k Lor% lekIr gks tk;sxkA bl izdkj fu;ksftr
Ku
ifjorZu ds }kjk fojks/k lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ay
bh
:A
By
u
kkl
i z'
sd
yk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 65
Leadership ¼usr`Ro½
izcUèku dk izFke vkSj lokZfèkd egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro gS usr`Ro iznku djuk] vFkkZr~ laxBu ds okafNr y{;ksa
dks izkIr djus ds fy, yksxkas ds lewgksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa dk funsZ'ku] fu;a=.k ,oa leUo; djukA lsDyj&gMlu
ar
ds 'kCnksa esa] ^ûsr`Ro dh leL;kvksa dk Hkkjh egÙo vkdkj] tfVyrk] fof'k"Vhdj.k] rduhdh fodkl ,oa
lkekftd ekaxksa tSls dkjdksa esa Økafrdkjh o`f) ls dkQh c<+ x;k gSA** usr`Ro ds Hkkjh egÙo gksus ds ckotwn
m
blds rRoksa ds fo"k; esa erSD; ugha gSA
cM+s laxBuksa esa usr`Ro dks fdlh miØe ds iz;kstuksa dh izkfIr esa yksxksa dks ,d lkFk iz;kl djus ds fy,
Ku
izsfjr vkSj mRlkfgr djus ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA cukZMZ ds vuqlkj] ^ûsr`Ro O;fDr;ksa ds
O;ogkj dh xq.koÙkk dks bafxr djrk gS ftlds }kjk os yksxksa dks laxfBr iz;kl ds fy, ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA**
muds fopkj esa usr`Ro ^^rhu ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS & ¼1½ O;fDr] ¼2½ vuqpj] ,oa ¼3½ fLFkfr;k¡A** vfèkdka'kr%
ge ;g lksprs gSa fd usr`Ro dk fuekZ.k eq[;r% O;fDrxr izÑfr ds xq.kksa ls gksrk gSA ;|fi ;g igyw egRoiw.kZ
ay
gS fdarq flQZ bruk gh dkQh ugha gSA cgqr dqN vuqpjksa ds xq.k vkSj pfj= ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA gesa flQZ
;gh ugha lkspuk pkfg, fd usrk vius lewg ds fy, D;k djrk gS cfYd ;g Hkh fd lewg vius usrk ds fy,
D;k djrk gSA rhljk pj os fLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftldh i`"BHkwfe esa usr`Ro ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA feysV ds vuqlkj]
bh
^ûsr`Ro dh vfuok;Z ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jktuhfrd vkSj laLFkkxr gksrh gSaA iz'kklfud usr`Ro dh jktuhfrd
fLFkfr;ksa dk rkRi;Z gS cká jktuhfrd funsZ'ku ,oa fu;a=.k ds izfr vuqfØ;k'khy gksus dh vko';drk------
usr`Ro dh laLFkkxr fLFkfr;ksa ls gekjk vfHkizk; gS iz'kklfud ,tsalh dks okLrfod fØ;k'khy fLFkfr esa j[kus
dh vkarfjd izfØ;k dh ekaxksa ds izfr vuqfØ;k'khy gksus dh vko';drkA**
:A
dqaRt vkSj vks MkWusy usr`Ro ds rhu fofoèk mikxeksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa & VsªfVLV ¼fo'ks"krkoknh½]
flpq,'kfuLV ¼fLFkfroknh½ ,oa ,fyesaVfyLV ¼ewyoknh½A fo'ks"krkoknh mikxe us ^^vkxfed izfØ;k viuk;h
ftlesa LohÑr usrkvksa dk voyksdu fd;k x;k vkSj izR;sd dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh x.kuk dh xbZA lcksa esa ik;h
By
xbZ fo'ks"krkvksa dks vfuok;Z le>k x;k rFkk usr`Ro {kerk dks ekius ds fy, yCèk x.kuk dks ,d ekud ds :i
esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA** VSM] cukZMZ vkSj 'ksy bl mikxe ds izeq[k leFkZd gSaA fdarq bl fl)kar ds lkFk fnDdr
;g gS fd usr`Ro dh lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa dk dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA fLFkfroknh mikxe usrkvksa dh igpku djus
u
dh fofèk fodflr djus ls vfèkd lEc) gS% ^^mudk vkjEHk&fcUnq ;g ekuuk gS fd dqN rRo] tSls fd
laHkk"k.k] dq'kkxzrk] LFkkf;Ro vkSj n`<+rk] usrkvksa esa vfuok;Z :i ls gksrs gSaA nwljk dne gksrk gS fdlh
mEehnokj dks ,d lewg esa j[k nsuk vkSj ;g ns[kuk fd ijh{k.kkRed fLFkfr;ksa] ftudk fuekZ.k ;FkklEHko
kkl
;FkkFkZoknh jhfr ls gksrk gS] ds varxZr og dSlk vkpj.k djrk gSA** ewyoknh mikxe ds izoÙkZd ^ûsr`Ro
lacafèkr fo'ks"krkvksa dh ladYiukvksa dks ifj"Ñr djus] mudk usr`Ro dh lQyrk ls lg&lacaèk LFkkfir djus
,oa bl izdkj izR;sd dk ewY; fodflr djus ls lEc) gSaA** blds vfrfjDr dqN vU; Hkh gSa tks usrk ds ckjs
i z'
esa mlds vuqpjksa dk vè;;u dj tkuus dk ;Ru djrs gSaA

cukZMZ ds vuqlkj] usrk pkj eq[; dk;Z djrs gSa & (i) mís'; dk fuèkkZj.k( (ii) lkèkuksa dk ifjpkyu ;k
nksgu( (iii) fØ;kra= ds dj.kRo dk fu;a=.k( ,oa (iv) lefUor dkjZokbZ dh LFkkiukA
sd
izcUèku ij fy[kus okys yxHkx izR;sd dh viuh vyx lwph gSA bl izdkj cukZMZ dh lwph esa pkj xq.k
yk
'kkfey gSa & (i) vkst ,oa frfr{kk( (ii) fu'p;kRedrk( (iii) izR;;dkfjrk rFkk (iv) mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj ckSf)d
{kerk&budk egÙo blh Øe esa gSA
Vsjh ds vuqlkj] ;s xq.k gSa dk;Z&'kfDr] HkkoukRed LFkkf;Ro] ekuoh; lacaèkksa dk Kku] O;fDrxr
vfHkizsj.k] laizs"k.k dyk] vè;kiu ;ksX;rk] lkekftd fuiq.krk ,oa rduhdh dkS'kyA ,Iiych ds vuqlkj] ,d
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
66 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
vPNs iz'kkld esa ftEesnkfj;k¡ fuHkkus dh rRijrk gksrh gS( mlesa lrr O;fDrxr o`f) gksrh gS( og lfØ; jgrk
gS( og ,d vPNk Jksrk gksrk gS vkSj rh{.k iz'u iwNrk gS( og lHkh izdkj ds yksxksa ds lkFk lqpk: :i ls dk;Z
djrk gS( ;ksX;re izkI; vèkhuLFkksa dks j[krk gS( laLFkkxr lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS & lc dqN Lo;a djus
dh dksf'k'k ugha djrk vkSj Lo;a lc dqN tkuus dk naHk ugha Hkjrk( vfèkdkj ;k lÙkk dk iz;ksx flQZ blfy,
ar
djrk gS fd blls izHkkoksRikndrk vkrh gS] ekuks ;g mldh ,d lafpr ifjlEifÙk gS( mlesa vkRe&fo'okl
gksrk gS vkSj blfy, viuh lhekvksa vkSj Hkwyksa dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gS( og vPNs vkSj cqjs nksuksa
m
gh rjg ds lekpkjksa dks xzg.k djrk gS( vius izojksa ftruk gh vius vèkhuLFkksa dk vknj djrk gS( laLFkkxr
izn'kZu dks csgrj cukus ds fy, fujarj iz;Ru'khy jgrk gS( vkSj yksdrkaf=d ljdkjksa esa og jktuhfrd
Ku
izfØ;kvksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk vknj djrk gSA
usr`Ro dk izf'k{k.k
vc tcfd izcUèku dks ,d ^foKku* rFkk ,d is'kk ekuk tkus yxk gS rc izcUèkdksa dks izf'kf{kr djus
dh vko';drk lkoZHkkSe :i ls le>h tk jgh gSA lg lp gS fd ijaijkxr :i ls izcaèkd ,oa vfèk'kklh usrk
ay
^tUetkr* gq, gS] u fd ^cuk;s* x;s gSaA ijUrq tfVy vkSj rduhdh izÑfr ds vkèkqfud iz'kklu us ,d vfèkd
Øfed rFkk lqfu;ksftr izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks vko';d cuk fn;k gSA cukZMZ iz'kkldksa dh vko';drkvksa dk
mYys[k djrs gSa ,oa bu vko';drkvksa dks fodflr djus ds rjhds crykrs gSaA
bh
1 - O;kid fgrksa ,oa foLr`r dYiuk vkSj le> dh vko';drk % bldk varfuZos'ku iz'kkldksa dh
Lo&f'k{kk ls vuqiwfjr lkekU; f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA cukZMZ ;gk¡ rd dgrs gSa fd
mUgsa dk;kZy;ksa dk;Z ls foJke fnol ds :i esa vodk'k fn;k tk, rkfd os le;≤ ij vius Kku
:A
dks ifjekftZr djrs jgsaA
2 - izo j ckSf)d {kerk % tfVy izkS|ksfxfd;ksa ,oa fDy"V rduhdksa okys vkèkqfud fo'o dks le>us ds fy,
,d mPp laofèkZr ,oa izf'kf{kr efLr"d vfuok;Z gksrk gSA ;g i{k 'kkln lokZfèkd o'korhZ vkSipkfjd
By
f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k ds izfr gSA

3 - ekuoh; lacaèkksa dh le> % cukZMZ ds vuqlkj bl leL;k ds rhu igyw gSa % (i) euq";ksa ds xSj&rdZlaxr
O;ogkj dh le>] (ii) vke lkekftd O;oLFkk dh izÑfr dk Kku] vkSj ¼x½ dkf;d vkSj fodkl'khy
u
ra=ksa dh rjg vkSipkfjd laxBuksa dh le>A laxBu dnkfpr gh fdUgha iwoZKkr ladYiukvksa ds eqrkfcd
fufeZr gks ldrs gSa D;kasfd laxBu euq";ksa ls cus gksrs gSa tks lHkh izdkj ds O;ogkjksa ds izfr laosnu'khy
gksrs gSaA ;s lHkh rhuksa fo"k; laLFkkvksa esa vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k ds o'korhZ gksrs gSaA
kkl
4- ekuoh; fo"k;ksa esa izR ;;dkfjrk dk egÙo % Bhd gh dgk x;k gS fd iz'kklfud usr`Ro dk
lkj&rRo] [kkldj yksdrkaf=d lekt esa] vkns'k ugha vfirq izR;;dkfjrk gS ftldk vFkZ gS fe= cukus
,oa yksxksa dks izHkkfor djus dh dyk dk Kku gksukA vc ftl iz'u dk gy [kkstuk gS og gS iz'kkldksa
i z'
dks dSls f'kf{kr ,oa izf'kf{k.k fd;k tk;sA cukZMZ bl lacaèk esa Kku vkSj dkS'ky ds eè; Hksn djrs gSa ,oa
dkS'ky dks vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSa ;g vo'; Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd usr`Ro dh dbZ fo'ks"krk,¡ ,slh
gSa tks vkSipkfjd izf'k{k.k ls ugha izkIr gks ldrhaA os ;k rks [kksth tk ldrh gSa ;k vuqHko ls feyrh
sd
gSaA
yk
la{ksi esa] p;u dh mfpr fofèk] vkSipkfjd f'k{kk] izf'k{k.k ,oa vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd vuqHko bu
lcksa dh vkèkqfud lekt esa usr`Ro ds vko';d xq.kksa dks iSnk djus ds fy, vko';drk gksxhA
tkWt Z vkj- VSjh ds vuqlkj & ^ûsr`Ro og fØ;k gS ftlds ekè;e ls dksbZ O;fDr] mís';ksa ds fy,
O;fDr;ksa dks LosPNk ls dk;Z djus gsrq mUgsa izHkkfor djrk gSA**
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 67
fyfoax LVksu ds 'kCnksa esa & ^ûsr`Ro] vU; yksxksa esa fdlh lkekU; mís'; dk vuqdj.k djus dh bPNk
dks tkx`r djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA**
dw.V~t ,oa vks ^Mksusy ds vuqlkj & ^^fdlh y{; dh izkfIr gsrq lUns'kokgd ds ekè;e }kjk
ar
O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk usr`Ro dgykrh gSA**
vkMZo s VhM ds vuqlkj & ^ûsr`Ro] xq.kksa dk og la;kstu gS ftuds gksus ls dksbZ usrk] vuq;kf;;ksa ls
dqN djokus ds ;ksX; gksrk gS D;kasfd usrk ds izHkko ls gh vuq;k;h dqN djus dks rRij gksrs gSaA**
m
lsDyj&gMlu ds usr`Ro dks & ^^fdlh m|e ds mís';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq leku iz;Ru }kjk O;fDr;ksa dks
izsfjr rFkk izHkkfor djus ds :i esa** ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA
Ku
psLVj cukZMZ ds vuqlkj & ^ûsr`Ro] O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj dks mÙkerk dh vksj funsZf'kr djrk gS ftlds
}kjk os fdlh laxfBr iz;Ru esa layXu yksxksa ;k mudh fØ;kvksa dk ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA** cukZMZ ds vuqlkj usr`Ro
rhu ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS &
ay
 O;fDr ¼usrk½
 vuq;k;h
 ifjfLFkfr;k¡
bh
bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ,d ;ksX;rk gS] ifjfLFkfro'k ;k tkucw>dj izkIr fLFkfr ,oa
Hkwfedk gS ftlds ekè;e ls ,d O;fDr vius vuq;kf;;ksa ;k vèkhuLFkksa dks fdUgha lkekU; mís';ksa dh izkfIr
gsrq izsfjr ,oa ekxZnf'kZr djrk gSA usr`Ro ds lEcUèk esa O;kIr Hkzkafr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ;g dgk tkrk gS
:A
fd mu vk;keksa dks Hkh le> ysuk vko';d gS] ftuds }kjk ;g irk pyrk gS fd usr`Ro D;k ugha gSA
1- usr`Ro dk vk'k; Hk; ls ugha gSA usrk og gS tks vuq;kf;;ksa esa vkRefo'okl tkx`r dj lEeku rFkk gh
Hk; vuqHko djsa] fdarq og Hk; ?kkrd ugha gksA
By
2- dsoy vkKk ;k vkns'k nsuk gh usr`Ro ugah gS cfYd vkKk] usr`Ro dh vko';d fØ;k gSA O;fDr dks vkKk,¡
rks izfrfnu cgqr ls LFkkuksa ls feyrh gSaA
3- laxBu ;k lewg esa mPp in rFkk lÙkk izkIr djuk ek= usr`Ro ugha dgyk ldrk gSA cgqèkk ,slk Hkh gksrk
u
gS tc O;fDr rqyukRed :i esa de lÙkk ;k izfLFkfr izkIr vfèkdkjh dh ckrsa vfèkd ekurs gSa] ,oa lEeku
Hkh nsrs gSaA
4- dsoy dfj'ek djuk ;k mPp Lrjh; 'kkjhfjd&ekufld {kerk,¡ j[kuk Hkh usr`Ro ugha gS cfYd cqf)]
kkl
rkdr] izHkkfor djus dh {kerk rFkk vkstLoh O;fDrRo] ,d vPNs usrk ds fy, vfrfjDr xq.k Hkj gSaA
5- yksdfiz;rk dks usr`Ro dk i;kZ; ugha dgk tk ldrk gS] D;kasfd dbZ ckj yksdfiz;rk O;fDr dh fLFkfr
i z'
rFkk {kerk ds lkFk&lkFk vuq;kf;;ksa dh ekufldrk ls tqM+h gqbZ gksrh gSA izR;sd yksdfiz; O;fDr usr`Ro
ds ;ksX; gks] ;g Hkh vko';d ugha gSA
6- dsoy izHkko dks Hkh ge usr`Ro ugha dg ldrs gSa] D;ksafd izHkko 'kCn rFkk bldh okLrfodrk ds nk;jsa
esa ,sls O;fDr;ksa dk izHkko Hkh vk tkrk gS tks usrk ugha gSaA
sd
yk
esjh ikdZj QkWysV viuh iqLrd ^n U;w LVsV* esa fy[krh gSa & ^^vc gesa bl ckr ij de cy nsuk pkfg,
fd usrk] vius lewg dks izHkkfor djrk gS cfYd vc bl fn'kk esa lkspuk pkfg, fd usrk dks lewg izHkkfor
djrk gSA ,d&nwljs dks izHkkfor djus dh ;g izfØ;k nksuksa vksj ls pyrh gSA tc rd ;g izokg fujarj pyrk
gS rc rd usr`Ro Hkh izHkko'kkyh jgrk gS] vU;Fkk izHkko'kkyh usr`Ro lekIr gks tkrk gS] vr% usr`Ro dks le>us
Ph. : 9650682121
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j
ds fy, gesa ;gh ugha lkspuk pkfg, fd usrk] lewg ds fy, D;k djrk gS cfYd ;g Hkh lkspuk gS fd lewg]
usrk ds izfr D;k djrk gSA** feysV ds vuqlkj & ^ûsr`Ro izk;% ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj curk ;k fcxM+rk
gSA** feysV us usr`Ro dh nks vko';d ifjfLFkfr;k¡ crk;h gSa &
ar
 jktuhfrd
 laLFkkxr
m
jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls rkRi;Z iz'kklu ds ckgjh jktuhfrd ifjn`'; rFkk fu;a=.k iz.kkyh ls gS tks
usr`Ro dks O;kid :i ls izHkkfor djrh gS tcfd laLFkkxr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fdlh laxBu dh vkarfjd
lapkyukRed xfrfofèk;ksa ,oa vko';drkvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSaA blhfy, tkWu Mh- Xykso j dgrs gSa fd &
Ku
^^vfèkdrj iz'kklfud laxBu] vU; fdlh dkj.k dh vis{kk nqcZy usr`Ro ds dkj.k gh foQy gq, gSaA** blfy,
fo}kuksa dk lq>ko gS fd usr`Ro ds Øe esa pkj fcUnqvksa ij vfèkd è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, &
1- og iz.kkyh ;k fof/k ftlds }kjk yksx usr`Ro dks xzg.k djrs gSaA
ay
2- vuq;kf;;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh izfØ;kA
3- ,sls y{;ksa dh izÑfr dk fo'ys"k.k ftUgsa yksx okafNr le>rs gSaA
4- dk;Z ds nkSjku usrk }kjk iznf'kZr xq.kksa ij fopkjA
usr`Ro dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Leadership)
bh
usr`Ro ds izeq[k y{k.kksa rFkk fo'ks"krkvksa dks bl izdkj fo'ysf"kr dj ldrs gSa &
:A
1- usr`Ro esa vuq;kf;;ksa dk gksuk izeq[kr% vko';d gS D;ksafd usr`Ro vuq;kf;;ksa ;k leFkZdksa ;k
vèkhuLFkksa dk gh fd;k tkrk gSA fcuk lewg ds uk;d dh dYiuk dSls dh tk ldrh gS\
2- usr`Ro] fdlh lkekU; y{; ;k mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, laxfBr yksxksa dk fd;k tkrk gSA fcuk
By
y{; ;k mís'; u rks dksbZ laxBu curk gS vkSj u gh mlesa usr`Ro gks ldrk gSA
3- usr`Ro esa vuq;kf;;ksa ds vkpj.k ,oa O;ogkj dks izHkkfor fdk; tkrk gSA blds ekè;e ls
vuq;kf;;ksa ij usrk dk ,d izHkko iM+rk gSA usrk dk O;ogkj ,oa vkpj.k vius vki esa ,d vkn'kZ
gksrk gSA
u
4- ;g ,d xfr'khy izfØ;k gS vFkkZr~ laxBu esa usr`Ro lnSo fo|eku jgrk gSA laxBu ds fuekZ.k
ls ysdj laxBu ds var rd usr`Ro lrr~ :i ls fo|eku jgrk gSA gk¡] ;g gks ldrk gS fd usrk
kkl
ifjofrZr gksrs jgsaA

5- fØ;k'khy lEcUèkksa ds :i esa] usrk&vuq;k;h lEcUèkksa dk gksuk usr`Ro esa lnSo vko';d gS vFkkZr~
nksuksa vksj ls izHkko Mkyus ,oa izHkkfor gksus rFkk ysus&nsus dh izfØ;k gh usr`Ro dh fØ;k'khyrk
i z'
dks cuk, j[krh gSA

6- usr`Ro ds fy, ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gS] D;kasfd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gh vko';drkvksa]
fgrksa] nckoksa rFkk ifjorZuksa dks tUe nsrh gSa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh usr`Ro dk ijh{k.k gksrk gSA
sd
7- usr`Ro lkekU; mís'; dh izkfIr ;k fgr iwfrZ ds fy, usrk }kjk iznÙk izsj.kk rFkk lewg ds iz;Ruksa
yk
dk lkewfgd ;k ,dhÑr ifj.kke gSA

8- ;|fi iz'kklfud laxBuksa esa inlksikukRed n`f"V ls mPpre izcUèkd gh usrk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gS rFkkfi ;g Hkh lR; gS fd lHkh mPpre izcUèkd usrk ugha dgyk ldrs gSa cfYd usr`Ro ls
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 69
lEcfUèkr vko';d ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk usr`Ro dk vkRecksèk dk gksuk vko';d gS D;ksafd laxBu esa
vèkhuLFkksa dh LohÑfr rFkk lg;ksx Hkh usr`Ro dk vko';d Hkkx gSA
9- iz'kklfud laxBuksa esa usr`Ro] lÙkk] fu.kZ;u] vfHkizsj.kk] fu;a=.k] lapkj rFkk leUo; tSlh
ar
vko';d izfØ;kvksa ls varjlEcfUèkr voèkkj.kk gS ftls bu iz'kklfud ÑR;ksa ls i`Fkd~ djds
fo'ysf"kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
usrk dh usr`Ro dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa dk;Z
m
(Utility and Functions of Leader and Leadership)
Ku
fdlh Hkh laxBu dks ,d larqfyr Lo:i nsus] mlds mís';ksa dh dq'kyrkiwoZd izkfIr lqfuf'pr djus]
dkfeZdksa dk lg;ksx ,oa larqf"V cuk, j[kus rFkk laxBukRed izHkko'khyrk dk Lrj mPp j[kus ds fy, vPNs
usr`Ro ls c<+dj vU; dksbZ mik; ugha gSA ?kj&ifjokj] egkfo|ky; rFkk ljdkj lapkyu ls ysdj ;q) yM+us
,d usr`Ro dk egÙo Lo;afl) gSA vkSipkfjd :i ls jk"Vª dh eq[; dk;Zikfydk tSls Hkkjr esa iz/kkuea=h]
ay
jkT;ask esa eq[;ea=h] ftys dk ftyk dyDVj rFk dkWyst dk izkpk;Z vius&vius Lrj ij usrk gSaA nqHkkZX; ls
Hkkjr esa ûsrk* 'kCn 'osr oL= igus Hkz"V rFkk ukdkjk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;qDr gksus yx x;k gS tcfd usrk
dk vk'k; ml O;fDr ls gS tks fdlh lewg dks ekxZn'kZu] izsj.kk rFkk ,drk iznku djrk gS rkfd leku fgrksa
bh
,oa mís';ksa dh izkfIr lEHko gks ldsA usr`Ro dh mi;ksfxrk nks n`f"Vdks.kksa ls le>h tk ldrh gSA udkjkRed
n`f"Vdks.k ds varxZr ge ;g eku ldrs gSa fd usr`Ro ds }kjk laxBu esa vuq'kklughurk] la?k"kZ] lg;ksx]
fc[kjko rFkk leUo; dh leL;k ls eqfDr ik;h tk ldrh gS rks ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ds vk/kkj ij dgk
tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ds }kjk laxBu esa lg;ksx] fu;a=.k] leUo;] lapkj] vfHkizsj.kk rFkk vuq'kklu dh
:A
LFkkiuk gksrh gSA laxBu esa usrk dh fLFkfr dks nks ljy mnkgj.kksa ls le> ldrs gSa &
1- laxBu esa usrk dh fLFkfr oSlh gh gS] tSls fd euq"; ds gkFk esa v¡xwBs dh gSA v¡xwBk vFkkZr~ gkFk
uked laxBu dk usrk] lHkh vaxqfy;ksa vFkkZr~ vèkhuLFkksa ¼vuq;kf;;ksa½ esa loksZPp gS] og lHkh ls
By
lhèks lEidZ dj ldrk gS rFkk lkewfgd :i ls cUn eqV~Bh ds :i esa l'kDr fl) gksrk gSA fot;
dk lsgjk usrk ds flj caèkrk gS rFkk ckgj ls og vuq;kf;;ksa dks laj{k.k nsrk gSA
2- laxBu esa usrk dh nwljh fLFkfr 'kwU; ^0* la[;k tSlh gSA xf.kr esa 'kwU; dh viuh dksbZ 'kfDr
u
ugha gksrh gS ysfdu nwljh la[;kvksa ds lkFk feydj 'kwU; dbZ izdkj ds ifj.kke nsrh gSA nl ds
vkxs 'kwU; tksM+us ls lkS cu tkrk gS rks nwljh vksj fdlh Hkh la[;k dks 'kwU; ls xq.kk djus ij
mÙkj 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ laxBu esa vkxs jgdj usrk peRdkfjd 'kfDr iznf'kZr dj ldrk
kkl
gS tcfd usrk ,oa lewg dk la?k"kZ lHkh dqN u"V dj nsrk gSA
psLVj cukZMZ ds vuqlkj usrk pkj eq[; dk;Z djrk gSA mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k( dk;Z ds lkèkuksa ij fu;a=.k(
lkèkuksa dk izcUèk rFkk lefUor fØ;kvksa dks thoar j[kuk (Stimulation) vkfn usrk ds pkj dk;Z gSaA usr`Ro ds
i z'
dk;ks± dks vyx&vyx fo}kuksa us vius&vius n`f"Vdks.k ls of.kZr fd;k gSA fgDl rFkk xqysV us usrk ds vkB
egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z crk, gSa &
1- fu.kZ; nsuk
sd
2- lq>ko nsuk
yk
3- mís'; lkeus j[kuk

4- mRizsjd dk dk;Z djuk
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j
5- lqj{kk iznku djuk
6- izfrfufèkRo djuk
7- vfHkizsj.kk iznku djuk
ar
8- iz'kalk djukA
MkYVu bZ- eSDiQkjyS.M us usrk ds lkr dk;Z crk, gSa &
m
1- lewg ds y{;ksa dk fuèkkZj.k djuk
2- ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djuk
Ku
3- uhfr rFkk dk;Zfofèk dk fuèkkZj.k djuk
4- vèkhuLFkksa dk ekxZn'kZu djuk
5- dq'ky dkfeZdksa dk lewg cukuk rFkk mUgsa laj{k.k nsuk
ay
6- vèkhuLFkksa ds O;ogkj dk mudh miyfCèk;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ewY;kadu djuk
7- vuq;kf;;ksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ iznku djukA
ukjeSu ,Q- ok'kcuZ us usrk ds vkB dk;Z egÙoiw.kZ ekus gSa &
1- fØ;kvksa dk lw=ikr djuk
2- vkns'k nsuk
bh
:A
3- lewg ds lapkj ra= dk iz;ksx djuk
4- vius lewg ds fu;eksa ,oa ijEijkvksa dks tkuuk ,oa mudk ikyu djuk
5- vuq'kklu cuk, j[kuk
By
6- vèkhuLFkksa dks lquuk

7- vèkhuLFkksa dh vkko';drkvksa ds izfr lpsr jguk
8- vèkhuLFkksa dh lgk;rk djukA
u
esjh ikdZj QkWysV us usrk ds rhu dk;Z crk, gSa &

1- leUo; djuk
kkl
2- mís';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk

3- iwokZuqeku yxkukA
i z'
lkjka'kr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro djus okys O;fDr dks fuEukafdr dk;Z djus iM+rs gSa&
1- uhfr;ksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dks fu;ksftr rFkk ikfjHkkf"kr djuk
2- lHkh vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks laxfBr djuk
sd
3- vf/kdkj ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djuk

yk
4- okafNr y{; izkfIr gsrq fu;a=.k djuk

5- lewg ds dk;ks± dk i;Zos{k.k djuk
6- lkekU; vkns'k nsuk] fn'kk&funsZ'k nsuk
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7- uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa dh O;k[;k dj mUgsa yksxksa rd igq¡pkuk

8- dk;Zdkjh drZO;ksa dks foHkDr ¼izR;k;ksftr½ djus ds fy, izeq[k lgk;dksa dks izf'kf{kr djuk
9- leUo; djuk
ar
10- ifjJe rFkk ;ksxnku nsus okys lHkh dkfeZdksa dks izsfjr djuk rFkk muesa mRlkg dk lapkj djuk
11- vèkhuLFkksa dh leL;k,¡ tkuuk ,oa mudk lek/kku djuk
m
12- lg;ksx ysuk ,oa nsuk
13- laxBu ds izfr fu"Bk ,oa leiZ.k dh Hkkouk mRiUu djuk
Ku
14- ,d ^vkn'kZ* ds :i esa vuq;kf;;ksa ds fnyksa esa mifLFkr jgukA
mi;qZDr of.kZr dk;ks± dks usrk vius vèkhuLFkksa vFkok vuq;kf;;ksa ds lkFk laxBu esa iwjk djrk gS rFkk
bl izdkj usr`Ro dh izfØ;k iw.kZ gksrh gSA usr`Ro lEcUèkh dk;ks± dks vatke nsrs le; usrk dks dbZ Hkwfedkvksa]
;Fkk & ,d dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh ¼eq[; dk;Zikfydk½] ,d f'k{kd] ,d fu;a=.kdrkZ rFkk ,d vkn'kZ O;fDr
ay
ds :i esa fuoZgu djuk iM+rk gSA ,d dk;Zdkjh ¼vfèk'kklh½ vfèkdkjh ds :i esa usrk dk izeq[k drZO; dqN
foHkkxksa o mudh bdkb;ksa dks funsZ'ku djuk gSA dk;Z&foHkktu] lÙkk dk izR;k;kstu] mís';ksa dk fuèkkZj.k]
fua;=.k izfØ;k dh LFkkiuk] fu;kstu] fu.kZ;u] leUo;] leL;kvksa dk iwokZuqeku yxkuk] vuq'kklu LFkkiuk
bh
rFkk vuq;kf;;ksa dks izsj.kk iznku djuk eq[; ÑR; gSaA usrk dh nwljh Hkwfedk ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa gksrh gSA
,d vPNk usrk] vPNk f'k{kd gksrk gS rFkk vPNk f'k{kd dHkh Hkh ^ckWl * tSl k O;ogkj ugha djrk
gSA f'k{kd] ,d ekxZn'kZd] izsjd] vkn'kZ rFkk vfHkHkkod gksrk gSA og f'k{kkFkhZ esa ;g Hkkouk mRiUu djrk gS
:A
fd mldk dk;Z egÙoiw.kZ gS rFkk lh[kus dh izfØ;k ls gh iw.kZrk izkIr gksrh gSA pw¡fd lh[kuk ,d èkheh izfØ;k
gS] vr% usrk dks /kS;Z ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A blh izdkj vuq;k;h vius usrk ds O;ogkj dks cgqr xkSj ls ns[krs
,oa le>rs gSaA vr% usrk dh ,d vkn'kZ O;fDr dh Hkwfedk esa Lo;a dks larqfyr ekuo cukus dk iz;kl djuk
By
pkfg,A
lkjka'kr% usr`RodrkZ dh Hkwfedk dks bl izdkj of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS &
 izfrfuf/k dh Hkwfedk
u
 la?k"kks± dk lek/kkudrkZ
 vk?kkrksa dk lgudrkZ (Shock Absorption)
kkl
 vkn'kZ izfreku
 y{; fuèkkZj.kdrkZ
 leUo;drkZ
i z'
 i;Zos{kd
 iqjLdkj ,oa n.M iznkudrkZ
 Hkys&cqjs dk HksndrkZ (Conscience Keeper)
sd
yk
QkLV dEiuh ds VkWe ihVlZ dk dguk gS & ^ûsrk] vuq;kf;;ksa dk fuekZ.k ugha djrs cfYd os vkSj usrkvksa
dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA**
oLrqr% usr`RodrkZ] laxBu ;k lewg esa mRlkg rFkk lkgl mRiUu djus okyk gksrk gS] fdarq Lo;a dq.Bkvkas
ls f?kj tkrk gSA og lewg dh leLr fpUrkvksa dks vius daèkksa ij gksrk gS] D;ksafd gj dksbZ mlds lkeus viuk
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nq[kM+k jksrk gSA foMEcuk ;g gS fd usrk viuh ihM+k fdlh ls ugha dg ldrk gS vkSj mls dguh Hkh ugha pkfg,A
og loksZPp gksrk gS] vr% mls nwj rd cM+k fn[krk gS] fdarq lkQ ugha fn[krk gSA ,d vPNs usrk dks Lo;a ds
vfLrRo] O;fDrRo rFkk usrk dh Hkwfedk ds eè; varj djuk pkfg,A usrk dks vius vuq;kf;;ksa ;k vèkhuLFkksa
ds daèkksa ij [kM+k gksuk pkfg, u fd muds fxjs gq, 'kjhjksa ijA ;fn usrk Lo;a Åij mBuk pkgrk gS rks ;g Hkh
ar
vko';d gS fd mlds laxBu dh uhoa vFkkZr~ vèkhuLFk igys Åij mBsaA usrk dk dn rks Lor% gh cM+k gks
tk,xkA
m
usr`Ro dh izfofèk;k¡
(Techniques of Leadership)
Ku
fuLlansg usr`Ro ,d tfVy rFkk egÙoiw.kZ iz'kklfud izfØ;k gS] ftls fuEukafdr rduhdksa ;k izfofèk;ksa
}kjk iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS &
1- usr`Ro&dk;Z ds lQy fu"iknu dk loZJs"B rjhdk lg;ksx izkfIr dk gSA vuq;kf;;ksa ls lg;ksx
ay
izkIr djus ls iwoZ ;g vko';d gS fd usr`RodrkZ Lo;a lg;ksx ,oa lEcy iznku djus dks mRlqd
gks] D;ksafd esjh ikdZj QkWysV ds vuqlkj usr`Ro ,d o`Ùkkdkj ?kweus okyh izfØ;k gSA
2- vkns'k nsuk ;k lÙkk dk iz;ksx djuk] usr`Ro dh fo'ks"kr% iz'kklfud laxBuksa ds usr`Ro dh ,d
bh
izpfyr izfofèk gSA pw¡fd usrk laxBu ds 'kh"kZ ij gksrk gS] vr% lÙkk dk og lokZfèkd iz;ksx djrk
gS] D;kasfd mlds mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh lokZf/kd gksrs gSaA
3- fu.kZ;u Hkh usr`Ro dk ,d egRoiw.kZ rFkk izHkkoh rjhdk gSA vPNs] Rofjr] rkfdZd rFkk O;kogkfjd
:A
fu.kZ;ksa esa usr`Ro dk;Z ljy gks tkrk gSA
4- leUo; ds }kjk u dsoy fc[kjh gqbZ xfrfofèk;k¡ ,dhÑr dh tk ldrh gSa] cfYd blls usr`Ro dk;Z
Hkh fu"ikfnr gksrk gSA
By
5- laxBu dh O;oLFkk] fu;eksa] dk;Z&iz.kkfy;ksa] vkpkj lafgrk rFkk ijEijkvksa dh ikyuk lqfuf'pr
djkds LFkkfir fd;k tkus okyk vuq'kklu usr`Ro dh izHkkoh izfofèk fl) gksrk gSA
6- vuq;kf;;ksa ;k vèkhuLFkksa esa izsj.kk rFkk eukscy c<+kdj usr`Ro dh vkèkh leL;k,¡ gy dh tk
u
ldrh gSaA okLro esa usr`Ro dk lokZfèkd izHkkoh i{k vuq;kf;;ksa esa vkRecy rFkk fo'okl dh
vfHko`f) gh gSA
7- usr`RodrkZ }kjk LFkkfir mPp vkn'kZ rFkk O;ogkj vius vki esa usr`Ro dh vizR;{k izfof/k cu tkrk
kkl
gSA
usrkvksa ¼usr`RodrkZvksa½ ds izdkj ;k usr`Ro dh 'kSfy;k¡
i z'
(Leadership Styles)
usr`RodrkZvksa ds vkpj.k ds vkèkkj ij usr`Ro dh rhu 'kSfy;k¡ lokZfèkd mYys[kuh; gSa &
1- yksdrkaf=d usr`Ro 'kSyh
sd
bls ^lgHkkfxrk 'kSyh* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds usr`Ro esa laxBu ds y{;ksa rFkk mís';ksa dh izkfIr
yk
ds Øe esa vèkhuLFkksa dk i;kZIr lg;ksx fy;k tkrk gSA fu.kZ; esa usrk rFkk vèkhuLFk feydj Hkwfedk fuokZfgr
djrs gSaA usrk vafre fu.kZ; ugha djrk gS cfYd fodYi lq>krk gSA lewg ds lnL;ksa dks Lora=rk izkIr jgrh
gSA usrk ;g fo'okl djrk gS fd vèkhuLFkksa esa {kerk,¡ gSaA lHkh dk vknj gksrk gS rFkk ruko ,oa la?k"kZ ugha
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ik;s tkrs gSaA laxBu esa ikjnf'kZrk dks viuk;k tkrk gSA vkykspuk ;k iz'kalk ds lEcUèk esa usrk izk;% rVLFk
jgrk gSA ;|fi bl lgHkkfxrk 'kSyh ls eukscy ,oa larqf"V c<+rh gS] fdarq nks"k ;g gS fd bl izdkj ds usr`Ro
esa fu.kZ; nsjh ls gks ikrs gSa rFkk xq.koÙkk dh deh cuh jgrh gSA
ar
2- fujadq'k ;k ,dra=h; usr`Ro 'kSyh
;g yksdrkaf=d 'kSyh ls ,dne fHkUu gSA blesa ,drjQk ¼Åij ls uhps½ lapkj gksrk gS D;ksafd fu.kZ;u
m
esa usrk vèkhuLFkksa ls ijke'kZ ugha ysrk gSA og dsoy uhfr] fu.kZ;] vkns'k rFkk ekxZn'kZu fuèkkZfjr djrk gS rFkk
Lo;a gh ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA laxBu esa vU; lHkh dks fcuk dksbZ loky mBk, dsoy usrk ds vkns'k ekuus
iM+rs gSaA ,slk usrk] lewg ls i`Fkd~ rFkk Lo;a dks Js"B le>rs gSa rFkk mUgsa vèkhuLFkksa dh {kerkvksa ij fo'okl
Ku
ugha jgrk gSA bl 'kSyh esa usrk ds O;ogkj ;k fu.kZ; dk iwokZuqeku yxkuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA ;g 'kSyh
vèkhuLFkksa ds fy, d"nnk;h gksrh gS] vlarks"k dks tUe nsrh gS rFkk y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa dkfeZd&mnklhurk dks
tUe nsrh gS rFkkfi ,dra=h; usr`Ro'kSyh ls fu.kZ; 'kh?kz gks tkrs gSaA
3- vgLr{ksioknh (Laissez faire) usr`Ro 'kSyh
ay
tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS] bl izdkj ds usr`Ro esa usrk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha djrk gSA fu.kZ; ysus esa usrk
dh lgHkkfxrk cgqr deh gksrh gSA vèkhuLFk Lo;a dh izsj.kk ls gh dk;Z djrs gSa rFkk mUgsa iw.kZ Lora=rk izkIr
bh
jgrh gSA laxBu dk dk;Zdj.k ,dhÑr ugha jgrk gSA bl 'kSyh esa usrk Lo;a lewg ds ,d lnL; tSlh gh
Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] usrk tSlh ugha gSA ;g 'kSyh dsoy vjktdrk] vO;oLFkk] fujk'kk rFkk vuq'kklughurk
dks tUe nsrh gSA
:A
usr`Ro ds vU; izdkj
4- ukSdj'kkghuqek usr `R o
iz'kkflud laxBuksa] fo'ks"kr% fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds ljdkjh ra= esa bl izdkj dk usr`Ro ik;k tkrk gSA
By
usrk viuh fuèkkZfjr laxBukRed infLFkfr dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] vkSipkfjd O;ogkj djrk gS rFkk O;fDrxr
usrk dk :i /kkj.k fd, jgrk gSA dkuwu] fu;eksa rFkk izfØ;kvksa ls eksg j[kus okys bl izdkj ds usrk nSufUnu
dk;ks± dks egÙo nsrs gSaA ,slk usrk ofj"B vfèkdkfj;ksa dh [kq'kken rFkk vèkhuLFkksa dh mis{kk djrk gSA Li"V
gS vèkhuLFk] ,sls usrk ls dkuwuu tqM+s jgrs gSa] vU;Fkk vèkhuLFkksa esa usrk ds izfr voKk ,oa mnklhurk dk Hkko
u
jgrk gSA
5- dwVuhfrd usr`Ro
kkl
bl izdkj dk usr`Ro izk;% fons'k foHkkx] izfrfuf/k e.Myksa rFkk cM+s miØeksa ds O;kikfjd lEcUèkksa esa ik;k
tkrk gSA usrk dk LoHkko dwVuhfr;ksa (Diplomats) tSlk gks tkrk gSA dwVuhfrK dh ifjHkk"kk ;g nh tkrh gS
& ^^tc ,d dwVuhfrK dgrk gS] ^gk¡*] rks bldk eryc gksrk gS] ^'kk;n*( tc dwVuhfrK dgrk gS] ^'kk;n*]
i z'
rks bldk vFkZ gksrk gS] ûgha* vkSj ;fn og dwVuhfrK gS rks vius eq¡g ls ûgha* dHkh dgsxk ughaA** vr%
dwVuhfrK 'kSyh ds usr`RodrkZ fodkl dk;ks± ds laxBuksa esa loZFkk vuqi;qZDr fl) gksrs gSaA bl izdkj dk usrk
voljoknh rFkk 'kks"k.kdrkZ ekuk tkrk gSA mls vèkhuLFkksa ij fo'okl ugha gksrk gSA
sd
6- fo'ks" kK&usr `R o
yk
bl izdkj dk usr`Ro vktdy c<+k gSA laxBuksa esa dk;Zjr fo'ks"kK ;k rduhdh {ks= ds tkudkj O;fDr
tc usrk dh fLFkfr esa vkrs gSa rks os dsoy vius fof'k"V {ks= ds lEcUèk esa gh lksprs ,oa dk;Z djrs gSaA ;|fi
og {ks= ls lacafèkr lg;ksfx;ksa ;k vèkhuLFkksa esa yksdfiz; gksrk gS rFkk lg;ksxkRed O;ogkj djrk gS] fdarq
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vèkhuLFk ifjorZu ds fo:) gksrs gSaA
usrk rFkk usr`Ro ds vU; dbZ izdkj vkSj Hkh gSa tks fHkUu&fHkUu vkèkkjksa ij oxhZÑr fd, x, gSaA mnkgj.k
ds fy, jpukRed usrk] fo'oklizsjd usrk] laLFkkRed usrk] O;fDrxr usrk] vO;fDrxr usrk] dk;kZRed usrk]
ar
iSr`d usrk] vkSipkfjd usrk rFkk vukSipkfjd usrk bR;kfn izeq[k gSA QkWysV us usr`Ro ds rhu izdkj & in
ls mitk usr`Ro] O;fDrRo ls mitk usr`Ro rFkk dk;Z ls mitk usr`Ro crk;s gSaA
usr`Ro dk ;g oxhZdj.k fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk bl izdkj fd;k x;k gS &
m
fo}ku dk uke usr`Ro ds crk, x, izdkj
Ku
vYQkWMZ ,oa chVh 1- ckSf)d usrk (Intellectual Leader)
2- laLFkkRed usrk (Institutional Leader)
3- tura=h; usrk (Democratic Leader)
ay
4- rkuk'kkg usrk (Autocratic Leader)
5- fo'oklizsjd usrk (Persuasive Leader)
6- jpukRed usrk (Creative Leader)
tkWt Z vkj- VSjh 1-
2-
bh
O;fDrxr usr`Ro (Personal Leadership)
vO;fDrxr usr`Ro (Impersonal Leadership)
:A
3- fujadq'k usr`Ro (Authoritarian Leadership)
4- tura=h; usr`Ro (Democratic Leadership)
5- ns'kh usr`Ro (Indigenous Leadership)
By
6- iSr`d usr`Ro (Paternalistic Leadership)

vkWj su ;wf jl 1- lHkh rF;ksa dks tkuus okyk usrk (Master of Details)
2- leUo; djus okyk usrk (Co-ordinator)
u
3- leL;k lqy>kus okyk usrk (Problem Solver)

