Effect of Glass Shading On Cooling Load

‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬
University of Khartoum
The Graduate College
Effect of Glass Shading on Cooling Load in

Air Conditioning System of Small Cars
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

of the Degree of M.Sc. in Electrical Power Engineering
Prepared by : Talal Elssir Abdalla Ahmed

Supervised by Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Abdelbagi Siraj
July -2010
0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I thanks Allah (subhanh wa tala) I am eternally
indebted for the talents He have given me and the good fortune I have
been afforded.
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.

Mohamed Ahmed Adelbagi Siraj for all his attentive guidance and
support he has given me throughout this research.
I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the staff members of

Mechanical Engineering Department (GIAD Industrial City and Tebian
center for Maintenance ).
Thanks are also for Khartoum University staff represented in the (

Electrical, Mechanical and Chemical )Engineering Department for their
cooperation and providing a suitable environment for the study.
Great thanks and appreciation for Ministry of Higher Education and

Scientific Research also to University of Sinnar, for giving me study
expedition.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my father,

mother, sisters, brothers, and all other relatives, for their emotional and
moral support throughout my academic career and also for their love,
patience, encouragement and prayers.
I

DEDICATION
DEDICATED TO:
My mother spirit
My father
My brothers & sisters
My all family & friends
II

ABSTRACT
The objective of this research, is to study the effect of shading the glass
of Passenger Cars on the performance of the Air-conditioning (A/C)
System of the cars. An efficient A/C system means better thermal
comfort of the passengers in the car, less power consumed by the air
conditioner and consequently less fuel consumed by the car.
To meet the objective of the research, a case study was conducted on a

GIAD Accent Car (2008). The study included theoretical and
experimental work. The cooling load of the car A/C system was
calculated using CLTD method and measured climatic data for a hot
summer day and with a car fully loaded at peak traffic hours.
The study has revealed that solar radiation which fell directly inside the
car through unshaded (clear) glass represented 60.56% of the total
cooling load of the car. With a shaded glass, the quantity of the direct
solar radiation inside the car, dropped notably.
A glass shading of 30% (the ratio allowed by Sudan Standards and

Metrological Organization) reduced the cooling load by 15% and a
shading of 60% reduced the cooling load by 30%. This was reflected on
passenger comfort and fuel consumption as better comfort and less fuel
consumption.
III

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬
‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺘﻅﻠﻴل ﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻜﺎﺏ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻪ ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻺﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺼﺎﻟﻭﻥ ﻤﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻴﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻜﺴﻨﺕ )‪ . (2008‬ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻱ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (CLTD ‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺼﻴﻔﻲ ﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺒﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺘﻤﺜل ‪ % 60.56‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻅﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻘﺹ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻀﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪) %30‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ( ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪%15‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻅﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺯﺠﺎﺝ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %60‬ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻑ‬
‫ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %30‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺭﻜﺎﺏ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪IV ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
Table of Contents
Content Page No
Acknowledgement......................................................................................I
Dedication ................................................................................................II
Abstract ...................................................................................................III
‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬...................................................................................................IV
Table of Contents .....................................................................................V
List of symbols......................................................................................VIII
List of Figures………………..………..……………………………........X
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1.1. Introduction.........................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem....................................................................2
1.3. Objective of the study….....................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1. Historical background of the air conditioning of the car.…...............3
2.2. Automotive air conditioning...............................................................4
2. 3. The comfort zone …………………..................................................4
2.4. Environmental parameters of the vehicle ..........................................5
2.5. A/C Fuel Use Analysis.....................................................................11
2.6. Thermal Load Calculation................................................................12
CHAPTER THREE: Cooing Load Calculation

3.1. Introduction.....................................................................................13
3.2. Basic components of cooling load...................................................13
3.3. Method of cooling load calculation.................................................13
V

3.4. External cooling load ……………………………………..……...13
3.5.Calculating thermal conductivity …………………………..……..15
3.6.Overall thermal conductivity of Car body ……………..………….17
3.7. Heat gain through of the car body…………………………………22
3.8.Heat gain from the Engine……………………………..…….……28
3.9.Heat again Via Glass………………………………………….……29
3.10. Internal cooling load….………………………………………….37
3.11.Summary……..…………….………….……………..…………..41
CHAPTER FOUR: Result and Dissection
4.1 Result...............................................................................................57
4.2 Discussion…………….………………….......................................57
CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusion. .....................................................................................62
6.2 Recommendations...........................................................................63
REFERENCES ...................................................................................64
APPENDIX A………………………………………………….........66
APPENDIX B...……………………………………………………..84
VI

List of Symbols
The following is a list of symbols which are used in this work.

CLTD Cooling load temperature difference
Q Net indoor conduction heat gain , W
U Overall heat transfer coefficient for roof, solid wall or floor, w/m.c
A Area of solid wall, roof or floor, m2
LM Latitude/Month Correction Factor.
K Color Correction
Ti Indoor space temperature.
TO Average outdoor temperature
Ro External thermal resistance of the solid wall constituent
Ri Internal thermal resistance of the solid wall constituent
Xi Solid body thickness(m)
Ki Thermal conductivity of materials (w/m.oC)
SC Shading Coefficient
τglass The transmittance of car’s window at normal incidence
qdir Direct normal solar flux
qdiff Horizontal diffuse solar flux
S Angle (degrees) for Glass Car

3
Qv Rate of air flow per person, m /hr
ω Outside specific humidity, kg of water/kg of dry air

0
ω Inside specific humidity, kg of water/kg of dry air

i
Qsens_occ sensible cooling load due to occupants
Qsens_person Sensible cooling load per person
Qlat_occ latent cooling load due to occupants
Qlat_person Latent cooling load per person
NOcc Number of occupants in the vehicle
Qocc Net cooling load due to occupants
ISO International Organization for Standardization
AMC American Motors Corporation
VII

List of Figures
Figures Page No
Fig. 2.1: The air flow sensation curve 9
Fig. 2.2: Correlation between temperature and relative air humidity 10
Fig. 3.1 Determination of sun’s position in the sky 28
Fig. 4.1: cooling load at 14 O'clock for month April (Glass No shading) 59
Fig. 4.2 cooling load at 14 O'clock through the Windshed, Rear window, 59
and side window.
Fig. 4.3 cooling load at 14 O'clock Direct solar radiation cooling load 60
through Glass and total cooling load for month April (Glass No shading)
Fig. 4.4 Shown Direct solar radiation cooling load through Glass and total 60
cooling load for month April (Glass No shading, shading 30%, and
shading 60%)
VIII

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction:-
Automotive air conditioning, is generally regarded as one of the

two most significant contributions, by automotive engineering, to the
evolution of the automobile. At first, air conditioning was an expensive
option, found only on the most luxurious automobiles. As time passed, it
became more available, and affordable, to the general motoring public.
Today, air conditioning systems are a widely used facility.
The automobile air conditioner must provide adequate comfortable

cooling to the passenger, in the conditioned space under a wide variety of
ambient conditions. In the automobile, air conditioning load factors are
constantly and rapidly changing, as the automobile moves over highways,
at different speeds; and through all kinds of surroundings. As the car
moves faster, there is greater amount of infiltration into the car; and the
heat transfer between the outdoor air, and the car surface; is increased.
Generally, the car air conditioning systems, are designed to allow

the driver and/or passengers, to feel more comfortable, during the hot
trips, in a car.
Sudan is a country which is located in a tropical zone in the

equator area . The weather is rather hot most of the year. Thus air
conditioning system in cars, became an essential need.
1.2 Statement of the problem:-
The most important factors affecting air conditioning load are:
1

i. Direct solar radiation, through car glass windows.
ii. Diffused solar radiation, through glass windows.
iii. Heat conducted through the car's body .
iv. Heat load from passengers.
v. Ventilation load .
vi. Heat load from the engine.
1.3 Objective of the study:-
This study aims at investigating the effect of shaded glass on the

total heat (and therefore, the cooling ) load.
2

Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Historical background of the air conditioning of the car :-
The Packard Motor Car Company, was the first automobile

manufacturer to build air conditioners into its cars, beginning in 1939.
These air conditioners were originally optional, and could be installed for
an extra cost of $274. The system took up the entire trunk space; and was
not very efficient. There was no thermostat or independent shut-off
mechanism. The option was discontinued after 1941.
In 1954 the Nash Ambassador was the first American automobile

to boast front-end, fully-integrated heating, ventilating, and air-
conditioning system. The Nash-Kelvinator Corporation, used its
experience in refrigeration, to introduce the automobile industry's first
compact and affordable, single-unit heating and air conditioning system
optional for its 1954 Nash models. This was the first system for the mass
market with controls on the dash and an electric clutch. The Nash system
was a good and remarkably inexpensive system. Entirely incorporated
within the engine bay, the combined heating and cooling system had cold
air for passengers enter through dash-mounted vents. Nash's exclusive
remarkable advance was not only the sophisticated unified system, but
also its $345 price that beat all other systems.
Most competing systems used a separate heating system; and an

engine-mounted compressor, with an evaporator in the car's trunk, to
deliver cold air through the rear package shelf and overhead vents.
General Motors made a front mounted air conditioning system optional in
3

1954 on Chevrolet and Pontiac cars with a V8 engine that added separate
controls and air distribution.
The innovation was adopted quickly By 1960, about 20% of all cars
in the United States had air-conditioning, with the percentage increasing
to 80% in the desert areas of the Southwest. American Motors made air
conditioning a standard equipment on all AMC Ambassadors starting
with the 1968 model, a first in the mass market, had a base price starting
at $2,671. By 1969, over half (54%) of the domestic automobiles, were
equipped with air conditioning; with the system needed not only for
passenger comfort, but; also, to increase the car's resale value.[10]
2.2 Automotive air conditioning and air cooler:-
Automotive air conditioning is the process by which air is cooled,

cleaned and dehumidified before entering, or re-entering, the passenger
compartment. Basically, an air conditioning system removes heat from
the passenger compartment, by absorbing it and carrying it outside, where
it is released into the atmosphere.
2.3 The comfort zone:-
Studies have shown that most people feel comfortable in a relatively

narrow temperature zone of about 21 to 27oC. When the effect of
humidity is taken into consideration, this range becomes a little wider.
Humidity is simply the amount of moisture in the air. When the air has
absorbed, as much moisture as it can, the relative humidity is said to be
100%. If the humidity is relatively high, say 70%, may still feel
comfortable down in the mid-60's; if the humidity is low enough, say
30%, can even tolerate the low 90's without much discomfort. The actual
4

amount of humidity varies in accordance with the temperature, because
warm air holds more moisture than cold air.
What this means in practical terms, is that one can feel just as cool
when the temperature is 27oC and the relative humidity is 30% as when
the temperature is 21oC and the relative humidity is 90%. The key to
whether you feel hot or cold is the ability of the body, for perspiration, to
evaporate quickly and easily. If the air is dry, perspiration evaporates
quickly and the heat leaving the body makes it feel cool. But when the
moisture content of the air is high, perspiration cannot evaporate as
rapidly, So less body heat is removed and one feel warmer. Most
automotive air conditioning and heating systems, are integrated into a
climate control system that controls the temperature, humidity and air
circulation, by cooling the air inside the passenger compartment when it's
hot outside and heating it when the outside air is cold.
2.4 Environmental parameters of the vehicle:-
Very few articles have explicitly defined the differences between the
vehicle, and the building environment.
ISO 7726 standard, describes some methods for measuring physical

qualities related to thermal comfort parameters. Whereas the tendency in
measuring thermal comfort, has been towards using individual
instruments (e.g. thermocouples, globe thermometers, net radiometers,
hotwire anemometers, hygrometers etc.) to measure single parameters in
buildings, the automotive research has adopted a different approach;
mainly due to the small available working space and the dynamic driving
tests that are required when making thermal measurements.
5