4- tuksUeq[kh usrk (People Minded)
kkl
5- y{;ksUeq[kh usrk (Target Minded)

fØl vkfxZf jl 1- funs'kkRed usrk (Directive Leader)
i z'
2- vuqefrcks/kd usrk (Permissive Leader)

3- lgHkkxh usrk (Participative Leader)
jkWc VZ gkml 1- funs'kkRed usr`Ro (Directive Leadership)
sd
yk
2- ennxkj usr`Ro (Supportive Leadership)

3- lgHkkxh usr`Ro (Participative Leadership)
4- miyfCèk mUeq[k usr`Ro (Achievement Oriented Leadership)
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ewus ,oa jSyh 1- ukeek= ds usrk (Titular Leaders)

2- fu;a=d (controllers)
3- lPps laxBuoknh (True Organizers)
ar
vPNs usrk ds xq.k (Qualities of a Good Leader)
m
laxBu ds 'kh"kZ ij usr`RodrkZ O;fDr esa LokHkkfod :i ls dfri; ,sls fof'k"V xq.k gksus pkfg,] tks
vuq;kf;;ksa ;k lg;ksxh lnL;ksa dks izHkkfor dj ldsaA okLro esa usr`Ro esa îzHkko* 'kCn cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS]
D;ksafd izHkko ds }kjk gh vuq;kf;;ksa dks laxBu ds y{; dh vksj izsfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blhfy, dgk
Ku
tkrk gS fd usrk dks ^,d vkn'kZ O;fDr* tSls xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A ;|fi loZxq.k lEiUu O;fDr dk
feyuk vlEHko gS vkSj u gh dksbZ O;fDr leLr mRÑ"V xq.kkas dk vius vanj fodkl dj ldrk gS rFkkfi usrk
dks vke vkneh ;k laxBu ds vèkhuLFk O;fDr;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ifjiDo] ifjJeh] lkglh rFkk ekuohk;
gksuk pkfg,A
ay
psLVj cukZMZ ds vuqlkj usrk esa pkj xq.k vfr vko';d gSa &
1- thou 'kfDr rFkk lgu'khyrk
2- fu.kZ; dh {kerk
3- izksRlkfgr djus ¼fo'okl iSnk djus½ dh {kerk
4- mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa ckSf)d fodklA
bh
:A
feysV us vPNs usrk esa vkB xq.k vko';d ekus gSa &
1- vPNk LokLF;
2- dk;Z djus dh bPNk
By
3- nwljs yksxksa esa :fp ysuk

4- cqf)erk
u
5- bZekunkjh
6- fo'okl iSnk djus dh {kerk
7- fu.kZ;&'kfDr
kkl
8- fu"BkA
VSjh ds vuqlkj usr`Ro dks fuEukafdr xq.k pkfg, &
i z'
1- dk;Z'kfDr
2- HkkoukRed LFkkf;Ro
3- ekuo&lEcUèkksa dk Kku
sd
4- O;fDrxr mRizsj.kk
yk
5- lapkj&dkS'ky
6- f'k{kk nsus dh ;ksX;rk
Ph. : 9650682121
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76 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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7- lkekftd dkS'ky
8- fofèkd n{krkA
vkMZo s VhM us vPNs usrk esa nl xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d ekuk gS &
ar
1- 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld ÅtkZ
2- mís'; ,oa funsZ'ku dh Hkkouk
m
3- mRlkg
4- eS=hHkko ,oa Lusg
Ku
5- rduhdh n`f"V ls fuiq.krk
6- ckSf)d Kku
7- pkfjf=d cy
ay
8- f'k{k.k&dkS'ky
9- fu.kZ;&{kerk
10- fo'oklA
bh
mjfod us usr`Ro ds fy, LokLF; ;k 'kkjhfjd {kerk( le>nkjh ,oa ekufld 'kfDr( uSfrdrk( lekurk
rFkk izcUèkdh; ;ksX;rk dks vko';d ekuk gS tcfd gsujh Qs;ksy us vPNs LokLF;] ekufld larqyu]
uSfrdrk] lkekU; f'k{kk] rduhdh Kku rFkk izcUèkdh; ;ksX;rk dks lQy usr`Ro ds fy, vfuok;Z ,oa ewyHkwr
:A
xq.k crk;k gSA ihVjlu rFkk IykseSu us usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gSA izFkeHkkx esa
'kkjhfjd xq.k] rFkk & LoLFk fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk] ekufld larqyu] xzkárk] rkfdZd ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k
rFkk rhljs Hkkx esa euksoSKkfud xq.k ;Fkk & vkd"kZd O;fDrRo] lg;ksxh Hkkouk] lkgl] mRlkg] leiZ.k rFkk
By
pkrq;Z dks lfEefyr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; yksd iz'kklu laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh esa cksyrs gq, ¼14 vizSy] 1961½ ikWy
,p] ,iych us ,d vPNs iz'kkld ds lEcUèk esa crk;k gS fd & ^^mlesa mÙkjnkf;Ro ogu djus dh bPNk gksrh
gS( O;fDrxr fo'okl gksrk gS( dk;Z ds izfr mldk :>ku jgrk gS( og ,d vPNk Jksrk rFkk rh[ks iz'u djus
okyk oDrk gksrk gS( og lHkh izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk feydj HkyhHkk¡fr dk;Z djrk gS( og vèkhuLFkksa dh
u
;ksX;rk ls lsok,¡ izkIr djrk gS( og laLFkkxr lalkèkuksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS rFkk Lo;a gh lc dqN djus ;k
tkuus dh vis{kk lkewfgd iz;kl djrk gS( og viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dsoy mlh fLFkfr esa djrk gS tcfd
kkl
og izHkkoksRikndrk esa lgk;d gks D;ksafd vPNk iz'kkld 'kfDr ¼lÙkk½ dks lajf{kr lEifÙk ekurk gS(
vkRefo'oklh gksus ds dkj.k og HkykbZ&cqjkbZ nksuksa dk Lokxr djrk gS rFkk viuh lhek,¡ ,oa dfe;k¡ igpkurk
gS] og cM+ksa ds lkFk&lkFk vèkhuLFkksa dk Hkh lEeku djrk gS( og laxBu ds dk;Z gsrq lnSo rRij jgrk gS rFkk
i z'
;Fkko';d lq/kkj djrk gS( lkFk gh og yksdrkaf=d ljdkjksa esa jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk
lEeku Hkh djrk gSA**
lkjka'kr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd iz'kklfud laxBuksa esa usr`Ro djus okys O;fDr esa fuEukafdr
;skX;rk,¡ ,oa xq.k gksus pkfg, rkfd mls ;ksX; ,oa dq'ky usr`Ro dgk tk lds &
sd
yk
1- bl rF; ij yxHkx vke lgefr gS fd lQy usr`RodrkZvksa dh lQyrk dk jgL; mudh uSlfxZd
vlkèkkj.k 'kkjhfjd ,oa Luk;qfod (Nervous) {kerkvksa esa fufgr jgk gSA nqHkkZX; ls Hkkjr esa mPp
inksa ij vklhu O;fDr LokLF; ds izfr lokZfèkd ykijokg ik;s tkrs gSaA FkqyFkqy dk;k rFkk
fo'kkydk; rksan fy, usrk ls vki LQwfrZ dh vis{kk ugha dj ldrs gSaA vr% vPNs usr`Ro
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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ds fo'kkydk; rksan fy, usrk ls vki LQwfrZ dh vis{kk ugha dj ldrs gSaA vr% vPNs usr`Ro ds fy,
usrk dk LoLFk ,oa izlUufpr gksuk vko';d gSA
2- laxBu ds 'kh"kZ ij fo|eku O;fDr dh lksp iw.kZr;k Li"V rFkk n`<+ gksuh pkfg,A Hkze rFkk my>u
ar
esa thus okyk ,oa <qyeqy uhfr dk usrk vèkhuLFkksa dk eukscy fxjkrk gSA blhfy, Qs;ksy us mPp
izcUèkdksa esa ^voèkkj.kkRed dkS'ky* (Conceptual Skills) dk vfèkd gksuk vko';d crk;k gSA
3- rqjUr] Li"V rFkk ifjiDo fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk] usrk esa gksuk furkar vko';d gS] vU;Fkk
m
laxBukRed xfrfofèk;ksa dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk nksuksa gh nqxZfr dks izkIr gksrh gSaA
4- usrk esa mRlkg] lkgl] lg;ksx] Lusg rFkk ekuork ds LokHkkfod xq.k gksus pkfg, ysfdu
Ku
^pepkfxjh* ls cpuk pkfg,A
5- usrk dks Lo; ij vVy fo'okl rFkk vèkhuLFkksa dh {kerkvksa ij fo'okl gksuk pkfg,A ;fn
vèkhuLFkksa dk eukscy fuEu Lrjh; gS rks usrk dks muesa fujarj izsj.kk rFkk ÅtkZ dk ea=k Qw¡duk
pkfg,A
ay
6- usr`Ro dh lQyrk ds fy, vèkhuLFkksa dk usrk ij fo'okl gksuk pkfg,A fuLlansg ;g Hkjkslk] usrk
dh fu"i{krk] fu"Bk] bZekunkjh] deZBrk] leiZ.k rFkk mTToy pfj= ds }kjk gh mRiUu gks ldrk
7-
gSA
bh
usrk dks vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk visf{kr fojksèkkHkklh ckrksa dk lkeuk djus ds ;ksX; gksuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k ds fy, iz'kklu esa vèkhuLFk dkfeZd vis{kk djrs gSa fd usrk bZekunkj gks] fdarq O;fDr
:A
fo'ks"k vius fy, lksprk gS fd usrk dks mldk i{k ysuk pkfg,( pkgs og vèkhuLFk csbZeku gh D;ksa
u gksA ,slh fojksèkkHkklh dk lkeuk dsoy lPpkbZ] Li"Vrk] ikjnf'kZrk rFkk fu"i{krk ls gh lEHko
gSA
8- izR;sd usr`RodrkZ dks lEcfUèkr laxBu dh rduhdh ckjhfd;ksa lfgr ,d lkekU; dkfeZd ls
By
vfèkd Kku] dkS'ky ,oa tkx:drk gksuh pkfg,A

9- usrk ds eu esa laxBu ;k lewg ds lnL;ksa ds izfr ikfjokfjd izseHkko gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ mls ;qok]
cqtqxZ rFkk leoxhZ; O;fDr;ksa ls lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A
u
10- ,d vPNs usrk dks ^cksyus* ls vfèkd ^djus* esa fo'okl djuk pkfg,A dk;ZLFky ij usrk Lo;a ,d
vkn'kZ mnkgj.k cus vFkkZr~ usrk dk pfj= rFkk Nfo bruh fo'oluh; gks fd usrk dks dHkh
kkl
Li"Vhdj.k nsus dh vko';drk gh ugha iM+uh pkfg,A

11- usrk dks nwjn`"Vk] dq'ky tu lEidZdrkZ] Js"B leUo;drkZ rFkk O;ofLFkr thou thus okyk gksuk
pkfg, tks usrk Lo;a dks vfu'p; rFkk vfLFkjrk ds Hkaoj esa my>k;s j[krs gSa] os laxBu dks Hkh
i z'
ys Mwcrs gSaA
12- ,d lQy usrk cuus ds fy, vko';d gS fd usrk vèkhuLFkksa ds nq%[k nnks± dks lqus] le>s rFkk
vko';d lgk;rk djs fdarq usrk dks viuh ihM+k ;FkklEHko vèkhuLFkksa dks ugha crkuh pkfg,A
sd
13- usrk dks viuh dfe;ksa dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg,] fdarq mls viuh dfe;k¡ ckj&ckj nwljksa dks ugha
yk
crkuh pkfg,A
14- usrk dks :f<+oknh ugha cfYd lqèkkjoknh] ifjorZuoknh rFkk uo izo`fÙk;ksa ds laokgd dk i;kZ;
gksuk pkfg,A
Ph. : 9650682121
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15- iz'kklfud laxBuksa esa dk;kZjr usrk dks ekuo&lEcUèk] O;ogkj rFkk vukSipkfjd laxBuksa dh iwjh
tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
16- laxBu dh dk;Ziz.kkyh] vkSfpR; rFkk y{;ksa ds vuq:i usrk esa ,d fof'k"V xq.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,
ar
tks ml laxBu dh izÑfr esa vuwdwy gksA tSls j{kk lsokvksa esa lnE; lkgl] fons'k lsok esa
dwVuhfrK {kerk rFkk fpfdRlk lsokvksa esa laosnu'khyrk ds xq.k lEcfUèkr {ks= ds usrk esa vfuok;Z
ls gSA
m
dhFk Msfol ds 'kCnksa esa & ^^,d vPNs usrk esa cqf)erk ;k izfrHkk] lkekftd ifjiDork rFkk mnkjrk]
vkarfjd vfHkizsj.kk rFkk miyfCèk dh rhoz bPNk lfgr ekuo&lEcUèkksa dh izo`fÙk vo'; gksuh pkfg,A** vU;Fkk
Ku
laxBu dk izHkko'kkyh dk;Zdj.k lEHko u gks ldsxkA
okjsu th] csful us 21oha lnh ds izcUèkdh; rFkk usrk;h y{k.kksa dks js[kkafdr djrs gq, ;g o.kZu fn;k
gS &
ay
izc Uèkd ds y{k.k usrk ds y{k.k
1- fu;a=.kdrkZ ;k fØ;kUo;udrkZ gksrk gSA 1- uokpkjh gksrk gSA
2- ,d izfrfyfi ¼nwljksa dh½ gSA 2- ekSfyd gSA
3-
4-
O;oLFkk cuk, j[krk gSA
O;oLFkk rFkk lajpuk ij cy nsrk gSA
bh
3-
4-
fodflr djrk gSA
yksxksa ij cy nsrk gSA
:A
5- fu;a=.k ij fo'okl djrk gSA 5- fo'okl dks izkIr djrk gSA
6- ladh.kZ n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gSA 6- O;kid ,oa nwjxkeh n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gSA
7- ^dcz* vkSj ^dSls* ij cy nsrk gSA 7- ^D;k* vkSj ^D;ksa* ij cy nsrk gSA
By
8- uhps dh vksj utj j[krk gSA 8- f{kfrt dks ns[krk gSA

9- udy djrk gSA 9- ekSfydrk dks c<+kok nsrk gSA
10- ;FkkfLFkfrokn dks Lohdkjrk gSA 10- ;FkkfLFkfrokn dks pqukSrh nsrk gSA
u
11- ,d vPNk 'kkL=h; flikgh gksrk gSA 11- Lo;a O;fDr gksrk gSA
12- dk;ks± dks lgh <ax ls djrk gSA 12- lgh dk;ks± dks djrk gSA
kkl
usr `Ro dh fopkj/kkjk,¡ ;k n`f"Vdks.k (Theories of Leadership)

usr`Ro ls lEcfUèkr vuds 'kksèkdk;Z 20oha lnh esa fd, x, gSaA bu 'kksèkksa ds vk/kkj ij usr`Ro ds dqN
i z'
fl)kar (Theories) fodflr gq, gSaA bu fl)karksa ;k fopkj/kkjkvksa dh la[;k cgqr gS rFkkfi dw.V~t rFkk
vks^Mksusy us rhu mikxeksa ;k n`f"Vdks.kksa ;k fl)karksa] ;Fkk & y{k.koknh fopkj/kkjk] fLFkfroknh fopkj/kkjk
rFkk rÙooknh (Elementalist) fopkj/kkjk dks egÙoiw.kZ ekuk gSA usr`Ro ds dfri; izeq[k fl)kar ;k fopkj/kkjk,¡
bl izdkj gSa &
sd
1- y{k.koknh fopkj/kkjk
yk
(Trait)
izkphu jkseu rFkk ;wukuh lH;rk ls izHkkfor bl fl)kar dks egku~ vkneh fl)kar (The Great Man Theory)
Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd bl fopkj/kkjk ds varxZr ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd usrkvksa esa dqN ,sls 'kkjhfjd]
ekufld] 'kSf{kd rFkk uSfrd xq.k gksrs gSa tks laxBu esa usr`Ro dks lQy cukrs gSaA vkMZo s VhM] f?klsyh] cukZMZ
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mRd "kZt ks/ i q
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rFkk 'kSy bl fopkj/kkjk ds leFkZd ,oa iks"kd ekus tkrs gSaA usr`Ro ds izkjfEHkd vè;;uksa esa fo}kuksa us
usrkvksa esa dqN xq.kksa dh x.kuk djds ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk Fkk fd & ^^ftl O;fDr esa usr`Ro ls lEcfUèkr xq.k
vf/kd gksrs gSa] og ,d lQy usrk fl) gks ldrk gSA** bu xq.kksa dh lwph cgqr O;kid rFkk vkn'kZoknh gSA
pfj=] bZekunkjh] vPNk LokLF;] vkRefo'okl] rduhdh Kku] deZBrk] lgu'khyrk] ckSf)d Kku rFkk
ar
izcUèkdh; dkS'ky rFkk e`nq O;ogkj bR;kfn xq.k usrkvkas ds fy, ekus x, gSaA fiQuj ,oa 'ksjoqM ds vuqlkj &
^êSaus lpeqp ,slk dksbZ usrk dHkh ugha ns[kk] tks leqfpr fofèk ls ;k cqf)erkiwoZd ;g crk ldrk gks fd og
m
usrk cuus ds ;ksX; D;ksa gS] vkSj u gh eq>s ml usrk ds vuq;kf;;ksa dk dksbZ ,slk tokc feyk gS ftlls mUgksaus
Li"V fd;k gks fd os usrk dk vuqxeu D;ksa djrs gSaA** dqN fo}ku ;g ekurs gSa fd usrk tUetkr xq.k ysdj
Ku
iSnk gksrk gS rFkk usrk crk;k ugha tk ldrk gSA vc ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd usrk rS;kj Hkh fd, tk ldrs gSa
ysfdu vHkh Hkh ;g iw.kZr;k Li"V ugha gS fd ,d usrk esa dkSuls xq.k dk y{k.k vR;ko';d gSaA egkRek xk¡èkh]
if.Mr usg:] usiksfy;u cksukikVZ] ekxZjsV FkSpj] jktho xk¡èkh] bafnjk xk¡èkh] usylu e.Msyk] jksukYM jhxu rFkk
vVy fcgkjh oktis;h blh Js.kh ds usrk ekus tk ldrs gSa tks usrk;h xq.kksa ls Hkjiwj gSaA
ay
2- lewg &fopkj/kkjk
usr`Ro ds vuq;k;h ;k lewg fl)kar dk fodkl lkekftd&euksoSKkfud fpUrdksa rFkk vè;srkvksa }kjk
fd;k x;k gSA bl fl)kar esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrk gS vkSj vuq;k;h
bh
usrk ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA vuq;k;h rc rd usrk dk lkFk nsrs gSa tc rd og vuq;kf;;ksa dh vko';drk,¡ iwjh
djrk jgrk gSA ,p-,l- lasal QksMZ blds izfriknd ekus tkrs gSaA bl fopkj/kkjk ds varxZr bl ckr ij cy
fn;k tkrk gS fd usrk dh usr`Ro {kerk ds vè;;u gsrq usrk rFkk vuq;k;h ¼lewg½ lEcUèkksa dk vè;;u fd;k
:A
tkuk pkfg,A gksysUnj rFkk twfy;u ds vuqlkj & ^ûsrk dh Hkwfedk esa tks O;fDr vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS]
lewg ds y{;ksa dks izkIr djrk gS] nwljksa dks ykHk igq¡pkrk gS] og cnys esa in] izfr"Bk rFkk Lo;a dks vfèkd
izHkko'kkyh ikrk gSA okLro esa usr`Ro esa f}ekxhZ; izHkko lEcUèk cuk jgrk gSA usrk ds izHkko dks Lohdkj djus
okys] cnys esa Lo;a vius izHkko dh LohÑfr pkg ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ds usr`Ro dk cus jguk bl ckr ij fuHkZj
By
djrk gS fd usrk ,oa vuq;k;h nksuksa ,d&nwljs ds izHkko ds vkxs FkksM+k >qdsaA
3- fLFkfroknh (Situation) fopkj/kkjk
u
ifjfLFkfroknh ;k îfjfLFkR;kRed ijh{k.k fl)kar* ds uke ls izpfyr bl fopkjèkkjk dk eq[;

fpUru mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh [kkst ij gS tks usr`Ro dh Hkwfedkvksa] dq'kyrkvksa rFkk O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrh
gSA bl fl)kar ds eq[; izfriknd ÝsM bZ- QhMyj ds vuqlkj & ^ûsr`Ro ifjfLFkfr esa mHkjrk gS ,oa ml
kkl
fLFkfr ds vuqlkj izHkkfor Hkh gksrk gSA dbZ ckj ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gh ,slh gksrh gSa fd yksx] usrk dk izHkko ekurs
gSa vFkkZr~ fLFkfroknh fopkj/kkjk esa usrk dk izHkko ;k fu"izHkko vFkZiw.kZ ugha gS cfYd ml dkjd ;k lanHkZ dks
ns[kk tkrk gS tks ,d ifjfLFkfr esa usrk dks lQy rks nwljh ifjfLFkfr esa foQy cukrk gSA feysV Hkh blh
i z'
fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu djrs gSaA f}rh; fo'o;q) esa teZuh rFkk vesfjdk }kjk dek.Mjksa ds fy, p;u gsrq ;g
fl)kar O;kogkfjd ekuk x;k FkkA
4- vkdfLedrk (Contingency) fopkj/kkjk
sd
QhMyj us vkdfLedrk fl)kar esa ekuk gS fd usrk ;k rks lEcUèkksUeq[k (Relationship Oriented) ;k
yk
dk;kZUeq[k (Task Oriented) gksrk gSA lEcUèkksUeq[k usrk vèkhuLFkksa ls ?kfu"B lEcUèk cukus dks vfHkzisfjr jgrk gS]
mUgsa u, fopkjksa ds lkFk fu.kZ;u esa lgHkkfxrk dks izsfjr djrk gS] mlds fy, ^dk;Z* nwljh izkFkfedrk jgrh
gSA dk;ksZUeq[k usrk ds fy, dk;Z izkFkfed jgrk gSA bl gsrq QhMyj us LPC Scale izfrikfnr dh gS rkfd ;g
irk py lds fd dkSu usrk lEcUèkksUeq[k gS rFkk dkSu dk;ksZUeq[k LPC vFkkZr~ Least Preferred Co-worker og dkfeZd
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gksrk gS ftlds lkFk usrk lcls de QhMyj ds vuqlkj ;fn usrk vius LPC dkfeZd ds i{k esa gS rks og mlds
izfr vuqefrcks/kd] laj{kd ,oa ekuoh; O;ogkj ls ifjiw.kZ gksxk fdarq ;fn og LPC dkfeZd ds fo:) gS rks
mlls dk;Z dh ekax djsxk rFkk mlls ekuoh; lEcUèk cukus esa fo'okl ugha djsxkA bl Ldsy esa vkB izdkj
dh mPp&fHkUu fLFkfr curh gSA
ar
fuEu ,y-ih-lh mPp ,y-ih-lh
m
usrk
dk;ksZUeq[k lEcUèkksUeq[k
Ku
dw.V~t rFkk vks^Mksusy us vkdfLedrk fl)kar dks volj iznku djus dk fl)kar dgk gSA QhMyj rFkk
tks xkjfl;k (Joe Garcia) us vkdfLedrk fl)kar esa la'kksèku djrs gq, KkukRed lalkèku fl)kar vFkkZr~
Cognitive Resource Theory izfrikfnr dh gSA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj usrk ds KkukRed lalkèku tSls fd
ckSf)drk] vuqHko rFkk rduhdh fo'ks"kKrk bR;kfn dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izHkkfor gks tkrs gSaA bl fl)kar ds
vuqlkj ruko (Stress) esa usrk dk foosd'khy ;k rkfdZd gksuk dfBu gksrk gSA funs'kkRed O;ogkj mlh fLFkfr
ay
esa vPNk fu"iknu fnyk ldrk gS tcfd mPp ckSf)drk rFkk fuEu ruko gksA mPp ruko dh fLFkfr esa dk;Z
vuqHko gh fu"iknu dk vk/kkj cusxkA
5- iFk&y{; (Path-Goal) fopkj/kkjk
bh
bl fl)kar dk fodkl ekfVZu th- bokUl rFkk jkWcVZ ts- gkml us fd;k gSA vfHkizsj.kk ds îzR;k'kk
fl)kar* ls fodflr gqbZ] bl usr`Ro&fopkj/kkjk dh eq[; ekU;rk ;g gS fd usrk dk izHkko blfy, jgrk
:A
fl)kar* ls fodflr gqbZ] bl usr`Ro&fopkj/kkjk dh eq[; ekU;rk ;g gS fd usrk dk izHkko blfy, jgrk gS
fd og vèkhuLFkksa dh izsj.kk] {kerk] mRlkg rFkk larqf"V dks izHkkfor djrk gSA bl fopkjèkkjk esa eq[; cy
y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds lEcUèk esa usrk }kjk nh tkus okyh izsj.kk ij gSA jkWcVZ gkml ds iFk&y{; fopkj/kkjk esa
funs'kkRed usr`Ro] ennxkj usr`Ro] lgHkkxh usr`Ro rFkk miyfCèk mUeq[k usr`Ro dks lfEefyr djrs gq, dgk gS
By
fd usr`Ro ds fofHkUu izk:i rFkk dk;Z ds fofHkUu izfrQy dkfeZdksa ;k vuq;kf;;ksa dh larqf"V] dk;Z{kerk rFkk
fu"iknu dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA usr`Ro dks y{;ksa ds fuèkkZj.k rFkk mudh izkfIr ds fy, vko';d ekxks± dk fuekZ.k
djuk pkfg,A
u
6- thou o`Ù k (Life Cycle) fopkj/kkjk

ikWy glhZ rFkk CySadkMZ }kjk fodflr ;g fl)kar usr`Ro rFkk lEcfUèkr dkfeZdksa dh ifjiDork dks
kkl
egÙoiw.kZ ekurk gSA bUgksaus usr`Ro dh dk;Z'kSyh rFkk lEcUèk lw=rk dks pkj izdkjksa] ;Fkk & dFku 'kSyh] fcØh
'kSyh] Hkkxhnkjh 'kSyh rFkk izfrfuf/kRo 'kSyh esa foHkDr fd;k gS rFkk ;g crk;k gS fd vPNs usr`Ro ds fy, lgh
'kSyh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A tgk¡ vèkhuLFkksa dh ifjiDork dk Lrj fuEu gks] ogk¡ ij dFku 'kSyh ,oa fcØh
i z'
'kSyh dkjxj fl) gksrh gS tcfd Hkkxhnkjh 'kSyh rFkk izfrfufèkRo 'kSyh] mPp Lrj dh ifjiDork okys
vèkhuLFkksa ds fy, mi;qDr jgrh gSaA ;gk¡ ifjiDork ls rkRi;Z dkfeZdksa ;k vèkhuLFkksa dh vk;q vFkok laxBu
esa muds LFkkf;Ro ls gSA izkjfEHkd voLFkk esa vèkhuLFkksa dks vkSipkfjd fu;eksa ls voxr djkuk gksrk gSA nwljs
pj.k esa fl[kkus] le>kus rFkk lg;ksx ysus dk dk;Z djuk pkfg,A rhljs pj.k esa dkfeZdksa dh ;ksX;rk]
sd
miyfCèk rFkk vfHkizsj.kk c<+ pqdh gksrh gS] vr% usrk dks vfèkd funsZ'k ugha nsus pkfg,A pkSFks pj.k esa vkrs&vkrs
yk
dkfeZd Lofu;a=.k dh lhek esa vk tkrs gSaA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 81
7- ,Dl&okbZ fopkj/kkjk
Mxyl eSDxzsxj }kjk izfrikfnr 'X'-'Y' fopkj/kkjk vfHkizsj.kk fl)kar ls lEcfUèkr gSA ,Dl fl)kar ds
varxZr eSDxzsxj us O;fDr dks dkepksj] vkylh rFkk :f<+oknh ekurs gq, usrk ls ;g vis{kk dh gS fd og n.M
ar
,oa Hk; ls vèkhuLFkksa ls dk;Z ys tcfd okbZ fl)kar ds varxZr vèkhuLFkksa dks mRlkgh] vk'kkoknh] deZB rFkk
ifjJeh ekurs gq, usrk ls ;g vis{kk dh xbZ gS fd og vèkhuLFkksa dks izksRlkgu ,oa lEcy iznku djs ,oa Lo;a
fu.kZ;u esa mudh lgk;rk Hkh ysA
m
usr`Ro ds vU; fl)karksa esa dqrZ ysfou dk dk;kZRed fl)kar Hkh izeq[k gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr ds ctk;
lewg ds dk;ks± ij è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA O;ogkjoknh fopkj/kkjk esa ûsrk D;k gS* ds LFkku ij ûsrk D;k djrk
Ku
gS* ij cy fn;k x;k gSA dfj'ekbZ usr`Ro fopkjèkkjk esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd dqN O;fDr;ksa dk O;fDrRo
vR;Ur peRdkjh gksrk gSA usr`Ro dh ;g iqjkuh fopkj/kkjk O;fDr ds xq.kksa rFkk izfrHkk dks peRdkj ds :i
esa fo'ysf"kr djrh gSA
izcUèkdh; fxzM
ay
(Managerial Grid)
jkWcVZ vkj] CySd rFkk tsu ,l- ekWmVu }kjk lu~ 1964 esa izfrikfnr izcUèkdh; fxzM (Managerial
Grid) esa usrk ds O;ogkj dks nks vk;keksa] ;Fkk & mRiknu ij è;ku nsu k (Concern for Production) rFkk yksxksa
bh
ij è;ku nsuk (Concern for People) esa foHkDr djrs gq, 1 ls 9 rd vadksa dk vkjs[k (Graph) izLrkfor fd;k x;k
gSA de miyfCèk;ksa ds fy, 1 uoEcj rFkk vfèkdre ds fy, 9 uoEcj nsdj mUgsa nwljs i{k ds 9 ls feyku fd;k
tkrk gSA bl izdkj usrk dh lksp] mRiknu ;k yksxksa ds izfr mUeq[krk ds vk/kkj ij dqy 81 fofHkUu izdkj
:A
dh fLFkfr;k¡ usr`Ro dh gks ldrh gSaA blesa ik¡p fo'ks"k 'kSfy;k¡ gSaA
izcUèkdh; fxzM esa mRiknu mUeq[k usr`Ro lÙkk rFkk vkKkikyu ij tksj nsrk gS tcfd O;fDr mUeq[k usr`Ro
vukSipkfjd laxBu dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z djuk ilan djrk gSA lewg izcUèku esa mRiknu rFkk O;fDr nksuksa ds vad
loksZPp gksrs gSa rks vR;Ur detksj izcUèku esa nksuksa i{k fuEure gksrs gSaA Cysd rFkk ekmVu us nksuksa i{kksa ds 5]
By
5 vadksa dks eè;ekxhZ ;k laxBu ekuo izcUèku djkj fn;k gSA

izcUèkdh; fxzM esa usr`Ro ds fy,
u
'kS y h usr`R odÙkkZ ds fopkj

1- detksj izcUèk (1, 1) 1- T;knk mBkiVd er djksA mruk gh djks
kkl
(Improverished Management) ftlls fd ckWl [kq'k jg ldsA

2- lewg izcUèk (9, 9) 2- esjs dkfeZdksa dh Vhe loZJs"B gSA ;s okLro
esa y{; ikus ds bPNqd rFkk l{ke gSaA
i z'
(Improverished Management)
3- d.Vªh Dyc izcUèk (1, 9) 3- eSa izxfr dh fpUrk D;ksa d:¡\ esjs vèkhuLFk
(Country Club Management) tkurs gSa os D;k dj jgs gSa rFkk os [kq'k gSaA
4- lÙkk vkKkikyu 4- pkgs lsuk ;q) esa lekIr gks tk, dk;Z
sd
(9, 1)
yk
(Authority Obedience or Task Management) rks iwjk djuk gh gSA

5- laxBu ekuo izcUèk (5, 5) 5- FkksM+k dk;Z ij rks FkksM+k dkfeZdksa ij] lHkh
(Organisation Man Management) ij è;ku nsuk vko';d gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
82 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
CySd ,oa ekmVu us mPp mRikndrk rFkk mPp larqf"V dh vksj tkus gsrq GOD (Grid Organization
Development) dk;ZØe dk lq>ko fn;k gSA bl 3&5 o"khZ; th-vks-Mh- dk;ZØe esa mUgkasus N% pj.k lq>k, gSa
&
ar
1- iz;ksx 'kkyk lax ks" Bh izf 'k{k.k (Laboratory Seminar Training) - fxzM laxBu fodkl dk;ZØe ds
izFke pj.k esa ijEijkxr mipkjkRed laosnu'khyrk izf'k{k.k ls fHkUu ;k ,d dne vkxs dh fofèk
ds :i esa loZizFke fxzM izf'k{k.k dh voèkkj.kk rFkk lkexzh ds ckjs esa crk;k tkrk gSA usr`Ro ij
m
è;ku dsfUnzr fd;k tkrk gSA
2 - ny fodkl (Team Development) - nwljs pj.k esa izFke pj.k dk foLrkj djrs gq, ,d foHkkx ds
Ku
lHkh dkfeZdksa dks ,d LFkku ij ykdj mUgsa ,d Vhe ds :i esa 9] 9 dh fLFkfr rd igq¡pus dh fofèk
crk;h tkrh gSA izFke pj.k esa lh[kh xbZ lS)kafrd ckrksa dks laxBukRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ykxw
djus dh j.kuhfr cuk;h tkrh gSA ;s izFke nks pj.k izcUèkdh; fodkl ij cy nsrs gSaA
3 - varjlewg fodkl (Intergroup Development) - bl pj.k esa laxBukRed fodkl dks izkFkfedrk nsrs
ay
gq, fofHkUu lewgksa ls varjfØ;k dh tkrh gSA lewgksa ds eè; gksus okys la?k"kks± dks fpfUgr ,oa
fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
4- lax BukRed y{; fuèkkZj.k (Organizational Goal Setting) - bl pj.k esa mís';ksa }kjk izcUèk (MBO)
izfrc)rk yh tkrh gSA bh

fof/k dks viukrs gq, lgHkkfx;ksa ls laxBu ds cM+s ,oa egÙoiw.kZ y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq lgefr ,oa
5 - y{; izkfIr (Goal Attainment) - pkSFks pj.k esa lgHkkfx;ksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd, x, y{;ksa dh izkfIr
:A
ds ;FkkFkZ iz;kl bl pj.k esa fd, tkrs gSaA izFke pj.k dh Hkk¡fr bl pj.k esa Hkh lHkh lgHkkxh
feyrs gSa fdarq bl pj.k esa os laxBu ds izeq[k eqn~nksa ij ppkZ dj mUgsa lqy>krs gSaA
6 - fLFkjhdj.k (Stabilization) - vafre pj.k esa iwoZ esa lq>k, x, ifjorZuksa gsrq lg;ksx dks cuk, j[krs
By
gq, lEiw.kZ dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS fd vkf[kj ^fxzM laxBu fodkl dk;ZØe* fdruk
lQy jgk rFkk D;k dfe;k¡ jghaA
oLrqr% usr`Ro ds lEcUèk esa cgqr ls 'kksèkdk;Z gq, gSa] ysfdu loZekU; rFkk =qfVjfgr fl)kar ,d Hkh ugha
u
gSA vkt Hkh dqrZ ysfou ds usr`Ro esa vk;ksok fo'ofo|ky; ds jksukYM fyfIiV rFkk jkYQ ds- OgkbZV ds 'kksèkdk;Z
egÙoiw.kZ ekus tkrs gSa tks 20oha lnh ds pkSFks n'kd esa 'kq: fd, x, FksA tgk¡ rd usr`Ro dh ckèkkvksa dk iz'u
gS og ,d isphnk ekeyk gS] D;ksafd blesa usrk rFkk vuq;k;h] nksuksa i{kksa dh ekufldrk] {kerk ,oa O;ogkj
kkl
lfgr laxBu dh dk;Z'kSyh dk Li"V lEcUèk gSA 'kh"KZ ij fo|eku usrk rFkk usrk dh lÙkk ds dkj.k mRiUu
^vg* ,d izeq[k leL;k gS rks nwljh vksj HkkoukRed vfLFkjrk Hkh lEiw.kZ usr`Ro izfØ;k dks ckf/kr djrh gSA
iz'kklfud laxBuksa esa jktuhfrd] lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd nckoksa ds lkFk&lkFk vèkhuLFkksa dh {k.kHkaxqj fu"Bk
i z'
rFkk ekuo O;ogkj dh vfLFkjrk usr`Ro ds le{k fuR; pqukSrh mRiUu djrh gSA Hkkjrh; iz'kklu esa O;kIr
^pepkfxjh laLÑfr* esa usr`Ro dh ckxMksj lEHkkyuk ,d nq"dj dk;Z gS] D;kasfd usrk Hkh rks vkf[kj ,d euq";
gh gSA usr`Ro dh 'kSfy;ksa rFkk fl)karksa ds Øe esa eq[;r% O;ogkjoknh rFkk fLFkfroknh fopkj/kkjk,¡ izfl) jgh
gSaA bl Øe esa cgqr ls 'kksèkdk;Z Hkh gq, gSaA bu 'kksèk dk;ks± rFkk fl)karksa fooj.k bl izdkj gS &
sd
yk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 83
us r `R o dh O;ogkjoknh fopkj/kkjk,¡
vè;;u ,oa izf reku p;fur 'kSy h izH kkoh 'kSy h ;k pj
(Variables)
ar
1- 1930... dqrZ
ysfou] fujadq'k] yksdrkaf=d rFkk yksdrkaf=d 'kSyh
jksukYM fyfIiV rFkk vgLr{ksioknh 'kSyh
m
jkYQ OgkbZV (Iowa University)
2- 1945] bZ-,- ¶yS'keSu] funsZ'kkRed rFkk lgHkkxh 'kSyh mPp igy lajpuk rFkk lEc)rk
Ku
bZ-,Q- gSfjl rFkk
,p-bZ- oqrZ (Ohio University)
3- 1946] jsfUll fydVZ] mRiknu&dsfUær Fkk deZpkjh& deZpkjh&dsfUær usr`Ro
ay
bR;kfn (Michigan University) dsfUær
4- 1961] jsfUll fydVZ] O;oLFkk&1- 'kks"k.kdkjh& O;oLFkk (System)-4 vFkkZr~ lgHkkxh
izcUèk usr`Ro dh pkj
O;oLFkk,¡ Authoritative) bh
izkfèkdkjdkjh (Exploitative-
O;oLFkk&2- ijksidkjh&
vFkkZr~ lgHkkxh ;k yksdrkaf=d
'kSyh
:A
izkfèkdkjdkjh Benevolent-
Authoritative)
O;oLFkk&3- ijke'kZdkjh
By
(Consultative)
O;oLFkk&4- lgHkkxh lewg

u
;k yksdrkaf=d
(Participative Group or Democratic)
5- 1964] jkWcVZ CySd] usr`Ro dh ik¡p 'kSfr;k¡ lewg ;k ny usr`Ro ftlesa

kkl
,oa tsu ekWmVu dk 1- detksj izcUèk (Impoverished) mPp mRiknu rFkk mPp
izcUèkdh; fxzM 2- vukSipkfjd laxBu O;fDr mUeq[krk gks
i z'
(Country Club)
3- lÙkk vkKkikyu (Task)