The thermal environment in a vehicle cabin is very complex and
thus difficult to evaluate. These difficulties are due to the influence of
convective, radiative and conductive heat exchange created by external
thermal loads, the internal heating by air conditioning and the ventilation
system.
The usual method to evaluate the thermal comfort parameters in

vehicles is to use sensors to measure the air temperature at the level of the
head and feet. The main purpose of such measurements is to determine
how quickly the temperature will increase or decrease in a cold or warm
vehicle cabin, to study the difference between the temperature at the feet
and head level and to establish when the temperature reaches the thermal
comfort level. However, using this method, only one of the needed
parameters that concern the thermal comfort sensation is measured. By
measuring only the air temperature, any influence of the air velocity and
radiation (cold or hot) are neglected and the measurements might lead to
false conclusions. This fact appears more often in vehicles than buildings,
because the air conditioning system can create high local air velocities.
Nowadays, efforts are being made to estimate the thermal comfort in

vehicle environments by measuring each environment parameter - air
temperature, air humidity, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, human
activity and clothing insulation. There is a great inter-correlation among
these parameters. That is why the values recommended in standards, are
in well defined ranges. The thermal comfort can be obtained by
correlating all these parameters.
2.4.1 Air temperature:-
The optimal value for the inside temperature is a function of the

season time. During wintertime the optimal inside temperature adopted is
6

+24 oC; during summertime, different values for inside temperature are
indicated in the literature.
Temperature zones inside a vehicle are not homogenous. Whereas

the air temperature in buildings generally increases with height from the
floor to ceiling, this fact is not acceptable in vehicles. In vehicles, the air
temperature at the ankle level, is expected to be higher than at head level.
o
ASHRAE Standard 55 prescribes 3 C for the vertical air
temperature difference between head and ankle level. Other studies set
this limit up to 6oC .
Moreover, the air temperature depends upon the class of the vehicle.
A larger vehicle with leather upholstery during warm-up conditions, may
have an entirely different air temperature than a small economy-class
vehicle, during the same driving conditions.
The inside temperature is measured using temperature sensors. The

recorded temperature values are between the values of the air temperature
and the values of the mean radiant temperature. In order to reduce the
error introduced by the solar radiations, the temperature sensor must be as
small as possible. The purpose of using appropriate temperature sensors
is to see how quickly the temperature will increase or decrease in a cold
or warm vehicle cabin; and to measure the difference between the
temperature at the level of head and feet.[9]
2.4.2 Air velocity:-
Air velocity inside the vehicle usually has reduced values, ranging
between 0.1 and 0.4 m/s. The maximum air velocity allowed inside a
vehicle is considered a function of the air temperature determined by the
convection heat exchange, between the human body; and the
7

environment. Due to air velocity fluctuations, the measurements must be
carried out over a period of 3 ÷ 5 minutes to obtain a reasonable average
value. When a model is developed, the air velocity value is neglected,
because it has a reduced value.
Air flow sensation is subjective, and varies according to the

person’s sensitivity (some parts of the body are more sensitive, e.g. nape).
The appearance of air currents is mostly due to the untight environment
and to the air flow of the air conditioning system. The air flow coming
through an open window, increases the air velocities and the thermal
discomfort as well.
Inside the vehicle, the air flow can only be directed to smaller
sections; because of a reduced volume (as opposed to buildings). The
heated air should be directed toward the bottom half of the occupant’s
body and the cool air should be directed toward the upper half .
Many studies show that, in a warm environment, higher air flow

could provide a thermal comfort.
Figure 1 shows the correlation between the air velocity limit and the
inside air temperature. As it can be seen in this figure the limits of air
velocity values increase at high air temperature values.
The air flow sensation appears above the air velocity curve. The air
flow sensation is subjective and affects mostly the back of the
passengers’ neck. Moreover, air flow sensation depends on the body’s
thermal state.[9]
8

Figure 2.1: The air flow sensation curve
2.4.3 Relative humidity:-
ASHRAE Standard 55, defines relative humidity as the ratio of the

partial pressure of water vapour in a gaseous mixture of air and water
vapour, to the saturated vapour pressure of water, at a prescribed
temperature.
Relative humidity is measured in only one place inside the vehicle

because the pressure of the water vapour is uniform in the entire vehicle.
The human body is sensitive to air humidity changes. The thermal
comfort sensation is optimal when the relative humidity value is about
50%.
Relative air humidity is correlated with inside temperature. These

two parameters influence the thermal comfort of the passengers and they
are the main parameters of the air conditioning system.
Figure 2 shows the correlation between temperature variation and

the relative air humidity. As it can be seen in this figure, the relative air
humidity increases when temperature decreases. A high relative humidity
(over 70%) causes a sultry weather sensation increasing the discomfort
9

level and can lead to misting of windshields and shorting of electrical
components. A low relative humidity (under 30%) causes a dry sensation,
which can irritate the passenger’s bronchial ways.[9]
Figure 2.2: Correlation between temperature and relative air humidity
The recommended values for the inside temperature and air humidity
in correlation with the outside temperature are given in Table 1.
Table 1: The recommended inside temperature and air humidity as a

function of outside temperature.
Outside temperature 45oC
Inside temperature 24oC
Relative humidity 50%
2.5 Air Conditioning Fuel Use Analysis:-
These analysis, calculated the impacts of air-conditioning on fuel

use in light-duty vehicles. analysis used a bottom-up approach to estimate
the amount of fuel used annually in vehicles for Air conditioning. Using a
thermal comfort model, researchers determined the percentage of time
that drivers use Air conditioning to improve their thermal environment.
10

Environmental conditions were an important input to this model. Results
for thermal comfort were then combined with statistics concerning when
people drive (time of day); where they live (climate, including cloud
cover); and how many miles they drive in one year. Finally, vehicle
simulations were used to determine the fuel-use penalty associated with
using Air conditioning in cars and trucks.
The analysis showed that, drivers used approximately 7.0 billion

gallons of gasoline each year to air-condition vehicles. This was the
equivalent of 5.5% of domestic light-duty vehicle petroleum
consumption, or 0.46 million barrels of crude per day.[1]
2.6 Thermal Load Calculation:-
Cooling and heating loads, are calculated for steady-state, and also
for operation, starting from hot and cold soaks. The cooling load is
calculated for ambient design temperatures To = 45oC, Wo=0.01145 kg of
air/kg of water, and Comfort conditions are Ti = 24oC, , Wi=0.0098 kg of
air/kg of water characteristic of Khartoum city. for a vehicle for which
the amount of outdoor air is reduced to a minimum. (ASHRAE).[6]
2.6.1 Cooling Load calculation. Steady –State:-
Steady-state cooling load, includes as major contributors, metabolic,

ventilation, insolation, and conduction load. The ventilation load
contribution with minimum amount of external air circulation (0.005
m3/s per person, ASHRAE). The insolation load calculation, follows the
procedure given by ASHRAE, and assumes that the moving on a flat
surface, with the sun perpendicular to the windshield (considered to be
the worst case). The first step in the calculation, consists of finding the
intensities of the direct, diffused, and reflected solar radiation. Once the
11

amount of incident radiation is calculated, the total insolation load is
evaluated in terms of the glass properties, the angle of incidence, and the
overall and external heat transfer coefficients. The resulting insolation
loads are, 888 W, for the regular glass vehicle.[6].
12

Chapter 3
Cooling load Calculations
3.1 Introduction:-
When a vehicle is parked, typically, 50% to 75% of the thermal

energy entering the passenger compartment, is from the solar energy,
transmitted and absorbed by window glass. Reflecting the solar radiation
incident on the vehicle’s glass, is a critical step in making significant
reductions in the thermal loads. Lower thermal loads make it possible to
reduce the capacity of the A/C system.[1]
3.2 Basic components of cooling load:-
The cooling load in a passenger car may be estimated by summing up

the following loads :
1. Heat flux from solid walls (side panels , roof . floor).

2. Heat flux from glass (side , front and rear windows).
3. Heat flux from passengers.
4. Heat flux from the ventilation/infiltration.
5. Heat flux from the Engine.
3.2.1 Geographical location of Khartoum City:-
- Latitude 15o
- Longitude 32o
3.3 Method of cooling load calculation:-
The method used for cooling load calculation, is cooling load

temperature difference (CLTD), according to American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Condition Engineer,(ASHRAE).
13

3.4 External cooling load:-
3.4.1 Heat gain through the car body:-
The conduction heat gain through the solid walls (side panels,
roof, and floor); are each determined by the following equation;
For solid walls
Q = U x A x CLTDCorrect (3.1)[4]
Where,
Q = net indoor conduction heat gain, through roof, solid wall or floor, W
U = overall heat transfer coefficient for roof, solid wall or floor, W/m.oC
A = area of solid wall, roof or floor, m2
CLTDCorrect = corrected value of cooling load temperature difference, oC
that accounts for the heat storage effect.
For solid wall
CLTDCorrect = [(CLTD +LM) K+(25.5 – Ti) + (To – 29.4)] (3.2)[4]
Where,
CLTD =Cooling load temperature difference.( this is taken from tables 30

and 32, chapter 28, ASHREA 97). Table(A1) Appendix A.
LM = Latitude/Month Correction Factor.
K = Color correction (Dark = 1.0, Med = 0.83, Light = 0.65)
Ti = Indoor space temperature.
TO = Average outdoor temperature.
14

3.4.2 To calculate average daily temperature :-
Choosing all hours throughout the day , to calculate the cooling load.
bearing in mind that the daily rang (DR) of Khartoum city, is 15o C .[5]
Indoor temperature Ti =(24oC), and temperature out door in Khartoum
(45oC).
Then,
To= Tmax – (daily range)/2 (3.3)[4]
= 45 – 15/2 =37.5oC.
Using table (3.1) , which shows the values of CLTD correction for
latitude and month (LM), applied to solid walls and roof , North Latitude
for latitude 15o, and studying the car body, and the different areas of solid
walls, as a result, CLTDcorrect was calculated. as follows:
- Selecting month of April/Aug north direction

- LM = -1.67.
- CLTD north direction is 6.11oC.
- K = 0.65.
- Ti = 24o C.
- To = 37.5o C.
Then,
CLTDcorrect=(6.11 – 1.67)*0.65 + (25.5 - 24 ) +(37.5 - 29.4) = 12.49 oC
Likewise, CLTDcorrect, was calculated for all months for the 13- hours
time, as shown in the table (A2) Appendix A.
15

3.5. Calculating thermal conductivity:-
For calculating thermal conductivity of the body car ( front door,

rear door and solid body);using the general equation :
U = 1 /[Ro + (Xi/ki) +Ri ] (3.4)[4]
Where,
Ro = External thermal resistance of the solid wall constituent, that

depended upon the wind speed.
Ri = Internal thermal resistance of the solid wall.
Xi = solid body thickness(m).
Ki =thermal conductivity of materials (w/m.oC).
Table(3.1) values of CLTD correction for latitude and month applied

to car body, north latitude for latitude 15o.
Dire N NE/NW E/W SE/EW S Hor
Month
Jan/Nov -2.22 - 4.44 -2.22 2.22 7.22 -5.00
Feb/Oct -2.22 -3.89 -2.22 2.22 6.67 -3.89
Mar/Sept -1.67 -2.78 -1.11 1.11 3.89 -2.22
Apr/Aug -1.67 -1.11 -0.56 0.00 0.00 -0.56
May/July -0.56 -0.56 -0.56 -1.67 -3.33 0.00
June 2.22 1.67 -0.56 -2.78 -3.89 0.00
Dec 3.33 2.22 -0.56 -3.33 0.00 -3.89
3.5.1 Selection of (R) value:-
Ri is selected from the table (3.2). showing the solid walls material;
and emission factor of 0.9; then Ri = 0.123.
16