4- laxBu ekuo izcUèk
sd
(Middle of the Graph)

yk
5- lewg izcUèk (Team)
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
84 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
fLFkfroknh fopkj/kkjkvksa esa fuEukaf dr ize q[k gSa &
fl)ka r dkjd ¼pj½ ;k ekU;rk,¡
ar
1- jkWcVZ Vsuucke rFkk okjsu f'er dk 1- usr`Ro] Lo;a usrk] mlds vuq;kf;;ksa rFkk
usr`Ro O;ogkj dk lkarR; fLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g usrk&mUeq[k
m
(Continuum) fl)kar] 1958 rFkk 1973 rFkk vuq;k;h&mUeq[k uked nks Nksjksa ds eè;
lkarR;rk dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
Ku
2- ÝsM bZ- QhMyj dk vkdfLedrk fl)kar 2- usr`Ro dh izHkko'khyrk usrk vuq;k;h lEcUèkksa]
(1967) dk;Z lajpuk rFkk usrk dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA
3- ekfVZu boakl rFkk jkWcVZ gkml dk iFk 3- usr`Ro dh izHkko'khyrk] i;kZoj.kh; nckoksa
ay
fl)kar (1970-71) rFkk vuq;kf;;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij fuHkZj
djrh gSA ;g vfHkizsj.kk ds izR;k'kk fl)kar ls
4- lÙkk vkKkikyu (9, 1)
(Authority Obedience or Task Management)

bh
4-
Hkh feyrh&tqyrh gSA
pkgs lsuk ;q) esa lekIr gks tk, dk;Z
rks iwjk djuk gh gSA
:A
5- laxBu ekuo izcUèk (5, 5) 5- FkksM+k dk;Z ij rks FkksM+k dkfeZdksa ij] lHkh
(Organisation Man Management) ij è;ku nsuk vko';d gSA
6- ikWy glhZ rFkk dSusFk CySadkMZ dk thou 6- vuq;kf;;ksa dh ifjiDork rFkk vkdfLed
By
pØ ¼o`Ùk½ fl)karA pj ¼dFku] fcØh] lgHkkfxrk rFkk

izfrfufèkRo½ usr`Ro dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
u
oLrqr% vfHkizsj.kk rFkk usr`Ro ds fl)kar ijLij feys gq, gSa D;kasfd usrk dk ,d eq[; dk;Z vfHkizsj.kk
nsuk Hkh gSA
foxr dqN o"kks± ls usr`Ro dh nks vkèkqfud 'kSfy;k¡ yksdfiz; gqbZ gSaA :ikarj.kdkjh (Transformational) 'kSyh
kkl
ds izorZd tsEl esDxzsx j cUlZ (1978) dk ekuuk gS fd usr`Ro dh 'kSyh le;kuqdwy gksuh pkfg,A :ikarj.kdkjh
'kSyh bl ekU;rk ij fVdh gS fd laxBu esa vfHkizsj.kk ,oa eukscy dk mPp Lrj izkIr djus ds fy, usrk vius
vuq;kf;;ksa dks rFkk vuq;k;h vius usrk dks Åij mBk,¡A ,d&nwljs ds mRFkku rFkk ijLij lg;ksx ls gh mPp
i z'
Lrjh; y{; izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

blh izdkj fofoèkrkiw.kZ (Eclectic) 'kSyh esa fdlh ,d 'kSyh dk ikyu u djds fofHkUu 'kSfy;ksa ls
FkksM+k&FkksM+k ,d fof'k"V 'kSyh cuk yh tkrh gSA oLrqr% :ikarj.kdkjh rFkk fofoèkrkiw.kZ 'kSfy;ksa esa ^;gk¡ rFkk
sd
vHkh* (Here and Now) dk rÙo egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS tks ekuo LoHkko ds euks&lkekftd lanHkks± esa usr`Ro dks
yk
ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
Leadership usr`Ro & vfHkizk;
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 85
usr`Ro dk vfHkizk; fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dss O;ogkj dks ,d
nh gqqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa vius bPNkuqlkj izHkkfor djuk gS &
bl izfdz;k dks usr`Ro dh laKk nh tkrh gS ¼ izHkkfor djus dks capacity to influence )
ar
* usr`Ro dh izfdz;k esa fuEukafdr dkjdks dks fo’ysf”kr fd;k tkrk gS &
¼1½ Leader usrk
¼2½ vuq;k;h
m
( Follower )
¼3½ ifjfLFkfr ( Situation )
¼4½ mn~ns’; ( Goal )
Ku
¼5½ izHkkfor djus dh izfdz;k
* usr`Ro ds fuEukafdr fl}kUr ns[kus dks feyrh gS &
¼1½ egku O;fDr fl}kUr ( Great Man theory ) & bl fl}kUr ds vuqlkj ,d izHkkoh usrk tUe
ay
ls gh gksrk gS ,oa ,ls cuk;k ugh tk ldrk gSA tSls pfpZy] usg#] dsusMh] #tosYVA
¼2½ usr`Ro dk peRdkfjd fl}kUr ( Charismatic theory of leadership )
eSDl cscj ds }kjk bl fl}kUr dh ppkZ cgqr O;kid #i ls dh x;h blds vUrxZr ,slk vccks/ku
bh
( Perception ) ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vius dkydze esa ( Charishma) ;k peRdkfjdrk gkfly
dj ysrk gS vkSj ogh O;fDr vUrr( usrk gksrk gSA bl ekU;rk ;k mikxe es vUrxZr usrk ,oa vuq;kf;;ksa esa
euksoSKkfud vyxko ;k (Psychological distance ) ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl euksoSKkfud vyxko ds otg ls
:A
gh vuq;k;h peRdkj ;k charishma izkIr usrk dk usr`Ro Lohdkj djrs gaSA ;g charishma vkSj dqN ugh gS cfYd
usrk dk ,d xq.k gh gksrk gSA bl mikxe ds vUrxZr usrk ds charishma tSls xq.kks dh ;k vU; xq.kksa dh foLrkj
ls ppkZ ugh dh x;h gS bUgh lhekvksa ds otg ls 1900 ls ysdj yxHkx 1940 ds n’kd rd igyh ckj usrkvksa
By
ds xq.kksa dks fodflr djus gsrq vkSipkfjd v/;;u fd;s x;sA

¼3½ xq.k fl}kUr ( Trait theory ) & ;g usr`Ro ds v/;;u dk izFke vkSipkfjd mikxe gS bl fl}kUr
dh ekU;rk 1945 ls igys&igys vR;f/kd izpfyr FkhA fdlh Hkh lQy usrk ds fy, dqN vko’;d xq.kksa dk
gksuk vfuok;Z gS ijUrq ;s xq.k ;k rks tUe ls ;k rks izf’k{k.k dk;Zdze }kjk fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
u
lkekU;r( bl fl}kUr ds vUrxZr usrkvksa ds fuEukafdr xq.kks dh ppkZ dh tkrh gSA

¼1½ HkkSfrd ;k ‘kkjhfjd ¼2½ ekufld xq.k
kkl
¼3½ uSfrd xq.k ¼4½ vkRefo’okl

¼5½ bPNk’kfDr] etc
i z'
Criticism
(a) lQy usrk ds xq.kksa ds rkfydk ds lUnHkZ esa fofHkUu fopkjdksa ds chp vke lgefr dks izkIr ugh
fd;k x;k FkkA rFkk fdlh us vuq;kf;;ksa ij cy fn;k rks fdlh us ifjfLFkfr ds dkjdksa ij cy fn;kA
sd
(b) vxj fdlh lQy usrk ds xq.kksa dh rkfydk dks fodflr Hkh fd;k tk;s rks bldk ekin.M djuk
yk
,d dfBu dk;Z gSA dkQh ek=k rd usrk ds ‘kkjhfjd xq.kksa dk ekin.M fd;k tk ldrk gS ,oa dqN ek=k esa
usrk ds ekufld xq.kksa dk Hkh ekiu fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq lcls dfBu dk;Z fdlh usrk ds uSfrd xq.kksa dk
ewY;kadu djuk gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
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j
¼4½ usr`Ro dk O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr & 40 ds n’kd dk vUr vkSj 60 ds n’kd dh ‘kq#vkr esa f}rh;
fo’o;q} ds ckn xq.k fl}kUr dh lhekvks ds dkj.k fopkjdksa ds }kjk usrk ds O;ogkj ds fo’ys”k.k ds vk/kkj
ij bl fl}kUr dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA ftls lfEefyr #i ls usr`Ro ds O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr
dh laKk nh tkrh gSA
ar
O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr ls vfHkizk; usrk }kjk vfHkizsj.kk ds rjhds] lapkj esa fn;k tkus okyk le;
bR;kfn ds v/;;u ls gSA bl n`f”Vdks.k ds vuqlkj usrk ds O;ogkj ij usr`Ro dh lQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA
m
O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr ds leFkZu esa eq[; #i ls vesfjdk ds fo’ofo?kky;ksa esa v/;;u fd;s x;sA bu
v/;;uksa ds fo’ys”k.k ds vk/kkj ij ftu lkekU; fu”d”kksZ dks izkIr fd;k x;k mls O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr ds
Ku
ekSfyd fo’ks”krkvksa ds #i esa ifjHkkf”kr fd;k x;kA
bl fl}kUr ds izfriknu esa fuEukafdr v/;;u fd;s x;s &
¼1½ vk;kso k ( IOWA ) fo’ofo/kky; ( Late 1930’s 1930 ds n’kd dk vfUre le; ½
ay
Thinker& dVZ ysfou jksukYM fyfiV (associates)
¼2½ vksfg;ks ( OHIO ) LVsV v/;;u ¼ 1945 ½

bh jSYQ /okbV (associates)
:A
Thinker& bZå ,å QyS’keSu] gSfjl] ,på bZå cVZ
¼3½ fe’khxu v/;;u ¼ 1946 ½ ¼ jsfUll fydVZ ½ &
jsfUll fydVZ ds }kjk vkxs pydj 1961 esa izoa/ku dh 4 ‘kSfy;ksa dks
By
fodflr fd;k x;kA

¼4½ eSust sfj;y fxzM v/;;u ¼ 1964 ½
Thinker jkWoVZ CySd] tsu ekVZu
u
¼1½ ( IOWA ) vk;kso k v/;;u (Late 1930’s)

bl v/;;u ds vUrxZr dVZ ysfou ds }kjk usr`Ro ds 3 ‘kSfy;ksa dh ppkZ dh x;h&
kkl
(a) fujadq’krkoknh usr`Ro ( Authoritarian leadership )

(b) yksdrkaf=d usr`Ro ( Democratic leadership )
(c) fuckZ/k usr`Ro ( Laissez faire leadership ) ;k fcuk yxke usrk
i z'
(a) fujadq’k usrk lŸkkoknh gksrk gS ,oa Lo;a fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
rFkk vuq;kf;;ksa dks vius L
sd
yk
fu.kZ; dk ikyu djus gsrq F

vR;f/kd nckc Mkyrk gSA F F
(b) ,slk usrk fu.kZ; ysus es vuq;kf;;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh djrk gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

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L
F
F F
ar
(c) ,slk usrk vuq;kf;;ksa dks dke crkdj fuf’pUr gks tkrk gS vkSj dfBukbZ gksus ij
lEidZ LFkkfir djus dks dgrk gS
m
L
F
F F
Ku
Free rein leader
y
dks /;ku es j[kus okyk

¼2½ vksfg;ks LVsV ( OHIO ) = vksfg;ks LVsV
fo’ofo/kky; ds O;wjks vkWQ vUr( ijLij lEcU/k
L (IS) H (IS) loksZre
ay
Consideration
fctusl fjlpZ ds }kjk bl H (C) H (C) ‘kSyh
v/;;u dk lapkyu fd;k
x;k] ;g v/;;u nks
iz’ukofy;ks ij vk/kkfjr FkkA L (IS)
bh H (IS)
usrk]
L (C) L (C)
:A
o Initiating Structure x
¼dk;Z dh lajpukRed igy djus okyk usrk½
(i) LBDQ ( Leader Behaviour description Questionier)
;g ,d ,slk ;a= Fkk ftlds ek/;e ls usrk ds v/khuLFk] mPp vf/kdkjh ,oa lg;ksfx;ksa ds fopkj
By
ds ek/;e ls usrk ds xfrfof/k;ks dks fodflr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k ( BEHAVIOURAL )A
(ii) LOQ ( Leader opinion Questionier ) - blds ek/;e ls usrk ds }kjk vius Lo;a ds ckjs esa fopkj O;Dr
u
fd;k x;kA & (ATTITUDINAL) A bu mi;qZDr iz’ukofy;ks ds vk/kkj ij rFkk nks pjks
( Variables ) ds vk/kkj ij usrk ds pkj ‘kSfy;ksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k] ftlesa H (c) H (IS) ls ;qDr usrk dks
izHkko’khy ;k loZJs”B usrk gksus dh laKk nh x;hA
kkl
¼3½ eSust sfj;y fxzM v/;;u ( bl v/;;u ds vUrxZr Hkh nks pjksa ( Variables) ds ek/;e ls usrk dh
5 ‘kSfy;ks dks fodflr fd;k x;k Middle of the road
i z'
ftles e/;ekxhZ usrk ( Middle of y

the road ) ds ‘kSfy;ks dks fodflr Concern 1]9 9]9
fd;k tkuk vksfg;ks LVsV v/;;u dh fopkj for country club Team leadership
/kkjk ij lq/kkjkRed iz;kl FkkA People 5]5
sd
bl v/;;u ds vUrxZr ¼ 9]9½ ;kfu usr`Ro dh ¼dkfeZd 1]1 9]1

yk
Vhe ‘kSyh dks loZJsz”B ;k izHkko’khy usrk dh dsfUnzr Impoverised Task

‘kSyh dgk x;kA usrk½
o Concern for Production x
¼mRiknu dsfUnzr usrk½
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
88 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
* bu nksuksa] ¼ vksfg;ks LVsV vkSj eSuså fxzå ½ izdkj ds v/;;u esa usrk dh ,d ‘kSyh dks v/;;u dh loksZŸke
vkSj loZJzs”B gksus dh laKk nh x;h gSA tcfd okLrfodrk ;g gS fd ifjfLFkfr ds dkjdksa esa ifjorZu gksus ds
lkFk usrk ds ‘kSyh dh izHkko’khyrk esa Hkh LokHkkfod ifjorZu ;k vUrj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
* bruk gh ugh usrk ds ‘kSyh dh izHkko’khyrk] vuq;kf;;ksa dh ifjiDork ,oa n{krk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS]
ar
ftldh mis{kk bu nksuksa izdkj ds v/;;u esa dh x;h gSA
* O;ogkj esa nksuks igyw ;k nksuksa pj ¼ vFkkZr~ deZpkjh dsfUnzr usrk vkSj dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk ½ okLrfod #i ls
m
,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gS ijUrq bu v/;;uksa esa nksuksa igyqvks dks LorU= pj ¼ Independent
Variable ½ ds #i esa ifjHkkf”kr fd;k x;kA
Ku
O;ogkj esa nksuks igyw ;k nksuksa pj nks izdkj dh Hkwfedkvksa dks lkadsfrd djrs gSA vr( ,d O;fDr ls nksuksa
ij vf/kdre gksus dh vis{kk djuk mfpr ugh gSA
¼4½ fe’khxu fo’ofo/kky; dk v/;;u ¼ 1946 ½
bl v/;;u ds vuqlkj usrk ds nks ‘kSfy;ksa dh ppkZ dh x;h gS
(i) Production Centered leader
ay
(ii) Employee Centered leader
jsfUll fydVZ ds ekuoh; lEcU/k fl}kUr dh fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor gksus ds dkj.k fe’khxu
v/;;u essa deZpkjh dsfUnzr usrk dks loZJzs”B ;k loksZre ekuk x;kA
bh
bruk gh ugh laxBu ds vUrxZr i;Zos{k.k ( SUPERVISION ) dh izfdz;k ds vUrxZr ,slk ik;k x;k
fd deZpkjh dsfUnzr usrk] dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk ds foijhr] vuq;kf;;ksa ij fudV i;Zos{k.k (CLOSE SUPERVI-
SION ) ds cnys] lkekU; i;Zos{k.k ( GENERAL SUPERVISON ) djrk gSSA blds vUrxZr laxBu dk mRiknu
:A
Hkh vR;f/kd rHkh gks ikrk gS tc ml laxBu dk usr`Ro deZpkjh dsfUnzr usrk ds ikl gksrk gSA
dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk fudV i;Zos{k.k ( CLOSE SUPERVISION ) djus ds dkj.k ‘kq#vkrh nkSj esa
vR;fèkd mRiknd lkfcr gksrk gS ijUrq vfUre #i ls vR;f/kd mRiknu djus esas og vlQy jgrk gSA;gh
By
dkj.k gS fd fydVZ ds }kjk deZpkjh dsfUnzr usrk dks ojh;rk nh x;h gSA
* fydVZ ds }kjk vius yxHkx vxys 20 lky ds v/;;uksa ds mijkUr izcU/ku dh 4 fuEukafdr ‘kSfy;ks
dks fodflr fd;k x;k&
(a) ‘kks”kd lŸkkoknh ( Exploitative authoritative )
u
(b) ijksidkjh lŸkkoknh ( Benevolent authoritative )

(c) lykgdkjh lŸkkoknh ( Consultative )
(d) lgHkkxh lŸkkoknh ( Participative or Democratic )
kkl
mi;qqZDr 4 ‘kSfy;ks esa igyh ‘kSyh ls ;qDr usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ij uk flQZ ncko Mkyrk gS cfYd fdlh Hkh
gkyr esa fdz;kUo;u djkus gsrq vR;f/kd funsZ’ku ;qDr TOP DOWN ;k v?kks lapkj dk vH;kl djrk gS] ,sls
i z'
usrk dk vius vuq;kf;;ksa esa FkksM+k Hkh fo’okl ugh gksrk gSA
nwljh ‘kSyh ls ;qDr usrk dk vius vuq;kf;;ksa esa FkksM+k lk fo’okl gksrk gS ijUrq lEiw.kZ ugh] ,sls usrk
ds }kjk vfHkiszj.kk ds dSjV vkSj fLVd fof/k ds bLrseky ds lkFk&lkFk dHkh&dHkh ux.; #i ls vfHkiszj.kk
sd
ds iztkrkaf=d fof/k;ksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA vHkh Hkh lapkj yxHkx ,d i{kh; gksrh gSA
yk
fydVZ ds }kjk viuh rhljh ‘kSyh esa dgk x;k fd lapkj vc ,d i{kh; uk gksdj f}i{kh; gksxkA
vFkkZr~ ,slk usrk ;kfu lykgdkjh usrk ( Consultative ) vius vuq;kf;;ksa ls lykg dh vis{kk djsxkA
bruk gh ugh vuq;kf;;ksa esa dkQh gn rd mldk fo’okl mifLFkr gksrk gS ijUrq vHkh Hkh lEiw.kZ #i
ls fo’okl dh mifLFkfr ns[kus dks ugh feyrh gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

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blh nkSjku fydVZ ds }kjk izca/ku ;k usr`Ro dh pkSFkh ,oa vius loZJzs”B ‘kSyh dk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k
x;k ftlds vUrxZr usrk uk flQZ f}i{kh; lapkj dks cfYd mu lapkj ds ek/;eksas ls visf{kr lq>koks dks vius
fu.kZ; fuekZ.k esa ‘kkfey djrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa LokHkkfod #i ls usrk dk lEiw.kZ #i ls fo’okl vius
vuq;kf;;ksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
ar
mi;qZDr pkSFkh ‘kSyh ds xqq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fydVZ ds }kjk ,slk lkekU;hdj.k fd;k x;k fd mijksDr
pkSFkh ‘kSyh ds xq.kksa ls vksrizksr usrk dks fydVZ ds }kjk loksZre usrk dh laKk nh x;hA
m
¼5½ usr`Ro dk ifjfLFkfr tU; fl}kUr ¼ 60 ds n’kd ds vkjEHk ls ----- ½
egku O;fDr fl}kUr] xq.k fl}kUr ,oa O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr Hkh tc usr`Ro ds cgqvk;keh #i ls
Ku
fo’ys”k.k esa vleFkZ lkfcr gksus yxs rks- vkj0 ,e0 LVkWxfMy ,oa muds lg;ksx ds }kjk usr`Ro ds fo’ys”k.k
ds ifjfLFkfr tU; n`f”Vdks.k dks fodflr fd;k x;kA ;g vo/kkj.kk bl ekU;rk ij
vk/kkfjr gS fd usr`Ro dh lQyrk ifjfLFkfr fo’ks”k ls izHkkfor gksrh gS lkFk gh usrk ,oa lewg ds chp vUr(
fdz;k ( Interaction ) gksrh gSA ,oa yksx usrk dk vuqlj.k blfy, djrs gS fd mudh futh bPNkvksa dh Hkh iwfrZ
gksrh tkrh gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa og usrk lQy gksrk gS tks muds bPNkvksa ,oa vko’;drkvksa dks igpkuus ,oa mudh
ay
iwfrZ gsrq dk;Z djsA
ifjfLFkfr tU; fl}kUr ds vUrxZr lkekU;r( fuEukafdr fopkj/kkjkvksa dk izLrqfrdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
¼1½ usr`Ro v[k.M #i esa ;k lkRkR; #i esa

bh
Continuum model
or
[ Leadership as a Continuum. ]
:A
1958 rFkk 1973 esa iqqu( ifjofrZr
Thinker & jkoVZ Vsfuu okWe] Waren Schmidt.
¼2½ ikFk xksy fl}kUr & ¼ 1970 & 71 ½ Evans, Hous and Michels.
By
¼3½ fQMyj dk vkdfLedrk izfreku ( Contingency Model of Fidler 1967 )

¼4½ usr`Ro dk 3 vk;kxh fl}kUr ¼ 1967 ½ 3-D Modle of leadership (Willium Reddin.)
¼5½ ikWy glsZ ,oa dsusFk CysUpkMZ dk thou pdz fl}kUr ( Life cycle theory )
;k
u
Tri dimentional leader effectivenees model. ¼ 1982 ½

¼6½ foDVj owze vkSj fQfyi ;sV~Vu dk vkdfLedrk fl}kUr izfreku
kkl
( Contingency ekWMy ½ 1973 or Decision Participation Model or Leader

Partcipation Model
¼1½ usr`Ro v[k.M #i esas & Boss oriented Employee oriented
i z'
High
TELL - izcU/ku dk fu.kZ; ,oa
mldh ?kks”k.kk A
sd
SELL - izcU/kd fodz; dh ‘kSyh dk Low

yk
iz;ksx dj fodz; dk izcU/k djrk gSA TELL SELL CONSULT JOIN
izcU/kd fopkj
izLrqr dj Question vkeaf=r djrk gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
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j
CONSULT: izcU/kd vkeaf=r fopkj ds en~nsutj usrk ds lŸkkoknh gksus dh ek=k
ifjorZu dh laHkkouk j[krk gSA
izcU/kd leL;k ds vuq#i vuq;kf;;ksa
ar
ls lq>ko ekax dj fu.kZ; ys ysrk gSA deZpkjh ;k vuq;kf;;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk
JOIN - izcU/kd ds }kjk og lhek fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gS ftlesa v/khuLFkksa ds }kjk fu.kZ; fy;k
tkrk gSA
m
izcU/kd ,oa v/khuLFk lek/kku gsrq la;qDr #i ls fu.kZ; ys ysrs gSA
Ku
1958 esa gkoZMZ fotusl fjO;w esa Vsfuu okWe] Schmidt ds }kjk “How to choose leadership pattern”
uked ys[k fy[kk x;k ftl ij 1973 esa lq/kkjkRed fVIi.kh dh x;hA
muds }kjk fofHkUu vkdfLed ifjfLFkfr ds vuqdwy <yus okyh usr`Ro dh ifjfLFkfr
dh O;k[;k dh x;hA blds vUrxZr okWlksUeq[kh ( Boss centered ) ls ysdj v/khuLFkksUeq[kh
ay
( Employee centered ) ‘kSyh dks viuk;k x;kA ‘kSSyh ds foHksn dk vk/kkj izcU/kd }kjk v/khUkLFkksa
dks nh tkus okyh LorU=rk rFkk usr`Ro dk lŸkkokfnrk gSA
usr`Ro ds izdkj dk fuEukafdr 3 dkjd bl fopkj/kkjk ds fy, egRrk j[krk gS
bh
ftl ij bl fopkj/kkjk ds }kjk izLrqr usr`Ro dh ‘kSyh fuHkZj djrh gS ( &
¼1½ usrk ( Leader ) & mlds ewY;] v/khuLFkksa esa fo’okl vfuf’pr ifjfLFkfr esa lqj{kk
lecU/kh Hkkouk bR;kfnSA
:A
¼2½ v/khuLFk & mRrjnkf;Ro ogu djus esa #fp] mudk vuqHko ,oa Kku bR;kfnA
¼3½ ifjfLFkfr (Situation ) & laxBukRed ewY; ,oa ijEijk;sa] leL;k dh izd`fr] ‘kfDr
izxfrdj.k djus dh laHkkouk le; dk nckc bR;kfnA
By
* 1973 esa iqufuZjh{k.k djrs gq, Vsfuu ckWe vkSj Schimidt dss }kjk usr`Ro
‘kSyh ij laxBukRed ifjorZu ds lkFk lkFk lkekftd ,oa okº;
i;kZoj.k dks Hkh egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;kA tSls JzelaxBu] lkekftd
u
nkf;Ro lEcU/kh nckc] ukxfjd vkUnksyu bR;kfnA
mi;qZDr ckº; lkekftd dkjd Hkh usr`Ro ds fu.kZ; djus ds lkeF;Z dks izHkkfor
kkl
djrs gS vr( 1973 ds lq/kkjkRed iz;kl ds }kjk usr`Ro ds Coutinuum izfreku

dks O;kogkfjdrk iznku dh x;h] tks vkt ds vk/kqfud iz’kklfud iz?kVuk
i z'
( Phenomenon) dh ekax Hkh gSA
¼2½ ikFk & xksy fl}kUr ( Path Goal Theory ) & bl fopkj/kkjk dh ‘kq#vkr bokUl ds
}kjk gqbZ rFkk bl fopkj/kkjk dks gkÅl ,oa fepsYl ds }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA
sd
;g fl}kUr oqze ds vfHkiszj.kk ds izR;k’kk ds fl}kUr ( Expectancy theory ) vkSj

yk
usr`Ro ds vksfg;ks LVsV ls izsfjr gSA

bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj ,slk dgk x;k fd usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds iFk y{;ksa ,oa
vko’;drk larqf”V ds muds vccks/ku dks izHkkfor dj laxBu ds y{;ksa dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA
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mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 91
bl izdkj bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj izHkko’kkyh usrk dk dk;Z ;g gS fd iFk y{;kas ds ifjfLFkfr

esa tks deh gS mldh vkiwfrZ djsA ;g v/khuLFk dh vfHkO;fDr dks c<krk gSA vFkkZr~ usrk dh izHkko’khyrk
vuq;kf;;ksa dh vko’;drk larqf”V ds volj iznku djus esa rFkk mldk ekxZn’kZu dj vko’;drk larqf”V
ar
dks izHkkoh fu”iknu djk nsus ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
bl fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj 4 izdkj ds usr`Ro O;ogkj dks izLrqr fd;k x;k tks fuEukafdr gS&
m
dk;Z vifjHkkf”kr ,oa
(i) funsZ’ku ;qDr usr`Ro ( ( Directive leadership ) vlajfpr
Ku
blds vUrxZr v/khuLFk dh fdz;kvksa dk fu;kstu] fu;a=.k ,oa leUo; usrk }kjk fd;k
tkrk gS] usr`Ro dh ;g ‘kSyh vifjHkkf”kr ,oa vLi”V dk;ksZ gsrq vko’;d gSA ckº; fu;a=.k ilan djus
okys deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, ;g ‘kSyh O;ogkj ls vf/kd larqf”V iznku djrk gSA
ay
(ii) lg;ksxh usr`Ro ( ( Supportive leadership ) : dk;Z lajfpr$ nSfud izd`fr
bh
,slk usr`Ro deZpkjh dh vko’;drk ds fy, fpfrar gksrk gS] tc dk;Z lajfpr rks gSA ijUrq
nSfud izd`fr dk gS] vkSj nckc ;qDr ,oa deZpkfj;ksa esa fujk’kk c<+kus okyk gks rks ,sls usr`Ro dk cgqr
:A
ldkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSA
dk;Z lajfpr$ nSfud
(iii) miyfC/kUeq[k usr`Ro ( Achievement Oriented ) izd`fr dk uk gksA
By
;g O;ogkj v/khuLFkksa dks pqukSrhiw.kZ y{; fu/kkZfjr djus dk lykg nsrk gS vkSj mls izkIr djus
dh ;ksX;rk dks vuqHko es Lor( gksus dh Hkkouk dks izdV djrk gS vkSj mn~?kfVr djrk gSA tc dk;Z Bhd
izdkj ls lajfpr gks ijUrq nSfud izd`fr dk uk gks] rks ;g ‘kSyh cgqr izHkko’khy gksrh gSSA
u
dk;Z lajfprij igys

(iv) lgHkkxh usr`Ro ( Participative Leadership ) ( okys ftruk ugha gksA
kkl
;g v/khuLFk ls lykg ysrk gS ,oa lwpuk dk vknku iznku djrk gSA ;g O;ogkj ml voLFkk es
lgk;d gksrk gS tc dk;ksZa dks Bhd izdkj ls ifjHkkf”kr ,oa lajfpr rks fd;k x;k gksrk gS ijUrq mruk
i z'
ugh fd;k x;k gksrk gSA ftruk Bhd ml dk;Z ds igys okys dks fd;k x;k gksrk gSA
vr( ikFk xksy fl}kUr ds }kjk ;g O;Dr fd;k x;k gS fd v/khuLFk ds }kjk usrk ds O;ogkj
dks ml lhek rd Lohd`r fd;k tk;sxk tgkW rd os v/khuLFk dks larqf”V iznku djrs gS ;k mlds Hkfo”;
esa vko’;drk dh iwfrZ djus dh {kerk j[krs gSA
sd
¼3½ fQMyj dk vkdfLedrk izfreku &

yk
fQMyj ds }kjk vius izfreku dks izfrikfnr djusa esa 3 pj.kksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;kA&
izFke pj.k& fQMyj us ,d ;a= dks fodflo fd;k ftls LPC ( Least prefered co-
worker ) ¼ U;wure izkFkfedrk lgdehZ ½ rFkk Aso& ( Assume Similarity b/n the oppositer )
Ph. : 9650682121
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92 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
+ ve & lEcU/k dsfUnzr usrk tks LPC dks vR;f/kd vad nsrk gks
¼ usrk dk ldkjkRed o.kZu ½
LPC
ar
- ve & dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk tks U;wure izkFkfedrk dks de vad nsrk gks
¼ usrk ds udkjkRed xq.kksa ls ;qDr izfreku ½
m
* fdlh laxBu ds O;fDr;ksa dh izkFkfedrk lgdehZ lwph esa lcls uhps dk O;fDr vFkkZr~
,slk O;fDr tks laxBu esa lcls de mRiknd gksA LPC dgykrk gS A
Ku
fQMyj us LPC ds }kjk usrk ds nks izdkj ds ‘kSfy;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;kA
* nwljk pj.k & fQMyj ds }kjk bl pj.k esa usrk ds ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds 3 dkjdksa
dks fu/kkZfjr fd;kk x;kA
ay
(A) usrk lnL; lEcU/k (Leader Member Relationship )
(B) dk;Z dh lajpuk ( Task Structure )
(C) usrk dh oS/kkfud fLFkfr ( The leader’s Position Power )
bh
bu rhuks izdkj ds ikfjfLFkfrd dkjdksa ds fo’ys”k.k ds vk/kkj ij ifjfLFkfr dk
foHkktu 4 izdkj ls fd;k x;kA
:A
(i) vfr vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr ( Extremely favourable )
(ii) lkekU; vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr ( Moderately favourable situation )
(iii) vfr izfrdwy ( Extremely unfavourable situation )
By
(iv) lkekU; izfrdwy ( Moderately unfavourable situation )

* rhljk pj.k & blds vUrxZr fQMyj us usrk ds ‘kSyh ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds izdkj
ds chp ,d mfpr rkyesy LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;kA
u
fQMyj ds vuqlkj dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk ( Task oriented ) vfr vuqdwy ,oa
vfr izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr esa lQy ekuk tk;sxkA
* lkekU; vuqdwy ,oa lkekU; izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr es lEcU/k dsfUnzr usrk lQy
kkl
ekuk tk;sxkA
Note - < O;oLFkk mikxe ( System approach ) esa flQZ ckgjh ifjos’k ij /;ku fn;k x;k ij fdl
i z'
izdkj dk ifjos’k bl ij /;ku ugh fn;k x;kA O;oLFkk mikxe dh mu lhekvksa ds fQMyj ds
Coutingency approach esa if & then ds ¼ ifjfLFkfr ds izdkj ½ }kjk nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd fQMyj dk vkdfLedrk izfreku] O;oLFkk mikxe ij ,d lq/kkj ;k Modification gSA>
sd
yk
* fQMyj dk izfreku usr`Ro ds fo”k;oLrq ij ,d u;s n`f”Vdks.k dks mtkxj djrk

gSA bl izfreku ds vuqlkj dksbZ usrk ;k mldh ‘kSyh lQy ;k vlQy ugh gksrh] usrk
ds ‘kSyh dh izHkko’khyrk dk ewY;kadu lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr ds dkjdksa ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A vxj dksbZ usrk ,d nh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa lQy uk gks rks fQMyj ds vuqlkj
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 93
ml usrk dh lQyrk dks nks ek/;eksa ls lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

(i) usrk ds ekStwnk ifjfLFkfr ds dkjdksa esa ,slk ifjorZu fd;k tk;s tks usrk ds ‘kSyh ls rkyesy j[krh SAg
(ii) usrk dk rcknyk ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa dj fn;k tk;s tks mldh ‘kSyh ls esy [kkrh gSA
ar
Crticism
* bl izfreku dh lhek;sa&
m
fQMyj ds izfreku esa ifjfLFkfr ds lhfer dkjdksa dk fo’ys”k.k fd;k x;k ftl LPC ds vkèkkj
ij usrk ds ‘kSfy;ks dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gS og vius vki esa ,d iz’ufpUg dk fo”k; gSaA
Ku
* LPC ds oLrqijd (Subjective) izd`fr gksus ds dkj.k usrk ds ‘kSfy;ks ds ckjs esa ,d fuf’pr
ifj.kke dks izkIr djuk lEHko ugh gSA
bl izfreku es usrk dh ‘kSyh dh izHkko’khyrk dks ifjHkkf”kr djrs le; vuqHko dh ifjiDork
,oa n{krk ij Hkh /;ku ugh fn;k x;kA
ay
bu lhekvksa ds ckotwn Hkh fQMyj dk izfreku yksd iz’kklu ds rcknys vkSj inLFkkiuk esa fo’ks”k
;ksxnku nsrk gSA
¼4½ 3&D Model=>
bh
Willium J. Reddin ds }kjk izfrikfnr fl}kUr eSustsfjy fxzM dk la’kksf/kr #i gSA
:A
ftlesa dk;Z rFkk lEcU/k ds lkFk izHkko’khyrk ( Effectiveness ) #ih pj ( Variable ) dks
tksM+ fy;k x;k gSA
bl fopkj/kkjk ds vUrxZr dk;Z ,oa lEcU/k ds fofHkUu la;kstu ds vk/kkj ij usr`Ro dh pkj
vkèkkjHkwr ‘kSfy;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gS&
By
(i) fuEu dk;Z ,oa fuEu Lrj dk lEcU/k

(ii) fuEu Lrj dk dk;Z ,oa mPp Lrj dk lEcU/k
u
(iii) mPp Lrj dk dk;Z ,oa mPp Lrj dk lEcU/k

(iv) mPp Lrj dk dk;Z ,oa fuEu Lrj dk lEcU/k
kkl
bu ‘kSfy;ks a dh izHkko’khyrk ij dk;Z okrkoj.k dh vis{kkvks] v/khuLFk deZpkfj;ks ,oa mPpkfèkdkfj;ksa

dh izR;k’kkvksa rFkk laxBukRed okrkoj.k esa iz;qDr VsDukWykWth dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
i z'
* laxBu esa fu;ksftr ifjorZu ,oa fodkl gsrq vkt ds vk/kqfud iz’kklfud ifjn`’; esa bl
fopkj/kkjk dk iz;ksx fujUrj c<+rk tk jgk gSA
sd
yk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
94 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
¼5½ ikWy glsZ ,oa dsesFk CysUpkMZ dk thou pdz fl}kUr ( Life cycle Model )
y Hkkxhnkjh dh ‘kSYkh
1,1& M4 => izR;k;kstu dh ‘kSyh 1,9 foØ;
ar
9,1& M1 => funsZ’ku dh ‘kSyh Employee Participating 9,9 dh ‘kSyh
9,9& M2 => fodz; dh ‘kSyh oriented Selling
m
1,9& M3 => Hkkxhnkjh ‘kSyh deZpkjh funsZ’ku
dsfUnzr usrk 1,1 Delegating 9, 1 dh ‘kSyh
* glsZ ,oa cUpkMZ ds }kjk vius izfreku ds Telling
Ku
x
izfreku esa usrk ds pkj ‘kSfy;ksa dk o Task oriented
izLrqfrdj.k fd;k x;k A
izR;k;kstu High dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk Low
dh ‘kSYkh
ay
M4 M3 M2 M1
deZpkfj;ksa dh ifjiDork
ftls dk;Z dsfUnzr usrk ,oa lEcU/k dsfUnzr usrk dgk tkrk gSAbh
bl izLrfrdj.k esa O;ogkjoknh v/;;uksa ds vuqlkj nks pjksa (Variable) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k]
* glsZ ,oa lUpkMZ ds }kjk ifjfLFkfr ds ,d vU; pj ds #i es vuq;kf;;ksa dh ifjiDork

:A
vuq;kf;;ksa dh ifjiDork dk Lrj fuEukafdr 3 dkjdks ij fuHkZj djrk gSA &
(i) n{krk (ii) vfHkizsj.kk ( Motivation )
(iii) ,d lkFk dke djus dh Hkkouk ( Team work )
By
* bu fopkjdks ds vuqlkj vuq;kf;;ksa dh ifjiDork dk Lrj tSls&TkSls ÅWpk mBrk tkrk gS oSls
oSls usrk dks de dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA rFkk mls vius vuq;kf;;ks dks lkekftd ,oa lkisf{ki (Relative)
u
vkyEcu dks nsus dh Hkh de vko’;drk iM+rh gSA

* ifjiDork esa o`f} gksus ds lkFk O;fDr nwljksa ij vkfJzr u gksdj vius iSj ij [kM+k gksus yxrk
gSA
kkl
* glsZ ,oa CysUpkMZ dk er gS fd tSls tSls vuq;kf;;ksa dh ifjiDork c<+rh gS usrk dks
vf/kd lEcU/keq[kh O;ogkj rFkk fuEu dk;Zeq[kh O;ogkj djuk pkfg, tc rd fd ifjiDork dks ‘kkfey
i z'
fd;k x;k A
e/;e Lrj vFkkZr~ (M2 & M3) rd ugh igqWp tkrh gSA
bl fcUnq ij usrk dks vius dk;Z ,oa lEcU/k vfHkeq[kh O;ogkj es dHkh djuh pkfg, d;kasfd
lkekU; ls vf/kd ifjiDork okys yksxksa es fuEu dk;Z ,oa fuEu laca/k dh ‘kSyh ds
sd
ek/;e ls vf/kdkf/kd lQyrk izkfIr dh laHkkouk gks tkrh gSA

yk
* thou pdz fopkj/kkjk bl ckr ij cy nsrh gS fd ,sls yksx ftudh ifjiDork lkekU; ls de
(M1) gS mUgs funsZ’ku dh ‘kSyh ds }kjk lQyrk fnykbZ tk ldrh gS fdUrq lkekU; ifjiDo ( M2 & M3)
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 95
yksxksa dh lQyrk gsrq fodz; dh ‘kSyh vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ‘kSyh mUgsa vf/kd lQy cukus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
lkekU; ls vf/kd ifjiDo ( M4) O;fDr;ksa dks izR;k;kstu dh ‘kSyh ds ek/;e ls
vf/kdkf/kd lQyrk fnyk;h tk ldrh gSA
ar
¼6½ owze vkSj ;sV~Vu }kjk izLrqr vkdfLedrk fl}kUr &
owze us vius uohure ‘kks/k }kjk iFk y{; fopkj/kkjk dh ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh gS fd blesa
m
fu.kZ; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lekos’k ugh fd;k x;k gSAftlds Hkhrj v/khuLFkksa dh lgHkkfxrk gksrh gSA
bl vHkko dh iwfrZ gsrq owze vkSj ;sV~Vu us ,sls ekWMy dk fodkl fd;k gS tks izcU/kdks dks ;g
Ku
fuf’pr djus esas enn djrk gS fd mUgs dc vkSj fdl lhek rd ,d leL;k ds lek/kku esa fu.kZ;ksa dh
xq.kork vkSj izfrc}rk dks lfEefyr djrs gq,] v/khuLFkksa dks lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A
usrk ds fu.kZ;drkZ ds #i esa izHkko’khyrk dks fuEukafdr rRo izHkkfor djrs gaS (&
ay
(i) fu.kZ;ksa dh xq.koÙkk
(ii) v/khuLFkksa }kjk ml fu.kZ; dks Lohdkj djus dh ek=k
bh
(iii) fdlh fu.kZ; dks fy, tkus ds fy, fu/kkZfjr le;
* owze ,oa ;sV~Vu ekWMy es usr`Ro dh ikWp ‘kSfy;ksa dks izfrfofEcr fd;k x;k gSA ¼ rkuk’kkgh
:A
n`f”Vdks.k A-I, A-II ) ls ijke’kZnk=h n`f”Vdks.k ( C-I, C-II) ,oa iw.kZ lgHkkfxrk n`f”Vdks.k ( G-II) dks ‘kkfey
fd;k x;k gS A
A-I=> izca/kd leL;k dk lek/kku djrk gS ;k Lo;a fu.kZ; ysrk gSA

By
A-II=> fu.kZ;u esa v/khuLFkksa dh Hkwfedk izca/kd dks lgt lwpuk,W iznku djus rd
lhfer gksrh gS cSdfYid lek/kkuksa ds l`tu ;k ewY;kadu essa mudh dksbZ Hkwfedk
ugh gksrh gSA
u
C-I=> mi;qDr v/khuLFk ds lkFk O;fDrxr #i ls izca/kd leL;k dks ckaVrk gS] muds
fopkj rFkk lq>koks dks izkIr djrk gS rRi’pkr~ izca/kd fu.kZ; ysrk gS ftues
v/khuLFk dk izHkko izfrfofEcr gks Hkh ldrk gS vkSj ugh HkhA
kkl
C-II=> izca/kd lewg ds #i esa v/khuLFk ds lkFk leL;k ckaVrk gSA

G-II=> izca/kd lewg dks Lo;a ds }kjk pqus x;s lek/kku dks pquus gsrq izHkkfor ugha djrk
i z'
vfirq og ml
lek/kku dks Lohdkj ,oa fdz;kfUor djrk gS] ftls lexz lewg dk leFkZu izkIr
gksrk gSA
sd
yk
* owze ;sV~Vu ekWMy esa mi;qDr 5 usr`Ro ‘kSfy;ksa ds vfrfjDr 7 fLFkfrtU; pj ( Variable )] 14
leL;kvksa ds izdkj rFkk 7 fu.kZ; lEcU/kh fo”k; lfEefyr gaSA
lkj #i esa usr`Ro ds vusd izdkj ;k ‘kSfy;ka gSA lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa ,d usr`Ro ‘kSyh mi;qDr
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
96 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
ugh gks ldrh gS D;ksafd fofHkUu ?kVdks ds fo’ys”k.k ds vk/kkj ij mi;qDr ‘kSyh dk p;u fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
ar
¼7½ csLV fQV ( Best Fit approach to leadership )
lh0 ch0 gSUMh (C. B . Handy) ds }kjk fVIi.kh dh x;h fd csLV fQV mikxe bl ekU;rk
ij vk/kkfjr gS fd usr`Ro ds vPNs ;k lgh ‘kSyh tSlh dksbZ pht ugh gksrh gSA cfYd usr`Ro flQZ rHkh
m
izHkko’kkyh dgykrk gS tc mldk fuEukafdr vko’;drkvksa esa ‘,D;’ ns[kus dks feyrk gS&
Ku
(i) usrk dh vko’;drk,a ,oa y{; vkSj]
(ii) dk;Z ;k lafdz;k dh t#jr rFkk]
(iii) ifjfLFkfr dh ekax ,oa]
(iv) v/khuLFkksa dh {kerk] izfrc}rk ,oa vuqHko bR;kfnA
ay
mi;qZDr pkjks pjksa (Variables) esa lkeatL;rk dh ek=k esa vlQyrk usr`Ro dh izHkko’khyrk dks
dqizHkkfor djrh gSA
Criticism
bh
:A
* usr`Ro ds v/;;u ds vkxeksa esa vkt vk/kqfud le; esa ,dhd`r izfreku ( Integrated Model)
dks izeq[krk fn;s tkus ds iz;kl fd;s tkus yxs gSA blds vUrxrZ usrk ds lkFk lHkh ?kVdks ,oa i;kZoj.k
dh vUr( fdz;k dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
By
¼6½ ¼1½
u
¼1½ usrk dh ‘kSyh

¼2½ lgdehZ dh {kerk
¼3½ lgdehZ dh ifjiDork ¼5½ L ¼2½ ckgjh ifjos’k
kkl
¼4½ laxBu dh lajpuk&;Fkk] dsUnhzdj.k ;k

fodsUnhzdj.k ;k inlksikfud dze
dh la[;k bR;kfn
i z'
(4) (3)
¼5½ dk;Z dh izd`fr
¼6½ laxBu dk vkUrfjd okrkoj.k
sd
yk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 97
ifjfLFkfr tU; fl)kar dh lhek,W &

ifjfLFkfr tUe fl0 }kjk ifjorZu ds dkj.kksa ij ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkjdks ij T;knk /;ku fn;k
x;k] ,d [kkl ifjfLFkfr es usrk ds xq.kks ,oa O;ogkjksa ds v/;;u dh vogsyuk dh x;h tks ml
ar
ifjfLFkfr esa fuekZ.k dk dkj.k curh gSA
m
bl fl}kUr ds }kjk O;fDr dh usr`Ro {kerk dks ,d nh x;h ifjfLFkfr ess ifjHkkf”kr fd;k x;k
gSA ;kfu] ;s fl}kUr ml O;fDr ds rkRdkfyd usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA ijUrq Hkfo”; esa og
Ku
O;fDr nwljh ifjfLFkfr ess loksZre lkfcr gksxk ;k ugha] bldk mŸkj nsus esa usr`Ro dh ifjfLFkfr tU;
fopkj/kkjk vlQy jgh gSA
* bl fopkj/kkjk esa usr`Ro fodkl dh izfdz;k esa Hkh leL;k ns[kus dks feyrh gS D;ksafd ;g
ay
fl}kUr ;g ugh crkrk gS fd ,d vPNs laxBu esa vPNs usrkvksa dk fuekZ.k ;k fodkl fdl izdkj fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
ifjfLFkfr tU; fl)kar dh ekU;kr,¡ &
bh
blds ckotwn Hkh ;g fl}kUr usr`Ro dh O;kid #i ls O;k[;k djus esa uk flQZ lQy jgk gS
:A
cfYd vkt ds iz’kklfud fpardks dks Hkh vfHkisszfjr djrk gS fd os ifjfLFkfr ds vU; ?kVdkss ij viuk
/;ku dsfUnszr dj usr`Ro dh fodflr vkSj vk/kqfud ‘kSyh dks izLrqr djsaA
tkfgj lh ckr gS] fd ifjfLFkfrtU; fl}kUr yksd iz’kklu ds v/;;u ds fodkl esa ,d ehy
By
dk iRFkj tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA

u
kkl
i z'
sd
yk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
98 mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j
l Ei zs"k. k v Fkok l Uns'kokgu
l Ei zs"k.kv Fkokl a pkj dhmfpr O;oLFkkv ksadsv Hkko esadksbZHkhl a xBu dk; Zughadj l drk] v kS j ; fn l axBu vi usLo: i
ar
esav R;f/ d foLrr̀ gksrc rks; g v fuok; Zgkst krk gSfd ml dsl a pkyu v Fkok fu; a =k.k dsLrj i j dk; Zdh i zxfr l sl EcfUèkr
i ; kZ
Ir l w
puk, ¡fuf' pr l e; i j feyrhjga sAl Ei zs"k.kO;oLFkkdksi z'kkl u dki zFke fl ¼kUr ekukt krkgS AfeysV usbl sî z'kkl dh;
m
laxBu dhjDr/ kjk* v kS j fi i Q
uj usî zcU/ dk ân; * dgk gS Al a
xBu esav kUrfjd l g; ksx v kS j l eUo; dk l ek; kst u dhi zkfIr ds
fy, l Ei zs"k.kO;oLFkkdkgksukfurkUr v ko' ; d gS Ai zHkko' kkyhl Ei zs"k.kO;oLFkkdsfcukfdl hHkhl a xBu ; kv fHkdj.kdsmís'; ksa
dhl i Q yrkl fanX/ jgrhgS AeksVs: i esa] l Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkkl sv fHki zk; gS µi z'kkl u dsfofHkUu Lrjksadschp l a i dZv kjSi z'kkl u rFkk
Ku
t urkdschp l iadZ A; g , d t kuh&ekuhckr gSfd ; fn l jdkjhdeZ pkjhl jdkj dhuhfr; ksa ] dk; Z
Øeksav kS j mís'; ka
sl sHkyh&Hkk¡fr
i fjfpr gksaxsrksosu dsoy v i usdk; Zdhl kFkZ d rk v f/ d l e> l dsa xs] cfYd dk; Zdk l Ei knu Hkhv f/ d fu"Bk dsl kFk djsa xsA
bl dsv frfjDr ; fn v f/ dkfj; ksadksdeZ pkfj; ksadkfo' okl i zkIr gksxkrksosmudsl g; ksx dscy i j v i usdÙkZ O;ksadkfuoZ gu v PNs
ay
<ax l sdj l dsa xsAv kt dsyksd rka f=kd ; q x esai 'zkkl u v kS j t urk dschp l a i dZjguk Hkh v ko' ; d gS A; fn i z'kkl u t urk l s
v yx&v yx jgrkgSrksyksd rka f=kd O;oLFkkv ksaesal jdkjhfoHkkxksaesal w puk] i zpkj , oat ul a i dZv f/ dkfj; ksadhfu; q fDr dht krh
gSAv kt yxHkx l Hkhl H; l jdkjksausl w puk] i zd k' ku v kS j yksd &l ai dZfoHkkx LFkkfi r dj fy, gS Ai zcU/ l EcU/hl kfgR; l Ei zs"k.k
a
fo"k; d ys[kksal si fji w . kZgS
dkv knehHkhv i uhl jdkj v kS
djrkgS Al a
AoLrq
a r %v kt dk; q
j v i usi M+
pkj&l k/ uksadscy i j ghv UrjkZ
x l Ei zs"k.k; kl a
bh
pkj&O;oLFkkdk; q x gSAl a pkj&O;oLFkkdsdkj.kgksv kt v kS
ksfl ; ksadsv f/ d fudV gSrFkkog v i uspkjksav ksj dst hou l sv f/ d , d: i rkv uq
"Vªh; {k=skesage ^, d fo' o* dhfn' kkesaghv xzlj gksjgsgS Al a
a
l r nt Z
pkj dksv kt v R;fèkd

Hko
s
:A
egÙo i zkIr gkspq d kgSv kS jla pkj&dkS' ky dsfodkl dsfy, fof' k"Vl Hkkvksa ] dk; Z' kkykv ksarFkkfofHkÂi zf' k{k.kdk; Z Øeksadkv k; kst u
fd; k t krk gS Al a ;qDrjkT; v esfjdk bl fn' kk esav xz.kh gS A
l Ei zs"k. k d k v FkZ
By
l Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkkdkv k' k; l w
puk; kl an'skHkst usdhO;oLFkkek=kughagS Ayksd &i z'kkl u dsl EcU/ esabl dkv FkZv kfFkZ d
O;ki d gSrFkk i z'kkl u dsfofHkÂ Lrjksadschp fopkj&foe' kZ, oafey&t q y dj dke djuk bl dh i fjf/ esal ekfo"V gS Al Ei zs"k.k
dsew y esa; g fopkj fufgr gSfd O;fDr l eL; kv ksai j i jLi j fey&t q y dj fopkj djsav kS j , d nwl jsdsnf̀"Vdks.k dksl e>dj
u
l keat L; i w
. kZ<a x l svi usdÙkZ
O;ksadkfuoZgu djsarkfd osy{; &i zkfIr dhfn' kkesal q xerki w
oZ
d c<+l dsAbl fy, l Ei zs"k.kdhi fjHkk' kk
^l e>&cw >* ds: i esanht k l drhgS AfeyV usl Ei zs"k.k dks^fdl hl k>sdsi z;kst u dhl k>k&l e>* ds: i esai fjHkkf"kr fd; k
kkl
gSv kSj VhMusHkhbl hi zd kj dkfopkj i zd Vdjrsgq , fy[ kkgSfd ^^l Ei zs"k.kdkew y y{; l eku fo"k; ksai j efLr"; ksaesaesy LFkkfi r
djuk gS A** l kbeu usfy[ kk gSfd ^î zpkj ds: i esal Ei zs"k.k dksfdl h Hkh , slh i zfØ; k ds: i esai fjHkkf"kr fd; k t k l drk gS
ft l ds}kjk fu.k;Zksadksl a xBu ds, d l nL; l snw l jsl nL; rd i gq ¡pk; k t k l dsA**
i z'
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i j l suhpsdh v ksj gksrk gS
A
By
2- l kFk gh v / huLFk Hkh v i usl q

>ko] f' kdk; rssa
] i zfrfØ; k, ¡ v kfn mPpkf/ dkfj; ksadksHkst rsgS
A
a
3- ; | fi bl O;oLFkk esaHkh] , dy&ekxhZ ; l Ei zs"k.k dhHkk¡fr v kns'kksav kS
j funsZ
' kksadk LFkku egÙoi w
. kZgksrk gSysfdu v / huLFkksa
}kjk mudk v {kj' k%i kyu mruk ckè; dkjh ughagksrk gSD; ksa fd v / huLFk v i usjpukRed l q >ko Hkst l drsgS av r%v kns'kksa
u
v kS
j funsZ
' kksaesai fjorZ
u l EHko gksrk gS
A
4- v / huLFkksadsl q
>koksav kS
j fopkjksai j è; ku fn; kt krkgSv kS
j dk; Zdsi zfr bPNkt kxzr dj mudhdk; Z
{kerkesaof̀¼ dsi z;kl
kkl
fd; st krsgS A
a
5- f}&ekxhZ; l Ei zs"k.kO
; oLFkkesav/ huLFkksadsl kFkekuoh; nf̀"Vdks.kv i uk; kt krkgS
Amudhf' kdk; rksav kS
j dfBukb; ksai j è; ku
i z'
fn; kt krkgSrFkkmudkfujkdj.kfd; kt krkgS Abl i zd kj ekuo&l EcU/ nf̀"Vdks.ki j l eq

fpr cy fn; kt krkgSrFkkmudk
fujkdj.k fd; k t krk gS AdeZ pkjh l a
LFkk esadsoy e' khuh i q
t Zdh rjg ughacfYd euq "; dh rjg dke djrsgS A
a
6- deZ pkfj; ksaesaHk; dk okrkoj.k ughajgrkAos, d , slsLora =k okrkoj.k esadke djrsgS ] t gk¡ v f/ dkjh mudsl q
a >koksav kS
j
sd
f' kdk; rksadksè; ku i w

oZ
d lquusdksv kS
j osv f/ dkfj; ksadsmfpr v kns'kksa
&funsZ
' kksadk ekuusdksrS ; kj jgrsgSA
a
yk
7- ; g l Ei zs"k.k O;oLFkk i zt krka

=kh; gSft l l sdeZ
pkfj; ksaesadk; Zdsi zfr #fp] mRl kg v kS
j fu"Bk dk Hkko cuk jgrk gS
A
( x) f=k&n' kk l Ei zs"k. k
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 103
v kt dsyksd &dY; k.kdkjhrFkk v kS | ksfxd ; q

x esaf}&ekxhZ ; l Ei zs"k.krksyxHkx v fuok; Zgksx; k gS ] i j l kFkghf=k&n' kk
l Ei zs"k.kdk v Hkhfodkl gksjgkgS Ai zcU/ ds{ks=k esau, v uq la / ku gq
, gSav kS j i zcU/dh; rduhdhesav kew y &pw y i fjorZ
u v kx; s
gSA
a v kt ; g Lohdkj fd; k t kusyxk gSfd dsoy v f/ dkfj; ksav kS j v / huLFkksadseè; l Ei zs"k.k gh i ; kZ
Ir ughagS Afdl h l a
LFkk esa
ar
fofHkÂ foHkkxksaesadk; Z
j r O;fDr; ksadschp fopkjksadsl ekxeu dsl kFk&l kFkl a LFkkdsckgj dsfofHkÂ oxks±rFkkl jdkj l sHkhl Ei zs"kk
dk v knku&i znku v ko' ; d gS Abl i zd kj] f=k&n' kk l Ei zs"k.k i zfØ; k esafuEufyf[ kr l Ei zs"k.k l fEefyr gSµ
m
(i) b.Vj&Lds
y j l Ei zs"k.k
(ii) bU
Vªk&Ldsy j l Ei zs"k.k
Ku
(iii) l a
xBusÙkj l Ei zs"k.k
y j l Ei zs"k. k µ l Ei zs"k.k dh i zfØ; k esa, d l a
(i) b. Vj &Ld s LFkk dsv yx&v yx Lrj dsv f/ dkfj; ksadschp l a
ns'kksadk
v kokxeu ; kv knku&i znku gksrkgS Amnkgj.kkFkZt ujy eSust j] foHkkxh; eSust j v kfn l q
i jokbt j rd v kns'kka ]s funsZ
' kksa
]lw
pukv ksav kfn
ay
dkl Ei zs"k.kgksrkgSv kS
j lq
i jokbt j dsØe' k%foHkkxh; eS ust j rFkkt ujy eS ustj rd l q >ko] f' kdk; rsa
] fopkj v kfn Hkst st krsgSa
Abl h
id
z kj ; fn fdl hi zfr"Bku dsJe dY; k.k v f/ dkjhvkS j Jfedksadschp l a ns'kokgu ; k l Eizs"k.k gksrks; gHkhb.Vj&Ldsy j l Eizs"k.k
dgyk, xkAokLro esabu O ; oLFkk esanksfHkÂ&Lrj dsv f/ dkfj; ksaesav Fkok deZ pkfj; ksadseè; fopkjksadk v knku&i znku gksrk gS A
Vªk&Ld sy j l Ei zs"k. kµ l Eisz"k.kdhbl i zfØ; kesal a
(ii) bU
dseè; gksrk gS Abl s^Økl dkUVsDV l Ei zs"k.k* Hkh dgrsgS
, d foHkkx dsv f/ dkjh }kjk v i usgh l ed{k nw
AnS
a bh
ns'kksadkv knku&i znku l eku Lrj dsvf/ dkfj; ksav FkokdeZ
fud dk; Z
pkfj; ksa
d yki ksaesai zk; %bl i zd kj l Ei zs"k.k cgqi zpfyr gS
l jsfoHkkx dsv f/ dkjh l si jke' kZpyrk jgrk gSft l l sv udsl eL; k, ¡ rq
AfujUrj
j Ur
:A
l e; &l e; i j l q y >rh jgrh gS av kS

j fofHkÂ foHkkxksadschp dVq r k mRiÂ ughagksi krh ; k i zfrxkeh okrkoj.k ughacu i krkA
bUVªk&Ldsy j l Ei zs"k.k l si zcU/dh; {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gS A; g i z.kkyhv ki l hl e> esaof̀¼ djrhgS ] l ew
g , drk dksi zHkkfor
djrh gS ] eukscy c<+ krh gSv kS
j v uq
iwjd l w
puk, ¡ i zfØ; k dksv R;f/ d egÙo fn; k x; k v kS j l kekU; fgr dh v i s{kk , d fof' k"V
By
Lrj dsi zcU/d oxZdsfgr dsfy, i z;q Dr fd; k x; k rks; g l a LFkk dksdet ksj cuk nsrh gS A
xBusÙkj l Ei zs"k. k µ l Ei zs"k.kdhbl i zfØ; kesal a
(iii) l a LFkkdsv f/ dkfj; ksav kS
j ckgj dsO;fDr; ksadseè; l a
ns'kksa
] fopkjksa
dk v knku&i znku gksrk gS A, d l a LFkk dsv f/ dkjh l jdkj] mi HkksDrk] Je&l a ?k v kfn dksv i usl a ns'k] l q
>ko ; k fopkj i zsf"kr djrs
u
ga
Sv kS
j nw l jh v ksj l sHkh , slk gh fd; k t krk gSAbl i zd kj dsl Ei zs"k.k l sv f/ dkfj; ksadksl a
LFkk dsl EcU/ essackgjh O;fDRk; ksa; k
la
LFkkv ksal segÙoi w . kZl w
puk, ¡ feyrh jgrh gS A
a
kkl
Li "V gSfd l Ei zs"k.kk dk {ks=k v f/ dkf/ d O;ki d gksrk t k jgk gS A; g l a

LFkk dsmPpkf/ dkfj; ksav kS
j deZ pkfj; ksadschp
; kl a
LFkkdsfofHkUu l ed{kv f/ dkfj; ksadschp ; kv f/ dkfj; ksa; kdeZ pkfj; ksadschp ghughajgkgS acfYd l a LFkkdsv f/ dkfj; ksa
v kS
j lal Fkk dsckgj dsO;fDr; ksadschp gksusyx x; k gS AokLro esa sm| ksx v Fkok O;ol k; dsi zR;sd {ks=k esafodfl r gksrsjgus
i z'
i j LokHkkfod gSfd v kS| ksfxd ; kO;ol kf; d l Ei s"zk.kdk{ks=kHkhc<+ sxkA; g v o' ; gsfd bl dhmi ; ksfxrkv kS j l kFkZ
d rkbl ckr
i j fuHkZ
j gSfd ; gk dgk¡ rd i zHkkoh : i esal Ei Uu gksrk gS A
l Ei zs"k. k d sekè; e
sd
yk
l Ei zs"k.k v usd ekè; eksa}kjk l a

Hko gSft Ugsarhu eq
[ ; oxks±esaoxhZ
d r̀ fd; k t k l drk gS
µ
uuk µ bl ekè; wl smnkgj.k gS
( d ) J O; v FkkrZ~l q µl Eesy u] l fefr; k¡] l k{kkRdkj] Vsy hi Q
a ksu] jsfM; ksi zl kj] t ul Hkk, ¡] v kfnA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
r ~ns[kuk µ bl ekè; e dsv UrxZ
( [ k) n`' ; v FkkZ r fyf[ kr l Ei zs"k.k; Fkkµi fji =k] i q
fLrdk, ¡] i zfrosnu] foojf.kdk] gLrys[kv kfn
rFkk fp=k.k ( i QksVks] i ksLVj] O;a
xfp=k] >.M]s LykbM~l v kfn) l fEefyr gS A
a
( x) n`' ; &J O; v FkkZ
r ~ns[kuk v kS uuk nksuksaµ bl ekè; e dsmnkgj.kcksy rspyrsfp=k] nw
j lq j n' kZ
u] O;fDrxr i n
z' kZ
u v kfn gS
A
a
ar
mi ; q
Dr rhuksaesal si zR;sd ekè; e dsv i us&v i usxq
Z . kgSarFkkv i uh&v i uhl hek, ¡gS A; g i zcU/ v Fkokfu"i knu v kS
a j fuHkZ
j
gSfd og bl ckr dkfu.kZ ; djsfd dc dkS ul kl Ei zs"k.kekè; e mi ; qDr gksxkAv kt dy O;ki kfjd v kS j i z'kkl dh; nksuksaghi zd kj
m
dsl xaBuksaesal Ei zs"k.kdksi zksRl kfgr djusdsfy, l Eesy u&i z.kkyhdki z;ksx c<+jgkgS A; g i z;ksx v f/ d yksd fi z; bl fy, gksjgk
gSfd D; ksa fd bl l sfoyEc ughagksrk] i =k&O;ogkj Hkh de gksrk gSv kS j ykyi Q hrk' kkgh ughai ui i krhAfeysV usl Eesy u&i z.kkyh
Ku
dsegÙoi w . kZmi ; ksxksadkmYys[kfd; kgS ] ; Fkkµ(i) l eL; kl EcU/ht kudkjhi zkIr gksuk] (ii) l eL; kdsl ek/ ku esal gk; rkfeyuk]
(iii) fu.kZ; dh Lohdf̀r v kS j fu"i knu dh l q xerk] (iv) l a xBu esadke djusokysv f/ dkfj; ksaesa, drk dh Hkkouk dksi zksRl kgu]
(v) deZ pkjh oxZdsew Y; k¡d u esal qfo/ k , oa(vi) i z'kkl dh; deZ pkfj; ksaesal wpuk dk v knku&i znku dksl q xerki w oZ
d i zksRl kgu nsukA
l Eesy u&i z.kkyh dk , d ew [ ; ykHk ; g gsfd bl l syksxksaesa sdki Q h #fp c<+t krh gS ] l ewg dsl nL; l Eesy u esai w j h rjg v kSj
ay
l kekU; : i l sHkkx l sl drsgS aft l l smudksi kjLi fjd l i Q yrk dsi zfr l eq fpr l Urks"k gksrk gSv kS j i fj.kkeksadksl a xBu dsl Hkh
l nL; l g"kZLohdkj dj ysrsgS Al Eesy u&i z.kkyhdsi Q
a yLo: i l kew fgd l kgl dk fodkl gksrk gSv kS j v ukS i pkfjd l EcU/ksadk
foLrkj gksrk gS ] fdUrql Eesy u&i z.kkyhdhv i uhl hek, ¡HkhgS Av uq
a eku l fefr ( ukS ok¡i zfrosnu) dserkuq l kj] ^^l Eesy uksaesadki Qh
of̀¼ gq
iw
bZgS AdHkh&dHkh rksosfdrusnq
j k U;k; djuk v l a
i =k&O;ogkj dki Q
Hko gkst krk gSv kS
h yEcsl e; rd pyrsjgrsgS
: g gkst krsga
] D; ksa
a fd l q
bh
Sfd muesaHkkx ysusokysv f/ dkfj; ksadsfy, l EcfU/r fo"k; &oLrqdsl kFk
j O;ogkfj esappkZrFkk fVIIk.kh fy[ kusdsdk; ks±esadeh gksusdsl kFk gh dHkh&dHkh rks
/ kjuk i M+r k gSrFkk mudk l ek/ ku djuk i M+ r k gSAbl hfy, l oZ l Eer
:A
fooj.k rS ; kj djusesafoyEc gkst krk gSrFkk dHkh&dHkh rksppkZ , ¡v / wj h jg t kusdsdkj.k v kxsfi Q j l Eesy u cq y kuk v ko' ; d
gkst krk gS AdHkh&dHkh , d gh v f/ dkjh dks, d gh fnu l sv f/ d l Eesy uksaesaHkkx ysuk i M+ r k gSv kS j , slh n' kk esaog i zR;sd
l Hkhdsfy, i w j hrS ; kjhughadj i krkAi fj.kke ; g gksrkgSfd og ppkZ v ksaea
si w
j k; ksx ughansi krkAl a {ksi esa] l Eesy u i z.kkyhufLr; ksa
By
( fefl yksa
) i j uksV fy[ kusdh ew y i zfØ; k dh v i s{kk v f/ d O;ki d fl ¼ gksjgh gS A**
l Ei zs"k. k d h i zHkko' khy r k d ksc<+
kusoky sr Ùo
u
fdl hHkhfo' kky l a

xBu esal Ei zs"k.kdhi zHkko' khyrkc<+
kuk, d dfBu dke gS
Abl nf̀"V l sfuEufyf[ kr rÙoksadhmi fLFkfr
v ko' ; d gS
µ
1- l Ei zs"k.k; Fkkl a
Hko Li "V v kS j l Hkhv ko' ; d ckrksal s; q
Dr gksukpkfg, µl Ei zs"k.kv Fkokl a pkj dh' kCnkoyhdkfoLrr̀ gksuk
kkl
v ko' ; d gS AegÙoi w. kZ' kCnksadsckj&ckj nkg sjknsukrFkkegÙoi w . kZv kns'kksav kS

j funsZ
' kksai j fo' ks"kcy nsd j mUgsaO;Dr djuk
Hkh l Ei zs"k.k dh l i Q
yrk dk | ksrd gS A
i z'
2- l Ei zs"k.k dhi zHkko' khyrk dsfy, v ko' ; d gSfd mPpkf/ dkfj; ksav kS
j v / huLFk v f/ dkfj; ksadschp fopkjksadh , d: i rk
dk; e jgsrkfd v f/ dkfj; ksadk deZ pkfj; ka
si j fo' okl jgsv kS
j deZ
pkjh v i usdk; ks±esa#fp ysa A
3- lwpuk i ; kIZr gks] v / w
j h ugha
] v FkkZ
r ~ml sbl <a x l si zsf"kr fd; k t k, fd ml dk v fHki zk; , dne Li "V gkst k, Al w
puk dk
sd
dksbZv 'ak , slk ughagksuk pkfg, ft l si <+ d j deZ pkfj; ksadseu esai z'u mBrsjga
sv kS
j mudk l ek/ ku u gksi k, Ackr Li "V]
yk
foLrkji w
oZd v kS j v ko' ; drkuq l kj ui s&rq
y s' kCnksaesagh dghat kuh pkfg, A
4- lwpuk; Fkkl e; v FkkZr ~l ghl e; i j ght kuhpkfg, Av f/ dkfj; ksadksi w
j kè; ku j[ kukpkfg, fd fdl ekS d si j D; kv kns'k
nsuk mi ; q
Dr gS
Ai zR;sd l axBu dk dÙkZ O; gSfd og dk; Zdq' kyrk c<+ kusdsv k' k; l st ksHkh funsZ
' k nsamUgsadeZ pkfj; ksard
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 105
i gq
¡pkusesafoyEc u gksA
5- l Ei zs"k.knsusl si w
oZl a
pkj ; kl Ei zs"k.ki zkIrdÙkkZdks; fn v f/ dkjhi gysl sghv i usfo' okl esaysarksl Ei zs"k.kdhi zHkko' khyrk
c<+t kuk l EHko gS A
ar
6- l Ei zs"k.kdhLokHkkfodrkbl ckr i j HkhfuHkZ
j gSfd l e; &l e; i j ; g i rkyxk; kt k, fd v / huLFkdeZ
pkfj; ksai j l a
pkj
dk fdruk i zHkko i M+k gS
] v Fkok osl a
pkj dk fdl l hek rd l e> l dsgS A
a
m
feysV usl Ei zs"k.kdksi zHkko' kkyhcukusokysl kr rÙoksadkmYys[kfd; kgS µ( 1) l apkj Li "Vgksa
] ( 2) i zkIrdÙkkZdhi zR;k' kk
dsv uq : i gksa
] ( 3) l eq fpr gksa
] ( 4) l e; kuq l kj gksa
] ( 5) , d t S
l sgksa
] ( 6) ykspnkj gksa, oa
] ( 7) Lohdk; Zgksa ] Vjsh usy{; dh
Ku
i kzfIr dsfy, ft u v kB ckrksadh fl i Q kfj' k dh gS]a mUgsaMkW
- v oLFkh , oaegs'ojh usbu ' kCnksaesafxuk; k gS µ
(i) Lo; ai w
j h t kudkjh gkfl y dj yhft , ]
(ii) i jLIkj fo' okl LFkkfi r dhft , ]
ay
(iii) v uq
Hko dk dksbZ, d t S
l k v k/ kj [ kkst yhft , ]
(iv) i z
lax dk è; ku jf[ k, ]
(v) mnkgj.kks
arFkk n`' ; l k/ uksadksdke esaykb, ] , oa
(vi) foyEcdkjh i z
frfØ; kv ksadksO;ogkj esau ykb, A bh
:A
l Ei zs"k. k d h d fBukb; k¡ ; k ml d h i zHkko' khy r k d ks?kVkusoky sr Ùo

l Ei zs"k.kdsekxZesav usd dfBukb; k¡vkS j v ojks/ gS AokLro esat ksrÙo l Ei zs"k.kdsi zHkko esaof̀¼ djrsgS
a ] ; fn mudki z;ksx
a
u fd; k t k, rksl Ei zs"k.k dk i zHkko ?kVusyxrk gS
Al Ei zs"k.k dsi zHkko dks?kVkusokysrÙo eq [ ; r%bl i zd kj gS
µ
a
By
1- Hkk"kkdhv Li "Vrk] v l axfr v kSj t fVyrkgkfudkjd gS A^' kCnksadsO;kpkj* l sl Ei zs"k.kv FkkZ

r ~l a
pkj dfBu gkst krkgS
Afdruh
ckj v PNsl sv PNs' kCn Hkh fopkjksadksl eq fpr : i esav fHkO;Dr ughadj i krsAMkW - v oLFkh , oaegs'ojh dsv uq l kj]
u
^^fof' k"Vhdj.k us] t ksv k/ q

fud ' kkl u dh fo' ks"krk gSv i uh , d v yx fujFkZ d ' kCnkoyh fodfl r djrh gSt ksl a pkj dk
fujks/u djrh gS A**
2- fi i Q
uj us^l S
¼kfUrd ck/ kv ksa
* dkmYys[kfd; kgS Amudsgh' kCnksaesa
µ^î `"BHkw
fe] f' k{kkv kS j i zR;k' kkesav Urj gksusdsdkj.k
kkl
l kekft d , oajkt uhfrd fopkjksaesaHkhv Urj v kt krk gS

Al EHkor%i zHkko' kkyhl Ei sz"k.kesal sl cl scM+ hck/ k, ¡gSaft Ugsai kj
djuk l cl sdfBu gS A**
i z'
3- l xaBu esafofHkÂ O;fDr; ksadh i n&i zfr"Bk rFkk mudh oS pkfjd i `"BHkw fe Hkh l Ei zs"k.k esav ojks/ mRiÂ djrh gS Ai zk; %ns[kk
x; k gSfd mPpkf/ dkjhv i uh i zfr"Bk dk v FkZft l : i esaysrsgS aog l Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkk dsfy, dbZckj gkfudkjd fl ¼
gksrhgS At ksv f/ dkjht jk&l hckr i j ukjkt gksd j v i uh' kfDr dk nq
a #i ; ksx djusdsv H; Lr gksrsgS amul sv / huLFk i zk; %
sd
MjrsjgrsgS av kS
j , slk i z;Ru djrsgSafd osmu v f/ dkfj; ksadsl keusft ruk de v k, ¡ mruk gh v PNk gS A, slsv f/ dkfj; ksa
yk
dk O;fDrxr l a xBu esal kekU; i kjLi fjd l EcU/ksadksfodfl r ughagksusnsrkA

4- l Ei zs"k.k dhi zHkko' khyrk dsekxZesa, d v U; ck/ k i n&l ksiku fl ¼kUr dsv uq l kj fofHkÂ LrjksadhgS Av è; a{k] v f/ dkfj; ksa
v kSj v / huLFkdeZ pkfj; ksadschp l Ei zs"k.kO;oLFkkv usd Lrjksaesal sgksd j xqt jkrhgS Abu fofHkÂ Lrjksai j l a
pkj l Ei zs"k.kHkk"kk
Ph. : 9650682121
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dsfofHkÂ v FkZyxk, t kl drsgS aft l l sl Ei zs"k.k dsl a ns'kdsckjsesaHkze mRiÂ gksrsgS av kS
j dHkh&dHkhdeZ pkjh&oxZv i us
mPpkf/ dkfj; ksadksi zlÂ djusdsfy, mUghadsv uq dw y v FkZyxkysrsgS Al kbeu v kfn dkdgukgSfdµ^^l Ei s"zk.kdksv usd
a
dkj.kksal si zlÂ djusokyh ckrksadh v ksj l a pkfyr dj fn; k t krk gS ] xyfr; ksal sl EcfU/r l w pukv ksadksughaHkst k t krkA**
ar
5- la xBu dkv kdkj vkS j fof' k"Vhdj.kHkhl Eis"zk.kdsl kekU; i zokg esa#dkoVMkyrsgS Al a
a xBu dkvkdkj ft rukv f/ d foLrr̀
gksxk mruh gh v f/ d deZ pkfj; ksadksl Ec¼ djusdh v ko' ; drk gksxhAbl dsi Q yLo: i l Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkk dk t ky v kS j
m
v fèkd t fVy gkst k, xkAfof' k"Vhdj.k dhck/ k Hkhde ughagS A; fn ck/ k fdl i zd kj l Ei sz"k.kO;oLFkkdksi zHkkfor djrh
gSbl sLi "V djrsgq , yksd &i z'kkl u ds, d fo}ku usfy[ kkgSfd ^^l a xBu dhfofHkÂ bdkb; ksadsv ki l hl EcU/ v kS j muessa
lwpuk&l p akj mudhv i uhfof' k"Vrkdsdkj.ki zk; %l eq fpr : i l sughagksi krkgS ] ykbu dhbdkbZi zk; %l a xBu dsdk; Z Øe
Ku
dsfØ; kUo; u l sl EcU/ j[ krhgS Abl hi zd kj LVki QHkhbdkbZrFkkLVki QdsO;fDr fo' ks"kdk; Zdsfy, jgrsgS Ai zk; %LVki Q
a
dh ckrksadks] t ksv i usfof' k"V Kku dsdkj.k gh LVki Qdh l a Kk i zkIr djrk gS ] mudsfof' k"V Kku dsl a nHkZesagh l e>k
t kl drkgS Abl i zd kj dkfof' k"V Kku ykbu dsi kl jgukv ko' ; d ughagS ] v r%LVki QHkh' kkfCnd v fHkO;fDr; ksadksml h
v FkZesaxzg.kfd; kt kl dsxk] ; g l a fnX/ jgrkgS Abl dsv frfjDr fof' k"V Kku t gk¡Hkhgksog l e>nkjhdsnk; jsdksl hfer
ay
djrkgSD; ksa fd ml sl e>usea sv i usfof' k"V Kku dksghv k/ kj ekukt krkgS ] fof' k"VKku dsnk; jsl sckgj fudydj l e>us
dh; ksX; rk v kS j i zof̀Ùk cgq r de yksxksaesagksrhgS Abl hdk i fj.ke gSfd , d gh rF; gksfofHkÂ v Fkks±esaxzg.k fd; k t krk
gSAl kbeu v kfn usbl i zla
rksi q
x esa, d v PNk mnkgj.k fn; k gS
fyl dsv f/ dkjhdkfu"d"kZgksxkfd fujh{k.kdsdk; Zesai q
dk fu"d"kZgksxk fd ; g rF; fd' kksjksadsfy, v f/ d foLrr̀ dk; Z
bhµ ^^; fn dghai j fd' kksj&v i jk/ dhl a
fyl dhl a [ ; kv kSj v f/ d c<+
Øe j[ kusdh v ko' ; drk dk l w
[ ; k v f/ d gkst krhgS
kuhpkfg, ] euksja
pd gS
t u&foHkkx
] l ekt dY; k.k
:A
foHkkx dkfUk"d"kZgksxkfd v O;ofLFkr ?kj dsckydksadhv f/ d ns[k&js[kdhv ko' ; drkgS ] bl dsv frfjDr i q fyl &foHkkx
t c rd bl l eL; kdsi zfr v f/ d t kx: d gksd j ughal kspsxkrc rd ; g Hkhl a Hko gSfd og bl dhl w puk v U; foHkkxksa
dksu Hkst sA**
By
6- l Ei zs"k.kesa, d v ojks/ l Ei zs"k.kv FkkZ r ~l a

pkj djusdhbPNkdhdehgS A^^dq N i zcU/d rksfo' okl ghughadjrsfd i z'kkl u
HkhdksbZl jdkjhi z;Ru v kS j l kewfgd i z;kl gS Aosv i usv / huLFkksadsl kFk fopkj&foe' kZdjuk v ko' ; d ughal e>rsAuhps
dh v ksj l sv kusokysl a pkj dksu osi a l n djrsgS av kSj u i zksRl kfgr djrsgS AHkkxhnkjh&i zcU/ muds; ksX; oLrqughagS
a A**
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7- l Eizs"k.kdsekxZesa, d cM+ hck/ kLFkkuksadhnw j hgS A; | fi rkj] i Q ksu v kfn }kjkl a pkj Hkst kt kl drkgS ArFkkfi dq N HkkSxksfyd
nwfj; k¡ gSat gk¡ l Ei zs"k.k ( l a
pkj&O;oLFkk) l k/ u i ; kZ Ir ughagS A
8- ; fn mPPk i z'kkl d l e; &l e; i j v i uh l Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkk dh t k¡p u djsv kS j ml esav ko' ; d l q / kjksadsi fzr mnkl hu jgsa
kkl
rksHkhl Ei zs"k.k( l a pkj) dksi zHkko' kkyhcuk, j[ kukdfBu gS Al Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkkdsv PNsi fj.kke i zk; %bl fy, ughafudyrs
fd mPpkf/ dkjh; g l ksprsgS afd v / huLFkdeZ pkfj; ksadksv kns'ki zlkfjr djusek=kl sghml dkdke i w j kgkst k, xkAv kns'kksa
i z'
dksv kns'k i zlkfjr djusek=k l sgh ml dk dke i w j k gkst k, xkAv kns'kksadsfØ; kUo; u dsi zfr ost kx: d ughajgrsv kS j u
gh mudsfy, v i usv / huLFk deZ pkfj; ksadksi zksRl kfgr djusesa#fp ysrsgS A^dke de] ckr v f/ d*µ ; g mudk fl ¼ka
a r
gksrkgS A
l Ei zs"k.k&O;oLFkk dh bu ck/ kv ksadksl eq fpr l q fo/ k v kS j i z;kl ksa}kjk feVk; k v Fkok cgq r dq N de fd; k t k l drk gS A
sd
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dksl i Q y l e>uk pkfg, ] v U;Fkk ugha A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 107
l Ei zs"k. k d si zd kj
v è; ; u dh l q
fo/ k dh nf̀"V l sge l Ei zs"k.k dksfuEufyf[ kr rhu oxks±esafoHkkft r dj l drsga
µ
S
( d) ekfSyd] fyf[ kr , oal k¡d sfrd l Ei zs"k.k
ar
( [ k) v kS
i pkfjd , oav ukS
i pkfjd l Ei zs"k.k
m
( x) uhpsdh v ksj] mQ
i j dh v ksj rFkk l ery l Ei zs"k.k
l Ei zs"k.k dsbu fofHkÂ : i ksai j rfud foLrkj l sfoospu v i sf{kr gS
A
Ku
( d ) ekS
f[ kd ] fy f[ kr , oal k¡d sfr d l Ei zs"k. k
l Ei zs"k.k dsoxhZ
d j.k dk i zFke v k/ kj ; g gSfd l a ns'k; k funsZ
' k ; k rksekS
f[ kd : i esafn, t k, ¡; k ys[kuhl sfy[ k djA
dq
N v ol jksai j l oknksadk l Ei zs"k.k l a
d srksa
] gko&Hkko }kjk Hkh gksl drk gS A
ay
( v ) ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k. k
ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.kl sv k' k; ; g gSfd l a oknnkrk }kjkdksbZl a okn v Fkok l w pukeq [ k l smPpkj.k djdsl a okn&i zkIrdÙkkZdks
i sfz"kr dht k, Al Ei zs"k.kdh; g fof/ v kt Hkhl okZ
, - , Ii ysdhekU;rkgSfd ekS
f/ d i zpfyr gS
bh
AekS f[ kd l Eizs"k.knksuksai {kksadseè; i zR;{kokrkZ}kjk] Vsy hi Q
ckr djds] fopkj xksf"B; ksaesaHkkx ysd j v Fkok l Eesy uksaesami fLFkr gksd j] l w puk i zlkj.k ; a
f[ kd ' kCnksa}kjki kjLi fjd l Eizs"k.k] l Eizs"k.kdhl oZ Js"B dykgS
Z
=kksadsekè; e l sfn; k t krk gS
AfofHkÂ vuq la
ksu i j
Aykjsa
/ kuksaesa; g Li "Vgkspq
l
dk
:A
gSfd i zcU/d oxZdk l Eizs"k.kksaesaft ruk l e; O;rhr gksrk gSml dk de&l s&de 75» Hkkx ekS f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k esagh chrrk gS A
ekS f[ kd l Ei zs"k. k d sy kHk µ l Ei zs"k.kdsl Hkhl k/ uksaesaekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.kv i uki zeq
[ kLFkku j[ krkgS
Abl dsfuEufyf[ kr
eq
[ ; ykHkkksal sgesabl dk egÙo Li "V gksrk gSµ
By
1- Js"B usrR̀o i znku djusdsfy, ekS

f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k v f/ d mi ; ksxh gS
A
2- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k esa
] dkxt ] L; kgh v kfn dk dksbZO;; ughagksrk v kS
j l e; dh Hkh dki Q
h cpr gksrh gS
A
u
3- ekS f[ kd l Eizs"k.ki zcU/dksadsekuoh; nf̀"Vdks.kdki zrhd gSAi zR;sd O ; fDr esaêkU;rki zkIr djus* dhvkdk
¡{kkgksrhgSv kS
j tc
i zcU/d ekfS[ kd ' kCnksa}kjk deZ pkjhdh i z'kal k djrsgS
] ml si w
a . kZl EEkku nsrsgSarksml dhbl v kdk¡{kk dhi fwrZgkst rkhgSA
kkl
4- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.ki zcU/ ds{ks=kesaHkkxhnkjhO;oLFkkdksl jy cukrkgS Ai zcU/d fdl hegÙoi w . kZfo"k; i j fu.kZ
; ysusdsfy,
lLaFkkdsv f/ dkfj; ksav kS j deZpkfj; ksadkscq
y kdj ekS
f[ kd : i l sfopkj&foe' kZdjrsgS aft l l sv usd l eL; kv ksadkl ekèkku
Hkh gkst krk gS ] v ko' ; d fu.kZ
; Hkh ysfy, t krsgS av kS
j la
LFkk dsmís'; ksadh i zkfIr dk ekxZl jy gkst krk gS A
i z'
5- ekSf[ kd l Ei zs"k.kv f/ dkj&i zR;k; kst u dksHkhl jy cukrkgS Av f/ dkfj; ksa}kjkv i usv / huLFkksadksvusd v f/ dkj ekSf[ kd : i
esansfn, t krsgS Adk; Z
a &fu"i knu dsckjsesav kns'kksav kSj funsZ
' kksadksckj&ckj fyf[ kr : i esau nsd j ekS f[ kd : i esal e>us
dh v ko' ; drk gksrh gS Abl h i zd kj v / huLFkksal sekS
f[ kd : i l sgh v f/ dk¡' k l w
puk, ¡ i zkIr dh t krh gSA
sa
sd
yk
6- ekS
f[ kd : i l sfn; k x; k l Unss'k i j rq
j Ur i zHkko Mkyrk gS
A
7- ekSf[ kd l Ei zs"k.kesaHkkokfHkO;fDr v f/ d i zHkkoksRxdn v kS
j l jyrkl sl e>us; ksX; gksrhgS
] v r%l a
nsgksadk rq
j Ur fuokj.kgks
t krkgS A
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
8- la
LFkk esal ew
g&Hkkouk ; k Vhe Hkkouk dsfodkl esaekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k eq
[ ; Hkw
fedk v nk djrk gS
A
9- O;ol k; dhl i Q yrkl aLFkkdsv PNsokrkoj.ki j fuHkZ j djrhgSv kSj i zcU/d deZ
pkfj; ksal sO;fDrxr , oal kew
efg Hksa
V djds
ekS
f[ kd okrkZ
y ki }kjk mi ; q
Dr rFkk yksd rkfa=kd okrkoj.k rS
; kj djrsgS A
a
ar
10- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k}kjkl a
nsg rq
j Ur i zlkfjr gksrkgSvkS
j iQ
yLo: i fdl hHkhdke dkfØ; kUo; u rq
j Ur i zkjEHkgksl drkgSft l l s
mRiknu dh xfr esaHkh of̀¼ gksrh gS A
m
11- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k esal a
okn&i z.kkyh dh i zfrfØ; k dh t kudkjh l a
oknnkrk dksrqj Ur gkst krh gS
Al a
okn&i .zkkyh dh eq
[ k&eq
nzk]
mRl kgi w
. kZ; k mnkl hu ^gk¡* ( Lohdr̀) v kfn l sml dh i zfrfØ; k dk rq j Ur v uq
eku yxk fy; k t krk gSA
Ku
12- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.kfyf[ kr l Ei zs"k.kdhrq y ukesav f/ d yphykgksrkgSD; ksa fd i zsf"kr l a
okn esal q
xerkl svko' ; drkuq
l kj i jorZ
u
v kS
j l 'akks/u fd; k t k l drk gS Al kFk gh foLrkj l sl a
oknksadk Li "Vhdj.k Hkh gksl drk gS A
13- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k l sl a
oknnkrk v kS
j la
okn&i zkIrdÙkkZdseè; i kjLi fjd l n~
fo' okl esaof̀¼ gksrh gS
A
ay
f[ kd l Ei zs"k. k d snks"k µ ; | fi ekS
ekS f[ kd l Ei zs"k.kv R;f/ d yksd fi z; gSv kS j ; g O;ol k; dhfØ; kv ksaesal q xerkykrkgS ] rFkkfi
O;ol k; esav usd , sosv ol j v krsgS aft uesaekSf[ kd l Eizs"k.ki zk; %v uq
i ; ksxhfl ¼ gksrkgS
AekS
f[ kd l E
i zs"k.kdseq
[ ; nks"kv Fkok
1-
bl dh eq
ekS
gS
[ ; dfe; k¡ fuEufyf[ kr gS
Av r%; fn dHkhl a
µ
a
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k dsfy, nksuksai {kksa( l a
oknnkrk v kS
j la
okn&i zkIrdÙkkZmi yC/ u gksrksekS
bh
okn&i zkIrdÙkkZ ) dk l a
okn dsi zs"k.k dsl e; mi fLFkr gksuk v ko' ; d
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.kughafn; kt kl drkAbl i zd kj i zR;{kl Ei dZdsi zHkko
:A
esal Ei zs"k.k dh ; g fof/ v uq i;qDr gS A
2- ; fn nksuksai {kksadschp dki Q
hnw
j hgksrhgSv kjSl Uns'kdki zs"k.kVªa
d dky v kfn }kjkfd; kt krkgSrksVsy hi Q
ksu djusi j dki Q
h
O;; gkst krk gS A
By
3- ; fn ekSf[ kd l a
ns'k dki Q
hfoLrr̀ gksrksml esav LIk"Vrk v k t krh gSD; ksa fd l a
ns'k&i zkIrdÙkkZdksl Hkhckrsa, d l kFk l e>us
esafnDdr gksl drhgS A; fn l a
ns'k&i zs"kd v kS
j la
ns'k&i zkIrdÙkkZdsckS
f¼d Lrj esav f/ d v Urj gSrksl a ns'k&i zs"kd dksv i uk
lans'k ckj&ckj l e>kuk i M+sxk ft l l sl e; dk Hkh v i O;; gksxk v kS j fi Q
j Hkh v Li "Vrk cuh jgsxhA
u
4- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k esfyf[ kr l k{; dkv Hkko gksrkgS
] v r%; fn nksuksai {kksaesal sdksbZHkhi {kv i uhfLFkfr l sfoeq [ k gkst k,
rksdksbZoS / kfud ; kv U; dk; ZokghdjusesadfBukbZmRiÂ gkst k, xhAbl fy, v f/ dkjhegÙoi w . kZv kns'kksadksv i usv / huLFkksa
kkl
dksi zk; %fyf[ kr : i esansukv f/ d mi ; q