Ro is selected from the table (3.3). Considering the stop car and wind
velocity to be regular with 3m/s; and the emission factor 0.9; then,
Ro=0.03.
Table (3.2) of value internal resistance(Ri)
Material Direction of flow Emission factor

E=0.9 E=0.05
Solid walls Horizontal 0.123 0.304
Roofs Vertical 0.106 0.128
Ceilings Downwards 0.150 0.552
Table (3.3) of value external resistance(Ro)
Material Emission Ro and wind speed(m/s)

factor 1 2 3
Solid walls 0.9 0.88 0.05 0.03
0.55 0.01 0.06 0.03
Roofs 0.9 0.07 0.04 0.02
0.55 0.09 0.05 0.02
3.6 Overall thermal conductivity of Car body:-
3.6.1 The front door :-
Components of front door, from:
1.paint 2.air gap 3.paint 4.rubber,

+steel + steel hard
17

Table (3.4) Component s of front door:
N0 Material Thickness(mm) Thermal Conductivity

k (W/m.c)
1 Paint+ Steel 1.0 43
2 Air gape 100 0.024
3 Paint+Steel 1.0 43
4 Rubber,hard 3.0 0.151
By using equation (3.4);
U = 0.23 w/m2.oC .
3.6.2 The rear door:-
Components of Rear door, from:
1.paint 2.air gap 3.painn 4.rubber,

+steel +steel hard
Table (3.5) Component s of Rear, door:
N0 Material Thickness(mm) Th
ermal Conductivity
K (W/m.c)
2 Air gape 100 0.024
3 Steel 1.0 43
U = 0.23 W/m2.oC .
18

3.6.3 Body solid:-
3.6.3.1 Side solid body:-
Components of the solid body side, from:
1.paint+ 2.air gape 3.rubber,

Steel hard
Table(3.6) components of the solid body side:

k (W/m.C)
2 Air gape 100 0.024
By using equation (3.4)
U = 0.041 W/m2.oC .
3.6.3.2 Front Solid body:-
Components of the solid body front, from
1.paint+steel 2.cork,board 3.carpets
Table(3.7) Components of the solid body front, from:

k (W/m.C)
2 Cork,board 3.0 0.043
3 Carpets 2.0 0.08
U = 2.5 W/m2.oC.
19

3.6.3.3 Rear solid body:-
Components of rear solid body, from
1.paint+steel 2.cork,board 3.carpets
Table (3.8) Components of rear solid body, from:

k(W/m.C)
2 Cork 150 0.043

U = 0.26 W/m2.oC .
3.6.4 Roof:-
Components of the roof, from:
1.Paint+Steel
2.Air gape
3.Cork,board
4.Cardboard
Table (3.9) Components of the roof, from:
Number Material type Thickness(mm) Thermal Conductivity

k(W/m.C)
2 Air gape 30.0 0.024
3 Cork,board 2.8 0.043
4 Cardboard 2.0 0.064
Selected thermal resistance, from tables(3.2&3.3):
-external thermal resistance (Ro)=0.106 W/m2;
-internal thermal resistance (Ri)=0.02 W/m2 ;
20

U = 1.47 W/m2.oC.
3.6.5 Floor:-
Components of the floor, from:
1.Carpets
2.Cotton
3.paint+Steel
Table(3.10) Components of the floor, from:
Number Material type Thickness(mm) Thermal Conductivity

k(W/m.C)
1 Carpets 2.0 0.06
2 Cotton 3.5 0.059
Selected thermal resistance from tables(3.2&3.3)
-external thermal resistance (Ro)=0.106 W/m2;
-internal thermal resistance (Ri)=0.02 W/m2;
U = 4.57 W/m2.oC.
3.7 Heat gain through the car body:-
Considering months April/August, May/July and June; as well as

13-hours calculation per day.
And considering the hour time (14) in the month of April/August, as

a simple of calculation; and
Using equation (3.1); then:
21

Q= U×A×CLTDcorrect
3.7.1 When a vehicle is parked/moved in East-west direction:-
a. North direction :-
i. solid wall:-
U = 0.041 W/m2.oC;
A= 0.35 m2;
CLTDcorrected = 12.49oC.
Therefore;
Qs= 0.041* 0.35* 12.49 = 0.18 W.
ii. Front Door and Rear Door:-
U = 0.23 W/m2.oC;
A = 1.6 m2;
CLTDcorrected = 12.49o C.
Therefore;
Qf=0.23*1.6*12.49= 4.60 W.
Qtotal = Qs + Qf ;
Qtotal = 0.18 + 4.6 = 4.78 W .
b. South direction:-
i. Solid Wall:-
U = 0.041 W/ m2.oC;
A= 0.35 m2;
22

Therefore;
Qs = 0.041* 0.35* 15.01 = 0.22 W.
ii. Front Door and rear Door:-
U= 0.23 W/m2.oC;
A= 1.6 m2;
CLTDcorrected = 15.01o C.
Therefore;
Qf=0.23*1.6*15.01 = 5.52 W.
Then,
Qtotal = Qs + Qf ;
Qtotal = 0.22 + 5.52 = 5.74 W .
Hence;
Qtotal When a vehicle is parked/moved in East-West direction:
Qtotal = 4.78 + 5.74 = 10.52 W .
3.7.2 When a vehicle is moved/parked in North-South direction:-
Using equation (3.1):
Q = U×A×CLTDcorrect.
a. East direction:-
i. Solid Wall:-
23

U = 0.041 W/ m2.oC;
A= 0.35 m2;
Therefore;
Qs= 0.041* 0.35* 18.62= 0.27 W.
U = 0.23 W/m2.oC;
A = 1.6 m2;
CLTDcorrected = 18.62 oC.
Therefore;
Qf=0.23*1.6*18.62 = 6.85 W.
Then,
Qi+ii = Qs + Qf ;
Qi+ii = 0.27 + 6.85 = 7.12W .
b. West Direction:-
i. Solid Wall:-
U= 0.041 W/m2.oC;
A= 0.35 m2;
CLTDcorrect= 19.71oC.
Therefore;
24

Qs= 0.041* 0.35* 19.71 = 0.28 W.
U= 0.23 W/m2.oC;
A= 1.6 m2;
Therefore;
Qf=0.23*1.6*19.71= 7.25 W.
Then,
Qi+ii = Qs + Qf ;
Qi+ii = 0.28+ 7.25 = 7.53 W .
Hence;
Qtotal When a vehicle is parked/moved in the North-South direction;
Qcon.total = 7.12 + 7.53 = 14.65 W .
3.7.3. Roof:-
U = 1.47 W/m2.oC;
A = 1.49 m2;
Therefore,
Qroof = 1.49*1.47*31.62 = 69.26 W .
25

Likewise, heat gain through solid wall and roof, for the three months,
when a vehicle is parked/moved, in North-South direction, were
calculated as is shown in tables (A5),(A6),and (A7),Appendix (A).
3.7.4 Front solid body:-
Qfront= U×A×(To – Ti);
Where,
U = thermal conductivity of the front Car = 2.5 W/m2.oC
A = Area of the front car= 0.91 m2
To = temperature indoor caben = 33oC
Ti = temperature indoor the Car = 24oC
Then,
Qfront= 2.5*0.91*(33 – 24)= 20.48 W .
3.7.5 Rear solid body:
Qrear= U×A×(To – Ti) ;
Where,
U = thermal conductivity of the Car rear = 0.26 w/m2.oC
A = Area of the rear= 0.84 m2
To = temperature indoor rear caben = 33oC
26

Then,
Qrear= 0.26*0.84*(33 – 24) = 2.0 W .
3.7.6 Floor:-
Qfloor= U×A×(To – Ti) ;
Where,
U = thermal conductivity of the floor Car = 4.57 W/m2.oC
A = Net Area of the floor =0.92 m2
To = temperature under floor = 34oC
Then,
Qfloor= 4.57*0.91*(34 – 24)= 41.12 W .
3.8 Engine:-
To calculate heat gain from the Engine by using equation (3.1);
Qeng= U×A×(To – Ti);
Where,
U = thermal conductivity of the front Car = 2.5 W/m2.oC
A = Area of the front car= 0.91 m2
To= Temperature out from Engine = 51oC
27

Therefore,
Qeng= 2.5*0.91*(51 – 24)= 61.43 W .
3.9 Heat gain Via Glass:-
3.9.1 Introduction:-
When solar radiation is incident on the glass, a part of it is absorbed

while the remaining part is reflected back; Only a fraction of the radiation
absorbed by the surface, is transferred to the interior of the car. However,
in case of transparent glass, a major portion of the solar radiation is
transmitted directly to the interior of the car, while the remaining small
fraction, is absorbed and/or reflected back.
The heat gain through an automobile glass, can be expressed as the

sum of solar heat gain, due to transmitted and absorbed solar radiation
and the heat conducted, due to the difference between outdoor and indoor
air temperature.
The position of the sun in the sky, is specified by the zenith angle,
angle between the sun and the zenith, and azimuth angle, angle between
the sun and a reference direction (North). All azimuth angles are equally
alike as the car is assumed to be oriented randomly. Hence, Qsolar is
independent of azimuth angle; and is calculated by taking the average of
solar heat gain, in all directions (see figure (3.1))[3].
28

Figure (3.1): Determination of sun’s position in the sky
Qglass = Qsolar + Qcond (3.5)[3]
Where,
Qsolar heat gain through the glass by radiation.
Qcond heat gain through the glass by conduction.
3.9.2 Calculation of heat gain through glass by conduction:-
Heat gain by conduction through glass, by using equation (3.1)
Qcond = Ug × Ag × CLTDcorrect
Where,
Ag=Glass area, (m2) shown in table(B2) Appendix B
CLTDcorrect = CLTD + (25.5 – Tr) + (To – 29.4)
29

Choosing the hours time from 6 to 18, which represent the bright hours of
the sun; then calculation by using the values of CLTD, through the glass,
for all months of the year, as is shown in (table (A8))Appendix A.
Therefore;
For 14 o'clock :
CLTDcorrect= 4.44 + (25.5 – 24) + (37.5 – 29.4)= 14.04oC.
Likewise,
CLTDcorrect was calculated, for 6 to 18 , as is shown in (table (A9))

Appendix A .
3.9.3 U – value:-
From table (3.11&3.12)
- Ug was selected to be 5.4 w/m2.oC (for Front door, Rear door

and Rear window glass single-glazing)
- Ug was selected to be 5.2 w/m2.oC (for windshield glass

single-glazing).
Therefore,
substituting the results in equation (3.5);
Qcond = Ug × Ag × CLTDcorrected
a. for front and rear door glass:

Qcond = 5.4 *0.49* 14.04 =37.15 W.
b. for windshield glass:
Qcond = 5.2 *1.1* 14.04= 80.31 W.
c. for Rear window glass:
Qcond= 5.4 *0.72 *14.04 = 54.59 W.
30

Total heat gain by conduction through glass = 172.05 W.
Likewise,
Heat gain by conduction through glass was calculated for 13-hours

in the day, as shown in table (A10) Appendix A.
Table(3.11): shown the thickness of glass for GIAD accent 2008