Dr l e>rsgS arkfd v kns'kdkv uq i kyu u gksusi j mudsfo#¼ fcukfdl hdfBukbZ
dsv uq ' kkl ukRed dk; Zokgh dh t k l dsA
i z'
5- ekSf[ kd l Ei zs"k.k Hkfo"; esal a

nHkZdsfy, v uq i;qDr gS Aft u l wpukv ksadkl kekf; d egÙo gSmudsfy, rksekfS[ kd l Ei zs"k.k
Bhd gSysfdu t ksl w puk, ¡O;ol k; dsHkkohl anHkZdsfy, t : jhgS ] mudsfy, ekS
a f[ kd l Ei zs"k.kBhd ughaekukt kl drkA
i zcU/d Hkfo"; dsfy, t ksfu.kZ ; ysrsgS
] t ksuhfr; k¡fu/ kZ
a fjr djrsgS ] mul si zcU/dksav kS
a j deZ pkfj; ksadk ekxZ
n' kZ
u gksrk gS
]
v r%budk l Ei zs"k.k ekS f[ kd : i esaughafd; k t k l drkA
sd
yk
6- ekS
f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k esal a
oknnkrk dksl aokn dsi zs"k.k esai zk; %l kspusdsfy, de l e; feyrk gSft l dsdHkh&dHkh t Ynh esa
; krksl o
aknnkrk}kjkdBksj ' kCn fudy t krsgS A; kv kns'kdkl a rq
y u fcxM+t krkgS
A, slhfLFkfr esanksuksai {kka
sdschp ruko
; k eu&eqVko dsfcUnqmB [ kM+ sgksrsgS
A
a
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 109
f[ kd l Ei zs"k. k d sl k/ u µ ekS
ekS f[ kd l Ei zs"k.k dsl k/ uksaesaeq
[ ; ; sgS
aµ
( 1) i zf' k{k.k&i kB~
; Øe] ( 2) l k{kkRdkj] ( 3) l a ;qDRk fopkj&foe' kZ] ( 4) Hkk"k.k] ( 5) jsfM; ks] ( 6) Vsy hi Q
ksu] ( 7)
Vys hfot u] ( 8) Je&l a ?kt ks( 9) ; k=kht ksfd i zk; %foØ; i zfrfuf/ ; kbl hrjg dsi zfrfuf/ gksrsgS av kS
j ft udsekè; e l sxzkgkdsa
ar
v kSj la
LFkk dseè; l Ei zs"k.kdhJà [ kykdkfuekZ . k gksrkgSv kSj foi .ku v uq
la/ ku fd; kt krk gSrFkkmRiknu&of̀¼ dk i z;kl fd; k
t krkgS ] ( 10) l Hkk, ¡rFkkl Eesy u] , oa(11) l sohoxhZ ; foHkkx ft l dhLFkki ukl st gk¡, d v ksj deZ pkjhv i uhl eL; k, ¡l sohoxhZ ;
m
i czU/d dsl keusi zLrq r djrsgS aogk¡ nwl jh v ksj bUgsabudsfo/ ku dsckjsesav ko' ; d l gk; rk v kS j l ykg i zkIr gksrh jgrh gS A
( v k) fy f[ kr l Ei zs"k. k
Ku
fyf[ kr l Ei zs"k.k dk v fHki zk; l a
oknnkrk }kjk fdl h l a okn dksfyf[ kr : i l si zsf"kr djusl sgS
Afyf[ kr l Ei zs"k.k dsfy,
i =k&i f=kdk, ¡] cq
y sfVu] fji ksVZ
]iS EiQysV] Mk; fj; k¡] gS
. Mcq d ] eS
uq
zv y] l q
>ko i q
Lrdksavkfn dki z;ksx fd; kt krkgS
AekSf[ kd v kS j fyf[ kr
l Ei zs"k.k okLro esal Ei zs"k.k i zfØ; k dh nks/ kjk, ¡ gS ]a , d fl Ddsnksi gywgS A
a
ay
fy f[ kr l Ei zs"k. kd sl EcU/ esaè; k j [ kus; ksX; ckr saµ fyf[ kr l Ei zs"k.kdsl EcU/ esacM+
hl ko/ kuhcjrusdhvko' ; drk
gksrh gS
Afdl h l a okn dksfy[ krsl e; i zk; %fuEu ckrksai j è; ku j[ kuk v ko' ; d gS µ
1- fyf[ kr l a
okn esal a
f{kIr v kS
j i zpfyr ' kCnksadk i z;ksx djuk pkfg, A
2- l n
as'k Li "V] l a
nj v kS
q
3- l jy ' kCnksav kS
j eq
j v kd"kZ
d <a
x l sfy[ k gksuk pkfg, A
gkojksadk i z;ksx djuk pkfg, A
bh
:A
4- l n
as'k dh Hkk"kk Li "V v kS
j lq
y >h gq
bZgksuh pkfg, rkfd ml dsv usd v FkZu fudyrsgksa
A
5- O;fDrxr l oZ
ukeksa
] ; Fkkµrq
e v kS
j ogµdk i z;ksx djuk pkfg, A
By
6- l o
akn dksNksVs&NksVsokD; ksarFkk i S
j kxzki Q
ksaesafoHkDr djdsfy[ kuk pkfg, A
7- pkVk]sa mnkgj.kksav kfn dk i z;ksx djuk pkfg, rkfd l a
ns'k dk Hkyh i zd kj Li "Vhdj.k gksl dsA
8- okD; &l a
j puk esa^, fDVo okbl * dk i ;zksx gksuk pkfg, ] î S
fko okbl * dk ugha
A
u
9- l n
as'k dk i zR;sd ' kCn mi ; ksxh gksuk pkfg, v kS
j v ya
d kjksarFkk fo' ks"k.kksadk i z;ksx de l sde djuk pkfg, A
kkl
10- l o
akn rdZ
iw
. kZv kS
j l k/ kj.k ' kS
y h esafy[ kk t kuk pkfg, A
11- l o
akn dh Hkk"kk ' kq
¼ Hkh gksuh pkfg, v kS
j uezHkhA
i z'
12- l o
akn esai zLrq
r dh xbZl hekv ksaesaØec¼rk v kS
j / kjkokfgrk gksuh pkfg, A
13- ; Fkkl a
Hko l a
okn dksVkbi djokdj gh i zsf"kr djuk pkfg, A
fyf[ kr l a
ns'krS
; kj djusesami jksDr ckrksadkè; ku j[ kukcgqr ght : jhgS A; fn v kRe&l Eeku dksBsi i gq
¡pkusokyhHkk"kk
sd
yk
dki z;ksx fd; kx; krksl Ec¼ dVqcu t kusv kS j la

ns'kdsfujFkZd gkst kusdhv k' ka
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d rk rFkk dke dsi zfr fojfDr dh Hkkouk v i uh i zPNu t Msa

] euksok¡fNr l i Q
yrk
+t ek, gSft l dk
:A
i fzrdwy i zHkko jk"Vªdsfodkl i j i M+jgkgS AfLFkfr ; g gSfd gekjheuksof̀Ùkesav HkhHkhxq y kehcuhgq bZgS
Age v kS | ksfxd dkexkjksa
v kSj xzkeh.kfdl kuksadkl a ns'kmudhHkk"kkesau i gq ¡pkdj v a xszt ksaesa; kml dsHkk"kkbZv uqokn dsekè; e l si gq ¡pkukpkgrsgS AvkS
a | ksfxd
dkj[ kkuksaesal Ei sz"k.kfo| kds: i esaxg̀&i f=kdk, ¡i zd kf' kr dht krhgS AT; knkrj ; si f=kdk, ¡v a
a xzst hesagS
A; si f=kdk, ¡deZ
a pkjhoxZ
By
dsfy, gksrhgS A; g foMEcukghgSfd buesamRikndrk] l q

a j {kk] ykxr esadehv kfn dkl a ns'kfn; kt krkgSi j bu l a n'skksadkft uds
fy, egÙo gS ] og oxZv a xzst h Hkk"kk t kurk gS; k ugha
] bl rF; dkst kuusdk i z;kl eS ust esUV }kjk ughafd; k t krkA
u
fut h{ks=k esa; g fLFkfr v Hkh Hkhfo| eku gS ] fdUrql koZ t fud {ks=k esabl esai ; kZ
Ir l q
/ kj gq v k gS
Abl {ks=k dsdkj[ kkuksaesa
Hkk"kk; hl Ei zs"k.kdksdki Q hi zeq
[ krkfeyusyxhgS AHkksiky fLFkr êsy * dkj[ kkusdhl kIrkfgd xg̀&i f=kdkêsy l a ns'k* dkmnkgj.k
l keusgS Agekjsns'kesa' kk; n ; gh, d l kIrkfgd fgUnhxg̀&i f=kdkgSt ksnl gekj dhl a [ ; kesaxkxj esal kxj t S
l ki zsjd l a
ns'kv i us
kkl
i kBdksadksnsrh gS Afut h{ks=k esa, dk/ i f=kdk, ¡v kS

j gS at S
l sµ^fVLdksl ekpkj*] ^, - l h- l h- i fjokj* v kfn t ksHkk"kk; hl Ei zs"k.k dh
fn' kk esai zd k' kLrEHk dk dk; Zdj jghgS AeSa; gk¡v a
xzst h; k fgUnhv Fkok Hkk"kk; hfookn esaughat krkAgekjk eUrO; rks; g crkuk
i z'
gSfd l i Q y l Ei zs"k.koghgSft l syksx l e> l dsa Av kt ns'kesav kS | ksxhdj.kdkt ksl Sy kc gS ] ml esai zk;%dbZdjksM+l smQ i j Jet hoh
dk; Z j r gS
Abu rd l a
a ns'ki gq
¡pkusdheq [ ; l eL; kv kt HkhgS A; sJet hohgS agekjsns'kds; q okdehZft uesaeS d sfud] osYMj] feL=kh]
bysfDVªf' k; u] v ki jsVj] fi Q
Vj] gsYi j v kfnAbudhesgur v kS j gh' k; kjhi j ghmRiknu dhmRikndrkdknkjkesnkj gS Abuesal svfèkdk¡' k
sd
Jet hoh v ui <+ga ] dq

S N i <+sgSAns'k dh mUufr v kS
a j v f/ dkf/ d mRiknu dsfy, l Ei zs"k.k dsi zHkkoh ekè; e l sfodkl dh v kt
yk
v fuok; Zv ko' ; drkgS A; fn ge mRiknu v kS j mRikndrkdksxfr nsukpkgrsgS ] mRiknu dk okrkoj.k cukukpkgrsgS

a arksgesal a
ns'k
ml h Hkk"kk esansuk gksxk ft l sJet hoh l e>rsgS A
a
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 115
v kS
| ksfxd i fjos'kl sl Ei zs"k.kdsdbZekè; e gS Abu ekè; eksal sT; knki zHkko xg̀&i =kfdkv ksadki M+
a r kgSA; si f=kdk, ¡mHk; i {kksa
dks( 1) l w puk] ( 2) l kS gknzZ
] ( 3) l eUo; ] v kS j ( 4) l Uns'k dspkj l =kksaesack¡/ rh gS Axfr' khy v kS
a | kfsxd l ekt cukusesabu
i f=kdkv ksadsl Ei kndksadh D; k Hkw fedk gksl drhgS ] ; g , d pqukS
r hi w
. kZl oky gS] D; ksa
fd l Ei zs"k.k nksrji Q k dk; ZgSu rksi zcU/d
ar
bl dsfcukv i usdkeksadksv a t ke nsl drsgS av kS
j u dehZghAoS l sv kt cgq r l syksx gS at ksbl dk; Zdksv ykHkdkjhekursgS A, sls
a
yksx dsoy l eq fpr LokFkks±dsyksx gS at ksbl dk; Zdksv ykHkdkjh ekursgS A, slsyksx dsoy l a
a dqfpr LokFkks±dsi {k?kj gS Abudk
a
m
m| ksxksadsHkfo"; dsckjsesal ksp o fpa r u nfd; kuwl h gSA
v kt v k|Sksfxd v ' kkfUr dk t ksokrkoj.k l kjsns'k esaO;kIr gSml dk ew y dkj.k v kS | ksfxd t hou dsfofo/ Lrjksai j
Ku
i kjLi fjd l Ei zs"k.k dk v Hkko gSAgM+ r ky v kS j rkykcUnh dhfLFkfr esarks; g l EcU/ i w
. kZ
r ; k Vw
V t krk gSv kS j bl l sm| ksx o jk"Vª
dksgkfu mBkuh i M+ r hgS
Agesabl i zfØ; k dksgl Lrj i j t kjh j[ kusdk i z;kl djuk pkfg, Axg̀&i f=kdk, ¡; fn Bhd l si zd kf' kr
dh t k, ¡ rksosm| ksx esai jLi j l kSgknzZo l n~ Hkkouk dk okrkoj.k rS; kj dj l drh gSAmRikndrk c<+
a kus] l e; o l kexzh dh cpr]
ay
nq?kZ
Vuk fuokj.k] cjcknhdhjksd Fkke] xS j gkft jhesadeh] v PNhxg̀&O;oLFkk v kS j v Urr%deZ pkfj; ksadks, d v PNk ukxfjd cukus]
t u&t kxf̀r o t u&l sok dhHkkouk dksosx nsusdsnkf; Ro dkscks/ cjkcj ns'k o l ekt dsfuekZ . k esa; ' kL=kh Hkw
fedk fuHkk l drh
gSA
av kt vkS | ksfxd xg̀&i f=kdk, ¡T; knkrj eS ust sa
V dsxq
. kxkrhgSaft l l sJfed l eq
nk; vkS
j Je l a ?kxg̀&i f=kdkdkseS uts esa
VdkHkkSiw
a
ekursgS A, slh fLFkfr esaxg̀&i f=kdk dh fo' ol uh; rk i j v k¡p v krh gS
a
v kS
| ksxhdj.k dh rjg v kS
bh
A
| ksfxd i =kdkfjrk Hkh i fj' peh ns'kksadh gh nsu gS
Ajkt uhfrd i =kdkfjrk esat ksXySej gS ] og
:A
v kS
| ksfxd i f=kdkfjrk esarksughagksl drk] D; ksa fd nksuksadsfo"k; gh fHkUu&fHkUUk gS] fdUrqv kS
a | ksfxd l ekt dschp fopkjksads
v knku&i znku esafu%l Unsg , slhi f=kdk, ¡dkjxj ekè; e cu l drhgS a
Agekjsdkexkj ft ruscq f¼eku vkS j l t x gksa
usmrukghykHkm| ksxksa
dksgksxkAbl l e; ns'k esa850 xg̀&i f=kd, ¡i zd kf' kr gksjgh gS Abuesal s186 Hkk"kk; hv kS
j fgUnh esagSAbudk l EHkkfor i zlkj 30
a
By
yk[ k l smQ i j gSv kSj i zk; %, d djksM+#i ; sl sv f/ d / u bu i j [ kpZfd; k t krk gS Abl l sLi "V gSfd ns'k esabl l Ei dZekè; e
dhfdruhegÙkkgS AvkS | ksfxd l Eizs"k.kdsekè; e ds: i esagj dkj[ kkusesabl fo/ kft rukLoLFki zlkj gksmrukghJs;Ldj gksxkA**
u
kkl
i z'
sd
yk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
lapkj (Communication)
lapkj dh izfdz;k
ar
Source Encoding Message Channel Decoding Receiver
m
1 2 3 4 5 6
Feed back Noise Feed back
Ku
6 5 4 3 2 1
Receiver Decoding Channel Message Encoding Source
ay
COMMUNICATION ‘kCn dh mRifŸk ySfVu Hkk”kk ds Communies ‘kCn ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ
lkekU; gSA vFkkZr~ izs”kd lapkj dh izfdz;k esa lapkj izkIr dŸkkZ ds lkFk lkekU; le> cUkkuk pkgrk gSA
bh
nwljs ‘kCnksa esa lapkj ;k laisz”k.k dk vfHkizk; nks ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ;k bdkb;ksa ds chp
lwpukvksa dk vknku iznku djuk uk gksdj laapkj dk ekSfyd Hkko le> (Understanding) gSA
lapkj ds rhu ekSfyd rRo gSaA

:A
¼1½ de ls de nks O;fDr;ksa ;k bdkb;ksa dk gksuk t#jh gS

¼2½ lapkj mn~ns’; vfHkeq[kh gksrk gSA
By
¼3½ lapkj lkadsfrd gksrk gS vkSj lkadsfrd vk/kkj ij lapkj dk foHkktu ekSf[kd
vekSf[kd vkSj fyf[kr #i ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
lkekU; #i ls lapkj dh izfdz;k esa izs”kd rFkk Message ;k fopkj ,oa izkIrdŸkkZ ;s rhu
u
?kVd ns[kus dks feyrs gaS ijUrq ‘kSuu o ohHkj ds vuqlkj lapkj dh izfdz;k esa fuEukafdr rRo ns[kus dks
feyrs gSA
‘kSuu c ohoj ds }kjk nu rRoksa dh O;k[;k&
kkl
The Mathematical theory of communication ¼ 1948 ½ esa dh xbZA
(1) Source & izs”kd&fdlh O;fDr dks ;k bdkbZ dks isz”kd rc dgk tk;sxk tc ml O;fDr ds
i z'
ikl lwpuk ,oa fopkj ;k Hkkouk,a ekStwn gks ,oa ml O;fDr ds }kjk ml lwpuk ,oa fopkj dks O;Dr djus
dh bPNk dk gksuk Hkh vko’;d gSA
(2) Encoding & izs”kd ds }kjk izLrqr fd;s tkus okys lwpukvksa dks fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gS
sd
Encoding ds gh pj.k esa vFkksZ ds lekurk ij fc’ks”k cy fn;k tkuk vfr vko’;d gSA
yk
(3) Message- Encoded lwpukvksa ds HkkSfrd Lo#i dks lans’k ;k Message dh laKk nh tkrh
gSA ;Fkk] fyf[kr lapkj dh fo”k;oLrq ,oa ekSf[kd lapkj esa tks cksyk x;k gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 117
(4) Channel- Message ;k lans’k dks izLrqr djus dk ek/;e channel dgykrk gS tSls i= }kjk
fd, x, lapkj esa dkxt vkSj dye gSA
(5) Decoding- Receiver ds }kjk D;k le>k x;k] bldk fo’ys”k.k ,oa O;k[;k Decoding ds
pj.k esa dh tkrh gSA bl pj.k esa Receiver lapkj dk vFkZ yxkrk gS vkSj mlds mn~ns’;ksa dks le>rk
ar
gSA
m
Note - fdlh Hkh izHkko’kkyh lapkj ds fy, Encoding vkSj Decoding ds chp mfpr larqyu
dks cuk;s j[kuk vko’;d gSA
Ku
(6) Receiver & og O;fDr ftlds }kjk lans’k xzg.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl pj.k esa vko’;d gS fd
lapkj izkIrdrkZ lapkj dks le>us gsrq ‘kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld #i ls l{ke gksA
ay
(7) Feed back & bl pj.k esa Receiver ds }kjk izkIr fd;s x;s lans’k ij mldh izfrfdz;k dks
O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ Reciver dh izfdz;k iz”kd ;k Source ds lanHkZ esa &
Note -
,d i{kh; lapkj vkSj f}i{kh;lapkj
 
bh
Feed back ds vk/kkj ij lapkj dk oxhZdj.k nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS
:A
;k rks Feed back rRdky Feed back dks
gksrk gh ugh ;k izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS
nsj ls gksrk gS
By
vkarfjd
(8) NOISE
ckgjh
u
izHkko’kkyh lapkj es fdlh izdkj ds ck/kd rRo dks NOISE dh laKk nh tkrh gS] pkgs oks
kkl
ck/kd rRo vkarfjd gks ;k ckgjhA NOISE lapkj dh izfdz;k esa fdlh Hkh pj.k esa ‘kkfey gks ldrk gSA
‘kSuu ,oa ohoj ds }kjk igyh ckj NOISE ;k ‘kksj ds #i esa lapkj dh izfdz;k esa fopyu ;k
fo?kVu dks igpkuk x;kA
i z'
izH kko’kkyh lap kj ds fu;e&

fdlh Hkh laxBu dh lQyrk lapkj izfdz;k ds izHkko’khyrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr( izca/ku
sd
rduhd ds #i esa lapkj dk bLrseky djrh gSA izca/kd ds }kjk izHkko’kkyh lapkj dks izkIr djus gsrq
yk
fuEukafdr lapkj ds fu;e ykxw fd;s tkus pkfg,&
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
¼1½ ftl O;fDr }kjk lapkj fd;k tk jgk gks] mls Li”V tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd lapkj dk
mn~ns’; ,oa lapkj dk fo”k; oLrq D;k gSA
¼2½ lapkj ,sls Hkk”kk esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks ljy rjhds ls gks] blds fy, vko’;d gS fd
ar
lapkj djrs le; iz”kd ds }kjk izkIr drkZ (Receiver) dks le>k tk; vkSj tkuk tk;A
¼3½ lapkj ,sls Hkk”kk esa fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks ljy rjhds ls le>us ;ksX; gks rFkk lapkj izR;sd
igyqvksa ds lanHkZ esa iw.kZ ,oa mfpr gksuk pkfg, vxj lkjh lwpukvksa dks izLrqr uk fd;k tk;s rks
m
Receiver viuh rjg ls lwpukvksa ds vHkko dks iwjk djrk gS tks fd lapkj dh izfdz;k esa xyr vFkZ
izLrqr dj ldrs gSA
Ku
¼4½ lapkj ds ek/;e dk p;u djrs le; lapkj dh fc”k; oLrq lapkj dh vfuok;Zrk ,oa
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj pyk tkuk pkfg, lapkj djrs le; laxBu ds O;kid mn~ns’;ks dks è;ku
es j[kdj pyuk vfuok;Z gSA
¼5½ lapkj ds fy, laxBu esa ,d vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk gsuk Hkh ,d vko’;drk iw.kZ ‘krZ gSA blds
ay
fy, deZpkfj;ksa ds chp ijLij fo’okl dk gksuk laxBu esa [kqysiu dk gksuk vf/kdkjh ,oa v/khuLFkksa
ds chp rkyesy gksuk Hkh t#jh gSA
bh
¼6½ izHkko’kkyh lapkj dks izkIr djus gsrq Feed Back dks c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,] lans’k izLrqr
djus okys dks viuk O;ogkj bl izdkj ls O;Dr djuk pkfg, tks fd izLrqr fd;s tkus okys lans’k dk
fojks/k uk djssA
:A
¼7½ izR;sd iz’kkld dks ;s tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd vko’;d vUkkSipkfjd lapkj ;k
xsziokbZu ( Grapevine ) izR;sd laxBu dh fo’ks”krk gSA ,oa ;g vukSipkfjd lapkj izHkko’kkyh ek/;e gSA
vr( dq’ky iz’kklu ds }kjk vukSipkfjd lapkj dk iz;ksx laxBu es mn~ns’; izkfIr ds lanHkZ es fd;k
tkuk pkfg, tSlk fd psLVj cUkkZM ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
By
u
kkl
vkSipkfjd lapkj
i z'
(Grapevine) ;k vukSipkfjd lapkj

sd
yk
izHkko’kkyh lapkj dks mfpr izf’k{k.k Hkh fn;k tkuk pkfg, izfrosnu fy[kus dh n{krk dks
fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 119
izHkko’kkyh fopkj foe’kZ dks izkIr djuk] izHkkoh lk{kkRdkj dks izkIr djuk bR;kfnA
izH kko’kkyh lapkj ds egRo &
¼1½ la pkj dk egRo Lor( bl ckr ls Li”V gks tkrk gS tc feysV tSls fopkjdksa }kjk dgk tkrk gS
ar
fd lapkj iz’kklfud laxBu dh jDr /kkjk gSA ,oa fQQuj us bls ;kuh la pkj dks izca/k dk g`n; ekuk gSA
¼2½ laxBu dh dk;Zdq’kyrk izHkko’khyrk ,oa eukscy ds fy, ,d dq’ky lapkj iz.kkyh dk gksuk
m
vfr vfuok;Z gSA vkn’kZ laxBu fl}kUr ds fopkjdksa ds }kjk lapkj ds egRo ij fo’ks”k /;ku ugh fn;k
x;k D;kasfd laxBu dks flQZ ,d rduhdh ,oa vkSipkfjd lajpuk ds #i esa ifjHkkf”kr fd;k x;k A
Ku
vFkkZr~ ;g laxBu ds flQZ vkarfjd igyw ij cy nsrk gS] ijUrq 1930 ds n’kd esa ekuoh; lEcU/k fl}kUr
ds }kjk laxBu dks ,d lkekftd iz.kkyh ds #i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k laxBu ds mn~ns’; izkfIr gsrq laxBu
ds }kjk lapkj ds egRo dks Hkh O;Dr fd;k x;k vFkkZr laxBu ,d lkekftd iz.kkyh gksus ds dkj.k
fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds chp fofHkUu ds chp lapkj ds egRo dks mtkxj fd;k x;kA laxBu ds mn~ns’; izkfIr
ay
gsrq izHkkoh lapkj dk gksuk vfr vfuok;Z ekuk x;k] tc laxBu esa dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;ks ds chp
lwpukvksa dk ijLij vknku iznku gksxk rks ,slh n’kk esa laxBu dh dk;Zdq’kyrk izksRlkfgr gks ik;sxh A
laxBu ds }kjk lekt dks mfpr lsok,a izLrqr djus gsrq mlds deZpkfj;ksa ds chp lwpukvksa dk ijLij
bh
vknku iznku vkr’;d gSA lapkj iz.kkyh ds vk/kkj ij deZpkfj;ks ds chp viuRo dh Hkkouk ( Esprit
de corps ) tks fd laxBu ds eukscy gsrq ,d vfuok;Z ,oa iwoZfu/kkfjr ?kVd gSA
lapkj iwjs iz’kklu ,oa izca/ku dk dsUnz fcUnq tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA laxBu esa ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa
:A
ds fy, lapkj ,d vk/kkj f’kyk gSA O;fDr;ks ds chp fopkj foe’kZ gsrq lapkj ,d izkFkfed lk/ku gSA
fdlh Hkh iz’kklu ds fy, lapkj dk gksuk vfr vfuok;Z gSA lkekU;r( fdlh iz’kkld ds }kjk 70%
& 80% rd dk le; lapkj es O;rhr fd;k tkrk gS] fdlh Hkh laxBu ds fy, i;kZIr lwpukvksa dk
gksuk vius vki esa izHkkoh ‘kfDr gS tks fd lapkj ds vk/kkj ij lEHko fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ lapkj
By
ds fcuk lwpuk O;FkZ gSA

Qs;ksy ,sls igys fpUrd Fks] ftUgksus laxBu esa lapkj dh leL;k dk lkaxksikax ( Over all)
v/;;u fd;k Qs;ksy ds }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd laxBu ds inlksikfud lajpuk ds varxZr tfVy ,oa
u
foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ks esa viokn tud #i ls {kSfrt ( Horizontal ) lapkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls ml
rkRdkfyd tfVy leL;k dk fuokj.k Rofjr xfr ls fd;k tk lds A ;s fopkj /kkjk inlksiku ds
kkl
lkekU; fu;e ls vyx gS D;ksafd inlksiu esa lkekU; #i ls lapkj Åij ls uhps] vkns’k ds #i esa rFkk
uhps ls Åij] izfrosnu ds #i es gh fd;k tkrk gSA Dykfldy fpard gksrs gq, Hkh Qs;ksy ds }kjk lapkj
ds egRo dks le>k x;kA vkt ds vk/kqfud iz’kklfud iz?kVuk esa lwpuk rduhd dk fodkl ,oa mlds
i z'
vuqiz;ksx Rofjr {kSfrt lapkj gsrq fd;s tkus pkfg, D;ksfd vkt iz’kklu cgqr gh tfVy vkSj rduhdh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vius dk;ks± dk fuokZgu djrk gSA
lapkj dh egRrk dks cukZM tSls O;ogkjokfn;ksa }kjk Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;kA cukZMZ laxBu dks ,d
lpsr lefUor O;oLFkk ds #i esa ns[krs gaSA ;s laxBu lapsr vkS lefUor rc rd ugh gks ik;sxk] tc
sd
yk
rd mldh izfdz;kvksa esa ,d izHkko’kkyh lapkj ns[kus dks ugh feysxk] bruk gh ugh ml laxBu dk
vfLrRo Hkh rhu ?kVdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tSlk fd cukZMZ us crk;k gS ;s rhu ?kVd lapkj] lkekU;
mn~ns’;] dfeZdks ds chp laxBu es ;ksxnku dh bPNk gSA tkfgj lh ckr gS laxBu ds vfLrRo es lapkj
lcls izHkko’kkyh ?kVd gSA cUkkZMZ ds }kjk lŸkk dk vH;kl rc rd ugh ekuk tk;sxk tc rd v/khuLFkksa
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
ds }kjk mls Lohd`fr u iznku dh tk;s vkSj v/khuLFkksa ds }kjk vf/kdkfj;ksa ds vkns’kkas dks rHkh Lohd`fr
iznku dh tk ldsxh A tc rd laxBu ds chp ,d izHkko’kkyh lapkj dh O;k[;k dh tk;sxh ftldh
fn’kk uhps ls Åij dh vksj funsZf’kr gksxhA
ar
lkbeu ds }kjk Hkh lapkj ds egRo dks izLrqr fd;k x;k] lkbeu ds }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd
fu.kZ; ysus esa lapkj dh cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk gS A fcuk lapkj ds laxBu dk vfLrRo gh lekIr gks tk;sxk
m
D;kasfd rc fdlh lewg ds }kjk fdlh O;fDr ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus dh lEHkkouk gh lekIr gks
tk;sxh] pwafd fu.kZ; fuekZ.k ds }kjk gh nwljs O;fDr dks izHkkfor fd;k tkrk gS vkSj tc izHkkfor djus
dk lk/ku ;kfu lapkj gh ugh gksxk rks fu.kZ; dk vFkZ gh ugh jg tk;sxk A vr( laxBu dk vfLrRo gh
Ku
lekIr gks tk;sxk D;ksafd lkbeu ds }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd laxBu fu.kZ; fuekZ.k dk ,d tfVy tky gSA
lkbojusfVDl ‘kCn ds jpf;rk ukjoVZ ohuj ftUgksus ;g ‘kCn 1947 esa xhzd Hkk”kk ds dhcjusV~l
( kybernetes ) ‘kCn ls x<+k gSA ftldk vFkZZ ukfod ;k ikyugkj ;k ikj yxkus okys ls lEcfU/kr gSA
ay
ohuj ds }kjk ;g izLrqr fd;k x;k fd lekt esa vO;oLFkk vkSj fo?kVu dh LokHkkfod izo`fr dk ekiu
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g [kkl dj cUn izfreku ( Closed system ) esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA lwpuk rFkk lapkj
ds }kjk bl Entropy dks ;k + ve entropy dkss -ve ;k udkjkRed entropy esa cny fn;k tkrk gS A vFkkZr~
bh
bl iz.kkyh dh fo?kVu dh LokHkkfod izd`fr ij jksd yxk nh tkrh gSA
vr( lwpuk Entropy dk izfrdkj ( Antidote ) gS vkSj fo?kVu dks jksdrh gSA
:A
ohuj ds }kjk QhM cSd ds ek/;e ls izkIr lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij laxBu dks fu;af=r ,oa la’kksfèkr
fd;s tkus dh vko’;drk ij cy fn;k gSA ;gk¡ Hkh laapkj dh egRrk Lor( fl} izrhr gksrh gS d;ksafd
tc rd Feed back ds ek/;e ls lwpuk ugh feyrh gS rc rd laxBu ds }kjk
lq/kkjkRed iz;kl ugh fd;k tk ldrk A
By
laxBu esas lapkj ds foHkktu dk vk/kkj vkSipkfjdrk dh ek=k ds vk/kkj ij lkekU;r( nks rjhds
ls ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
u
vkSipkfjd lapkj & vkSipkfjd lapkj dk lapkyu laxBu ds fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj fd;k
tkrk gS ijUrq tc vkSipkfjd lapkj ds ek/;e ls deZpkfj;ksa dks vko’;d lwpuk,a miyC/k uk djkbZ
tk ldsa rks deZpkjh i;kZIr lwpuk ds vHkko esa blds iwfrZ ds fy, vukSipkfjd lapkj dk lgkjk ysrs
kkl
gSA bl vukSipkfjd lapkj dks fdFk Msfol ds }kjk xszi okbu dh laKk nh x;h gSA
i z'
sd
yk
vkSipkfjd lapkj
vukSipkfjd lapkj (GrapeVine)
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 121
vUkkSipkfjd lapkj ds mRiUu gksus ds dkj.k&

& vukSipkfjd lapkj dks xszi okbu dh laKk nh x;h gSA xszi okbu ds }kjk nks izdkj dh lwpukvks
dks izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS& ¼1½ dk;Z lEcU/kh lwpuk ¼2½ O;fDr lEcU/kh lwpukA
ar
& vukS0 la0 ,d izkd`frd #i ls O;fDr;ksa ds }kjk vfHko`fr djus dk ifj.kke gks ldrk gSA
& vukS0 la0 dk lgkjk rHkh fy;k tk ldrk gS tc ubZ lwpuk feys vkSj mls rhoz xfr ls QSykuk gksA
m
& laxBu dh xfrfrf/k;ksa ds ckjs esa deZpkfj;ksa dks tkudkjh izkIr djus dh bPNk gksrh gSA tc laxBu
ds vkSipkfjd lapkj ds ek/;e ls lkjh lwpuk,W izLrqr ugh dh tk ldsa rks ,slh n’kk esas
Ku
vukSipkfjd lapkj ds ek/;e ls deZpkjh lwpukvksa ds vHkko dks izkIr dj ldrs gaSA
& tc fdlh ifjfLFkfr esa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk gks ,slh fLFkfr esa deZpkfj;kas ds }kjk Grape Vine dk
lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA
& tc fdlh ifjfLFkfr es O;fDr;ks dh fo’ks”k #fp gks rks vukSipkfjd lapkj dh Hkkouk cuh jgrh gSA
ay
& tc fdlh O;fDr }kjk vkSipkfjd lapkj ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;fDr dh laHkkouk uk gks rks
vUkkSipkfjd lapkj dk lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA
& fdlh Hkh laxBu ds }kjk vukSipkfjd lapkj dks nckus dk iz;kl uk djrs gq,] bldk lnqi;ksx
& bh
laxBu ds mn~ns’; izkfIr ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
tc dksbZ O;fDr fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ilan uk djs] rks ml ij Hkkjh iM+us] nckc Mkyus gsrq
vukSipkfjd lapkj ds ek/;e ls vQokg QSykus dk iz;kl djrk gSA
:A
izH kkfor lap kj esa ck/kk,a (&

& tc lapkj gsrq ,d ifjHkkf”kr ,oa mfpr lk/ku dk vHkko gks rks lapkj dh izHkko’khyrk ij dqizHkko
By
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ,sls fpUrdksa esa ,Iiyoh] vkSj cukZMZ tSls fopkjdks ds }kjk le; le; ij
O;Dr fd;k gSA
& tc lans’k dk izLrqfrdj.k izHkkfor ;k mfpr rjhds ls uk fd;k x;k gksA
u
& tc laxBu dh lajpuk dks izHkkoh ;k O;ofLFkr rjhds ls uk fd;k x;k gksA
& dHkh iz’kkldksa es bPNk ‘kfDr ds vHkko ds dkj.k iz’kklu dks ,d lkewfgd xfrfof/k ugh le>k
tkrk gSA ifj.kkeLo#i os v/khuLFkksa ds lkFk fopkj foe’kZ ugh djrs gSaA bllsa v/khuLFkksa esa
kkl
pkVqdkfjrk iuirh gS ,oa v/khuLFk flQZ ogh lwpuk vf/kdkfj;ksa dks izLrqr djrsa gaS] tks vf/kdkjh
dks izlUu djrh gSaA ;g vkt ds iz’kklfud ifjn`’; esa cgqr cM+h ck/kk gSA
i z'
& tc ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; vFkksZ dh lekurk ij fo’ks”k /;ku yj fn;k tk;s] rks ;g Hkh lapkj
ds fy, ck/kd gksrk gSA tSlk fd fQ+Quj ds }kjk ;g izLrqr fd;k x;k fd izs”kd vkSj izkIr dŸkkZ
ds chp lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd i`”B Hkwfe dk varj gks rks ;g izHkkoh lapkj es cgqr cM+h leL;k
mRiUu djrh gSA
sd
yk
& lewg dh vkarfjd Hkk”kk ( Semantic) lapkj esa ck/kk,a mRiUu djrs gSA
& tc Receiver ds }kjk Sender dh ckr dks /;ku ls lquk uk tk,A
& okrkoj.k ds HkkSfrd ,oa ;kaf=dkjd Hkh izHkkoh lapkj esa ck/kk,a mRiUu djrsa gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
& cM+s laxBuks esa vR;f/kd nwjh vkSj mudk c`gn~ vkdkj ds otg ls ck/kk,a ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
Hkk”kk;h ck/kk,a % &
#MksYQ ¶ysl ds }kjk ;g izLrqr fd;k x;k fd iz’kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ds }kjk ,slh Hkk”kk dk
ar
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftls vke ukxfjd ugh le> ikrs ,slh Hkk”kk ds iz;ksx dks mUgksus áL;kLin izn
#i ls xkscyhMhxqd (Gobbledygook) Hkk”kk crk;k gS A
m
ogha Vsjh tSls fopkjdksa us crk;k fd b.Vjus’kuy oYMZ (International Word) fons’kh Hkk”kk nks
O;fDr ds chp ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSA
Ku
fQyVfjax (Filtering)
isz”kd ds }kjk tkucw>dj lwpuk dks Nqikuk D;ksafd isz”kd ds utfj;s esa ;g fjlhoj ds fy, egRoiw.kZ
ugh gksrh gSA ,slh inlksiku es lHkh Lrj ij uhps ls Åij lapkj esa fQYVfjax ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
ay
lwpuk fQYVj gks tkrh gSA
MkxeSfVTe (Dogmatism)
bh
tc dksbZ O;fDr i;kZoj.kksa ds ?kVdksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dqN fu”d”kZ fudky ysrk gS ,oe~ fdlh
:A
eqn~ns ij viuk i{k lqfuf’fpr dj ysrk gS rks ;g Hkh iw.kZZ lapkj es ck/kd lkfcr gksrh gSA D;ksafd tc
,d ckj dksbZ vfHko`fr ;k fopkj LFkkfir gks x;h rks mu u;h lwpukvksa dks xzg.k ugh djuk pkgrh gS
tks iwoZ LFkkfir fopkjksa ls esy ugh j[krh gS A ifj.kkeLo#i iw.kZ ,oa izHkko’kkyh lapkj dh LFkkiuk ugh
By
gks ikrhA
gsyksb QsD V (Halo effect)

u
;s nks izdkj ds ewY;ksa ls ;qDr fopkjksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS] D;ksafd dksbZ O;fDr ftl ij fdlh
O;fDr dk fo’okl gksrk gS A rks og Lor( ml O;fDr ds fopkj ls lger gksrk gS lkFk gh ftl ij fdlh
O;fDr dk fo’okl ugh gksrk rks mlds vPNs fopkjksa ij lgefr ugh j[k ikrk gSA bl voLFkk es ;g
kkl
leL;k gS fd cgqr ifjfLFkfr nks foijhr ewY;ksa okyh ugh gksrh gSA vr( bl izdkj dh lksp okLrfod
ifjfLFkfr dk vfr lkekU;hdj.k djrk gSA
i z'
LVhfj;ksV kbfiax (Stereotyping)

lapkj dh fc”k; oLrq iwoZ fu/kkZfjr vis{kkvksa ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA D;ksafd lapkj fd;s tkus
okys ?kVukvksa vFkok ,slh voLFkk tgka lapkj fd;k tkuk gS] mldk vi;kZIr foHkktu ,oe~ lewgu fd;k
sd
tkrk gSA vr( ;g Hkh iw.kZ lapkj esa c<h ok/kk mRiUu djrk gSA
yk
Note : & lapkj es ck/kd rRo& VkbjsfuvkWQ oMZfeysV] lksiVkWdlkbeu

(Tyranny of words) (Shop Talk)
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 123
lapkj ds laj{k.k ds fu;e (&

¼1½ laxBu ds }kjk QhMcSd dh izfdz;k ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, D;kasfd QhMoSd dh izfdz;k ds
ek/;e ls laxBu esa uk flQZ la’kks/ku ,oe~ lq/kkjkRed iz;kl fd;s tkrs gSa] cfYd iw.kZ izHkko’kkyh lapkj
ar
ds vHkko ls Hkh iw.kZrk izkIr gksrh gSA
m
¼2½ fjMuMsaslh (Redundancy) (& bldk vFkZ ,d gh lans’k dks fofHkUu izdkj ls izLrqr djuk gSA
fdlh Hkh iz’kklfud laxBu es fjMuMsalh dh izfdz;k dks c<kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A D;ksafd tc ,d gh
Ku
lans’k dks fofHkUu izdkj ls izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS rks lapkj izkIrdrkZ pkgs oks fdlh Hkh lkekftd]
lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k ls lEcU/k j[krk gS fn;s x;s lans’k ds fdlh ,d izdkj dkss le> ikus esa lQy gksrk
gSA ifj.kkeLr#i laxBu esa izHkkoh lapkj dh LFkkiuk gks tkrh gS( lkFk gh vFkksZ dh lekurk dh Hkh
LFkkiuk gks tkrh gSA ftl ij fQQuj tSls fopkjd }kjk fpark O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
ay
¼3½ vPNs lapkj ds fy, fuEukafdr dqN fopkjdksa ds }kjk dqN flQkfj’ksa izLrqr dh x;h&
bh
Vsjh & Vsjh dh vkB vuq’kalk;sa] iwjh tkudkjh] ijLij fo’okl] vuqHko ds leku vk/kkj dh
[kkst] vkilh Kkr ‘kCnksa dk iz;ksx] lUnHkZ bR;kfn /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,] izkIrdrkZ dk /;ku vkdf”kZr
djuk mls lrr cuk;sa j[kuk] mnkgj.k rFkk n`’; lk/ku dk iz;ksx djuk] fcyEc ls izfrfdz;k dk
:A
O;ogkj viukuk pkfg,A
cukZMZ & lkr flQkfj’ksa & lapkj fuf’fpr jkLrs ls gksuk pkfg,] lapkj gsrq vkSipkfjd jkLrkaas
By
dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg, A lapkj ftruk lEHko gks lh/kk o NksVk gks] lapkj dh iwjh izfdz;k dk mi;ksx
djuk] lapkj dsUnz dh rjg dk;Z djus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa dh n{krk i;kZIr gksuk pkfg,( tc laxBu dk;Z
dj jgk gks rc lapkj ds dze es fojks/k mRiUu ugh djuk pkfg,A lapkj dks izekf.kd gksuk pkfg,A
u
feysV & 6 flQkfj’kas&lapkj Li”V] izkIrdrkZ ds izR;k’kk ds vuq#i leqfpr] le;kuqlkj ,d

leku] ykspnkj o Lohdk;Z gksuk pkfg,A
kkl
MIS (Management Information System) (&

izcU/kd ds ikl lgh lwpuk lgh oDr ij igqpus dh O;oLFkk laxBu }kjk djuk pkfg, ftlls
i z'
mlds fu.kZ; esa lgk;rk fey ldsA Hkkjr ljdkj essa NIC vkt iz’kkldksa dkss Rofjr lwpuk miyC/k
djkus esa cgqr cM+h Hkwfedk vnk dj jgk gS ijUrq gj foHkkxks esa viuk vyx lwpuk dsUnz cukuk pkfg,
rkfd lwpuk dh izHkko’khyrk ,oe~ xq.koÙkk dks c<+k;k tk ldsA
sd
yk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
vfHkisz j .kk
* Motivation *
ar
Hkw[k ekLyks
m
iszj.kk ;k vko’;drk
Motive
Ku
Hkkstu rS;kj fuf’pr gS
djuk
vfHkiszj.kk mn~ns’; funsZf’kr
Motivation O;ogkj
ay
O;ogkj
bh mn~ns’; iwfrZ
:A
dk iz;kl
mn~ns’; izkfIr ds
By
mn~ns’; }kjk bPNkiwfrZ

objective
gtZ oxZ
u
;kstuk lsou Hkkstu dk

djuk ‘kk;n fuf’pr lsou djuk
kkl
ugh Hkh gks

i z'
vfHkizsj.kk dh vo/kkj.kk dks izca/ku esa ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gS laxBu es dk;Zdq’ky rjhds ls
dk;Z djus ds fy, ;g t#jh gS fd mlesa dk;Z djus okys dkfeZd viuh iwjh {kerk ds Lrj ij dk;Z
djs Lor( izca/ku dk lcls eq[; dk;Z ;g gS fd fdl izdkj ls dkjdksa dks vfHkiszfjr djus ds lcls
csgrj rjhds dks fodflr fd;k tk;s ftlds ifj.kkeLo#i gh laxBukRed y{; dk;Zdq’ky rjhds ls
sd
yk
izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vfHkiszj.kk QszUp ‘kCn Motif ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ Moving gksrk gSA bldk ySfVu :i Movere
gksrk gS ftldk vFkZ Hkh to Move gksrk gS A
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 125
vfHkiszj.kk ,d ,slh izfdz;k gS ftlds vUrxZr dksbZ O;fDr vius vkUrfjd mŸkstuk ds dkj.k
mn~ns’; izkfIr dk iz;kl djrk gS ,oa mn~ns’; izkfIr ds mijkUr vf/kdre larqf”V dks izkIr djrk gSA
ar
vfHkiszj.kk dh fuEukafdr ekSfyd fo’ks”krk,a ns[kus dks feyrh gS &
& O;fDr;ksa dk O;ogkj ,d tSlk gks ldrk gS ijUrq vfHkiszj.kk ds dkjd vkil esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu
m
gks ldrs gSA
& ,d gh O;fDr esa ,d tSls O;ogkj gks ldrs gS ijUrq le; ds ifjorZu ds lkFk vfHkiszj.kk ds dkjd
Ku
fHkUu fHkUu gks ldrs gSA
& ,d vfHkiszj.kk ds dkjd nks O;fDr;ksa esa fHkUu fHkUu ifj.kke ns ldrs gSA
& dbZ voljksa ij ,slk Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd O;fDr Lor( vfHkiszj.kk ds dkj.kksa ls vufHkK gksrk
gS ;k ifjfpr ugh gksrk gSA
ay
mi;qZDr ?kVdksa ls lkekU;r( izrhr gksrk gS fd vfHkiszj.kk ,d tfVy vo/kkj.kk gSA laxBu ds
lfEefyr ifj.kke gS &

¼1½ O;fDr ds vkUrfjd dkjd
bh
vUrxZr dk;Z djus okys fdlh O;fDr esa vfHkiszj.kk fuEukafdr rhu dkjdksa ds var( fdz;k dk ,d
:A
¼2½ laxBu ds vkUrfjd dkjd
¼3½ laxBu ds ckgjh dkjd
vfHkizj.kk ds fofHkUu fl}kUr (&

By
20 oha lnh ds vkjEHk ls gh ;g izca/ku xq#vksa ;k fopkjdksa dks fpfUrr djrk jgk gS fd og dkSu
lk csgrj rjhdk gSA ftlls dkfeZdksa dks iszfjr fd;k tk;s ftlls os dk;Z dq’ky rjhds ls Hard work
u
dj lds ftlds ifj.kkeLo#i laxBukRed y{; tYn csgrj rjhds ls izkIr fd;k tk ldsA
kkl
ekuo vfHkiszj.kk dh leL;k ij cgqr ls bathfu;jksa euksoSKkfudksa rFkk lekt’kkL=h;kas }kjk

vè;;u fd;k tk jgk gSA
ijUrq muds }kjk fodkl’khy fl}kUrksa esa ,d cM+s Hkkx dk fopyu fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA vFkkZr~ bu
i z'
lHkh ds fopkjks es ,drk ns[kus dks ugh feyrk] ,slk bl ckr ls gS D;ksafd mu lHkh ds }kjk ekuoh;
izfdz;k ,oa ekuoh; O;ogkj ds ckjs esa vccks/ku ( Perception ) ;k lksp fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj dh jgh gSA
fQj Hkh mu lHkh ds }kjk dkfeZdks ds fu”iknu Lrj dks c<kus ds fy, u;s&u;s jkLrs [kksys x;s gSA
sd
vfHkiszj.kk ds fl}kUr ds vUrxZr dqN fuEukafdr ijEijkxr ,oa vk/kqfud fl}kUr ns[ks tk ldrs
yk
gaSA ftles ekLyks dk vko’;drk inlksiu dk fl}kUr ,oa gtZoxZ dk f} ?kVd (Two Factor Theory ;k
Motivation Hygiene Theory) fl}kUr lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
¼1½ Vsyj dk vfHkiszj.kk ls lEcfU/kr oSKkfud izca/k dk fl}kUr& Vsyj ds }kjk iszj.kk ds
flQZ vkfFkZd dkjdks ¼ mPp osru ij ½ ij cy fn;k x;k] ;g ekuk x;k fd mPp osru mPp mRiknu
djkus ij etcwj djsxk D;ksafd rc dkfeZd T;knk dke djus dh bPNk j[ksaxs A Vsyj us dgk fd ,d
ar
lkèkkj.k osru ds fy, yksx vlk/kkj.k dk;Z ugh djsaxsA
vFkkZr mPp osru gh csgrj vkSj tYn dk;Z djkus esa l{ke gksrk gSA lkFk gh mUgksus ;g Hkh dgk
m
fd tks vPNk dk;Z djkus esa vlQy gS mu ij laxBu jksd Hkh yxk;sxkA
vr( ;g fl}kUr xktj vkSj NM+h (Carrot & Stick) ds fl}kUr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g
Ku
vo/kkj.kk Vsyj ds foHksnhd`r bdkbZ etnwjh nj iz.kkyh es vklkuh ls ns[kh tkrh gSA
bl mikxe es cgqr lh lhek,a gS ftls ekuo lEcU/kokfn;ksa ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k A ekuo
lEcU/k okfn;ksa ds }kjk izLrqr fd;k x;k fd flQZ vkfFkZd iszj.kk O;fDr ds mPp fu”iknu dks iszfjr ugh
ay
dj ikrh gS] ekpZ ,ao lkbeu us Hkh dgk gS fd osru bR;kfn egRoiw.kZ uk gksdj dk;ksZ dh izd`fr ,oa fd;s
tkus okys dk;ksZ ds izfr dkfeZdkas dk n`f”Vdks.k egRoiw.kZ gSA bl fl}kUr esa vfHkiszj.kk ds ,d lkekftd
?kVd dk vuqifLFkr jguk Hkh ,d cgqr cM+h lhek gSA
es; ks dk vfHkizjs.kk dk ekuo lEcU/kh fl}kUr (&
bh
es;ks ds gkWFkkWuZ iz;ksx esas vfHkiszj.kk ds fl}kUr ds v/;;u dh fn’kk dks ges’kk ds fy, cny fn;k
:A
gS bl v/;;u us] dkfeZdks ds vukSipkfjd lewg dh egRrk dks mtkxj fd;k gS tks fu”iknu ,oa mRikndrk
dk Lrj fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA blesa dkfeZdksa dh xfjek ml lewg dk Hkkxhnkj cuus ij izkIr gksrh gS vr(
;g mlds fu”iknu dks izHkkfor djrk gSA lkFk gh es;ks us vfHkiszj.kk ds dSjV ,oa fLVd #ih rjhds dh
By
cM+h vkykspuk dh D;ksafd blesa lkekftd ?kVdksa dk vFkkZr lkekftd iszj.kk dk vHkko gSA
ijUrq es;ks dk fl}kUr Hkh vkykspukvksa ls Åij ugh gS D;ksafd blus lewg dh vko’;drk ls
vfèkd egRo fn;k gS rFkk blus ;g Hkh lq>ko fn;k gS fd flQZ ekuo lEcU/k ds vk/kkj ij gh izcU/k
u
dh lkjh leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k gS ;k lEHko gS] tks drbZ lgh ugh gSA
es;ksokn ij vk{ksi yxk;k x;k fd dkfeZd ds LorU=rk dh LFkkiuk ls muesa izfr;ksfxrk iuirh
gS ftlls os T;knk dk;Z djrs gS bl ckr ij es;ks ds }kjk cy ugh fn;k x;k] es;ks us ;g Hkh Bhd ls
kkl
ugh crk;k fd izca/k ,oa dkfeZdks ds chp dqN lkekU; fgr gksrs gSA
;g Hkh dgk x;k fd ekuo lEcU/k mikxe ds ikl dkfeZdksa dks vfHkiszfjr djus dk ,d lhfer
i z'
izfr#i Fkk] ijUrq ,sls fl}kUr dk vHkko Fkk tks bls O;Dr djrk gksA csfUMDl ,oa fQ’kj us dgk gS fd
tks vkadMs crkrs gS mlls dgh cM+k fu”d”kZ crkus dh es;ks es vknr FkhA
cukZM Z dk O;ogkjoknh fl}kUr (& ¼vfHkizsj.kk dk½
sd
yk
u oSKkfud izcU/ku u gh es;ks ds ekuo lEcU/k mikxe esa deZpkjh ds LovfHkiszj.kk ds fofHkUu
?kVdks dks ifjHkkf”kr fd;k A ftlds otg ls ,d gh rjg ds dke ds fy, fofHkUu deZpkjh D;ksa vkSj
dSls dke djrs gS( vFkkZr~ vfHkiszj.kk ds vkarfjd igyw ij /;ku ugh fn;k x;k fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr dke
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

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j 127
D;ksa djrk gS\ D;k blds ihNs dksbZ vkarfjd dkjd Hkh gSA
;gh dkj.k gS fd ekuoh; vfHkiszj.kk ds v/;;u ds fy, O;ogkj oknh n`f”Vdks.k dk tUe gqvk
cukZMZ tSls izkjfEHkd O;ogkjokfn;ksa ds }kjk viuh iqLrd Function of executive es ;g udkjk x;k fd
ar
O;fDr flQZ vkfFkZd iszj.kk ls iszfjr gksdj laxBu esa ;ksxnku nsxkA vkfFkZd dkjd rks lcls detksj
?kVd gSA ftl ls laxBu dkfeZdks ds ;ksxnku lqfuf’pr djrk gS A cgqr ls ,sls lkekftd euksoSKkfud
m
?kVd gSa] ftl ds ek/;e ls laxBu ds lapkyu es ekuoh; izHkko dks iszfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bUgh
lkekftd euksoSKkfud ?kVdksa ds otg ls O;fDr viuk csgrj iz;kl laxBu dks izLrqr djrk gSA lkFk
Ku
gh] dk;Z fu”iknu gsrq lg;ksx ds fy, vkSipkfjd laxBu ftruk egRoiw.kZ gS] vukSipkfjd laxBu dgha
mlls T;knk egŸkk j[krk gSA lkFk gh laxBu esa ;ksxnku ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds larqf”V ds chp larqyu ds
ek/;e ls laxBu ,oa dkfeZdksa ds y{; esa Hkh ,SD; ;k ,sd LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlls os iw.kZr(
vfHkiszfjr gksdj iqu( dk;Z djsA
ay
cukZMZ dk fl}kUr vkt ds vk/kqfud laxBu esa Hkh izklafxd gSA
ekWLyks dk vko’;drkvksa dh Øfedrk dk fl}kUr &

( Need Hierarchy theory ) bh
:A
ekLyks ds vuqlkj izR;sd O;fDr es ikWp izdkj dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA
& nSfgd @ ‘kkjhfjd vko’;drk & Physiological needs & Hkw[k] I;kl bR;kfn
& lqj{kk lEcU/kh vko’;drk & Security needs & O;fDr dh lqj{kk ,oa O;fDr ds lEifr dh lqj{kkA
By
& tqMko vkSj I;kj dh vko’;drk (Belongingness and love needs / social needs) O;fDr;kss ds chp
vUr( ijLij laca/k ,oa O;fDr;ksa ds chp viuRo dh HkkoukA
& lEeku dh vko’;drk ( Esteem needs ) lekt esa izfr”Bk ;k ekU;rk dks izkIr djukA
& Loigpku Self actualisation- & dSfj;j dk vf/kdrehdj.k djuk A
u
Note - * Self actualisation ‘kCn dks loZizFke dVZ xksYMLVsu ds }kjk x<+k ( coined ) fd;k x;kA
kkl
* ekLyks us vkxs pydj vius NBs Need Metamotivation dks izLrqr fd;k] ijUrq yksd iz’kklu
esa Self actualisation ij gh fo’ks”k cy fn;s tkus dh izFkk gSA
i z'
Loigpku dk vfHkizk; fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk vius n{krk ds vuqdwy vf/kdre voLFkk dks izkIr
djukA tSls fdlh ekW ds fy, vkn’kZ ekW dk ntkZ izkIr djuk] fdlh f’k{kd ds fy, vkn’kZ f’k{kd dk
ntkZ izkIr djuk ijUrq Loigpku ds Lrj dk eki djuk vR;f/kd dfBu gSA tSls fdlh efgyk ds }kjk
sd
,d vkn’kZ ekW dh fLFkfr dks izkIr djuk ;k ,d O;fDr ds }kjk vkn’kZ f’k{kd ds Lrj rd igqWpkuk ;g
yk
fHkUu fHkUu ns’kkas dh lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd ekU;rkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
ijUrq ,d mnkgj.k ds }kjk FkksM+h cgqr gn rd O;kogkfjdrk ns[kus dks feyrh gS] tc ;g irk yx
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
tkrk gS fd Self actualisation D;k gS\ vFkkZr~ ,d lSfud ds fy, jk”Vª lsok djrs gq, ‘kghn gks tkuk]
tkfgj lh ckr gS fd og lSfud jk”Vª dh lsok djus esa blls T;knk og viuk D;k ;ksxnku ns ldrk gSA
ar
¼5½ Self actualisation
need
m
(4) Self esteern need
Ku
(3) Sociel need
(2) Security need
ay
Physiological need
(1)
bh
1 to 4 - Deficieney level
5 - being level.
:A
5 Self actualisation
4
Self esteen
By
3
Socical 1 to 2 Low order need
u
2
Security
1
kkl
Physiological 3,4,5 Higher order need

1-2 Low order need 3,4,5, Higher order need
i z'
*& bldk lEcU/k O;fDr ds ‘kjhj ls gS *& bldk lEcU/k ekufld voLFkk]
vfHko`frd lanHkZ esa gSA
*& ;s vko’;drka, loZO;kih gSA *& ;s vko’;drka, dqN fof’k”V O;fDr
ds lanHkZ esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA
sd
yk
*& bldk lEcU/k HkkSfrd lk/kuks ls gSA *& bldk lEcU/k lkekftd lk/kuksa ls
gSA
*& bldk lEcU/k vkfFkZd igyqvksa ls gSA *& bldk lEcU/k xSj vkfFkZd igyqvksa
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ls gSA
*& ;g ek=kRed gSA *& ;g xq.kkRed gSA
*& ;s vko’;drka, oLrqfu”B (Objective) gSA *& ;s vko’;drka , O;fDr fu”B aAgS ( Subjective)
ar
* ekLyks dh D;k ekU;rk gS & * ;ksxnku &
 ekLyks ds }kjk 1943 esa Hierarchy of Human need uked fl}kUr izLrqr fd;k x;k tks fuEukafdr
m
gkbiksFksfll ij vk/kkfjr gSA
 ekLyks ds }kjk ;g dgk x;k fd mi;qZDr 5 izdkj dh vko’;drkvksa dks ,d izxfr’khy dze ;k
Ku
inlksikfud Øe vUrxZr ifjHkkf”kr fd;k tkrk gSA
 ekuo ,d larqf”V [kksth ( Satisfaction seeking ) izk.kh gSA
 ekuo vius vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh [kkst esa dHkh uk [kRe gksus okyh vfHkiszj.kk ls ;qDr gksrk gSA
 ,d vlarq”V vko’;drk ds iwfrZ ds ek/;e ls O;fDr dks vfHkiszfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;kfu nwljs
ay
‘kCnksa esa ,d larq”V vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ds ek/;e ls O;fDr dks vfHkiszfjr ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
bh
* ekLyks ds }kjk izLrqr Need hierarehy theory dk fufgrkFkZ ( Implications )
;fn [kq’kgky dkfeZd] mRiknd dkfeZd lkfcr gksrk gS rks dk;Z ds }kjk Jfedksa dks larqf”V feyuh
:A
pkfg,] pkgs og inlksiku ds fdlh Hkh dze esa dk;Z dj jgk gks vFkkZr~ ;fn Jfed lkekftd dk;Z dj
jgk gS] rkss laxBu ds }kjk bls ,sls volj iznku fd;s tkus pkfg,A ftlls mldh lkekftd vko’;drk
dh bPNk dh iwfrZ gks lds] lkFk gh ;fn os Jfed lEeku ;k Loigpku ls ;qDr bPNk dh iwfrZ pkgrs gSa]
rks dkfeZdks dks vius dk;kZsa dks lajfpr djus esa laxBu es LorU=rk nsuh pkfg, ,oa dqN gn rd izcaèku
By
ds }kjk laxBukRed fu.kZ; fuekZ.k esa mUgs ‘kkfey djuk pkfg,A

 bl vo/kkj.kk us izcU/ku dks ;g fu/kkZfjr djus esas dkQh lgk;rk igqWpk;h gS] fd dkSu &dkSu lh
fof’k”V bPNk;sa gS ftudh iwfrZ dk iz;kl dkfeZdks ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vr( vc izcU/ku bl
u
fLFkfr esa gS fd laxBu ds y{; dks /;ku esa j[kdj dkfeZdksa dks muds bPNk iwfrZ ds volj iznku
dj mudk laxBu es l’kDr ;ksxnku dks lqfuf’pr dj lds ftlls laxBukRed y{; dh iwfrZ
kkl
dk;Z dq’ky rjhds ls gks ldsA

 ekLyks dh ;g vo/kkj.kk dkQh gn rd ijaijkxr ukSdj’kkgh laxBuks ds yksdrka=hdj.k djus dk
iz;kl Hkh djrh gSA D;ksafd ukSdj’kkgh laxBuksa ds ?kVd ;Fkk inlksiku]fo’ks”khdj.k] vkSipkfjdrk]
i z'
xSj O;fDrdrk] bR;kfn deZpkfj;ksa ds vFkZ iw.kZ dk;Zdj.k dh bPNk dks jksdrs gaSA vFkkZr~ tc dkfeZd
,d [kkl bPNk dh iwfrZ esa yxkrkj vlQy gksrs gSA rks muesa fujk’kk ?kj dj tkrh gS vkSj varr(
laxBu dh dk;Zdq’kyrk Hkh dqizHkkfor gksrh gSA
sd
yk
vr( ukSdj’kkgh laxBuksa dks vius izfdz;k dk iztkrkaf=d cukuk pkfg, rkfd ml laxBu esa
dkfeZdks dh bPNk iw.kZ rHkh gksxh tc laxBu dk;Zdq’ky rjhds ls dk;Z dj
ik;sxkA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
* ekLyks ds vko’;drk inlksikfud fl}kUr dh vkykspuk (&
ar
*& ekLyks ds fl}kUr dh ekU;rka, ,oa egRo &
& ekLyks ds fl}kUr ds vk/kkj ij ;g fo’ysf”kr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd nks O;fDr leku ifjfLFkfr
m
esa vyx&vyx O;ogkj D;ksa izLrqr djrs gSA blds lkFk gh ;g fl}kUr ;g Hkh izLrqr djrk gS fd]
lkjs O;fDr;ksa esa dqN ,sls dkjd ns[kus dks feyrs gaS tks ,d eku gksrs gSA
Ku
ekLyks ds fl}kUr flQZ O;fDr;ksa ds dk;Z ds igyw ls lEcfU/kr uk gksdj lkekU; thou ds lUnHkZ
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ekLyks ds fl}kUr vfHkiszj.kk dk fo’ys”k.k thou ds izR;sd pj.kksa ds lanHkZ
esa djrs gSA bl fl}kUr dh mi;ksfxrk dks usr`Ro ds izR;sd {ks= esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g fl}kUr
bfrgkl ,oa Hkfo”; ds ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh fo’ys”k.k djrk gSA
ay
& 19oha ‘krkCnh esa ‘kkjhfjd vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ij fc’ks”k cy fn;k x;k vr( dkfeZdksa ds }kjk
vf/kd etnwjh dh ekax dh x;h] blds mijkUr lqj{kk lEcU/kh mik; ij fc’ks”k cy fn;s x;s A ;g
bh
bl ckr dk ladsr djrk gS fd vkus okys le; esa ekLyks ds }kjk izLrqr fd;s x;s vfUre rhu
vko’;drkvksa ij fc’ks”k cy fn;k tk;sxk] dguk uk gksxk fd vkt ds vk/kqfud lekt ess tgka
vkt flfoy lekt dh LFkkiuk vkSj Kku lekt dh LFkkiuk ij vR;f/kd cy fn;k tk jgk gSA
:A
vkt ds O;fDr;ksa esa Loigpku ds Lrj dks izkIr djus dh vko’;drk ij vf/kd] cy fn;k tk,xkA
& ekLyks ds fl}kUr es bl n`f”Vdks.k dks mtkxj fd;k x;k gS fd ,d larq”V vko’;drk vfHkiszj.kk
dk dkjd ugh gks ldrk ftl ij ijaijkxr fopkjdksa ds }kjk /;ku vkdf”kZr ugh fd;k x;k FkkA
By
lhek,a ( & ijUrq dqN lhekvksa ds dkj.k ekLyks ds fl}kUr dks O;kogkfjd #i nsuk dfBu gSA
& ekLyks dk vko’;drk dk inlksiu izR;sd O;fDr;ksa esa fuf’pr rjhds ls ifjHkkf”kr
u
ugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ifjos’k dh viuh izkFkfedrk gksrh gSA vr( O;fDr;ksa ds izkFkfedrkvksa esa varj gksus ds dkj.k
kkl
vko’;drk ds inlksikfud dze esa vUrj LokHkkfod gS mnkgj.k ds fy, l`tukRed O;fDr;ksa esa mPprj
dze fd vko’;drk lEeku Loigpku bR;kfn vU; fuEu dze dh vko’;drkvksa dh rqyuk esa fo’ks”k egRo
j[krh gSA
i z'
& O;ogkj ds fo’ys”k.k ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr;ksa ds vko’;drkvksa dks ifjHkkf”kr djuk dfBu gSA
O;ogkj dk fo’ys”k.k rc ljy gksrk gS tc ,d fuf’pr le; esa O;fDr;ksa dk O;ogkj flQZ ,d
iszj.kk dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA ijUrq O;kogkfjd #i ls lkekU;r( ,slk ns[kus dks ugh feyrk gS fd O;fDr;ksa
sd
yk
dk O;ogkj cgqr lh izsj.kkvksa dk ifj.kke gSA tSlk fd dHkh Lo;a ekLyks us Hkh dgk gS fd izsj.kk fl}kUr
O;ogkj fl}kUr dk i;kZ;okph ugh gSA izsj.kka, O;ogkj ds dsoy ,d gh i{k ds oxZ dh fu/kkZjd gS] tc
fd O;ogkj djhc&djhc ges’kk iszfjr gksrk jgrk gSA og ges’kk tSfod] lkaLd`frd vkSj ikfjfLFkdh;
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 131
dkjdksa ls Hkh fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA

ftl lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd lkaLd`frd okrkoj.k ls O;fDr lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA mlds O;ogkj ess
;g izHkko Mkyrs gS rFkk O;fDr vfHkiszj.kk ds dkjdksa ds funsZf’kr O;ogkj djrs le; vius lkekftd]
ar
lkaLd`frd vkn’kksZ] ewY;ksa ,oa ekU;rkvks dks /;ku esa j[kdj O;ogkj djrk gSA lkFk gh dqN ifjfLFkfr
ds dkjd Hkh mlds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA D;ksafd ifjfLFkfr esa ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk cnyko
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
m
iszj.kk
Ku
vfHkizsj.kk O;ogkj ifjfLFkfr
ay
mn~ns’;
Hkkstu
bh
:A
,slk Hkkstu lsou djuk ftls lekt us ml laLd`fr esa ekU;rk nh gS ftlls dksbZ O;fDr lEcfUèkr
gksrk gS ¼ ‘kkdkgkjh] ekalkgkjh ½
By
 ekLykso ds }kjk vko’;drkvksa dk oxhZdj.k ,d lkekU; izd`fr dk gSA ftlds vUrxZr O;fDr ds
fof’k”V vko’;drkvksa dk fc’ys”k.k ugh fd;k tk ldrkA dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk Hkh lEHko gks
u
ldrk gS fd O;fDr dh larq”V vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lk/kuksa dks ek=kRed ,oa xqq.kkRed
n`f”Vdks.k ls o`f} djus ds mijkUr Hkh larq”V vko’;drk Hkh vfHkiszj.kk dk dkjd cu ldrh gSA
 ekLyks ds vUos”k.k esa lkekftd vkWdMks ds oS/krk ij iz’u fpgu yxk;s x;s D;ksafd ckn ds vUos”k.k
kkl
ls vkus okys fu”d”kZ igys ls foijhr ckrs crkrs gSa A vr( blesa iw.kZ #i ls vkuqHkfod oS/krk dk
vHkko gSA
i z'
 dqN O;fDr mPp Lrjh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, fuEu Lrjh; vko’;drkvksa dks dqN le;
ds fy, NksM+ ldrs gSA LorU=rk vkUnksyu esa xka/kh th ds }kjk vDlj ,slk fd;k tkrk FkkA
 inlksiu ds fdlh Hkh Lrj dh bPNkiwfrZ dk cgqr lk/ku gks ldrk gS rFkk dksbZ O;fDr self steem
sd
dh iwfrZ vf/kdkf/kd iSls dek dj djuk pkgrk gSA dksbZ O;fDr Self esteen dh iwfrZ vf/kd ,oa
yk
vf/kdrj cMs+ mrjnkf;Ro ,oa inksa dks izkIr dj djuk pkgrk gSA vr( vko’;drk iwfrZ ds rjhdksa
dk dksbZ ,dy dkj.k ugh gSA
 ihVj Mªdj us Hkh ekLyks ds fl}kUr dh vkykspuk dh gS muds }kjk ;g izLrqr fd;k x;k fd ;fn
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
vkfFkZd pkgr dh iwfrZ gks tkrh gS rks O;fDr vkSj vf/kd vkfFkZd iqjLdkj ugh pkgsxk] ijUrq bldk
vFkZ ;g ugh gS fd vkfFkZd iqjLdkj dk egRo lekIr gks tk;sxk vFkkZr vkfFkZd iqjLdkj O;fDr dh
vlarqf”V dks jksddj mls laxBu esa fdz;k’khy cuk;s j[krh gSA ,slh gh fopkj/kkjk dk izfriknu
ar
gtZoxZ ds }kjk Hygine factor ds fo’ys”k.k esa izLrqr fd;k x;k D;kasfd O;fDr;ksa ds Lrj rd dk;Z
djus ds fy, Hygine factor t#jh gSA
m
 ihVj Mªdj us ;g Hkh dgk fd ;fn ,d bPNk larq”V gks tkrh gS rks larqf”V dks lrr cuk;s j[kus
ds fy, dqN cMh iszj.kkvksa dk gksuk vko’;d gSA blesa lkoZnf’kd vuqiz;ksx ( Universal applica-
tion ) dk vHkko fn[krk gSA D;ksafd ;g vesfjdh laLd`fr ls ;qDr gSA bl fl}kUr esa miyfC/k ls
Ku
;qDr vfHkiszj.kk dk vU; ls vyxko gksus dh ckr igys gh eku yh x;h gS] tSlk fd ekLyks dh
6 Boha cM+h vko’;drk vyx gSA ;g vfHkiszj.kk funsZf’kr ekuoh; O;ogkj lkoZnsf’kd ugh gks ldrk
cfYd ;g mu ewY;ksa ls tqM+k gS ftldh ekU;rk vesfjdh e/; oxZ esa ik;h tkrh gS vkSj ekLyks muesa
ay
ls ,d FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd muds }kjk ,slh vo/kkj.kk dks izLrqr fd;k x;kA
 ekLyks ds }kjk izLrqr vko’;drkvksa dk vyx&vyx lewg Hkh vLi”V vkSj tfVy vo/kkj.kk gSA
rFkk Loigpku dh /kkj.kk cgqr gh vLi”V gSA bldk lkekU;hdj.k ugh fd;k tk ldrk blds
bh
oLrqfu”Brk dk vHkko gSA lkFk gh dk;Z LFky ij dk;kZs ds lajpuk vfHkiszj.kk ds dkjd ds chp
laca/k dh ckr ekLyks us ugh dhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bls lq/kkjus dk iz;kl gtZoxZ tSls lq/kkjdks
ds }kjk fd;k x;kA
:A
QszMfjd gtZoxZ ( Frederick Herzberg )

Book - Motivation to work - 1959
By
Work and nature of man -1966
* gtZcxZ dk f}?kVd fl}kUr Critical incidental methodology ij vk/kkfjr gS ftlesa

u
200 ys[kkiky ,oa bathfu;jksa ls lk{kkRdkj fd;s x;sA lk{kkRdkj esa muls iwNk x;k fd dkSu dkSu ls
dk;Z ,oa dkSu dkSu lh ifjfLFkfr;ka mUgs larqf”V ;k vlarqf”V iznku djrh gSA
kkl
Motivating factor vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVd & Content

¼fo”k;oLrq½
larqf”V ys[kkiky 
i z'
;g dk;Z ls izR;{k #i ls
200 lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA
sd
vlarqf”V bathfu;j
yk
Hygiene factor vkjksX; ?kVd & context & ;g dk;Z

;k ds ifjos’k ls lEcfU/kr
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 133
gksrk gSA
ifjos’kh; vr( ;g dk;Z ls vizR;{k
( Environmental / maintainance/ #i ls lEcfU/kr gSA
ar
preventive )
Hygiene factor Motivational factors
m
& osru ;k etnwjh pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z work itself
Ku
& laxBu dh uhfr;kW ;k iz’kklu miyfC/k Achievement
& vUr( ijLij lEcU/k mrjnkf;Ro Responsibility
& i;Zos{k.k (Supervision) ekU;rk ( Recognition )
& lqj{kk o`f} ,oa fodkl Advancement
ay
& fLFkfr status
& dk;Z dh n’kk esa ( Workig condition )
bh
gtZoxZ ds }kjk ;g O;Dr fd;k x;k fd nks ,sls ekSfyd ?kVd dk oxZ gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k dksbZ
O;fDR vius dk;Z ls larq”V ;k vlarq”V gksrk gS os ?kVd ftlls dk;Z vlarqf”V feyrh gS mu ?kVdksa ls
fcYdqy vyx gksrh gS ftlls dk;Z larqf”V dh izkfIr gksrh gSA
:A
ijEijkxr ekU;rk
larqf”V & dk foijhr vlarqf”V
By
gtZcxZ dh ekU;rk
Satisfaction No satisfaction
u
larqf”V & dk foijhr & larqf”V ugh
vlarqf”V & dk foijhr & vlarqf”V ugh

kkl
dissatisfaction no. dissatisfaction.

i z'
?kVd i;kZIr ;k mifLFkr vi;kZIr ;k vuqifLFkr
Hygiene factor vlarqf”V ugh gksxh vlarqf”V gksxh

sd
yk
no. dissatisfaction dissatisfaction
Motivating factor larq”V gksxk larq”V ugh gksxk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
Satisfaction No satisfaction
vkjksX; ?kVd ( Hygien factor ) i;kZIr gksus ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDr vius
{kerk ds lkekU; Lrj ij dk;Z djsxk ijUrq mlds {kerk ds mPp Lrj vFkkZr miyfC/k ds Lrj dks
ar
izksRlkfgr djus gsrq mRiszj.kkRed ?kVd ( Motivational factor ) dk gksuk t#jh gSA
,slk bl ckr ls gS fd] gtZcxZ ds vuqlkj larqf”V vkSj vlarqf”V O;fDr ds O;ogkj ds i`Fkd igyw
m
gS ;kfu larqf”V vkSj vlarqf”V dbZ dkjdkas ds leqPp; dk ifj.kke gS A vkjksX; ?kVd ds i;kZIr gksus ij
O;fDr ds vlarqf”V dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq O;fDr ds larqf”V gsrq mRiszj.kkRed ?kVd dk gksuk vfr
Ku
vfuok;Z gSA
gtZcxZ }kjk viuh iqLrd Work and nature of man esa O;fDr;ksa ds vko’;drk ds nks leqPp; dks
Bhd izdkj ls fc’ysf”kr fd;k x;k A gtZcxZ us ;g O;Dr fd;k gS fd vko’;drk ds nks leqPp; esa igyh
ay
vko’;drk nnZ fuokjd dh vksj gksrh gSA vkSj nwljh vksj ekuo dh rjg oSKkfud rjg ls fodflr djus
dh vko’;drk Hkh ik;h tkrh gS vFkkZr~ gtZcxZ us mu ?kVdks esa vUrj fd;k gS tks i’kqvksa ds dk;Z ;k
vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq vko’;d gaSA

bh
vkfFkZd vko’;drk ;k vkjksX; dh iwfrZ gsrq vko’;d gS rFkk mPp Lrjh; vdka{kkvksa ;k vfHkiszj.kkRed
ckbfcy dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, gtZcxZ us yksxks dh izd`fr dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k vkjksX; ?kVdks
:A
dks mUgksus ,Me (Adam) dks i’kq dh izd`fr dh vo/kkj.kk ls lEcfU/kr crk;k pwafd ,Me (Adam) dks
,Mu (Eden) tks fd LoxZ tSlk ckx Fkk ls fudky fn;k x;k FkkA vr( HkkSfrd ,oa ‘kkjhfjd vko’;drk
dh iwfrZ gsrq ;Fkk & [kkuk] lqj{kk vko’;drk dh iwfrZ gsrq gh mudk T;knk ljksdkj jgkA
By
nwljh vksj “ vfHkizsj.kkRed ?kVdÞ ^^vczkge***ekuo tkfr ds izd`fr dh vo/kkj.kk dk

izfrfufèkRo djrk gS] D;ksafd vczkge dks Hkxoku ekuk x;k tks mPpLrjh; miyfC/k ,oa mPpLrjh;
fodkl dh {kerk j[krk gSA
u
vr( dk;Z LFky ij nksuksa ;kuh ,Me ,oa vczkge izdkj dh izd`fr ns[kus dks feyrh gS vFkkZr~
vkne izdkj dh izd`fr ls ;qDr i’kqor O;fDr dk;ksZ esa flQZ vlarqf”V nwj djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA
kkl
nwljh vksj vckzge izdkj dh izd`fr ;qDr ekuo o`f} ,oa fodkl rFkk dk;ksZ ls larqf”V izkIr djus
dk iz;kl djrs gSA vr( blds fy, vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVd T;knk ;qfDr laxr gSA
i z'
gtZcxZ ds izLrqrhdj.k esa ;g O;Dr fd;k x;k gS] fd fdlh ,d ?kVd dh deh dh Hkjik;h nwljs
?kVd ls ugh dh tk ldrh D;ksafd vkjksX; ?kVd ds vHkko ls dksbZ Hkh dkfeZd [kq’kgky ugh jg ik;sxk
a ijUrq] og vius dk;Z ls larq”V ugh gks ik;sxk tc rd vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVd ekStwn ugha gksxkA vr(
sd
izcaèku dks nksuksa ?kVdks dks vko’;drk ds vuqlkj bLrseky djus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A
yk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 135


ar
 Deliberate upgrading of Responsibility and Authority


m

 Job enrichment
Ku
x x
ay
Job enlargement
dk;Z dh ek=k esa foLrkj

bh i.e.x×m (m= motivation=0)
=x×0 =0
:A
By
x y y x
u
kkl
dk;Z dh izd`fr ogh flQZ

LFkkukUrj.k ;k O;fDr;ksa
i z'
dk Job rotation
if x × same job ¼tgkW vfHkiszj.kk ‘kwU; gS ½ ¾ 0

sd
ij LFkkukUrj.k
yk
y × same job ¼tgkW vfHkiszj.kk ‘kwU; gS ½ ¾ 0

ij LFkkukUrj.k
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
Job enrichment dk vfHkizk; O;fDr;ksa ds mrjnkf;Ro ,oa drZO;ksa esa tkucw>dj o`f} djuk gS]
ftlls dkfeZdks dks pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z djus gsrq iszfjr fd;k tk ldsA
ar
laxBu ess Job enrichment Job enrichment ds Qk;ns
fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS
m
& dkfeZdksa ds Lo;a ds dk;Z ds fy, & dkfeZdks dh ekufld n’kk esa cnyko
tckcnsgh dks c<+kuk vk;sxkA
Ku
& dkfeZdksa es dk;ksZ dh iwjh izfdz;k ls & dkfeZdks dss fu”iknu Lrj esa c<+ksrjh
lEcfU/kr dk;ksZ dks vius rjhds ls ns[kus dks feysxhA
djus dh LorU=rk
& dk;Z dks djus gsrq dkfeZdksa dks & dkfeZdksa es Job enrichment ns[kus
ay
i;kZIr lŸkk dk gLrkukUrj.k dks feysxhA
& u;s ,oa pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;ksZ dh LFkkiuk & laxBu esa ekuo lalk/ku ds izHkko’kkyh
tks vHkh ls igys ugh dh x;h FkhA
bh vuqiz;ksx lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
:A
eqn~nk & gtZcxZ dk fl}kur ekLyks ds fl}kUr dk foLrkj gSA
& vfHkiszj.kk ds fo”k; oLrq ij ekLyks ,oa gtZcxZ dk fl}kUr okLrfodrk es ,d nwljs ds iwjd
gS ] D;ksafd vfHkiszj.kk Motive ,oa mn~ns’; funsZf’kr izfdz;k nksuksa ls lacaf/kr gS A mn~ns’; izkfIr ls fdlh
By
O;fDr dks larqf”V izkIr gksrh gSA ekLyks dsoy Motive ;k vko’;drkvksa dks crkrs gSA ijUrq os gtZcxZ
gh gS ftUgkasus ekLyks ds }kjk izLrqr mu vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq dkfeZdks dks iszfjr djus okys lk/kuksa
dh O;k[;k dh gSA tkfgj lh ckr gS fd] tc rd vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugh gksxh dkfeZdks dks larqf”V
u
ugh fey ik;sxhA vr( vfHkiszj.kk dh izfdz;k dh ‘kq#vkr ekLyks ls gksrh gSA ijUrq bldh vafre voLFkk
gtZcxZ }kjk crk;s x;s f}?kVd fl}kUr ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
kkl
& ekLyks ds fl}kUr dks O;kogkfjdrk iznku djus gsrq gtZcxZ ds fl}kUr dk gksuk vfr vfuok;Z
gSA lkFk gh vfHkizsj.kk ds fo”k; oLrq ij lokZfa x.k Kku dks izkIr djus gsrq ekLyks ,oa gtZcxZ ds fl}kUr
i z'
dk ,dhdj.k vfuok;Z gSA