GLASS THICKNESS (mm)
Windshield glass 5
Front door glass 3.2
Rear door glass 3.2
Rear window glass 3.2
Table (3.12): Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for Glasses
Glass Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
Summer (outdoor wind velocity = 3.33m/s) Winter (outdoor wind velocity = 6.67m/s)
3 mm 5 mm 6 mm 12 mm 3 mm 5 mm 6 mm 12 mm
thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness thickness thickness Thickness
Single‐glazed 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.3 6.1 5.7 5.4 4.6
Reflective 4.7 5.0
Double‐glazed 6mm 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.8

airspace

Double glazed 12mm
airspace
2.8 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.4
3.9.4 Calculation of heat gain through glass by radiation:-
Solar heat gain is obtained by summing direct normal, diffused

horizontal solar radiation.
31

Qsolar_Radia=Qsolar_direct +Qsolar_diffuse (3.6)[3]
Where,
Qsolar _direct is a function of direct normal solar flux, which is directional

and its direction is determined by sun’s position in the sky.
Qsolar_diffuse has no particular directional distribution.
The net heat gain by solar radiation through glass can be calculated
by the following equation:
Qsolar_direct= SC. τglass .qdir. Aglass (3.7)[3]
And,
Qsolar_diffuse= SC. τglass. qdiff. Ag (1 + cos(s))/2 (3.8)[3]
Where,
SC = Shading Coefficient (SC=1 for rear and side window glass, and SC=
0.95 for windshield glass, (No internal shading) ) according ASHRAE
Handbook Table (B1) Appendix B.
τglass= the transmittance of car’s window at normal incidence (~ 0.8)
Aglass = glass area ,(m2), is shown table(B2) Appendix(B)
qdir =direct normal solar flux. According to [Ref.(7 &8)]; as is shown in

table (A11) appendix A.
qdiff =horizontal diffused solar flux. According to [Ref.(7)] and as is

shown in table (A12) appendix A.
S= Angle (degrees) for Car glass, as is shown in Table(B2) Appendix(B)

Choosing the hour-time as 14, and month of April as a sample of
calculation.
32

3.9.4.1 Heat gain from direct solar radiation:-
a. North direction(Windshield glass):-
By substitution in equation (3.7);
Qdir = 1.1*0.95*0.8*746 = 623.66 W.
b. East direction(side window glass):-
Qdir = 0.49 *1*0.8*746 = 292.43 W.
c. South direction(Rear door glass):-
Qdir = 0.72 *1*0.8*746 = 429.70 W.
d. West direction(side window glass):-

Qdir = 0.49 *1*0.8*746 = 292.43 W.
Then,
Total heat gain Qdir = 1638.22 W.
Likewise;
Cooling Load by Radiation, through glass, in the month April as is

shown in Table (A13). Also, for the month May Table(A14), and the
Month June Table(A15) Appendix A.
3.9.4.2. Heat gain from diffuse solar radiation:-
a. North direction(Windshield glass):-

33

Qdiff=1.1*.95*0.8*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 145.75 W
b. East direction(side window glass):-
Qdiff=0.49*1*0.8*186*(1 + cos(71))/2 = 48.32 W
c. South direction(Rear door glass):-
Qdiff=0.72*1*0.8*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 100.42 W
d. West direction(side window glass):-

Qdiff=0.49*1*0.8*186*(1 + cos(71))/2 = 48.32 W
Then,
Total heat gain Qdiff= 342.81W.
Likewise;
Cooling Load by Diffused Solar Radiation, through glass, in the

month of April, May, and June; as is shown in Table (A16) Appendix A.
Therefore;
Total heat gain by Solar radiation through glass when a vehicle is

parked/moved in the North-South direction = Qdir + Qduff = 1981.03 W
Likewise;
34

Total Cooling Load by Radiation, through glass, in the month April,
May, and June, is shown in Table (A17), Table (A18) and Table (A19)
respectively. Appendix A.
Therefore;
By substitution in equation (3.5)due to total heat gain by Glass.
Therefore;
At 14 hour time in the month of April, and when a vehicle is

parked/moved in the East-West direction as follows:
Qglass= 172.05 + 1981.03 = 2153.08 W .
Similarly, all the three months (April, May, and June)were

calculated, and listed Tables (A20), (A21) and (A22) respectively
Appendix A.
3.10 Internal cooling load:-
3.10.1 Ventilation:-
After reducing the peak thermal load; and the solar gain, the next
most important approach, to minimizing air conditioning loads, is to
reduce the amount of outside air brought in, for ventilation. It is more
effective to condition recirculated cabin air, than to treat very cold or very
hot air, from outside.
The thermal power required, is a function of the ambient

temperature, total air flow rate, percent age of recirculated air, humidity
(cooling only), and the heat gain/loss of the passenger compartment.
Humidity can be more than double the cooling load, which can be seen by
comparing the cooling load. Approximately 0.034 kg/s of outside air,
35

may be needed. This corresponds to 80% recirculated air, for vehicle
cooling.[2]
Ventilation is defined as the internationally brought air into the car,

by mechanical methods.
The entry of the outside air, into the car envelop, influences both the
air temperature and humidity level. It also depends upon the number of
the persons, and the volume of the car.
As for the ventilation standard (ACRC), a person needs a ventilation

air flow of 0.005 m3/s. [3] This is equivalent to 18 m3/hour.
Qven = Qven_sens + Qven_lat (3.9)
Where;
Qven = heat gain due to ventilation
Qven_sens = sensible heat gain due to ventilation
Qven_lat = Latent heat gain due to ventilation.
But;
The equations for determining the sensible and latent loads for
ventilation and outside air are as follow:
QVen_Sens = 0.35* NOcc * Qv* (To – Ti) (3.10)
QVen_lat = 0.87 * NOcc * Qv * (ωo – ωi ) (3.11)
Where;
NOcc = Number of occupants in the vehicle

3
Qv = rate of air flow per person, m /hr
36

To = outside air temperature ,oC
Ti = inside air temperature ,oC
ω0 = outside specific humidity, kg of water/kg of dry air
ωi = inside specific humidity, kg of water/kg of dry air
3.10.1.1 sensible heat gain due to ventilation:-
by using equation (3.10);
Qven_sens = 0.35* n* Qv* (To – Ti)
NOcc = 4 people
Qv = 18 m3/hr
To = 45oC
Ti = 24oC
Then;
QVen_Sens = 0.35*4 *18 *(45 - 24) = 529.2 W.
3.10.1.2 Latent heat gain due to ventilation:-
by using equation (3.11);
Qven_lat = 0.87 * n * Q * (ωo – ωi )
NOcc = 4 people
Qv = 18 m3/hr
ω0 = 0.01145 kg of water/kg of dry air
ωi = 0.0098 kg of water/kg of dry air
37

Then;
Qven_lat = 0.87* 4* 18 * (0.01145 – 0.0098) = 0.103 W.
Hence, Total heat gain due to ventilation by substituting equation (3.9)
Qven = 529.2 + 0.103 = 529.30 W .
3.10.2 Cooling load due to occupants:-

Human beings release both sensible heat, and latent heat, to the
conditioned space when they stay in it. The heat gain, due to occupants;
has both sensible and latent components thus,
sensible load is
Qsens_occ = Qsens_person. Nocc (3.12)[3]
While, latent load is
Qlat_occ = Qlat_person. Nocc (3.13)[3]
Hence, the total load due to occupants is
Qocc = Qsens_occ + Qlat_occ (3.14)
Where,
Qsens_occ= Total sensible cooling load, due to occupants
Qsens_person = Sensible cooling load per person
Qlat_occ = Total latent cooling load, due to occupants
Qlat_person = Latent cooling load per person
NOcc = Number of occupants in the vehicle
Qocc = Net cooling load, due to occupants
38

Notes, This load has negligible seasonal variations, as the indoor design
condition is usually fixed to according to[3].
3.10.2.1 Sensible Heat gain from People:-
Qsens_person= 65
Nocc= 4 people
By substitution in Equation (3.12);
Qsens_occ= 65*4 = 260 W
3.10.2.2 Latent Heat gain from People:-
Qlat_person= 30
Nocc= 4 people
By substitution in Equation (3.13);
Qlat_occ= 30*4 = 120 W
Hence, the total load due to occupants, by substitution in equation

(3.14) is
Qocc = 260 + 120 = 380 W .
3.11 Summary:-
3.11.1 Total heat gain of the car:-

After analyzing the calculated results of the total Heat gain of the car
when a vehicle is parked/moved in East-West direction, it is found that
the max Cooling load is
Cooling load Cooling load

(W) (Tons )
3271.33 0.9302
39

Also, Total cooling load is shown in Tables (3.7),(3.8), and (3.9) for
the months of April, May, and June, respectively.
3.11.2 Total heat gain by glass, by solar radiation (No shading):-
Total heat gain by glass by solar radiation = 1981.03 W
Then;
heat gain by glass by solar radiation

heat gain he
1981.03
= 60.56% .
3271.33
3.11.3 The glass shading (30%):
SC = (Side and Rear Door= 0.70) ,(Windshield= 0.65);
3.11.3.1 Heat gain from direct solar radiation:-
a. East direction(Windshield glass):
By substitution, in equation (3.7);
- 0.5 Area Windshield glass by shading
Qdir = 0.55*0.65*0.8*746 = 213.36 W
- 0.5 Area Windshield glass No shading
Qdir = 0.55*0.95*0.8*746 = 311.83 W
b. North direction(side window glass):
By substitution, in equation (3.7)
Qdir = 0.49 *0.70*0.8*746 = 204.70 W
c. West direction(Rear door glass):
40

Qdir = 0.72*0.70*0.8*746 = 300.79 W
d. South direction(side window glass):

Qdir = 0.49 *0.70*0.8*744 = 204.70 W
Then,
Total heat gain Qdir = 1235.38 W.
Likewise ,
Cooling Load by Radiation through the shaded glass (30%) for

month April shown in Table (A23). Also for month May Table (A24),
and Month June Table (A25) Appendix A.
3.11.3.2 Heat gain from diffused solar radiation:-
a. North direction(Windshield glass):
By substitution in equation (3.8)
- 0.5 Area Windshield glass (by shading);
Qdiff = 0.55*0.65*0.8*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 49.86 W
- 0.5 Area Windshield glass (No shading):
Qdiff = 0.55*0.95*0.8*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 72.87 W
b. East direction(side window glass):
Qdiff=0.49*0.7*0.8*186*(1 + cos(71))/2 = 33.83 W
41

c. South direction(Rear door glass):
Qdiff=0.72*0.7*0.8*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 70.29 W
d. West direction(side window glass):

Qdiff=0.49*0.7*0.8*186*(1 + cos(71))/2 = 33.83 W
Then,
Total heat gain Qdiff = 260.68 W.
Likewise,
Cooling Load by Diffused Solar Radiation, through shaded glass, is

(30%) for the months April, May, and June, as shown in Table (A26)
Appendix A.
Likewise,
Total Cooling Load by Radiation, through Shaded glass, is (30%)

for the months April, May, and June, as shown in Tables (A27), (A28),
and (A29), respectively (Appendix A).
Therefore,
Total heat gain by shaded glass, is (30%)= 1496.06 W.
Also, the total cooling load, when the shaded glass ratio is (30%), is
shown in Tables (3.10),(3.11), and (3.12), for months of April, May, and
June, respectively.
Then,
42

30%
1496.06
30% 30%
3271.33
= 45.73%
Reduced by percentage = 14.83%
3.11.4 The shaded glass (60%):
SC = (side and Rear door= 0.40) ,(Windshield= 0.35)
3.11.4.1. Heat gain from direct solar radiation:-
a. East direction(Windshield glass):

- 0.5 Area Windshield glass shading
Qdir = 0.55*0.35*0.8*746 = 114.88 W
- 0.5 Area Windshield glass (No shading)
Qdir = 0.55*0.95*0.8*744 = 311.83 W
b. North direction(side window glass):
Qdir = 0.49 *0.40*0.80*746 = 116.97 W
e. West direction(Rear door glass):
By substitution in equation (3.7) ;
Qdir = 0.72*0.40*0.80*744 = 171.88 W
f. South direction(side window glass):
43