& vfHkiszj.kk ij gtZcxZ }kjk izLrqr vo/kkj.kk dh #ijs[kk Hkh ekLyks ds vko’;drk inlksiku
ls lEcfU/kr gSA vFkkZr~ ekLyks ds }kjk izLrqr Lower order need ;Fkk ‘kkjhfjd ,oa lqj{kk ls lEcfU/kr
sd
yk
vko’;drk gtZcxZ ds vkjksX; ?kVd ls cgqr gh lkE;rk j[krh gSA rFkk ekLyks ds }kjk izLrqr Higher
order need Hkh gtZcxZ ds vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVd ls cgqr utnhdh lEcU/k j[krk gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 137
ekLyks ds }kjk O;fDr ds ,d fnu ds 24 ?kaVs ls lEcfU/kr vko’;drk dks /;ku esa j[kdj vius
fopkjks dks izLrqr fd;k ogh gtZcxZ O;fDr ds flQZ mu vko’;drk ls fpfUrr fn[krs gS tks O;fDr ds dk;Z
LFky ij i;kZoj.kh; vko’;drk ,oa ml dk;Z dh fo”k; oLrq ls ;qDr vko’;drk ls tqMh gqbZ gksrh gSA
ar
ekLyks dh vko’;drk inlksikfud fopkj/kkjk vesfjdh laLd`fr ls vyx nwljh txg ugh
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ijUrq gtZcxZ dk fl}kUr nwljh laLd`fr ds dk;ZLFkyks ij vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
m
gtZcxZ dk fl}kUr ,oa Hkkjrh; yksd midze ( PSU ) &
Ku
Hkkjrh; yksd midze esa gtZcxZ dk f}?kVd fl}kUr dk izHkqRo vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
Hkkjrh; yksd midze es dk;Zjr dkfeZdks dh vU; foHkkxksa esa dk;Zjr deZpkjh dh rqyuk ls vPNs osru
lqj{kk ,oa LokLFk;~ lEcU/kh lqfc/kk,a feyrh gSA fQj Hkh mudk fu”iknu Lrj larks”ktud ugh fn[krk A
ay
;g Hkh vkt yksd midze dh vlQyrk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA
mi;ZqDr vkjksX; ?kVdksa ls lEcfU/kr lqfc/kk;sa flQZ dk;Z LFky ij i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa ls
bh
tw>us gsrq i;kZIr gSa] ijUrq deZpkfj;ksa dks vfHkiszfjr djus gsrq vi;kZIr lkfcr gksrh gaSA Hkkjrh; yksd
midzeksa ds dkfeZdks dks iwjh rjg vPNs volj pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z ,oa EkkU;rk bR;kfn i;kZIr #i ls ugh izkIr
gksrhA vr( os vius dk;Z dj.k esa mPp Lrj dk fu”iknu Hkh ugh dj ikrs gSA mPp fu”iknu ds fy, tSlk
:A
fd gtZcxZ ds }kjk vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVd dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA mldk vHkko Hkkjrh; yksd midzeksa esa
ns[kus dks feyrk gSA
By
vr( Hkkjr ljdkj dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og ;g Hkh ns[ks fd Hkkjrh; yksd midze ds dkfeZdksa
esa vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVd ;Fkk pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z dh igpku] mPp Lrjh; mŸkjnkf;Ro i;kZIr #i ls mifLFkr
gks] fcuk blds yksd midzeksa ds dk;Z dq’kyrk dks O;kogkfjd rjhds ls ugh c<+k;k tk ldrkA
u
dguk u gksxk fd Hkkjrh; yksd midzeksa esa 80 ds n’kd ls gh #X.krk (Sickness ) dh leL;k
ns[kus dks feyrh gS A vr( gtZcxZ ds vfHkizsj.kkRed ?kVdks dks lqfuf’pr dj muds Sickness fuokj.k
kkl
dks csgrj rjhds ls lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gS uk fd flQZ fofuos’k ;k futhdj.k tSlh rduhdksa ds
ek/;e lsA
i z'
gtZcxZ ds fn?kVd fl}kUr dh vkyksp uk (&

gtZcxZ dk ;ksxnku ekLyks ds vko’;drk inlksiku fl}kUr dk iwjd gS ekLyks ds fl}kUr ds vk/
kkj ij O;fDr;ksa ds vko’;drkvksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq bldh ifjiwfrZ gsrq gtZcxZ ds fl}kUr
sd
dks vk/kkj ekuuk vfuok;Z gSA

yk
gtZcxZ dk fl}kUr fof’k”V #i ls O;fDr;ksa ds dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr gS vr( gtZcxZ ds ;ksxnku esa
dk;Z ds fo”k;oLrq ( Content ) ij /;ku fn;k gSA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
gtZcxZ us O;fDr;ks ds vfHkiszj.kk ds lanHkZ esa vkfFkZd dkjd ,oa dk;Z n’kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr dkjdkss
ds egRo dks grksRlkfgr fd;k gSA dk;Z dh fo”k; oLrq ds lUnHkZ esa gtZcxZ ds }kjk izzLrqr ( Job
enrichment ) dh fcpkj/kkjk ,d u;s n`f”Vdks.k dks izLrqr djrh gS ftldk vfHkizk; O;fDr;ksa ds drZO;ksa
ar
,oa mŸkjnkf;Roksa esa tkucw>dj c`f} djuk gSA
m
ijUrq dbZ dkj.kksa ls bl fl}kUr ds udkjkRed igyqvksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS tSls &
gtZcxZ }kjk os ru fLFkfr ,oa vUr(ijLij lEcU/k bR;kfn dh egŸkk ij rq yukRed #i ls de cy fn;k
Ku
gSA ,oa vfHkiszj.kkRed ?kVdksa dk efgeke.Mu fd;k x;k ijUrq LVªkl tSls fo}kuks dk ekuuk gS fd T;knkrj
O;fDr;ksa esa nksuks izdkj dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA vr( mUgs iszfjr djus gsrq nksuks ?kVd egRoiw .kZ gSA
* gtZcxZ ds }kjk ftl iz;ksx dh i}fr dk bLrseky fd;k x;k og fuEu rhu lhekvksa ls xzflr gSA
ay
( critical incidental methodology )
¼1½ tc O;fDr larq”V gksrk gS rks bldk dkj.k vius vki esa <aw<rk gS vkSj tc vlarq”V gksrk gS rc
bh
viuh foQyrk dk dkj.k ckgjh ifjos’k esa <wa<rk gS vr( bl i}fr esa ;g i{kikr dh Hkkouk jgrh gS]
tc O;fDr larq”V ;k vlarq”V eglwl djrk gSA ;g okLrfod dkjdksa dk ifj.kke uk gksdj dbZ ckj
mldh ekufld voLFkk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA
:A
¼2½ ?kVdksa dk oxhZdj.k vkjksX; ,oa mRiszj.kked #i esa ,d oLrqfu”B oxhZdj.k ugh gSA ;g bu nksukas
dkjdks ,oa ?kVdksa dh ,d oLrqijd (Subjective) O;k[;k gSA
By
¼3½ ftu dkjdkas ds ifj.kkeLo#i ,d O;fDr vius vki dks larq”V eglwl djrk gS mUgh dkjdksa
ds vHkko esa O;fDr vius vkidks vlarq”V Hkh eglwl djrk gSA
Job enrichment dh vkykspuk &
u
dqN vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd Job enrichment Hkh laxBu ds lHkh dkfeZdksa esa ,d rjg ls ugh
izLrqr fd;k tk ldrkA dkfeZdks esa cgqr izdkj dh fHkUurk ik;h tkrh gSA vr( fHkUu fHkUu O;fDr Job
kkl
enrichment dh rduhd ij fHkUu fHkUu izdkj ls izfrfdz;k djrs gSA tSls dqN O;fDr de mrjnkf;Ro
okys dk;Z de ilan djrs gSA os dk;Z rks cgqr djuk pkgrs gS ijUrq mŸkjnkf;Ro ogu ugh djuk pkgrs
i z'
lkFk gh dqN O;fDr vR;f/kd pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gh ilan djrs gSA vr( tc rd ,sls O;fDr;ks esa pqukSrhiw.kZ
dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr Job enrichment ugh fd;k tkrk rc rd os dk;Z djus gsrq iszfjr ugh gksrsA
vr( Job enrichment Hkh rHkh lQyrk izkIr dj ik;sxk rc deZpkjh vius dk;Z ds okrkoj.k ;k
sd
Context ls larq”V gks rHkh os Job enrichment dh mPpLrjh; mŸkjnkf;Ro o`f} ,oa fodkl ds xq.kkas dks
yk
le> ik;asxsA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 139
gtZcxZ dk fl}kUr laxBu ds mPpLrjksa ij T;knk izHkkoh gSA laxBu ds e?; ,oa fuEu Lrjks ij
dk;Z djus okys deZpkfj;ksa ds vkjksX; ?kVd Hkh larqf”V ds #i esa ifjHkkf”kr fd;s tk ldrs gSA
O;fDr dk O;ogkj Hkh ,d iw.kZ bdkbZ gS A vr( larqf”V ,oa vlarqf”V ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd uk gksdj
ar
,d lkisf{kr /kkj.kk gSA
m
bl fopkj /kkjk dks Hkh ekLyks dh Hkkafr lkoZnsf’kd ekU;rk ugh izkIr dh gS ,oa blds vkuqHkfod
v/;;ukaas esa fHkUu fHkUu fu”d”kZ izLrqr fd;s gSa A vFkkZr fHkUu & fHkUu ns’kksa esa mldh laLd`fr;ksa ds vuq#i
Ku
dk;Z LFky ij larqf”V ,oa vlar`f”V ds dkjd ekStwn gksrs gSA vr( gtZcxZ ds fl}kUr dk lkosZnsf’kd
vuqiz;ksx vkt Hkh ,d fookn dk eqn~nk gSA fQj Hkh ;g ckr t:j gS fd blus vfHkiszj.kk ls lacaf/kr
Hkfo”; esa gksus okys v/;;uksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k gSA
vfHkiszj.kk dk egÙo (&
ay
vfHkiszj.kk dkfeZdksa ds fu”iknu Lrj dks c<kus esa ,d cM+h egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS] ;fn
vfHkiszj.kk de gks rks deZpkjh dk fu”iknu Lrj Hkh de gksxk tks varr( mRikndrk dks dqizHkkfor djsxkA
bh
;gkW rd fd cgqr gh vPNs laxBukRed okrkoj.k esa Hkh tgkW dkfeZdks dh lwpuk ifjHkkf”kr gSA
,d vO;kIr #i ls vfHkiszfjr deZpkjh Hkh vPNk izn’kZu ugh dj ikrk gSA
:A
blds foijhr iw.kZ vfHkiszfjr dkfeZd ,sls laxBu esa tgkW lajpuk Bhd ls ifjHkkf”kr ugh gSA vkSj
laxBukRed okrkoj.k Hkh Bhd ugh gS vPNk izn’kZu djrs gSA vr( y{; izkfIr fdlh Hkh gkyr es gks
gh tkrh gSA
By
lkFk gh vfHkiszj.kk dkfeZdks dks mRiknu ds dkjdksa vkSj ?kVdksa ds lcls csgrj iz;ksx djus gsrq
iszfjr Hkh djrh gS ,oa dkfeZdks ds dk;Z larqf”V (Job enrichment) ds Lrj dks Hkh c<+krh gSA
u
vczkge esLyks] Mxyl eSDxzsxj rFkk fØl vkfxZfjl ds ys[kksa ls izHkkfor ÝsMfjd gtZcxZ us 20oha
lnh ds lÙkj ds n'kd esa ch- eksLuj rFkk ch- LuhMjeSu ds lkFk feydj nks iqLrdsa & (i) Work & the
Nature of Man (1966), rFkk (ii) The Motivation to Work (1959) fy[khaA gtZcxZ us fiV~lcxZ] isuflyosfu;k esa
kkl
200 ys[kkdkjksa rFkk bathfu;jksa ij ,d vè;;u djds viuk fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k FkkA gtZcxZ us bu
ys[kkdkjksa RkFkk bathfu;jksa ls nks egÙoiw.kZ iz'u iwNs &
i z'
1- vki vius dk;Z ds nkSjku dc vfèkd vPNk vuqHko djrs gSa vFkkZr~ D;k pht vkidks izsfjr
djrh gS\
2- vki vius dk;Z ds nkSjku dc cgqr cqjk vuqHko djrs gSa vFkkZr~ D;k pht vkidks fujk'k djrh
sd
yk
gS\
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d ys[kk i;Zos{kd us dgk fd mls ,d u;s dEI;wVj dh LFkkiuk ls vPNk yxk Fkk]
D;ksafd mlls foHkkx dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa O;kid lqèkkj vk;kA nwljh vksj ,d bathfu;j us viuk ,d cqjk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
vuqHko crkrs gq, dgk fd og ,d dEiuh esa lkj.kh;u 'khVksa rFkk dk;kZy; izcUèku dk dk;Z djrk Fkk]
tc mldk ckWl dk;kZy; esa ugha gksrk FkkA ladV ;g Fkk fd bathfu;j dk og ckWl vius dk;Z esa bruk
O;Lr jgrk Fkk fd og bathfu;j dks dksbZ izf'k{k.k ugha nsrk Fkk vkSj ;fn bathfu;j dqN iwNrk rks ckWl
ar
xqLlk gks tkrk Fkk vkSj bathfu;j vius vkidks dqf.Br vuqHko djrk FkkA
gtZcxZ us vius 'kksèkdk;Z ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd &
m
1- O;fDr dh nks izeq[k vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSaA ,d rks nnZ ;k d"Vksa ls cpko rFkk nwljh
euksoSKkfud :i ls mUufr djukA
Ku
2- dkfeZd dks dk;Z&larqf"V nsus okys ?kVd mlds dk;Z ds rÙo (Content) gksrs gSa rFkk dk;Z&vlarqf"V
nsus okys ?kVd dk;Z ds lanHkZ (Context) gksrs gSaA
3- vfHkizsj.kk ?kVd ¼dk;Z ds rÙo ls lEcfUèkr½ dks gtZcxZ us ô`f) ;k fodkl ?kVd* (Growth
ay
Factors) Hkh dgk gS tks eq[;r% ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd O;fDr vius dk;Z ds ckjs esa dSlk
vuqHko djrk gSA
4- vkjksX; ?kVd ¼dk;Z ds lanHkZ ls lEcfUèkr½ dks gtZcxZ us ^j[kj[kko lEcUèkh ?kVd* (Maintenance
bh
Factors) Hkh dgk gS tks ;g lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd O;fDr vius laxBu ds ckjs esa D;k lksprk
gSA
:A
5- vkjksX; ?kVd fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks laxBu esa vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, cgqr vko';d gSa] fdarq
,d ckj laxBu esa vkus ds i'pkr~ O;fDr ¼dkfeZd½ vkjksX; ?kVdksa dh pkyckth ls izsfjr ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
By
6- gtZcxZ ds vuqlkj vkjksX; ?kVd rFkk vfHkizsjd ?kVd i`Fkd~&i`Fkd~ rFkk fof'k"V gSa rFkk
,d&nwljs ds fojksèkh ;k izfrorhZ ugaha gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dk;Z&larqf"V dk foykse dk;Z&vlarqf"V
u
ugha gS cfYd ;g dsoy ;g bafxr djrk gS fd dk;Z larks"ktud ugha gSA blh izdkj
dk;Z&vlarqf"V dk foykse dk;Z&larqf"V ugha gS cfYd ;g gS fd dk;Z ls vlarks"k ugha gSA bl
izdkj vkjksX; ?kVd ,oa vfHkizsjd ?kVd nksuksa gh ,d èkzqoh; xq.k gSa] ftlesa izR;sd nwljs dks cgqr
kkl
de ;ksxnku nsrk gSA

7- f}?kVd fl)kar esa gtZcxZ us rhu eq[; fu;e (Principles) crk, gSa &
i z'
(i) larqf"V mRiUu djus esa yxs ?kVd] dk;Z&vlarqf"V esa yxs ?kVdksa ls i`Fkd~ vkSj Li"V gksrs
gSaA fodkl] miyfCèk ds lkFk gksrk gS vkSj miyfCèk ds fy, dk;Z dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
sd
vkjksX; ?kVd] dk;Z ls lEcfUèkr ugha gksrs gSaA

yk
(ii) dk;Z ls larqf"V dk foijhr] ^vlarqf"V* dnkfi ugha gS cfYd ;g rks dk;Z ls larqf"V u gksuk
Hkj gSA ;g fojks/kh fljs ugha gSa cfYd ,d èkzqoh; xq.k (Unipolar Trait) gSaA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 141
(iii) vkjksX; ?kVd] tks vlarqf"V ls cpkrs gSa] mudh rqyuk esa vfHkizsjd ?kVd tks larqf"V
8- gtZcxZ us laxBuksa esa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa] ;Fkk & vkjksX;&bPNqd (Hygiene Seekers)
rFkk vfHkizsj.kk&bPNqd (Motivation Seekers) esa foHkDr fd;k gS] ftuds y{k.k bl izdkj gSa &
ar
vkjksX ;&bPNqd ,oa vfHkizsj .kk&bPNqd O;fDr;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡
m
vkjks X ;&bPNq d vfHkiz s j .kk&bPNq d
1- i;kZoj.kh; izÑfr ls vfHkizsfjr 1- dk;Z dh izÑfr ls vfHkizsfjr
Ku
2- dk;Z ds lanHkks± ds i{kksa esa yEcs le; 2- vi;kZIr vkjksX; ?kVdksa ds fy, lgu {kerk
ls vkSj rhoz vlarks"k tSls&osru] dk;Z
lqj{kk rFkk lgdehZ
ay
3- vkjksX; ?kVdksa esa lq/kkj ds ckjs esa 3- vkjksX; ?kVdksa esa lq/kkj ds izfr de mRlkg
vfr laosnu'khy
4- vlarks"k dk de le; rd fVduk 4- larks"k de le; rd fVduk
5- vkjksX; ?kVdksa esa lq/kkj u gksus ij
vfr laosnu'khy
5-
bh
tc vkjksX; ?kVdksa esa lq/kkj visf{kr gks rc FkksM+k
vlarks"k
:A
6- miyfCèk ls de larks"k izkIr djuk 6- vfèkd larks"k djuk
7- dk;Z dh izÑfr vkSj xq.koÙkk ds 7- tks Hkh dk;Z djs mlesa vkuUn iznf'kZr djus dh
ckjs esa de :fp ysuk {kerk
By
8- thou rFkk dk;Z dh ldkjkRed 8- thou rFkk dk;Z ds izfr ldkjkRed lksp
[kwfc;ksa ds izfr mnkjoknh
u
9- vuqHko ls O;kolkf;d ykHk ugha 9- vuqHko ls ykHk mBkuk

mBkuk
10- lkaLÑfrd 'kksj ds Øe esa 10- vkLFkk,¡ lPph ,oa lqfopkfjr gksuk
kkl
 vfr mnkjoknh
 vfr :f<+oknh vkSj n'kZuksa dks

i z'
jVus okys
 'kh"kZ vfèkdkfj;ksa ls Hkh Å¡pk
O;ogkj djus okys

sd
yk
11- izfrHkk ds dkj.k dk;Z esa lQy gks 11- vfr miyfCèk izkIrdrkZ gks ldrs gSaA
ldrs gSaA
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
blds vfrfjDr gtZcxZ us dk;Z le`f)dj.k ;k le`)rk (Job Enrichment) ds fy, Hkh 'kksèkdk;Z
fu"ikfnr fd, gSaA dk;Z le`f)dj.k og rduhd gS tks izcUèkdksa }kjk izR;sd dkfeZd ds dk;Z djus ds fy,
ml vkarfjd vfHkizsj.kk dks vfèkdre djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gS tks dk;Z&larqf"V dk lPpk
ar
lzksr gSA gtZcxZ dh fdVk voèkkj.kk (Kick In The Ass) Hkh ppkZ esa jgh gS tks udkjkRed :i esa O;fDr dks
/kdsyus (Push) rFkk ldkjkRed :i esa [khapus (Pull) dks bafxr djrh gSA gkml ,oa foXMksj us gtZcxZ
ds fl)kar dh ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh gS fd dksbZ ,d ?kVd fdlh ds dk;Z&larqf"V] rks fdlh ds fy,
m
vlarqf"V nsus okyk gks ldrk gSA blh izdkj ;g fl)kar fofèk ;k i)fr ds :i esa vfodflr gSA lkFk
gh bu fl)karksa ds fuekZ.k rFkk larqf"V ds ekiu ds fy, dksbZ izkekf.kd iSekuk dke esa ugha fy;k x;k
Ku
FkkA dqN fo}ku dgrs gSa fd gtZcxZ dk fl)kar Vsyj ds vkS|ksfxd&;kaf=dh mikxe&lk izrhr gksrk gS]
pkgs n`f"Vdks.k foijhr gh D;ksa u jgk gksA gtZcxZ dk fl)kar Vsyj ds vkS|ksfxd&;kaf=dh mikxe&lk
izrhr gksrk gS] pkgs n`f"Vdks.k foijhr gh D;ksa u jgk gksA gtZcxZ dk ;g dguk gS fd mPp osru ls
dk;Zfu"iknu esa lq/kkj ugha vkrk gS] xyr gS] D;ksafd mPp osru vius vki esa vfèkd ekU;rk ,oa
ay
LokfHkeku iznku djrk gSA okLro esa bu vkykspukvksa ds ckotwn ;g lR; gS fd gtZcxZ us dk;Z rÙo
¼fo"k;oLrq½ ds egÙo ij è;ku dsfUær dj dk;Z vfHkizsj.kk dks le>us esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
bZ-vkj-th- fl)kar (ERG Theory)
bh
ÝsMfjd gtZcxZ vkSj fo'ks"kr% vczkge eSLyks ds vfHkizsj.kk dh fo"k;oLrq lEcUèkh fl)kar dk u;k
ifj"Ñr Lo:i bZ-vkj-th- fl)kar gS] tks DysVu vYMsjQj }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA vYMsjQj us
:A
ekuo dh rhu izdkj dh vko';drk,¡ crkbZ gSa &

1- vfLrRo vko';drk,¡ (Existence Needs) & tks ekuo ds thfor jgus rFkk 'kkjhfjd :i ls
By
vPns cus jgus ds fy, vko';d gSaA

2- lEc)rk vko';drk,¡ (Relatedness Needs) & varjoS;fDrd rFkk lkekftd lEcUèkksa ij cy
nsus okyh vko';drk,¡ bl Js.kh esa gSaA
u
3- o`f) vko';drk,¡ (Growth Needs) & O;fDr ds Lo;a ds fodkl ls lEcfU/kr vko';drk,¡]
tks mls vkarfjd larqf"V nsrh gSaA ¼;gk¡ ô`f)* ls rkRi;Z ^fodkl* ls gh gS½
kkl
i z'
sd
yk
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 143
vkRe
o`f) vko';drk,¡ flf)& vfHkizsjd
ar
(G) vko';drk,¡
LokfHkeku &
m
lEc)rk vko';drk,¡ vko';drk,¡
(R)
Ku
lkekftd vko';drk,¡
vfLrRo vko';drk,¡ lqj{kk vko';drk,¡ vkjksX; ?kVd
(E)
'kkjhfjd vko';drk,¡
ay
vYMsjQj dk
bZ-vkj-th- fl)kar
bh
eSLyks dk vko';drkvksa dh
Øec)rk fl)kar
gtZcxZ dk f}?kVd
fl)kar
:A
vYMsjQj us bu vko';drkvksa dh fujarjrk ij cy fn;k gS] mPp rFkk fuEu dh Øec)rk ij ughaA
;g fl)kar bl ekU;rk dk iks"kd gS fd euq"; dh iw.kZ larqf"V ds fy, bu rhukas izdkj dh vko';drkvksa
By
dh iwfrZ gksuk vko';d gSA ;g t:jh ugha gS fd izR;sd O;fDr bu rhuksa vko';drkvksa dks ,d leku
egÙo ns cfYd ;g lc vko';drk,¡ ;k budh izkFkfedrk,¡ O;fDr dh lkaLÑfrd&vkfFkZd i`"BHkwfe ij
u
Hkh fuHkZj djrh gSaA

oLrqr% Vsyj dk oSKkfud izcUèk] ekuo&lEcUèk fl)kar] eSLyks dk vko';drkvksa dh Øec)rk
fl)kar] gtZcxZ dk f}?kVd fl)kar rFkk vYMsjQj dk bZ-vkj-th- fl)kar vfHkizsj.kk dh fo"k;oLrq ¼rÙo½
kkl
dks dsUnz ekudj O;k[;k djrs gSaA ÝsM yqFkkal ds vuqlkj eSLyks] gtZcxZ rFkk vYMsjQj ds fl)karksa esa
dkQh lkE;rk gS] tks fn;s x;s fp= }kjk le>k tk ldrh gSaA
i z'
,Dl&okbZ fl)kar (X-Y Theory)
bl fl)kar dk izfriknu Mxyl eSDxzsxj }kjk fd;k x;k ôkbZ* fl)kar ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls
sd
;qDr gSaA eSDxzsxj ds ,Dl fl)kar ds vuqlkj ,d vkSlr O;fDr dk;Z ds izfr v:fp j[krk gS] tgk¡
yk
rd gks lds dk;Z dks Vkyrk gS] mnklhurk dk O;ogkj djrk gS] cgqr de egÙokdka{kh gksrk gS] ifjorZu
fojksèkh rFkk vkRedsfUnzr gksrk gS] vr% ;g vko';d gS fd laxBu ds y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq dkfeZdksa ij
vko';d fu;a=.k ,oa ncko cuk, j[kk tk,A eSDxzsxj us Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ,Dl fopkj/kkjk ls Hkh
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
dkfeZdksa dks dk;Z ds izfr vfHkizsfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] vr% mUgksaus okbZ fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;kA
okbZ fl)kar ds vuqlkj euq"; dk;Z djuk pkgrk gS] vr% mUgkasus okbZ fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;kA okbZ
fl)kar ds vuqlkj euq"; dk;Z djuk pkgrk gS] nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu djuk Hkh lh[k ldrk gS] mlesa
ar
igy {kerk Hkh gksrh gS] vr% laxBu esa lg;ksx] ekxZn'kZu rFkk ldkjkRed iz;klksa ls dkfeZdksa dks
vfHkizsfjr djuk pkfg,A eSDxzsxj ds vuqlkj & ^^,d izHkkoh laxBu og gS ftlesa funsZ'ku ,oa fu;a=.k
m
ds LFkku ij lR;fu"Bk ,oa lg;ksx gks rFkk fu.kZ;u esa izHkkfor gksus okys O;fDr;ksa dks lgHkkxh cuk;k
tk,A** bl izdkj okbZ fopkj/kkjk euq"; dks vPNs O;fDr ds :i esa ns[krh gS rFkk ;g ekurh gS fd
Ku
dkfeZdksa dks ;fn dk;Z esa larqf"V nh tk,xh rks os vfèkd csgrj dk;Z djsaxsA
lqizfl) euksoSKkfud ,oa O;ogkjoknh fpUrd Mxyl eSDxzsxj us viuh iqLrdksa 'The Human Side of
Enterprise' (1960) rFkk 'The Professioal Manager' (1967) esa laxBu rFkk dkfeZdksa ds lEcUèkksa dh fookn~ O;k[;k
ay
dh gSA eSDxzsxj dk eq[; è;ku laxBu eas fNih izfrHkkvksa ds lnqi;ksx rFkk ln~Hkkoiw.kZ okrkoj.k dh
LFkkiuk ij FkkA ,Dl fl)kar eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr fopkjksa ij vkèkkfjr gS &
1-
bh
laxBu esa dkfeZdksa ls loksZÙke rjhds ls dk;Z ysus esa gekjh foQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k ,Dl
fl)kar gh gS] ftlds varxZr ge ;g ekurs gSa fd O;fDr ukdkjk gksrk gSA ;g ijEijkoknh
n`f"Vdks.k ladqfpr nk;js esa lksprk gSA
:A
2- ,Dl fl)kar] izcUèk dks vkfFkZd xfrfof/k rFkk lalk/kuksa ds forj.k dks funsZf'kr djus ds ,d
îzHkkoh lk/ku*] ds :i esa ns[krk gSA
By
3- ;g dsoy izcUèk dh uhfr ds fo"k; esa O;k[;k djrk gS rFkk ;g ugha crkrk gS fd dkfeZdksa dks
dkSuls rÙo vfHkizsfjr djrs gSaA
4- ;g fl)kar ,d vke dkfeZd dks detksj] ukdkjk] vkylh] egÙokdka{kkfoghu] vjpukRed]
u
ifjorZu fojks/kh] igy {kerk foghu] mRlkgghu rFkk vklkuh ls Bxk tks okyk ekurk gSA ;g
Hkh ekU;rk gS dkfeZd dk;Z ls cpus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa] lqj{kk vfèkd pkgrs gSa] mÙkjnkf;Ro
kkl
ls cpuk pkgrs gSa rFkk Lo;a gh nwljs ls funsZf'kr gksuk ilan djrs gSaA
5- ,Dl fl)kar ds vuqlkj dkfeZdksa dks fu;af=r rFkk funsZf'kr djuk gh izcU/k dk eq[; dk;Z gS]
i z'
vr% n.M] /kedh rFkk dBksj lk/kuksa ls iz'kklu dks lapkfyr djuk pkfg,A
6- bl izdkj dh fLFkfr esa izcUèkdksa ds ikl fu;a=.k&funsZ'ku dk dk;Z vfèkd jgrk gS] vr% os
uhfr&fuekZ.k rFkk fu;kstu esa i;kZIr le; ugha ns ikrs gSaA
sd
yk
7- bl fl)kar dh ekU;rk gS fd & ^îzcaèk] nwljksa ls dk;Z djkus dk uke gSA** ysfdu nwljksa dks
fu.kZ;u esa lfEefyr djuk blesa Lohdk;Z ugha gSA
tSlk fd Li"V gS vfHkizsj.kk dk ;g ,Dl fl)kar vius vki esa viw.kZrk rFkk ladh.kZrk dk ifjpk;d
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 145
gS] D;ksafd ;g ekuoh; O;ogkj dks udkjkRed vo/kkj.kk ls fo'ysf"kr djrk gS] vr% eSDxzsxj us okbZ
fl)kar izLrqr fd;k] ftlds eq[; fopkj ;g gSa &
1- euq"; dk LoHkko dk;Z ds izfr mruk gh LokHkkfod gS ftruk fd [ksyus ;k foJke djus ds izfr
ar
gS vFkkZr~ O;fDr dk;Z djuk pkgrk gSA
m
2- ckgjh fu;a=.k rFkk n.M ;k /kedh gh laxBukRed y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds ,dek= lkèku ugha gSA
;fn O;fDr y{;ksa ds izfrc) gS] rks dk;Z iw.kZ djus esa og vkRe funsZ'ku rFkk vkRefu;a=.k dk
Ku
iz;ksx djrk gSA
3- y{;ksa ds izfr dkfeZd dh izfrc)rk] mueh izkfIr ls tqM+s iqjLdkjksa dk ,d dk;Z gSA buesa
lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ iqjLdkj] vga rFkk vkReflf) dh larqf"V gS tks laxBukRed y{;ksa dh vksj
funsZf'kr iz;klksa ds izR;[k Qy gks ldrs gSaA
ay
4- vke O;fDr] mfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dks dsoy Lohdkj gh ugha djrk cfYd
mÙkjnkf;Ro pkgrk Hkh gSA okLro esa mÙkjnkf;Ro dks dsoy Lohdkj gh ugha djrk cfYd
bh
mÙkjnkf;Ro pkgrk Hkh gSA okLro esa mÙkjnkf;Roksa ls cpus dh vknr ekuo ds vanj fufgr ugha
gS cfYd ;g vkdka{kk dh deh] lqj{kk ij cy nsrs rFkk iwoZ esa dVq vuqHkoksa dk ifj.kke gSA
:A
5- laxBukRed leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus esa mPp dYiuk 'kfDr] lR;fu"Bk rFkk l`tukRed {kerk
dk iz;ksx izk;% O;fDr esa ik;k tkrk gSA
6- vkèkqfud vkS|ksfxd ijhos'k esa vkSlr O;fDr dh ckSf)d {kerkvksa dk cgqr de mi;ksx gks ikrk
By
gSA
7- pw¡fd O;fDr mRlkgh] igy {kerk ;qDr] deZB] l`tu'khy] lg;ksxh] laosnu'khy rFkk fpUrkyq
u
gS] vr% laxBu esa mldh Hkkoukvksa dk vknj gksuk pkfg,A

8- okbZ fopkj/kkjk ;g ekurh gS fd izcUèk dk dk;Z dsoy fu;a=.k&funsZ'k djuk ugha cfYd
kkl
^leUo;* djuk gSA

9- okbZ fl)kar ds vuqlkj esa dkfeZdksa dks larq"V djus] vfHkizsfjr djus rFkk y{;ksa dh izkfIr
i z'
lqfuf'pr djus gsrq n.M ;k fu;a=.k ugha cfYd lg;ksx ,oa ekxZn'kZu djuk pkfg, rFkk
fuEuakfdr fofèk;ksa ij cy nsuk pkfg, &
 vkRe fu;a=.k ,oa vkRe funsZ'ku
sd
 fodsUædj.k ,oa izR;k;kstu

yk
 fu.kZ;u esa lgHkkfxrk

 ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks ekU;rk ,oa izlkj
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
 leUo;
 mís';ksa ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k
ar
 uokpkj] lqèkkj ,oa xfr'khyrk
 izksRlkgu] iqjLdkj rFkk ekxZn'kZu
m
10- okbZ fl)kar ;k fopkj/kkjk laxBu esa ekuo lalk/ku fodkl dks egÙo nsrh gS rFkk yksdrkaf=d
ifjos'k dh fgek;rh gSA
Ku
11- izcUèkdksa dks pkfg, fd os dk;Z dh vko';drk rFkk y{;ksa dks le>sa] leqfpr <ax ls fu"iknu
ewY;kadu gks rFkk dkfeZdksa dks Hkh dk;Z vkdyu djus dk volj nsaA
eSDxzsxj us okbZ fl)kar dks ifjorZu ds fy, ^[kqyk fu;a=.k* dgk gSA eSDxzsxj us ÝsMjhd fylk;j
ay
ds lkFk LdsuykWu ;kstuk (Scanlon Plan) ij dk;Z fd;k Fkk] tks ewyr% okbZ fl)kar ij vkèkkfjr izcUèk
dk n'kZu Fkk] ftldh ewy ekU;rk,¡ izHkkoh lgHkkfxrk rFkk ykxrksa esa deh ykuk vkSj ykHkksa dks ijLij
bh
ck¡Vuk FkkA bl ;kstuk ds 'kks/k ifj.kke ;g Li"V djrs gSa c'krsZ fd ,dhdj.k rFkk vkRefu;a=.k dks
LokHkkfod ekU;rk nh tk,A oLrqr% LdsuykWu ;kstuk] tkslsQ LdsuykWu }kjk eslkP;wlsV~l bUlVhV~;wV
vkWQ VsDuksyksth esa ipkl o"kZ iwoZ fodflr og voèkkj.kk Fkh tks ^Jfed&izcUèk lg;ksx* dks dsUæfcUnq
:A
ekurh FkhA jsfUll fydVZ us ,Dl fl)kar dks ^mís';ksa }kjk izcUèk (MBO) dgk gS vkSj fØl vkfxZfjl
us okbZ fl)kar dks ^,dhÑr ,oa Lofu;af=r izcUèk (Management by Integration & Self Control) uke fn;k gSA
blh fl)kar (Y) dks gtZcxZ us dk;Z le`)rk (Job Enrichment) rFkk ihVlZ us l'kfDrdj.k (Empowerment)
By
uke fn;k gSA

iFk&y{; fl)kar (Path-goal Theory)
u
;g fl)kar xksjxksisyl esgkuh rFkk tksUl }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gS tcfd 20oha lnh ds lÙkj
ds n'kd esa ,Mfou ykWd }kjk y{;&fuèkkZj.k (Goal Setting) fl)kar izfrikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA bl fl)kar
kkl
dh eq[; ekU;rk ;g gS fd fof'k"V rFkk dfBu y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, dkfeZd mPp Lrjh; dk;Zfu"Iknu
dk ifjp; nsrs gSa vFkkZr~ tc O;fDr dks ;g irk gks fd bfPNr y{; dBksj ifjJe ls gh izkIr gks ldrk
gS] rks O;fDr vfèkd ifjJe djrk gSA mRikndrk esa o`f) ls lEcfU/kr ;g fl)kar O;fDrxr rFkk
i z'
lkewfgd nksuksa izdkj dh vfHkizsj.kkvksa ij cy nsrk gSA esgkuh rFkk tksUl ds vuqlkj & ^^;fn dkfeZd
;g vuqHko djrk gS fd ,d ;k vf/kd O;fDrxr y{;ksa dh izkfIr vfèkd dk;Zfu"iknu ;k mRikndrk ds
}kjk gh laHko gS] rks og rqyukRed :i ls vfèkd iz;kl ,oa ifjJe djrk gS vkSj ;fn mls eglwl gks
sd
yk
fd de mRikndrk ls gh dke py tk,xk rks og iz;kl Hkh de gh djrk gSA**
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 147
izR;k'kk fl)kar (Expectancy Theory)
foDVj ,p- ozwe }kjk lu~ 1964 esa fodflr ;g fl)kar eq[;r% O;fDr dh vis{kkvksa rFkk iz;klksa
ds eè; lglEcUèk crkrk gSA ozwe ds vuqlkj] ,d dkfeZd mPp Lrjh; iz;kl rHkh djrk gS tcfd mls
ar
;g vk'kk jgs fd mldh dk;Z fu"ifÙk dk leqfpr vkdyu fd;k tk,xk rFkk vPNk dk;Zfu"iknu fdlh
izdkj ds iqjLdkj ;k ykHk iznku djsxkA ozwe us dkfeZd dh dk;Z djus dh bPNk ,oa 'kfDr dk Valence
m
dk 'kCndks'kh; vFkZ v.kq dh ml 'kfDr ls gS tks nwljksa ds lkFk la;qDr gksrh gS½A ;g 'kfDr dk;Z esa rHkh
yxkbZ tk ldrh gS tcfd ifj.kkeksa ds izfr vk'kadk u gksA ozwe us rhu lEcUèk of.kZr fd, gSa &
Ku
1- iz;kl rHkh mPp Lrjh; gksaxs tcfd O;fDr fu"iknu ds izfr vk'oLr gks (Effort-Performance
Relationship)
2- iz;klksa dh ek=k bl ij Hkh fuHkZj djrh gS fd fu"iknu rFkk iqjLdkj esa leqfpr lEcUèk cusxk
ay
vFkkZr~ fu"iknu ls ykHk gksxk (Performance-Reward Relationship)
3- laxBu }kjk feyus okys iqjLdkj ;k fn, tkus okys iqjLdkj] dkfeZd ds O;fDrxr y{;ksa ;k
bh
dkfeZd dh {kerk dks lgh vkdyu dj mls larq"V dj ik,¡xs (Reward-Personal Goals Relation-
ship) dkfeZd ;g lksprk jgrk gS fd eSa mPpre iz;kl d:¡xk rks os dk;Zfu"iknu ewY;kadu esa
:A
lfEefyr gksasxs] vPNs iz;kl ¼dk;Zfu"iknu½ laxBukRed iqjLdkj nsaxs rFkk iqjLdkj eq>s
vkdf"kZr ,oa larq"V dj ik;saxsA blh iwokZis{kk ;k iwokZ'kk ls dkfeZd vfHkizsfjr gksrk gSA
ozwe ds fl)kar ds vuqlkj &
By
vfHkizsj.kkRed cy =  'kfDr x izR;k'kk

Motivational Force =  Expectancy
u
(  les'ku dk ;g fpUg ;ksx dks n'kkZrk gS vFkkZr~ dkfeZdksa dh dqy 'kfDr rFkk izR;k'kk ds xq.ku
dk ;ksx] vfHkizsj.kkRed cy ds cjkcj gksxkA½
kkl
izR;k'kk foLrkj fl)kar (Extension of Expectancy Theory)
vfHkizsj.kk ds vkèkqfud izfØ;k fl)karksa esa ikWVZj&ykyj ds izR;k'kk foLrkj fl)kar dk cgqr egÙo
i z'
gSA ;g fl)kar bl ekU;rk ij fVdk gS fd dkfeZd dk vfHkizsj.kk Lrj dkfeZd }kjk iqjLdkj ds Øe esa
yxk, x, ewY; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA blesa 'kfDr vFkkZr~ Valence ¼vkids fy, D;k egRoiw.kZ gS½ rFkk
izR;k'kk ¼eSa D;k dj ldrk gw¡½ egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd gSaA dkfeZd dh vfHkizsj.kk ;k iz;kl gh fu"iknu djkrs
sd
gSaA ;g fu"iknu ckgjh rFkk vkarfjd iqjLdkjksa ls izHkkfor jgrk gSA bu iqjLdkjksa ds ckjs esa dkfeZd }kjk
yk
le>h xbZ lerk (Perceived Equity) larqf"V dks tUe nsrh gSA ikWVZj&ykyj dk ;g fu"iknu&larqf"V fl)kar]
mudh iqLrd 'Managerial Attitudes and Performance' (1968) ls lkeus vk;k FkkA
Ph. : 9650682121
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iqjLdkj dk O;fDrxr {kerk,¡ iqjLdkjksa dh
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ewY; ,oa xq.k lerk dk cksèk
Ku
vkarfjd
iqjLdkj
ay
iz;kl fu"iknu larqf"V
bh ckgjh
iqjLdkj
:A
iz;kl&iqjLdkj Hkwfedk dk cksèk

laHkkO;rk rFkk lg;ksx
By
u
lekurk dk fl)kar (Equality Theory)

kkl
bl fl)kar dk izfriknu ts-LVklh ,MEl }kjk fd;k x;k gSA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj ,d dkfeZd
LFkku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vius iz;klksa rFkk iqjLdkjksa dh rqyuk nwljksa ds iz;klksa rFkk iqjLdkjksa ls djrk
i z'
gSA ;fn vlekurk gks rks dkfeZd larqf"V vuqHko djrs gSaA vlekurk ds Hkko ds dkj.k O;fDr esa ruko
mRiUu gksrk gSA ;g ruko dkfeZd dks vfèkd ;k de dk;Z djus dks izsfjr djrk gS rkfd nwljksa ds lkFk
mlds iz;klksa ,oa iqjLdkjksa esa larqyu ¼lerk½ LFkkfir gks tk,A O;fDr vius dk;Z esa gq, fuos'k (Input)
sd
rFkk fu"ifÙk (Output) dk nwljs ds fuos'k ,oa fu"ifÙk ls rqyuk dj Lo;a vius dk;Z dk fuèkkZj.k dj ysrk
yk
gSA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 149
dkfeZd dh fu"ifÙk dkfeZd dh fu"ifÙk