Qdir = 0.49 *0.40*0.8*744 = 116.97 W
Total heat gain Qdir = 832.52 W
Likewise ,
Cooling Load by Radiation through the shaded glass at a ratio of

(60%) for the month of April, as is shown in Table (A30). Also, for the
month of May Table(A31), and the Month of June Table(A32) Appendix
A.
3.11.4.2 Heat gain from diffused solar radiation:-
a. North direction(Windshield glass):
- 0.5 Area of Windshield shaded glass ;
Qdiff = 0.55*0.35*0.80*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 26.85 W.
- 0.5 Area of Windshield glass (No shading);
Qdiff = 0.55*0.95*0.8*186.67*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 72.87 W.
b. East direction(side window glass):
Qdiff=0.49*0.40*0.80*186*(1 + cos(71))/2 = 19.33 W.
C. South direction(Rear door glass):
Qdiff=0.72*0.40*0.80*186*(1 + cos(29))/2 = 40.17 W.
d. West direction(side window glass):
44

Qdiff=0.49*0.40*0.80*186*(1 + cos(71))/2 = 19.33 W.
Then,
Total heat gain Qdiff=178.55 W.
Cooling Load by Diffused Solar Radiation, through glass shaded at a

ratio of (60%), for the months of April, May, and June, as is shown in
Table (A33) Appendix A.
Likewise ,
Total Cooling Load by Radiation, through glass, on the months of

April, May, and June, as is shown in Table (A34), Table(A35), and
Table(A36), respectively Appendix A.
Then,
Total heat gain when Glass shading is at a ratio of (60%) = 1011.07 W
Also, Total cooling load when the shading glass ratio, is (60%), as is
shown in Tables (3.13),(3.14), and (3.15), for the months of April, May,
and June, respectively.
Therefore,
60%
1011.07
60%
3271.33
= 30.91%.
Reduce by percentage = 29.65%

45

Table(3.7)Total Cooling Load for month April
Hr East West Front Rear Roof Floor Engine Glass(W) Ventn Occm Total
solid(W) solid(W) solid(W) solid(W) (W) (W) (W) contion Radiati (W) (W) (W)
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 15.49 41.12 61.43 70.70 62.22 529.3 380 1192.57
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 70.70 500.53 529.3 380 1634.65
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 16.27 41.12 61.43 83.58 1068.05 529.3 380 2213.85
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 97.17 1676.89 529.3 380 2837.07
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 23.39 41.12 61.43 110.78 1981.03 529.3 380 3161.29
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 33.66 41.12 61.43 131.24 2109.91 529.3 380 3321.31
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 45.54 41.12 61.43 144.85 2270.02 529.3 380 3507.19
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 58.2 41.12 61.43 165.30 2212.65 529.3 380 3485
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 69.26 41.12 61.43 172.05 1981.03 529.3 380 3271.33
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 78.74 41.12 61.43 178.90 1745.03 529.3 380 3050.14
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.16 41.12 61.43 178.90 1332.76 529.3 380 2644.57
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 88.29 41.12 61.43 172.05 667.32 529.3 380 1975.84
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 85.86 41.12 61.43 165.30 71.72 529.3 380 1371.45

Table(3.8)Total Cooling Load for month May
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 16.3 41.12 61.43 70.7 6.6 529.3 380 1137.76
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 70.7 303.06 529.3 380 1437.99
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 83.58 619.26 529.3 380 1765.85
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 97.17 1220.98 529.3 380 2381.97
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 24.18 41.12 61.43 110.78 1607.46 529.3 380 2788.51
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 34.48 41.12 61.43 131.24 1748.02 529.3 380 2960.24
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 46.35 41.12 61.43 144.85 1780.06 529.3 380 3018.04
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 59.01 41.12 61.43 165.3 1750.2 529.3 380 3023.36
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 70.07 41.12 61.43 172.05 1633.82 529.3 380 2924.93
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 79.55 41.12 61.43 178.9 1407.64 529.3 380 2713.56
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.95 41.12 61.43 178.9 722.48 529.3 380 2035.08
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 89.08 41.12 61.43 172.05 309.64 529.3 380 1618.95
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 86.67 41.12 61.43 165.3 17.58 529.3 380 1318.12

46

Table(3.9)Total Cooling Load for month June
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 16.3 41.12 61.43 70.7 10.98 529.3 380 1142.14
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 70.7 331.6 529.3 380 1466.53
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 83.58 790.56 529.3 380 1937.15
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 97.17 1093.62 529.3 380 2254.61
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 24.18 41.12 61.43 110.78 1460.34 529.3 380 2641.39
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 34.48 41.12 61.43 131.24 1686.54 529.3 380 2898.76
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 46.35 41.12 61.43 144.85 1752.42 529.3 380 2990.4
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 59.01 41.12 61.43 165.3 1737.04 529.3 380 3010.2
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 70.07 41.12 61.43 172.05 1666.76 529.3 380 2957.87
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 79.55 41.12 61.43 178.9 1374.7 529.3 380 2680.62
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.95 41.12 61.43 178.9 975.02 529.3 380 2287.62
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 89.08 41.12 61.43 172.05 538.02 529.3 380 1847.33
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 86.67 41.12 61.43 165.3 19.764 529.3 380 1320.304

47

Table(3.10)Total Cooling Load for month April when glass shading 30%
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 15.49 41.12 61.43 70.7 47.25 529.3 380 1177.6
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 70.7 378.61 529.3 380 1512.73
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 16.27 41.12 61.43 83.58 806.76 529.3 380 1952.56
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 97.17 1266.38 529.3 380 2426.56
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 23.39 41.12 61.43 110.78 1496.06 529.3 380 2676.32
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 33.66 41.12 61.43 131.24 1593.66 529.3 380 2805.06
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 45.54 41.12 61.43 144.85 1714.52 529.3 380 2951.69
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 58.2 41.12 61.43 165.3 1670.98 529.3 380 2943.33
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 69.26 41.12 61.43 172.05 1496.06 529.3 380 2786.36
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 78.74 41.12 61.43 178.9 1317.82 529.3 380 2622.93
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.16 41.12 61.43 178.9 1006.5 529.3 380 2318.31
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 88.29 41.12 61.43 172.05 503.95 529.3 380 1812.47
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 85.86 41.12 61.43 165.3 54.39 529.3 380 1354.12

48

Table(3.11)Total Cooling Load for month May when glass shading
30%
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 16.3 41.12 61.43 70.7 47.66 529.3 380 1178.82
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 70.7 381.43 529.3 380 1516.36
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 83.58 795.07 529.3 380 1941.66
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 97.17 1212.75 529.3 380 2373.74
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 24.18 41.12 61.43 110.78 1463.4 529.3 380 2644.45
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 34.48 41.12 61.43 131.24 1590.03 529.3 380 2802.25
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 46.35 41.12 61.43 144.85 1697.99 529.3 380 2935.97
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 59.01 41.12 61.43 165.3 1654.04 529.3 380 2927.2
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 70.07 41.12 61.43 172.05 1501.3 529.3 380 2792.41
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 79.55 41.12 61.43 178.9 1305.32 529.3 380 2611.24
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.95 41.12 61.43 178.9 983.11 529.3 380 2295.71
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 89.08 41.12 61.43 172.05 501.53 529.3 380 1810.84
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 86.67 41.12 61.43 165.3 53.99 529.3 380 1354.53

49

Table(3.12)Total Cooling Load for month June when glass shading 30%
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 16.3 41.12 61.43 70.7 88.29 529.3 380 1219.45
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 70.7 521.59 529.3 380 1656.52
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 83.58 957.66 529.3 380 2104.25
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.87 41.12 61.43 97.17 1434.18 529.3 380 2595.17
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 24.18 41.12 61.43 110.78 1724.08 529.3 380 2905.13
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 34.48 41.12 61.43 131.24 1896.97 529.3 380 3109.19
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 46.35 41.12 61.43 144.85 2023.14 529.3 380 3261.12
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 59.01 41.12 61.43 165.3 1945.56 529.3 380 3218.72
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 70.07 41.12 61.43 172.05 1761.98 529.3 380 3053.09
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 79.55 41.12 61.43 178.9 1535.15 529.3 380 2841.07
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.95 41.12 61.43 178.9 1158.29 529.3 380 2470.89
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 89.08 41.12 61.43 172.05 589.83 529.3 380 1899.14
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 86.67 41.12 61.43 165.3 91.83 529.3 380 1392.37

50

Table(3.13)Total Cooling Load for month April when glass shading 60%
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 15.49 41.12 61.43 70.7 32.3 529.3 380 1162.65
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 70.7 256.7 529.3 380 1390.82
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 16.27 41.12 61.43 83.58 545.5 529.3 380 1691.3
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 17.06 41.12 61.43 97.17 855.86 529.3 380 2016.04
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 23.39 41.12 61.43 110.78 1011.08 529.3 380 2191.34
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 33.66 41.12 61.43 131.24 1077.35 529.3 380 2288.75
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 45.54 41.12 61.43 144.85 1159.05 529.3 380 2396.22
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 58.2 41.12 61.43 165.3 1129.28 529.3 380 2401.63
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 69.26 41.12 61.43 172.05 1011.08 529.3 380 2301.38
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 78.74 41.12 61.43 178.9 890.64 529.3 380 2195.75
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 85.16 41.12 61.43 178.9 680.21 529.3 380 1992.02
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 88.29 41.12 61.43 172.05 340.6 529.3 380 1649.12
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 85.86 41.12 61.43 165.3 37.09 529.3 380 1336.82

51

Table(3.14)Total Cooling Load for month May when glass shading 60%
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 7.44 41.12 61.43 70.7 31.17 529.3 380 1153.47
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 8.16 41.12 61.43 70.7 250 529.3 380 1375.22
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 7.79 41.12 61.43 83.58 426.08 529.3 380 1563.4
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 8.16 41.12 61.43 97.17 772.16 529.3 380 1923.44
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 11.04 41.12 61.43 110.78 995.47 529.3 380 2163.38
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 15.74 41.12 61.43 131.24 1098.55 529.3 380 2292.03
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 21.16 41.12 61.43 144.85 1127.77 529.3 380 2340.56
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 26.94 41.12 61.43 165.3 1089.13 529.3 380 2330.22
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 31.99 41.12 61.43 172.05 1008.86 529.3 380 2261.89
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 36.32 41.12 61.43 178.9 872.78 529.3 380 2135.47
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 39.24 41.12 61.43 178.9 487.15 529.3 380 1753.04
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 40.67 41.12 61.43 172.05 217.84 529.3 380 1478.74
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 39.57 41.12 61.43 165.3 34.84 529.3 380 1288.28

52

Table(3.15)Total Cooling Load for month June when glass shading 60%
6 5.88 3.95 20.48 2.00 7.44 41.12 61.43 70.7 33.4 529.3 380 1155.7
7 5.74 6.29 20.48 2.00 8.16 41.12 61.43 70.7 264.51 529.3 380 1389.73
8 5.6 6.02 20.48 2.00 7.79 41.12 61.43 83.58 513.12 529.3 380 1650.44
9 5.74 5.88 20.48 2.00 8.16 41.12 61.43 97.17 707.44 529.3 380 1858.72
10 6.02 5.74 20.48 2.00 11.04 41.12 61.43 110.78 920.69 529.3 380 2088.6
11 6.43 5.74 20.48 2.00 15.74 41.12 61.43 131.24 1067.3 529.3 380 2260.78
12 6.71 5.74 20.48 2.00 21.16 41.12 61.43 144.85 1113.28 529.3 380 2326.07
13 6.98 7.54 20.48 2.00 26.94 41.12 61.43 165.3 1082.43 529.3 380 2323.52
14 7.12 7.54 20.48 2.00 31.99 41.12 61.43 172.05 1025.59 529.3 380 2278.62
15 7.26 5.88 20.48 2.00 36.32 41.12 61.43 178.9 856.04 529.3 380 2118.73
16 7.26 6.16 20.48 2.00 39.24 41.12 61.43 178.9 615.49 529.3 380 1881.38
17 7.4 6.45 20.48 2.00 40.67 41.12 61.43 172.05 333.91 529.3 380 1594.81
18 7.4 6.84 20.48 2.00 39.57 41.12 61.43 165.3 35.97 529.3 380 1289.41

53

Chapter 4
Result and Discussion
4.1 Result :-
Solar Radiation and Glazing: Transmittance, Reflectance, and

Absorption of Solar radiation may be, one of the most substantial factors,
which affect, the cooling load inside a motor vehicle.
Solar heat loads; are especially an important part of load calculation;

because they represent a large percentage of heat gain, through windows.
A significant reduction in solar load, can be achieved by reducing

the solar transmittance by the windows.
Heat buildup, can also be reduced significantly, through ventilation

and/or infiltration of outside air. This prevents the interior surfaces from
overheating and re-radiating of the air.
Through combined improved glazing and ventilation, the required

air conditioner capacity to achieve comfort during cool-down, can be
reduced.
(The cooling load calculation, is shown in Chapter(3)).
4.2 Discussion :-
This section, mainly reviews the results mentioned in section (4.1);

as is shown in (Chapter (3) Tables (3.7), (3.8), and (3.9)) for the months
of April, May, and June, respectively and Appendix (A).
The cooling load for the solid walls, roof, engine, ventilation, and
glass for the passenger car are discussed; and it is clear that the glass
gave the maximum cooling which is approximately (2153.08)W, by the
ratio of 66% as is shown (fig (4.1)); where the cooling load for windshed
54

glass gave the maximum cooling, which is approximately (849.72) W, by
a ratio of 26%, Rear window is approximately (584.71) W, by a ratio of
18%, and side window is approximately(377.9) W, by a ratio of 12%; as
is shown (fig (4.2)).
Direct Solar Radiation Transmission is, from the sun's energy, which
passes directly to the vehicle interior; approximately at a ratio of 60.56%;
of the load on the air conditioner. This is due to solar heating, through the
glass areas, when the car is under direct sunlight, by total Cooling load;
as is shown in (fig(4.3)).
Also, the cooling load for ventilation, is affected by high percentage;

is approximately 16%, as is shown in (fig(4.1)).
4.2.1 Shading Glass :-
The effects of shaded glass, by the ratio of 30%, reduces the average
temperature. Moreover, applying the shading to all windows (as opposed
to just half area of the windshield), as is shown in (fig (4.4)), gives the
same result. As is shown in Chapter (3) Tables (3.10), (3.11), and (3.12),
for the months of April, May, and June, respectively shading glass at a
ratio of 30%, reduced cooling load from 60.56% to 45.73%, which gained
a ratio of 14.83%, from the cooling load, as is shown in (fig(4.4)).
Tables (3.13), (3.14),and (3.15) for the months of April, May, and
June respectively, (Chapter (3)) gives the total cooling load, when shaded
glass a ratio of 60%, Reduced cooling load, through the glass, from
60.56% to 30.91%, gives a gained of 29.65% of cooling load, as is shown
in (fig(4.4)).
55

Contion Engine
4% 2%
Occmant
12%
Ventlation
16%
Glass
66%
Fig(4.1) Cooling load at 14 O'clock for the months of April (No shaded
glass)
Total Cooling load through Glass
Side window
21%
windshed
47%
Rere window
32%
Fig (4.2) Cooling load at 14 O'clock through the Windshed, Rear

window, and side windows.
56

Total cooling
load Direct solar
39% Radiation coolin
load
61%
Fig (4.3) The cooling load, at 14 O'clock direct solar radiation cooling;
load through glass; and total cooling load, for the month of April (No
shaded glass).
2500
coolin load
2000
1500
No shaded glass
30%shaded glass
1000
60%shaded glass
500
0
0 5 10 15 20
time Hr
Fig (4.4) Direct solar radiation cooling load, through glass; and the total
cooling load, for the month of April (No shaded glass, shaded 30%, and
shaded 60%).

57

Chapter 5
Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusion:-
A variety of avenues are used in efforts to improve vehicle

efficiency; and fuel economy by controlling the climate in a vehicle,
while keeping passengers comfortable. Because climatic control loads,
can significantly impact the fuel economy, it is important to closely, to
develop techniques for reduce auxiliary loads; such as, climatic control,
in the vehicles.
This research had shown that certain technologies, can significantly

reduce thermal loads; and thus, increase passengers comfort and fuel
consumption.
Some methods for reducing cooling thermal loads, can include the
following :
a. shading glass
b. Minimizing conduction into the cabin, through body insulation
c. Rejecting heat to the outside of the vehicle, using active or passive
ventilation of the vehicle's cabin; while the vehicle is parked in the sun .
One of the top challenges, is to meet fuels savings goals while keeping
initial and operating costs at reasonable levels. Another challenge is to
achieve greater a reduced load, the vehicle must be able to warm or cool
its occupants as efficiently as possible .
Using shaded glass is an effective techniques, for reducing the solar

energy entering the passenger compartment. Using (shaded glass, 30%),
reduced cooling load from direct solar radiation, by a ratio of 19%, also
58

when shading glass ratio is 60%, it was found that there is reduced
cooling load, by a ratio of 29%.
5.2. Recommendations:
To significantly reduce fuel consumption and increase passengers

comfort in the A/C systems, therefore, it is recommend that the following
the steps, should be followed:
1. The shaded of the glass by a ratio of 30% improves the efficiency of air
conditioning , the engine performance, increases passenger comfort,
reduces the quantity of fuel consumption and does not affect the eye sight
of the driver at night.
2. Incorporate the most efficient A/C components available.
3. Increase the use of re-circulated air, to the maximum extent possible,

considering air quality, dehumidification, and safety issues; while
avoiding condensation on windows.
4. Eliminate the over cooling and subsequent reheating of air, that occur
then, to achieve the desired temperature in vehicles.
59

References
1. Vehicle Ancillary Load Reduction Project Close‐Out Report An
Overview of the Task and a Compilation of the Research Results.
(J.Rugh and R. Farrington – January 2008)
http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/ancillary_loads/pdfs/42454
.pdf
2. Impact of Vehicle Air‐Conditioning on Fuel Economy, Tailpipe
Emissions, and Electric Vehicle Range. (J.Rugh and R. Farrington
– September 2000) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy00osti/28960.pdf
3. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center (ACRC)
(T. Malik and C.W. Bullard ‐ June 2004)
http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/12321/TR2
30.pdf?sequence=2.
4. ASHREA Handbook Fundamental(1981 – 1997).
5. (Eltigani Ahmed Elmustfa), (March 2003) "Determination of

outdoor conditions for air‐ conditioning system design in sudan
(Khartoum case study)",(University of Khartoum), (M.SC in Mechanical
Engineering).
6. http://www.osti.govbridgepurl.cover.jsppurl=10146054‐
OWZ2JXnative
7. (Elamin Ahmed Osman Elhaj), (March 1996) " Simulation of solar
cooled Bulidings in Khartoum ",(University of Khartoum), (M.SC in
Mechanical Engineering).
60

8. (Ishag Suleiman Haggar), (July 1998) " Design of solar Heating
system for Indoor cooking ",(University of Khartoum), (M.SC in
Mechanical Engineering).
9. Parameters and Models of the Vehicle Thermal Comfort .
(Radu MUSAT1, Elena HELEREA1)
http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta‐emeng/C1/emeng1‐19.pdf
10. http:// en.wikipidia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning
11. Manual GIAD Accent 2008
61

Appendix A
Table (A1) showing CLTD values for all direction
Direction N E S W Roof
Hr
6 6.11 9.44 8.33 1.67 -3.33
7 5.56 8.89 7.78 11.11 -2.22
8 5.56 8.33 7.22 10 -2.78
9 5.56 8.89 6.67 9.44 -2.22
10 5.56 10.00 6.67 8.89 2.22
11 5.56 11.67 6.67 8.89 9.44
12 5.56 12.78 6.67 8.89 17.78
13 5.56 13.89 7.78 16.11 26.67
14 6.11 14.44 8.33 16.11 34.44
15 6.67 15.00 9.44 9.44 41.1
16 7.22 15.00 10.56 10.56 45.6
17 7.78 15.56 11.67 11.67 47.8
18 8.33 15.56 12.22 13.33 46.1
Table (A2) CLTDcorrect for month Aprl/Aug
Hr
6 12.49 15.37 15.01 10.32 7.07
7 12.13 15.01 14.66 16.46 7.79
8 12.13 14.65 14.29 15.74 7.43
9 12.13 15.01 13.94 15.37 7.79
10 12.13 15.74 13.94 15.01 10.68
11 12.13 16.82 13.94 15.01 15.37
12 12.13 17.54 13.94 15.01 20.79
13 12.13 18.26 14.66 19.71 26.57
14 12.49 18.62 15.01 19.71 31.62
15 12.85 18.99 15.74 15.37 35.95
16 13.21 18.99 16.46 16.10 38.88
17 13.57 19.35 17.19 16.88 40.31
18 13.93 19.35 17.54 17.90 39.20
62

Table (A3) CLTDcorrect for month May/July
Hr
6 13.21 15.37 12.85 10.32 7.44
7 12.85 15.02 12.49 16.46 8.16
8 12.85 14.65 12.13 15.74 7.79
9 12.85 15.02 11.77 15.37 8.16
10 12.85 15.74 11.77 15.02 11.04
11 12.85 16.82 11.77 15.02 15.74
12 12.85 17.54 11.77 15.02 21.16
13 12.85 18.27 12.49 19.71 26.94
14 13.21 18.62 12.85 19.71 31.99
15 13.57 18.99 13.57 15.37 36.32
16 13.93 18.99 14.3 16.10 39.24
17 14.29 19.35 15.02 16.82 40.67
18 14.65 19.35 15.38 17.90 39.57
Table (A4) CLTDcorrect for month June
Hr
6 15.01 15.37 12.49 10.32 7.44
7 14.66 15.02 12.13 16.46 8.16
8 14.66 14.65 11.76 15.74 7.79
9 14.66 15.02 11.41 15.37 8.16
10 14.66 15.74 11.41 15.02 11.04
11 14.66 16.82 11.41 15.02 15.74
12 14.66 17.54 11.41 15.02 21.16
13 14.66 18.27 12.13 19.71 26.94
14 15.01 18.62 12.49 19.71 31.99
15 15.38 18.99 13.21 15.37 36.32
16 15.74 18.99 13.94 16.10 39.24
17 16.1 19.35 14.66 16.82 40.67
18 16.46 19.35 15.01 17.90 39.57
63

Table (A5) Heat gain through solid wall on month of April/Aug. When a
vehicle is parked/moved in North-South direction
Direction Front Rear E W Roof

Solid solid
Hr
6 20.48 2.0 5.88 3.95 15.49
7 20.48 2.0 5.74 6.29 17.06
8 20.48 2.0 5.60 6.02 16.27
9 20.48 2.0 5.74 5.88 17.06
10 20.48 2.0 6.02 5.74 23.39
11 20.48 2.0 6.43 5.74 33.66
12 20.48 2.0 6.71 5.74 45.54
13 20.48 2.0 6.98 7.54 58.20
14 20.48 2.0 7.12 7.53 69.26
15 20.48 2.0 7.26 5.88 78.74
16 20.48 2.0 7.26 6.16 85.16
17 20.48 2.0 7.40 6.45 88.29
18 20.48 2.0 7.40 6.84 85.86
Table (A6) Heat gain through solid wall on month of May/July. when the