<
ar
vlekurk dkfeZd dh fuos'k dkfeZd dh fuos'k
m
dkfeZd dh fu"ifÙk nwljksa dh fu"ifÙk
<
dkfeZd dh fuos'k nwljksa dk fuos'k
Ku
dkfeZd dh fu"ifÙk nwljksa dh fu"ifÙk
ay
lekurk <
dkfeZd dh fuos'k nwljksa dk fuos'k
rhu vko';drk fl)kar (Three Needs Theory) bh

:A
rhu vko';drkvksa dk fl)kar MsfoM lh- eSDDyhyS.M (David C. Mcclelland) }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k
x;k gSA eSDDyhyS.M ds vuqlkj] O;fDr dh rhu vko';drk,¡ gksrh gSa ftUgsa og iwjk djuk pkgrk gS &
1- miyfCèk vko';drk & lQyrk rFkk fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa dh izkfIr
By
2- 'kfDr vko';drk & nwljksa ij izHkqRo rFkk vfèkdkj trkus dh bPNk

3- lEc)rk vko';drk & eS=hiw.kZ lEcUèk rFkk viuRo dh vko';drkA
u
lHkh O;fDr;ksa esa ;g lHkh vko';drk,¡ ,d leku ek=k esa fo|eku ugha jgrh gSa cfYd dqN yksx
miyfCèk ¼fodflr ns'kksa esa vfèkd½ dks T;knk egÙo nsrs gSa rks dqN 'kfDr dksA O;fDr dh tks vko';drk
iwjh gks tkrh gS] blh ls og larq"V gks tkrk gSA
kkl
lkbeu ds vfHkizsj.kk lEcUèkh fopkj (Simon's Ideas Related to Motivation)

i z'
sd
yk
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
ar
m
Ku
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mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 151
larqf"V
+
ar
_
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[kkst ;k tk¡p _
Ku
+
ay
iqjLdkj dk + ykylk dk
visf{kr ewY; Lrj
bh
laxBu esa ykHkksa rFkk O;fDr ds ;ksxnku ds eè; ds larqyu ds Øe esa lkbeu rFkk ekpZ us fy[kk
gS fd & ^Ô;fDr }kjk laxBu esa fn;k x;k ;ksxnku ¼èku ;k iz;klksa ds :i esa½ rFkk laxBu ls feyk
:A
ykHk gh vfHkizsj.kk dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA** laxBu esa fo|eku ykHkksa esa Lo;a laxBu ds y{;] laj{k.k
rFkk o`f)] laxBu dk fodkl rFkk vU; ykypHkjh izsj.kk,¡ (Incentives) lfEefyr gSaA O;fDr dh
lgHkkfxrk Hkh dbZ dkjdksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA blh izdkj laxBu esa izofrZr lewg Hkh rhu izdkj ds
By
gksrs gSaA izFke izdkj ds lewg mu O;fDr;ksa ds gksrs gSa tks laxBukRed y{;ksa dks iwjk dj O;fDrxr :i
esa vfHkizsfjr vuqHko djrs gSaA nwljs lewg esa os O;fDr gksrs gSa tks laxBu }kjk iznÙk O;fDrxr ykHkksa ls
vfHkizsfjr gksrs gSa rFkk laxBu ds vkdkj ,oa lewgksa ¼tSls&va'kèkkjd½ ls lEcfUèkr gksrs gSaA rhljs lewg
u
mu O;fDr;ksa ds gksrs gSa tks O;fDrxr ykHkksa ls vfHkizsfjr rks gksrs gSa fdarq mudk laxBu ds vkdkj rFkk
o`f) ls lEcUèk ugha gksrk gS ¼tSls & osruHkksxh dkfeZd½A lkbeu rFkk ekpZ }kjk vuqdwyu;ksX; vfHkizsfjr
kkl
O;ogkj (Adaptive Motivated Behaviour) dk lkekU; izfreku Hkh izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% lkbeu ,oa
ekpZ dh n`f"V esa O;fDr }kjk fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds ifj.kkeLo:i feyus okys iqjLdkj (Reward) ds visf{kr
i z'
ewY; rFkk ykylk ;k vkdka{kk (Aspiration) dk Lrj larqf"V dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa tcfd larqf"V dk fxjk
gqvk Lrj [kkst ;k ryk'k ;k tk¡p ;k ijh{k.k ds i'pkr~ rFkk u, fodYi <w¡<+us ls iqu% iqjLdkj ds
visf{kr ewY; ls rqyuk djus ij ;g èkukRed gks ldrk gSA ;fn ykylk dk Lrj vR;fèkd mPp gks rks
sd
dbZ ckj i;kZIr lQyrk ;k izkfIr Hkh O;fDr esa _.kkRed Hkko iznku dj ldrh gSA
yk
blds vfrfjDr vfHkizsj.kk ds dqN vU; fl)kar Hkh gSaA ftuesa jsfUll fydVZ dk deZpkjh&dsfUær
fl)kar ;g ekurk gS fd dkfeZdksa esa i;Zos{k.k rduhd ls larqf"V ,oa vfHkizsj.kk dk Lrj c<+k;k tk
ldrk gSA ch-,Q- Ldhuj dk fl)kar] ftls O;ogkj lq/kkj fl)kar (Theory of Operant Conditioning or
Modification Theory) ;k Reinforcement Theory dgk tkrk gS] eq[;r% lh[kus dh izfØ;k ls tqM+k gqvk
Behaviour
Ph. : 9650682121
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j
rFkk vfHkizsj.kk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA Ldhuj us vius iz;ksx tkuojksa ij fd, gSa] euq";ksa ij ugha] fQj
Hkh mudk fl)kar egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ;g fl)kar ;g ekurk gS fd O;ogkj dk ifj.kke gh Hkfo"; ds
O;ogkj dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA ;fn vkt ds O;ogkj ij iqjLdkj ugha feyk ;k n.M feyk rks dy og
ar
O;ogkj ugha gksxkA lgHkkfxrk fl)kar dk vk'k; ;g gS fd dkfeZdksa dks larqf"V nsus ds fy, mudh
uhfr] fu.kZ;u rFkk vU; dk;ks± esa lgHkkfxrk c<+kuh pkfg, D;ksafd ;g vfHkizsj.kk dk ljy lk/ku gSA
m
blh Øe esa fofy;e th] vkmph rFkk vYÝsM tsxj dh tSM fopkj/kkjk ('Z' Theory) cgqr izfl)
gSA tkikuh izca/k O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr ;g fl)kar eSDxzsxj dh ôkbZ fopkj/kkjk* ls Hkh nks dne vkxs
Ku
gSA tgk¡ ôkbZ fopkj/kkjk* Lofu;a=.k ,oa funsZ'ku ij cy nsrh gS ogha tSM fopkj/kkjk ny Hkkouk (Team
Spirit) ij fVdh gSA fo'okl] dq'kkxzrk] vkReh;rk] lkewfgd fu.kZ;u rFkk lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro blds
eq[; rÙo gSaA lu~ 1981 esa vkmph us bl fl)kar esa la'kksèku djrs gq, Trust ¼fo'okl½] Subtlety ¼eeZKrk½
ay
rFkk Intimacy ¼vkReh;rk½ dks izeq[krk iznku dh gSA ;gk¡ è;ku j[kus ;ksX; rF; ;g gS fd mjfod dk tSM
fl)kar Hkh izcU/k foKku esa yksdfiz; gSA ;g fl)kar ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd izcUèk O;oLFkk dk loksZPp
bh
mís'; euq"; dks miHkksDrk ekudj ekuoh; O;ogkj dk vè;;u dj vkfFkZd y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq
iz;Ru'khy gksuk gSA O;fDr dh Hkwfedk miHkksDrk ds :i eas rFkk mRiknu ,oa forj.kdrkZ ds :i esa
fHkUu&fHkUu jgrh gS] vr% nksuksa ds eè; lapkj dh deh ,oa ,d [kkbZ cuh jgrh gSA nksuksa ds eè; O;kIr
:A
varj dks ikVdj ^lkekU; mís';* dh izkfIr djuh gksxhA vfHkizsj.kk ds lanHkZ esa ÝsM bZ- QhMyj dk
vkdfLedrk fl)kar (Contingency Theory) Hkh ppkZ esa jgk gS tks fd rkRdkfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i
fd, tkus okys O;ogkj rFkk izsj.kkvksa (Incentives) ls lEcfUèkr gSA
By
okLro esa vfHkizsj.kk izfØ;k dks iwjh rjg le>uk vHkh Hkh ckdh gS] D;ksafd vfHkizsj.kk ds fl)karksa
esa izR;sd ,d&nks n'kd esa ubZ fopkj/kkjk dk tUe gksrk jgk gSA tgk¡ 'kq: esa vkfFkZd ekuo ¼Vsyjokn½ dh
u
fopkj/kkjk yksdfiz; gqbZ] ogha Hk; rFkk n.M ds fl)kar Hkh izpfyr jgs gSaA ysfdu ekuo&lEcUèk
fopkjèkkjk rFkk eSLyks dk vko';drkvksa dh Øec)rk fl)kar ehy ds iRFkj fl) gq, gSaA Vsyj] eSLyks]
ekuo&lEcUèk fopkjdksa] gtZcxZ rFkk vYMsjQj us vfHkizsj.kk dk rÙo ;k fo"k;oLrq fopkjèkkjk dks
kkl
dsUæfcUnq ekuk gS rks ozwe dk izR;k'kk fl)kar vfHkizsj.kk ds izfØ;k fl)karksa dk uo iz;kl gSA QsLVhatj
rFkk gkseal] gkbZMj dh pkElZ] cse] dhys rFkk jkWVj (Attribution Theory) bR;kfn ds lelkef;d fl)kar
i z'
Hkh lkeus vk;s gSa] ftu ij vHkh O;kid 'kks/k tkjh gSA ihVj Mªdj dk mís';ksa }kjk izcUèk (MBO) fl)kar
rFkk fØl vkfxZfjl dk vifjiDork&ifjiDork fl)kar Hkh vfHkizsj.kk dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ fpUru gSaA
vfHkizsj.kk ds fl)karksa dks gh laxBu dk lkekftd&euksoSKkfud mikxe dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd vkt Hkh
sd
dqN ewyHkwr iz'u ;Fkkor~ gSa] tSls & yksd laxBuksa esa dk;Z D;ksa djrs gSa\ os dkSulh fLFkfr;k¡ gSa] ftuls
yk
dk;Zfu"iknu rFkk dkfeZd larqf"V esa o`f) gksrh gS\ ekuo O;ogkj rFkk mlds laxBu ds lkFk lEcUèkksa dks
iwjh rjg le>uk gh vk/kqfud izcUèkdh; fpUru gSA oLrqr% izR;k'kk fl)kar] lekurk dk fl)kar
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 153
iFk&y{; fl)kar rFkk O;ogkj lqèkkj fl)kar bR;kfn vfHkizsj.kk ds izfØ;k fl)kar (Process Theories) gS
tks O;fDr ds vfHkizsfjr gksus dh izfØ;k dks crkrs gSaA
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Corporate Governance ; k CSR dk rkRi; ZuS frdrk v k/ kfjr ' kkl u l sgSfdl h Hkh l a xBu dkspkgsaog yksd l a xBu
gks ; k fut h l a xBu ml dk dke dkt uS frdrk ds v k/ kj i j Hkh l a pkfyr gksuk pkfg, ; k ml s v i us l kekft d
mÙkjnkf; Roksadk fuokZ gu fd; k t kuk pkfg; s] fdl h l a xBu dsdksji ksjsV l kekft d mÙkjnkf; Ro dksl q fuf' pr djusdsfy; s
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] deZ pkfj; ksaxzkgdksa, oaLFkkuh;
fuokfl ; ksadh rji Ql sfd; k t kuk pkfg, AdksbZfut h l a xBu ft l dk ykHk dk fgr gksrk gS AuSfrdrk dsv k/ kj i j ml l s
Ku
Hkh v i s{kk dh t krh gSfd og v i usxzkgdka sLFkkuh; fuokfl ; ksadsfgrksaesaHkw fedk v nk djsa A
Hkkjrh; i fjfLFkfr; ksaesa, slh Hkw fedkv ksadk fuokZ g iw . kZ
r %ughafd; k x; k gS Aft l esadbZuS frdrk dseq í sns[kst k l drs
gSA Hkkjrh; i zd kj dsdksji ksjsV xous± l dh fLFkfr dksfuEuka fdr dsl v è; ; uksadsv k/ kj i j l e>k t k l drk gS A
ay
( 1) HkkS i ky xS l d k. M , oauS fr d eq ís
Hkksiky esa; w fu; u dkckZ bM dksji ksjs'ku ds}kjk i sfLVl kbM , oajl k; u dsmRikn dkscukusgsrq, d l a ;q
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yxk; k x; k ft l esav esfjdk v k/ kfjr UCC ft l dk ' ks;j 50-9 v kS
dk fjl ko gq v k ft l esal jdkjh v kdM+ ksadsv uq

bh j , d ml dh v f/ uLFk Hkkxsnkj ; Fkk ; w
bf.M; k fd- dksckdh dsekfydkuk Lrj i znku fd; sx; s2&3 fnl Ecj 1984 dks, d feFkkby v kbl ksl k; ukbM xS
l kj 2259 yksx ekjsx; sgkyka
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deZ pkfj; ksadks?kksM+ sl sdkjkokl o cgq r gh U;w ure v kfFkZ d n.M nsd j NksM+fn; k x; kA
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Pp U;k; ky; dsfu.kZ ; u dsmi jka r UCC us1994 esav i uk ekfydkuk gd , ojsMh b.M- bf.M; k fy- dkscsp
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fn; k bl dsmi jkra , ojsMh rd v a r jkZ

"Vªh; Hkkxhnkj eS d fy; ksM jl sy fy- dsl kFk fey t krh gSv kS j va r r%bl v a r jkZ
"Vªh;
Hkkxhnkj usv i usv ki dksfnokfy; k ?kksf"kr dj fy; k] bruk gh ughabl nq ?kZ
Vuk dsyxHkx 17 o"kks±dsmijka r UCC
dksDow Chemical Comp. us[ kjhn fy; kA
u
jl k; u mRikn dsl a nHkZesaU;w ure ekud l q j {kk dsl anHkZesat ksf[ ke i zca
/ u dsl anHkZesaD; k&D; k gksuspkfg, bl ds
fy; su rksdksbZdkuw u cuk; k x; k Fkk v kS j u gh dksbZfofu; ked i zkf/ dj.k cuk; sx; sFksA
kkl
mi ; q
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1- , slsmRikn ft l esa[ krjsgksl drsgS Av ki nk t S l hfLFkfr gksl drhgSml i j v f/ dre i zca / dh; i Q l ysHkkjrh; ksa
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ds}kjk gksuk pkfg; s] v kS j ekfydkuk gd xS j Hkkjrh; dsi kl ughagksuk pkfg, A

2- Chemical Product pw fd v ke ukxfjdka
a ]s fdl kuksard i gq prsgSv r%budh dher fu; a =k.k] xq . koÙkk fu; a
=k.k o
v U; l qj {kkRed i zko/ kuksadsfy; sfofu; ked i zkf/ dj.k gksuk pkfg; st ksughacuk; kx; k Fkk bl hot g l sfel kby
sd
v kbl ksl k; ukbM ft l sfdl h Hkh gkykr esa20ºC l sde rki eku i j ughaj[ kuk pkfg; s] 4-5ºC rki eku gksusi j
yk
ml dk fjl ko dk [ krjk c< t krk gSv kS j Lo; aUCC usv i uh t ka p esa; g i k; k fd bl dsVS d dsv kl &i kl
a
dk rki eku OºC rd gkst k; k djrk FkkA
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 155
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gS] cfYd ; g t ksf[ ke i zca / u v kS j dkuw uh eq d neksadksVkyusdsfy, Hkh , d v ko' ; d rRo gS Al a xBuksa}kjk v i us
funs'kd v kS j dk; Z i kydksadsfy, v kpkj l a fgrk fodfl r djuh pkfg, ] t ksuS frd v kS j mÙkjnk; h fu.kZ ; djuk u dsoy
ar
l koZ t fud l a ca/ dsfy, egRoi w . kZgS] cfYd ; g t ksf[ ke i zca / u v kS j dkuw uh eq d neksadksVkyusdsfy, Hkh , d
v ko' ; d rRo gS Al a xBuksa}kjk v i usfuns'kd v kS j dk; Z i kydksadsfy, v kpkj l a fgrk fodfl r djuh pkfg, ] t ksuS frd
m
v kSj mÙkjnk; h fu.kZ ; ysusdksc<+ kok nsAgkyka fd ; g l e>uk egRoi w . kZgSfd da i uh }kjk O;fDr; ksadh l R;fu"Bk v kS j
uSfrdrk i j fuHkZ j rk] v a r r%foi Q yrk dsfy, ckè; gksxhA bl dkj.k] i Q eZ}kjk uS frd v kS j dkuw uh l hekv ksadsckgj
Ku
t kusi j gksusokyh t ksf[ ke dksde djusdsfy, ] dbZl a xBu] v uq i kyu v kS j uS frd dk; Z Øe LFkkfi r djrsgS A
a
i zd Vhd j . k v kS j i kj nf' kZ r k%l a xBu }kjk ea My v kS j i zca / u dh Hkw fedk v kS j ft Eesnkfj; ksadksLi "V v kS j l koZ
t fud rkS j
i j l e>kuk pkfg, rkfd ' ks;j / kjdksadks, d gn rd t okcnsgh mi yC/ djk l dsa AmUgsada i uh dsfoÙkh; i zfrosnuksa
dh l R;fu"Bk dsLora =k l R;ki u v kS j lq j {kk dsfy, i zfØ; kv ksadksykxwdjuk pkfg, A l a xBu l sl a ca
f/ r oLrq i jd
ay
ekeyksadk i zd Vhdj.k l e; i j v kS j la rqfyr gksuk pkfg, ] rkfd l q fuf' pr gksl dsfd l Hkh fuos'kdksadksLi "V]
rF; kRed t kudkjh l q y Hk gS A
dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u l a
 v ka
ca / h fl ¼ka
r fjd fu; a
r ksal st q
=k.k v kS
M+
j v ka
seq í ksaesa' kkfey gS
r fjd ys[kk&i jh{kd bha%
:A
 bdkbZdscká ys[kk&i jh{kdksadh v kt knh v kS j mudsys[kk&i jh{k.kksadh xq . koÙkk
 fujh{k.k v kS j t ksf[ ke i zca /u
 , dd dh foÙkh; foojf.k; ksadh rS ; kjh dk fujh{k.k
By
 eq[ ; dk; Z i kyd v f/ dkjh v kS j v U; ofj"B v f/ dkfj; ksadsfy, {kfri w frZO;oLFkk dh l eh{kk
 funs'kdksadksmudsdrZ O;&fuokZ g dsfy, mi yC/ djk, x, l a l k/ u
u
 eaMy esai nksadsfy, O;fDr; ksadsukeka d u dk rjhdk

fi Qj Hkh] dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u] fofHkUu {ks=kksal sdq N det ksj i z;kl ksadsckot w n] , d v Li "V v kS j xyr l e>k t kusokyk
okD; ka ' k gS Adq N l e; dsfy, ] ; g dsoy dkW i ksZ
j sV i zca/ u rd gh l hfer FkkAysfdu , slk ughagS A; g cgq r O;ki d
kkl
gS] D; ksa fd bl esa, d fu"i {k] dq ' ky v kS j i kjn' khZi z'kkl u ' kkfey gksuk pkfg, v kS j bl sdfri ; mfpr <a x l si fjHkkf"kr]
fyf[ kr mís'; ksadksi w j k djusdk i z;kl djuk pkfg, AdkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u dksdkuw u l si jst kuk gksxkAfoÙkh; v kS j i zca
/
i z'
dh; i zd Vhdj.k dh ek=kk o xq . koÙkk] funs'kd ea My (BOD) fdl ek=kk v kS j l hek rd v i usU;kl h ft Eesnkfj; ksa( eksVs
rkSj i j uS frd i fzrc¼rk) dksfuHkkrsgS ] v kS
a j , d i kjn' khZl a xBu pykusdh i zfrc¼rk & dkW i ksZ
j sV {ks=k dsv a r xZ
r dbZ
dkjdksav kS j v f/ d i zxfr' khy@ mÙkjnk; h rRoka s}kjk fuHkkbZxbZHkw fedkv ksadsi kjLi fjd i zHkko dsdkj.k] bUgsayxkrkj
sd
fodfl r djrsjguk pkfg, A Hkkjr esa ] i zR;sd fuxe i zca / u }kjk fyf[ kr] fuxe dh v PNh i zfØ; kv ksadh l a fgrk dks
yk
fodfl r djusdh rh{.k eka x mHkj jgh gS A

dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u ra =k v kS j fu; a =k.k] uSfrd t ksf[ ke v kS j i zfrdw y p; u l smHkjusokyh v {kerkv ksadksde djusds
fy, fMt kbu fd, x, gS Amnkgj.k dsfy, ] i cza
a / dksadsO;ogkj dhns[k&js[k dsfy, ] fuos'kdksadksi zca èku }kjk mi yC/
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
djkbZxbZt kudkjh dh l Vhdrk dh i q f"V , d Lora =k v U; i {k ( cká ys[kk i jh{kd) }kjk dh t krh gS
A , d v kn' kZ
fu; a
=k.k i z.kkyh }kjk i zsj.kk v kS
j {kerk] nksuksadk fu; a
=k.k gksuk pkfg, A
v ka
r fj d d kiWksZ
=k. k
ar
v kar fjd dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u i ; Z os{kd xfrfof/ ; ksai j fu; a =k.k j[ krk gSv kS j fi Q j la xBukRed y{; ksadksgkfl y djus
dsfy, l q / kjkRed dkjZ okbZdjrk gS ] mnkgj.kksaesa' kkfey gS a%
m
funs'kd ea My } kj k fuxj kuh%funs'kd ea My] ml dksgkfl y ' kh"kZi zca / u dksfu; q Dr] cj[ kkLr v kS j Hkji kbZdjus
dsdkuw uh i zkf/ dkj dsl kFk] i w t h fuos'k i j fuxjkuh j[ krk gS
a Afu; fer : i l sea My dh cS Bdsa ]la Hkkfor l eL; kv ksadh
Ku
i gpku] mu i j ppkZ ] mudsi fjgkj dksv uq er djrh gS At gkaxS j dk; Z i kyd funs'kdksadksv fèkd Lora =k ekuk t krk gS
]
osges'kk v f/ d i zHkkoh dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u esai fj.kr ughagksrsv kS j fu"i knu esaof̀¼ ughadj l drsAv yx&v yx i Q eks±
dsfy, v yx ea My l a j puk b"Vre gS A bl dsv ykok] i Q
a eZdsdk; Z i kydksai j fuxjkuh dsi zfr ea My dh {kerk]
ay
t kudkjh rd ml dh i gq p l st q
a M+k dk; ZgS Adk; Z i kyd funs'kd fu.kZ ; i zfØ; k dh csgrj t kudkjh j[ krsgS av kS
j bl fy,
' kh"kZi zca/ u dk ew Y; ka d u mudsfu.kZ ; ksadh xq . koÙkk dsv k/ kj i j djrsgS ] t ksfoÙkh; fu"i knu dsi fj.kkeksaesai zfri Q
a fyr
gksrk gS ] i zR;kf' krA bl fy, ; g rdZfn; k t k l drk gSfd dk; Z i kyd funs'kd foÙkh; ekun.Mksadsi jsns[krsgS A
a
v kar fj d fu; a
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/ u] v kS
j v ka
j v U; dfeZ
bh
r fj d y s[kk&i j h{kd %v ka
; ksa}kjk dk; kZ
r fjd fu; a
fUor uhfr; kagS
=k.k i zfØ; k, a
] t ksfoÙkh; fji ksfV±
a
] , dd dsfuns'kd ea
x] i fjpkyu {kerk] v kS
My]
j
:A
dkuw u rFkk fofu; eksadsv uq i kyu l a ca/ h mí's; ksadksi zkIr djusdsl a ca
/ esafo' ol uh; v k' okl u i znku djrsgS A
a
v kar fjd ys[kk&i jh{kd l a xBu dsdeZ pkjh gS ] t ksbdkbZdh v ka
a r fjd fu; a =k.k i zfØ; kv ksadsfMt kbu v kS j dk; kZUo; u v kS
j
foÙkh; fji ksfV± x dh fo' ol uh; rk dksi j[ krsgS A
a
By
l Ùkk l a rqy u%l Ùkk dk v kl ku l a rq

y u cgq r v ke gSt : jr gSfd dks"kkè; {k l sfHkUu O;fDr v è; {k gksAl Ùkk ds
v yxko dsbl fofu; ksx dksda i fu; ksaesav kxsv kS j fodfl r fd; k t krk gS ] t gkav yx foHkkx , d nw l jsdsdk; ks±dh
t kap djrsgS A, d l ew
a g l eh{kk djrk gSv kS j i fjorZ uksadkseuk dj l drk gS ] v kS j rhl jk l ew g t ka
p djrk gSfd rhuksa
u
l ew gksadsckgj] yksxksadsfgrksa( xzkgd] ' ks;j/ kjd] deZ pkjh) dk è; ku j[ kk t k jgk gS A

i kfj J fed %fu"i knu&v k/ kfjr i kfjJfed] O;fDrxr fu"i knu dksosru dsdq N v uq i kr l st ksM+ r sgq, fMt kbu
kkl
fd; k x; k gS A ; g udn ; k xS j &udn Hkq xrku t S l s' ks;j v kSj ' ks;j fodYi ] v f/ of"kZ r k ; k v U; ykHkksads: i esagks
l drk gS ArFkkfi ] , slh i zksRl kgu ; kst uk; sa ] i zfrfØ; kRed gS ] ; kfu osxyfr; ksa; k v ol joknh O;ogkj dsfuokj.k dsfy,
a
dksbZra =k mi yC/ ughadjkrh gS ] v kS j fudVn' khZO;ogkj dksi zd k' k esaykrh gS A
i z'
d kW
i ksZ
=k. k
cká dkW
i ksZ
j sV i 'zkkl u fu; a=k.kksaesafgr/ kjdksa}kjk l a
xBu i j ykxwckgjh fu; a =k.k l fEefyr gS
] mnkgj.kksaesa' kkfey gS
a a%
sd
 i zfr; ksfxrk
yk
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 fu"i knu t kudkjh dh eka x v kS
j ew Y; ka
d u ( fo' ks"k: i l sfoÙkh; foojf.k; ka)
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 165
 l jdkjh fofu; eu
 i zc/adh; Je ckt kj
ehfM; k ncko
ar

 v f/ xzg.k
m
d kW
i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u d h O
; ofLFkr l eL; k, a
t kud kj h d h ekax%' ks;j/ kjdksa}kjk v PNh t kudkjh dsmi ; ksx esa, d ck/ k ml dsi zla Ldj.k dh ykxr gS ]
Ku
fo' ks"k: i l s, d NksVs' ks;j/ kjd dsfy, Abl l eL; k dk i ja i jkxr t okc dq ' ky ckt kj i fjdYi uk gS ] ( foÙk es
]adq ' ky
ckt kj i fjdYi uk (EMH) nkok djrkgSfd foÙkh; ckt kj l eFkZgS ) ] t ks; g l q>ko nsrkgSfd NksVs' ks;j/ kjd cM+ si s'ksoj
fuos'kdksadsi Q S
l ysi j eq Ýr l okjh djsaxsA
ay
fuxj kuh y kxr %funs'kdksadksi zHkkfor djusdh nf̀"V l s] ' ks;j/ kjdksadksv U; yksxksadsl kFk fey dj , d l kFkZ d
oksfVax l ew g dk xBu djuk gksxk] t ksl kekU; cS Bd esal ad Yi ysus; k funs'kdksadh fu; q fDr dsfy, okLrfod t ksf[ ke
iS
nk dj l dsa A
egRoi w
y s[kka
d u t kud kj h d h v ki w
. kZdM+h ds: i esadke djrsgS
fr Z
AfoÙkh; fji ksfV±
a bh
%foÙkh; [ kkrsfuns'kdksadh fuxjkuh dsfy, foÙk i znkrkv ksadksl {ke djusesa, d
x i zfØ; k esa[ kkfe; ka
] dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u dsi zHkko esa[ kkfe; ksai S
djsxhAv kn' kZ: i esabl scká ys[kk&i jh{k.k i zfØ; k dh fØ; kfof/ }kjk l gh fd; k t kuk pkfg, A
nk
:A
fu; e cuke fl ¼ka

r
fl ¼kar dh rq y uk esav ke rkS j i j fu; eka
sdk i kyu v kl ku ekuk t krk gS ] t ksLohdk; Zv kS j v Lohdk; ZO;ogkj ds
By
chp , d Li "V js[kk fu/ kZ fjr djrk gS Afu; e O;fDrxr i zca / d ; k ys[kk i jh{kdksadh v ksj l sLofu.kZ ; dksde djrs
gS
A
a
O;ogkj esafu; e] fl ¼ka r ksal sv f/ d t fVy gksl drsgS ] osu, i zd kj dsysu&nsu }kjk v ukoÙ̀k fu; ekoyh l sfui Vus
a
u
dsfy, l q l fTt r uga h gksl drsgS ] bl dsv ykok] Hkysgh Li "V fu; eksadk i kyu dj jgsgksa
a ] rc Hkh ml dsfufgr
mís'; dksnjfdukj djusdk jkLrk fey gh l drk gS& ; fn dksbZO;ki d fl ¼ka r l scaèkk gS ] rksbl sgkfl y djuk
kkl
eq
f' dy gS A
nwl jh v ksj] fl ¼ka
r v kRe fu; eu dk , d : i gS ] ; g {ks=k dksbl dk fu/ kZj .k v uq
er djrk gSfd dkS u&l sekud
Lohdk; Z; k v Lohdk; gS A ; g v fr mRl kgh dkuw
a uksadksi gysl sgh v f/ Ñr djrk gS ] t ks' kk; n O;ogkfjd uk gksa
A
i z'
i zor Z
u
i zorZ
u , d fu; ked i z.kkyh dh dqy l k[ k dksi zHkkfor dj l drsgS Aos[ kjkc drkZv kS
a j i zfr; ksxh xfrfof/ {ks=k
sd
dsLrj] nksuksadksHk; fn[ kk dj jksd rsgS Afi Q

a j Hkh] v f/ d ckè; dj.k ges'kk csgrj ughagksrk] D; ksa
fd v fr l s] ewY; oku
yk
t ksf[ ke ysuk Hkh v ' kDr gksl drk gSA O;ogkj esa ] rFkkfi ] ; g eq
[ ; r%okLrfod t ksf[ ke dsl e{k l S ¼ka
frd gS A
i zcq
¼ eaMy] da i uh dsl apkyu esai zca
/ u dksenn nsuk v i uk fe' ku l e>rsgS Al e>rsgS
a Aosofj"B i zca
a èku Vhe
dsv fèkd mi ; D qr l gk; d gksl drsgSAD; ksa
a fd i zcq
¼ funs'kdksadk n`<+fo' okl gSfd mudk drZ O; gS[ kq n dksckSf¼d
Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u
j
fo' ys"k.k esa' kkfey djsafd dS l sdai uh dksv kxsHkfo"; dh v ksj yst k, a ] v f/ dka
' k l e; ] i zcq
¼ eaMy da i uh dsl keus
i 'sk v kusokysl a d Vi w
. kZeqí ksai j l q
; ksft r gksrk gS
A
i kja
i fjd ea Myksadsfoi jhr i zcq ¼ ea My] l jcsUl &v kWDl ysv f/ fu; e dsfu; eksav kS j fofu; eksadksv ojks/ ugha
ar
ekursA fofu; euksadk v uq i kyu djusokysekud ea Myksadsfoi jhr] i zcq¼ ea My fofu; eksadk v uq i kyu ea My ds
fu"i knu dsfy, dsoy v k/ kj ys[kk ds: i esaysrsgS Ai zcq
a ¼ funs'kd dsoy t ka p lw ph dh v i s{kkv ksadh i fwrZrd gh
m
[ kqn dksl hfer ughaj[ krsA mUgsabl v kns'k dsfy, l jcsUl &v kW Dl ysdh t : jr ughafd mUgsaew Y; ksao uS frdrk dh
j{kk djuh gS; k CEO dsfu"i knu i j fuxjkuh j[ kuh gS A
Ku
nq
fu; k Hkj esad kW
i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u ekW
My
; | fi dkiW kZ
jssV i z'kkl u dk v esfjdk ekW My l cl seq [ ; kr gS
] rFkkfi nqfu; k Hkj dsdkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u ekM Wyksaesadki Q h
fHkUurk gS At ki ku esadsbjsRl qdh i sphnk ' ks;j gksfYMa xla j puk] t eZ
u iQ eks±ds' ks;jksaesacS d ksadh Hkkjh mi fLFkfr] nf{k.k
a
ay
dksfj; k esa' kscksy v kS j dbZv U;] , slh O;oLFkkv ksadsmnkgj.k gS ] t ksmUghadkW
a i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u pq ukS
fr; ksai j i zfrfØ; k t rkus
dh dksf' k' k djrsgS ] tS
a l sv esfjdh esaA
xS
la;qDr jkT; v esfjdk esa
dk Vdjko gS A; w j ksi esa
] eq
] eq
j ernku) dsekè; e l si fjokj }kjk n`<+ r ki w

oZ
d èkkfjr gS
bh
[ ; l eL; k O;ki d : i l sfoLrr̀ ' ks;j/ kjdksav kS
[ ; l eL; k ; g gSfd ernku dk LokfeRo] fi jkfeM LokfeRo v kS
j ' kfDr' kkyh i zca
Abl l sLo; a& O;ogkj dksekS

a
/ dksadschp fgrksa
j nksgjs' ks;j ( ernku v kS
d k feyrk gS ] t gkafu; a
a =kd
j
:A
i fjokj mu l gk; d da i fu; ksadk i {k ysrh gS aft udsfy, mudsi kl mPp udnh i zokg v f/ dkj gS A
a
,a
Xy ks&v esfj d u ekW
My
nqfu; k Hkj esadkW i ksZj sV i z'kkl u dsfofHkUu ekW My ekStwn gS Ai w
a t hokn dsft l fdLe esaosl fUufgr gS
a ] ml dsv uq
a l kj
By
; g fofHkUurk gS Amnkj ekW My esa ] t ks, a Xyks&v esfjdh ns'kksaesav ke gS ] ' ks;j/ kjdksadsfgrksadksi zkFkfedrk nh t krh gS A
;wj ksi egk}hi v kS j t ki ku esai k; k t kusokyk i kzFkfedrknht krhgS ) ;w j ksi egk}hi v kS j t ki ku esai k; kt kusokykl efUor
ekWMy Hkh deZ pkfj; ksa
] i zca / dksa] v ki w frZ
d rkZ v ka
]s xzkgdksav kS
j l eqnk; dsfgrksadksi gpkurk gS Ai Rz; sd ekM Wy dk v i uk
u
v yx i zfrLi èkkZ Red ykHk gS A dkW i ksZ

j sV i z'kkl u dk mnkjoknh ekW My v kew y uokpkj v kS j i zfrLi èkhZykxr dksi zksRl kfgr
djrk gS ] t cfd dkW i ksZ
j sV i z'kkl u dk l efUor eW kMy oèkZ eku uoksUes"k v kS j i zfrLi èkkZ
Red xq . koÙkk dksl q l kè; cukrk gS A
kkl
rFkkfi ] gky gh esai z'kkl fud eq í ksai j v esfjdk dsnf̀"Vdks.k v kS j fczVsu esat ks?kfVr gq v k gS ] mudschp egRoi w . kZv a
rj
gS]la
a ;qDr jkT; v esfjdk esafuxe] funs'kd ea My }kjk i z'kkfl r gksrk gS ] ft l dsi kl , d dk; Z i kyd v f/ dkjh dsp; u
dh ' kfDr gksrh gS ] t ksv ke rkS j i j eq [ ; dk; Z i kyd v f/ dkjh ds: i esat kuk t krk gS ACEO dsi kl nS fud v k/ kj
i z'
i j fuxe i zca / u dh O;ki d ' kfDr gksrh gS ] ysfdu dq N i zeq[ k dk; Zokfg; ksadsfy, ea My dh ea tw j h dh t : jr gksrh
gS]tS l sv i usfudVre v èkhuLFk deZ pkfj; ksadh fu; q fDr] i Sl kt qVkuk] , d v kS j da i uh dk v fèkxzg.k] i zeq [ ki w
t h foLrkj]
a
; k v U; ega xhi fj; kst uk, a Aea My dsv U; dk; ks±esa' kkfey gS auhfr fuekZ . k] fu.kZ; ysuk] i zca/ u dsfu"i knu dhns[k&js[k]
sd
; k dkW i ksZ
j sV fu; =
ak.kA
yk
funs'kd ea My dk l ka d sfrd p; u ' ks;j/ kjdksa}kjk gksrk gSv kS j ea My mudsi zfr ft Eesnkj gksrk gS ] ysfdu dbZ
da i fu; ksadsmi fu; e ea My dh jpuk i j i zHkko Mkyusesa ] cM+ s' ks;j/ kjdksadsv ykok ckdh l Hkh dsfy, eq f' dy dj
y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

mRd "kZt ks/ i q
j 167
nsrsgS Al kekU;r%O;fDrxr ' ks;j/ kjdksadksp; u dsfy, ea

a My dsukeka fdr yksxksadh i s'k dk ughadh t krh gS] ysfdu
ekS twnk eaMy dsukeka fdr mEehnokjksadsi zfr egt fu; r <jsZi j pyusdsfy, dgk t rk gS Afodfl r nq fu; k esaHkz"V
i kzsRl kgu dbZda i fu; ksadsea MyksaesaO;kIr gS
] t gkaea
My l nL; ] eq
[ ; dk; Z
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Ph. : 9650682121
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Ph. : 9650682121
y ksd i z'kkl u

ADMINIstrative Management Utkarsh

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ADMINIstrative Management Utkarsh

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mRd "kZt ks/ i q

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] ft l rjg yksd &i z'kkl u jkt uhfr&foKku l si F̀kd~

y ksd &i z'kkl u d k v FkZ

; g LokHkkfod gSfd ^yksd * , oa^i z'kkl u* nksuksa' kCnksaesafufgrkFkZ<w ¡<+

l EcU/ ew y r%dk; Z d kfj.kh l sgkst krk gSD; ka

dk i zcU/] funs'ku v kS j v / h{k.k Hkh fufgr gS

; kst uk; sal i Q y cukbZt krh gS Anksuksagh v i fjgk; ZgS

^^yksd &i z'kkl u cgq

y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

yksd &i z'kkl u dh; si fjHkk"kk; sadq

y ksd &i z'kkl u d k {ks=k

R (Reporting) µ i z frosnu ; k fji ksVZrS

v Fkok i zfof/ ; k¡ i z'kkl u v FkkZ

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

nwl js] mu l ad h.kZ{ks=koknh nf̀"Vdks.k esa; g nq

3- l ekt ' kkL=kh; , oaeuksoS

l ekt ' kkL=kh; fLFkfr; ksadsl anHkZesagh Bhd i zd kj foospuk dh t k l drh gS A

okLro esai ksLMdkcZv kS

y ksd &i z'kkl u d h i zd f̀r %, d l kekft d foKku

y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

LoHkko dk v è; ; u djrsgq , v ko' ; drk v kS

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bl rjg i z'kkl u dks, d dykdk v i uk , d ekè; e] , d l k/ u gksrk gS Amnkgj.kkFkZ

l k/ u Loj] l kfgR; dk ' kCn rFkk Hkko gS

dsoS Kkfud dj l drsgS Afi Q

fuf' pr fl ¼kUr ughagS aft uds}kjk l nS

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

j ouLi fr&foKku jl k; u ' kkL=k dHkhugha

dh {kerk j[ krsgS Abl fopkj&oxZdsrdZgS

fo#¼ fn; kt kl drsgS Abl ys[kdka

v i usv ki esav UrfoZ j ks/ gS

ughagS Anw l js' kCnksaesa

fudV Hkfo"; ea sfoKku bl fy, cuust k jgsgS afdµ

1- yksd &i z'kkl u dsi kl v kt v è; ; u dsu, ; a=kv krst k jgsgS

Kku gksrsgq , Hkh yksd &i z'kkl u i zkdf̀r Kkuksat S l k yxusyxsA

y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

yksd &i z'kkl u dhcgq

; kogkfj d t kek i gukusoky s; U=k µ ; g ekudj fd i z'kkl u uhfr dk v uq

egÙo dkge l gt ghv uq eku yxkl drsga

dsv uql kj i z'kkl dh; deZ

(8) LFkk; h l s xBu µ l jdkj] pkgsml dk jkt uhfrd Lo: i dq

y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

ad sfy , mi ; ksfxr k µ yksd &i z'kkl u dkv è; ; u Nk=kksadsfy, rkscgq

i 'zkkl u dk egÙo bl fy, gSD; ksa fd ml dsekè; e l sl kekft d i fjorZ u dksl q

yksd &i z'kkl u v kS

iz”kklu ds {ks= ds fo’k; esa “kkfey gS vkfn A

ls laca/k ekuk tkrk gSA

y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

(2) rhuksa vaxksa ls ijLij lacaf/kr ¼dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk] fo/kkf;dk½

ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

,dhd`r n`f’Vdks.k ¼laxBu esa lHkh dk;Z½

dk fo’k; oLrq vyx vyx gksrk gSA

y ksd i z'kkl u Ph. : 9650682121

By : Abhay Kumar www.abhaykumar.club, e-mail : abhaykumarindia@yahoo.co.in

izd`fr dh ckr djrk gS A

dks Js; ugha fn;k tk;sxk A