Solid solid
Hr
6 20.48 2.0 5.88 3.95 16.30
7 20.48 2.0 5.74 6.29 17.87
8 20.48 2.0 5.60 6.02 17.06
9 20.48 2.0 5.74 5.88 17.87
10 20.48 2.0 6.02 5.74 24.18
11 20.48 2.0 6.43 5.74 34.48
12 20.48 2.0 6.71 5.74 46.35
13 20.48 2.0 6.99 7.54 59.01
14 20.48 2.0 7.12 7.54 70.07
15 20.48 2.0 7.26 5.88 79.55
16 20.48 2.0 7.26 6.16 85.95
17 20.48 2.0 7.40 6.43 89.08
18 20.48 2.0 7.40 6.84 86.67
64

Table (A7) Heat gain through solid wall on month of June. when the

solid Solid
Hr
6 20.48 2.0 5.88 3.95 16.30
7 20.48 2.0 5.74 6.29 17.87
8 20.48 2.0 5.60 6.02 17.06
9 20.48 2.0 5.74 5.88 17.87
10 20.48 2.0 6.02 5.74 24.18
11 20.48 2.0 6.43 5.74 34.48
12 20.48 2.0 6.71 5.74 46.35
13 20.48 2.0 6.99 7.54 59.01
14 20.48 2.0 7.12 7.54 70.07
15 20.48 2.0 7.26 5.88 79.55
16 20.48 2.0 7.26 6.16 85.95
17 20.48 2.0 7.40 6.43 89.08
18 20.48 2.0 7.40 6.84 86.67
Table(A8) values of CLTD through glass for all months of the year
Hour CLTD Hour CLTD

1 -2.22 13 3.89
2 -2.78 14 4.44
3 -3.33 15 5.00
4 -3.89 16 5.00
5 -3.89 17 4.44
6 -3.89 18 3.89
7 -3.89 19 2.78
8 -2.78 20 1.67
9 -1.67 21 0.56
10 -0.56 22 0.56
11 1.11 23 -1.11
12 2.22 24 -1.67
65

Table (A9) vales of CLTDcorrected through glass for all months of the year
Hour CLTDcorrec
6 5.77
7 5.77
8 6.82
9 7.93
10 9.04
11 10.71
12 11.82
13 13.49
14 14.04
15 14.6
16 14.6
17 14.04
18 13.49
Table(A10) heat gain through Glass by Conduction
Hour Windshed glass Front,Rear door Rear window Total

Glass(tow side) glass (W)
6 33.00 15.27 22.43 70.70
7 33.00 15.27 22.43 70.70
8 39.01 18.05 26.52 83.58
9 45.36 20.98 30.83 97.17
10 51.71 23.92 35.15 110.78
11 61.26 28.34 41.64 131.24
12 67.61 31.28 45.96 144.85
13 77.16 35.69 52.45 165.30
14 80.31 37.15 54.59 172.05
15 83.51 38.63 56.76 178.90
16 83.51 38.63 56.76 178.90
17 80.31 37.15 54.59 172.05
18 77.16 35.69 52.45 165.30
66

Table(A11) direct normal solar Radiation flux W/m2, for months April,
May, and June
Month April May June
Hr
6 4 3 5
7 144 138 151
8 389 282 360
9 631 556 498
10 746 732 665
11 777 796 768
12 839 811 798
13 833 797 791
14 746 744 759
15 657 641 626
16 502 329 444
17 251 141 245
18 10 8 9
Table(12) horizontal diffuse solar flux W/m2, for months April, May, and
June.
Month Apr,Ma,Jun
Hr
6 29
7 100
8 116
9 158
10 186
11 219
12 232
13 208
14 186
15 164
16 125
17 63
18 27
67

Table (A13) Total Heat gain through solar Radiation on month of April.
when the vehicle is parked/moved in North-South direction
Direction Windshed Side Rear Side Total solar

glass window window window (W)
Hr glass glass glass
6 3.34 1.57 2.30 1.57 8.78
7 120.38 56.45 82.94 56.45 316.22
8 325.20 152.49 224.06 152.49 854.24
9 527.52 247.35 363.46 247.35 1385.68
10 623.66 292.43 429.70 292.43 1638.22
11 649.57 304.58 447.55 304.58 1706.28
12 701.40 328.89 483.26 328.89 1842.44
13 696.39 326.54 479.81 326.54 1829.28
14 623.66 292.43 429.70 292.43 1638.22
15 549.25 257.54 378.43 257.54 1442.76
16 419.67 196.78 289.15 196.78 1102.38
17 209.84 98.39 144.58 98.39 551.2
18 8.36 3.92 5.76 3.92 21.96
Table (A14) Total Heat gain through solar Radiation on month of May.
Direction Windshed Side Rear Side Total solar

glass window window window (W)
Hr glass glass glass
6 2.51 1.18 1.73 1.18 6.6
7 115.37 54.10 79.49 54.10 303.06
8 235.75 110.54 162.43 110.54 619.26
9 464.82 217.95 320.26 217.95 1220.98
10 611.95 286.94 421.63 286.94 1607.46
11 665.46 312.03 458.50 312.03 1748.02
12 677.10 317.91 467.14 317.91 1780.06
13 666.29 312.42 459.07 312.42 1750.2
14 621.98 291.65 428.54 291.65 1633.82
15 535.88 251.27 369.22 251.27 1407.64
16 275.04 128.97 189.50 128.97 722.48
17 117.88 55.27 81.22 55.27 309.64
18 6.69 3.14 4.61 3.14 17.58
68

Table (A15) Total Heat gain through solar Radiation on month of June.
Direction Windshed Side Rear Side Total

glass window window window solar
Hr glass glass glass (W)
6 4.18 1.96 2.88 1.96 10.98
7 126.24 59.19 86.98 59.19 331.6
8 300.96 141.12 207.36 141.12 790.56
9 416.33 195.22 286.85 195.22 1093.62
10 555.94 260.68 383.04 260.68 1460.34
11 642.05 301.06 442.37 301.06 1686.54
12 667.13 312.82 459.65 312.82 1752.42
13 661.28 310.07 455.62 310.07 1737.04
14 634.52 297.53 437.18 297.53 1666.76
15 523.34 245.39 360.58 245.39 1374.7
16 371.18 174.05 255.74 174.05 975.02
17 204.82 96.04 141.12 96.04 538.02
18 7.524 3.53 5.18 3.53 19.764
Table (A16) Total Heat gain through solar diffuse on month of April,
May, and June. when the vehicle is parked/moved in North-South
direction

6 22.72 7.53 15.66 7.53 53.44
7 78.36 25.98 53.99 25.98 184.31
8 90.90 30.14 62.63 30.14 213.81
9 123.81 41.05 85.30 41.05 291.21
10 145.75 48.32 100.42 48.32 342.81
11 171.60 56.90 118.23 56.90 403.63
12 181.79 60.27 125.25 60.27 427.58
13 162.99 54.04 112.30 54.04 383.37
14 145.75 48.32 100.42 48.32 342.81
15 128.51 42.61 88.54 42.61 302.27
16 97.95 32.47 67.49 32.47 230.38
17 49.37 16.37 34.01 16.37 116.12
18 21.16 7.01 14.58 7.01 49.76
69

Table(17) Total Cooling Load by Solar Radiation through glass on month
April
Q(W) Qsolar_dir Qsolar_diff Qsolar_Radiatio
Hr
6 53.44 8.78 62.22
7 184.31 316.22 500.53
8 213.81 854.24 1068.05
9 291.21 1385.68 1676.89
10 342.81 1638.22 1981.03
11 403.63 1706.28 2109.91
12 427.58 1842.44 2270.02
13 383.37 1829.28 2212.65
14 342.81 1638.22 1981.03
15 302.27 1442.76 1745.03
16 230.38 1102.38 1332.76
17 116.12 551.2 667.32
18 49.76 21.96 71.72

May
Hr
6 53.44 6.6 60.04
7 184.31 303.06 487.37
8 213.81 619.26 833.07
9 291.21 1220.98 1512.19
10 342.81 1607.46 1950.27
11 403.63 1748.02 2151.65
12 427.58 1780.06 2207.64
13 383.37 1750.2 2133.57
14 342.81 1633.82 1976.63
15 302.27 1407.64 1709.91
16 230.38 722.48 952.86
17 116.12 309.64 425.76
18 49.76 17.58 67.34
70

June
Hr
6 53.44 10.98 64.42
7 184.31 331.6 515.91
8 213.81 790.56 1004.37
9 291.21 1093.62 1384.83
10 342.81 1460.34 1803.15
11 403.63 1686.54 2090.17
12 427.58 1752.42 2180
13 383.37 1737.04 2120.41
14 342.81 1666.76 2009.57
15 302.27 1374.7 1676.97
16 230.38 975.02 1205.4
17 116.12 538.02 654.14
18 49.76 19.764 69.524
Table(20) Total Cooling Load by Solar through glass on month April
Q(W) Qsolar_concto Qsolar_Radiatio Qsolar_Total
Hr
6 70.70 62.22 132.92
7 70.70 500.53 571.23
8 83.58 1068.05 1151.63
9 97.17 1676.89 1774.06
10 110.78 1981.03 2091.81
11 131.24 2109.91 2241.15
12 144.85 2270.02 2414.87
13 165.30 2212.65 2377.95
14 172.05 1981.03 2153.08
15 178.90 1745.03 1923.93
16 178.90 1332.76 1511.66
17 172.05 667.32 839.37
18 165.30 71.72 237.02
71

Table(21) Total Cooling Load by Solar through glass on month May
Q(W) Qsolar_conctio Qsolar_Radiatio Qsolar_Total
Hr
6 70.70 60.04 130.74
7 70.70 487.37 558.07
8 83.58 833.07 916.65
9 97.17 1512.19 1609.36
10 110.78 1950.27 2061.05
11 131.24 2151.65 2282.89
12 144.85 2207.64 2352.49
13 165.30 2133.57 2298.87
14 172.05 1976.63 2148.68
15 178.90 1709.91 1888.81
16 178.90 952.86 1131.76
17 172.05 425.76 597.81
18 165.30 67.34 232.64
Table(22) Total Cooling Load by Solar through glass on month June
Q(W) Qconction Qsolar_Radiati Qsolar_Total
Hr
6 70.70 64.42 135.12
7 70.70 515.91 586.61
8 83.58 1004.37 1087.95
9 97.17 1384.83 1482
10 110.78 1803.15 1913.93
11 131.24 2090.17 2221.41
12 144.85 2180 2324.85
13 165.30 2120.41 2285.71
14 172.05 2009.57 2181.62
15 178.90 1676.97 1855.87
16 178.90 1205.4 1384.3
17 172.05 654.14 826.19
18 165.30 69.524 234.824
72

Table (A23) Total Heat gain through solar Shading 30% for month of
April.

6 2.81 1.10 1.61 1.10 6.62
7 101.37 39.51 58.06 39.51 238.45
8 273.85 106.74 156.84 106.74 644.17
9 444.23 173.15 254.42 173.15 1044.95
10 525.19 204.70 300.79 204.70 1235.38
11 547.01 213.21 313.29 213.21 1286.72
12 590.65 230.22 338.28 230.22 1389.37
13 586.43 228.58 335.87 228.58 1379.46
14 525.19 204.70 300.79 204.70 1235.38
15 462.53 180.28 264.90 180.28 1087.99
16 353.41 137.75 202.41 137.75 831.32
17 176.71 68.87 101.20 68.87 415.65
18 7.04 2.74 4.03 2.74 16.55
May.

6 2.11 0.82 1.21 0.82 6.22
7 97.15 37.87 55.64 37.87 236.03
8 198.53 77.38 113.70 77.38 601.03
9 391.43 152.57 224.18 152.57 1014.71
10 515.33 200.86 295.14 200.86 1229.73
11 560.39 218.42 320.95 218.42 1294.38
12 570.95 222.54 327.00 222.54 1378.09
13 561.09 218.70 321.35 218.70 1364.94
14 523.77 204.15 299.98 204.15 1234.57
15 451.27 175.89 258.45 175.89 1081.54
16 231.61 90.28 132.65 90.28 761.56
17 99.27 38.69 56.85 38.69 371.3
18 5.63 2.20 3.23 2.20 15.75
73

June.

6 3.52 1.37 2.02 1.37 7.03
7 106.31 41.43 60.88 41.43 241.27
8 253.44 98.78 145.15 98.78 632.48
9 350.59 136.65 200.79 136.65 991.32
10 468.16 182.48 268.13 182.48 1202.72
11 540.67 210.74 309.66 210.74 1283.09
12 561.79 218.97 321.75 218.97 1372.84
13 556.87 217.05 318.93 217.05 1362.52
14 534.33 208.27 306.03 208.27 1240.62
15 440.71 171.77 252.40 171.77 1075.49
16 312.57 121.83 179.02 121.83 807.93
17 172.48 67.23 98.78 67.23 413.23
18 6.33 2.47 3.63 2.47 16.15
Table (A26) Total Heat gain from solar diffuse through solar Shading
30% for month of April, May, and June.

6 19.13 5.27 10.96 5.27 35.36
7 65.99 18.19 37.79 18.19 121.97
8 76.55 21.10 43.84 21.10 141.49
9 104.26 28.73 59.71 28.73 192.7
10 122.73 33.83 70.29 33.83 226.85
11 144.51 39.83 82.77 39.83 267.11
12 153.09 42.19 87.68 42.19 282.96
13 137.25 37.83 78.61 37.83 253.69
14 122.73 33.83 70.29 33.83 226.85
15 108.21 29.82 61.98 29.82 200.01
16 82.48 22.73 47.24 22.73 152.45
17 41.57 11.46 23.81 11.46 76.84
18 17.82 4.91 10.20 4.91 32.93
74

Table(27) Total Cooling Load by Solar Shading 30% through glass for
month April
Q(W) Qsolar_dir Qsolar_diff Qsolar_Total
Hr
6 6.62 40.63 47.25
7 238.45 140.16 378.61
8 644.17 162.59 806.76
9 1044.95 221.43 1266.38
10 1235.38 260.68 1496.06
11 1286.72 306.94 1593.66
12 1389.37 325.15 1714.52
13 1379.46 291.52 1670.98
14 1235.38 260.68 1496.06
15 1087.99 229.83 1317.82
16 831.32 175.18 1006.5
17 415.65 88.3 503.95
18 16.55 37.84 54.39
month May
Hr
6 7.03 40.63 47.66
7 241.27 140.16 381.43
8 632.48 162.59 795.07
9 991.32 221.43 1212.75
10 1202.72 260.68 1463.4
11 1283.09 306.94 1590.03
12 1372.84 325.15 1697.99
13 1362.52 291.52 1654.04
14 1240.62 260.68 1501.3
15 1075.49 229.83 1305.32
16 807.93 175.18 983.11
17 413.23 88.3 501.53
18 16.15 37.84 53.99
75

month June
Hr
6 47.66 40.63 88.29
7 381.43 140.16 521.59
8 795.07 162.59 957.66
9 1212.75 221.43 1434.18
10 1463.4 260.68 1724.08
11 1590.03 306.94 1896.97
12 1697.99 325.15 2023.14
13 1654.04 291.52 1945.56
14 1501.3 260.68 1761.98
15 1305.32 229.83 1535.15
16 983.11 175.18 1158.29
17 501.53 88.3 589.83
18 53.99 37.84 91.83
April.

6 2.29 0.63 0.92 0.63 4.47
7 82.37 22.58 33.18 22.58 160.71
8 222.51 61.00 89.63 61.00 434.14
9 360.93 98.94 145.38 98.94 704.19
10 426.71 116.97 171.88 116.97 832.53
11 444.45 121.83 179.02 121.83 867.13
12 479.91 131.56 193.31 131.56 936.34
13 476.47 130.61 191.92 130.61 929.61
14 426.71 116.97 171.88 116.97 832.53
15 375.81 103.02 151.37 103.02 733.22
16 287.15 78.71 115.66 78.71 560.23
17 143.57 39.36 57.83 39.36 280.12
18 5.72 1.57 2.30 1.57 11.16
76

May.

6 1.71 0.47 0.69 0.47 3.34
7 78.93 21.64 31.80 21.64 154.01
8 161.31 44.22 64.97 44.22 314.72
9 318.03 87.18 128.10 87.18 620.49
10 418.71 114.78 168.65 114.78 816.92
11 455.31 124.81 183.40 124.81 888.33
12 463.89 127.16 186.85 127.16 905.06
13 455.89 124.97 183.63 124.97 889.46
14 425.57 116.66 171.42 116.66 830.31
15 366.65 100.51 147.69 100.51 715.36
16 188.19 51.59 75.80 51.59 367.17
17 80.65 22.11 32.49 22.11 157.36
18 4.57 1.25 1.84 1.25 8.91
June.

6 2.86 0.78 1.15 0.78 5.57
7 86.37 23.68 34.79 23.68 168.52
8 205.92 56.45 82.94 56.45 401.76
9 284.85 78.09 114.74 78.09 555.77
10 380.38 104.27 153.22 104.27 742.14
11 439.29 120.42 176.95 120.42 857.08
12 456.45 125.13 183.86 125.13 890.57
13 452.45 124.03 182.25 124.03 882.76
14 434.15 119.01 174.87 119.01 847.04
15 358.07 98.16 144.23 98.16 698.62
16 253.97 69.62 102.30 69.62 495.51
17 140.14 38.42 56.45 38.42 273.43
18 5.15 1.41 2.07 1.41 10.04
77

Table (A33) Total Heat gain from solar diffuse through solar Shading
60% for month of April, May, and June.

6 15.55 3.01 6.26 3.01 27.83
7 53.61 10.39 21.60 10.39 95.99
8 62.19 12.06 25.05 12.06 111.36
9 84.71 16.42 34.12 16.42 151.67
10 99.72 19.33 40.17 19.33 178.55
11 117.41 22.76 47.29 22.76 210.22
12 124.39 24.11 50.10 24.11 222.71
13 111.51 21.62 44.92 21.62 199.67
14 99.72 19.33 40.17 19.33 178.55
15 87.92 17.04 35.42 17.04 157.42
16 67.01 12.99 26.99 12.99 119.98
17 33.77 6.55 13.61 6.55 60.48
18 14.48 2.81 5.83 2.81 25.93
Table(A34) Total Cooling Load by Solar Shading 60% through glass for
month April
Hr
6 32.3 27.83 32.3
7 256.7 95.99 256.7
8 545.5 111.36 545.5
9 855.86 151.67 855.86
10 1011.08 178.55 1011.08
11 1077.35 210.22 1077.35
12 1159.05 222.71 1159.05
13 1129.28 199.67 1129.28
14 1011.08 178.55 1011.08
15 890.64 157.42 890.64
16 680.21 119.98 680.21
17 340.6 60.48 340.6
18 37.09 25.93 37.09
78

month May
Hr
6 3.34 27.83 31.17
7 154.01 95.99 250
8 314.72 111.36 426.08
9 620.49 151.67 772.16
10 816.92 178.55 995.47
11 888.33 210.22 1098.55
12 905.06 222.71 1127.77
13 889.46 199.67 1089.13
14 830.31 178.55 1008.86
15 715.36 157.42 872.78
16 367.17 119.98 487.15
17 157.36 60.48 217.84
18 8.91 25.93 34.84
month June
Hr
6 5.57 27.83 33.4
7 168.52 95.99 264.51
8 401.76 111.36 513.12
9 555.77 151.67 707.44
10 742.14 178.55 920.69
11 857.08 210.22 1067.3
12 890.57 222.71 1113.28
13 882.76 199.67 1082.43
14 847.04 178.55 1025.59
15 698.62 157.42 856.04
16 495.51 119.98 615.49
17 273.43 60.48 333.91
18 10.04 25.93 35.97
79

Appendix B
Table(B1) Fundamentals shows typical values of shading coefficients
Type of glass Thickness Shading Coefficient,

Mm SC
Single glass 3.2 1.0
Clear
Single glass 5 0.95
Clear
Table (B2) show Area of the Car solid body
Solid body Area

m2
Front door 0.96
Rear door 0.64
Side solid body 0.35
Front solid body 0.91
Rear solid body 0.84
Roof 1.49
Floor 3.15
Table (B2) show Area of the Glass
Glass Area(m2) Angle(degrees)

Windshield glass 1.10 29
Front door glass 0.22 71
Rear door glass 0.27 71
Rear window glass 0.72 29
80

Effect of Glass Shading On Cooling Load

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Effect of Glass Shading On Cooling Load

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‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

Effect of Glass Shading on Cooling Load in

A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Prepared by : Talal Elssir Abdalla Ahmed

I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the staff members of

Thanks are also for Khartoum University staff represented in the (

Great thanks and appreciation for Ministry of Higher Education and

Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my father,

My brothers & sisters

My all family & friends

To meet the objective of the research, a case study was conducted on a

A glass shading of 30% (the ratio allowed by Sudan Standards and

Table of Contents .....................................................................................V

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

1.2. Statement of the problem....................................................................2

1.3. Objective of the study….....................................................................2

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

2.1. Historical background of the air conditioning of the car.…...............3

2.2. Automotive air conditioning...............................................................4

2. 3. The comfort zone …………………..................................................4

2.4. Environmental parameters of the vehicle ..........................................5

2.5. A/C Fuel Use Analysis.....................................................................11

2.6. Thermal Load Calculation................................................................12

CHAPTER THREE: Cooing Load Calculation

3.2. Basic components of cooling load...................................................13

3.3. Method of cooling load calculation.................................................13

3.5.Calculating thermal conductivity …………………………..……..15

3.6.Overall thermal conductivity of Car body ……………..………….17

3.7. Heat gain through of the car body…………………………………22

3.8.Heat gain from the Engine……………………………..…….……28

3.9.Heat again Via Glass………………………………………….……29

3.10. Internal cooling load….………………………………………….37

CHAPTER FOUR: Result and Dissection

CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Conclusion. .....................................................................................62

The following is a list of symbols which are used in this work.

Q Net indoor conduction heat gain , W

A Area of solid wall, roof or floor, m2

LM Latitude/Month Correction Factor.

Ti Indoor space temperature.

TO Average outdoor temperature

Ro External thermal resistance of the solid wall constituent

Ri Internal thermal resistance of the solid wall constituent

Xi Solid body thickness(m)

Ki Thermal conductivity of materials (w/m.oC)

τglass The transmittance of car’s window at normal incidence

qdir Direct normal solar flux

qdiff Horizontal diffuse solar flux

S Angle (degrees) for Glass Car

ω Outside specific humidity, kg of water/kg of dry air

ω Inside specific humidity, kg of water/kg of dry air

Qsens_occ sensible cooling load due to occupants

Qsens_person Sensible cooling load per person

Qlat_occ latent cooling load due to occupants

Qlat_person Latent cooling load per person

NOcc Number of occupants in the vehicle

Qocc Net cooling load due to occupants

ISO International Organization for Standardization

AMC American Motors Corporation

Automotive air conditioning, is generally regarded as one of the

The automobile air conditioner must provide adequate comfortable

Generally, the car air conditioning systems, are designed to allow