Solution Manual For Heat and Mass Transfer 2nd Edition by Rolle

Heat and Mass Transfer
Solutions Manual
Second Edition
This solutions manual sets down the answers and solutions for the Discussion Questions, Class
Quiz Questions, and Practice Problems. There will likely be variations of answers to the
discussion questions as well as the class quiz questions. For the practice problems there will
likely be some divergence of solutions, depending on the interpretation of the processes,
material behaviors, and rigor in the mathematics. It is the author’s responsibility to provide
accurate and clear answers. If you find errors please let the author know of them at
rolle@uwplatt.edu.
Chapter 1
Discussion Questions
Section 1-3
1. What is meant by a system? By a body?

A volume in space having a boundary surface separating it from its
surroundings. A body is a system that typically has a mass and in the study of
mechanics, is subjected to external forces and body forces.
2. What is the importance of a boundary in heat and mass transfer?
A boundary is the surface across which heat, energy, and mass flow and is the
primary location for predicting these transfers.
3. What is the difference between a boundary and a surface?
A surface is a three dimensional geometric construct but which has no
thickness. A boundary is a surface but a surface may not necessarily be a
boundary.
4. What is meant by system properties?
These are the quantities that describe the action or reaction of a system to its
surroundings. Examples of properties are pressure, temperature, volume, mass,
and energy.
5. What is steady state?
Steady State is the situation when a system does not change with elapsing time.
6. What is a control volume?
A boundary containing a system and defining the system volume. A control
volume allows for mass to pass through the boundary in both ways.
7. What is heat transfer?
Heat transfer is rate at which heat or energy flows across a systems boundary.
1
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Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

8. What is meant by reversible heat transfer?
Reversible heat transfer is an approximation to allow for a predictable answer to
heat transfer. Rigorously, reversible heat transfer must only occur over a
differential temperature or differential temperature gradient and must proceed
over an infinitesimally small time interval so that it needs to be fast.
Section 1-4
9. What are the three modes of heat transfer?

The three modes are conduction, convection, and radiation.
10. What is significant about the temperature difference when considering radiation heat
transfer?
The temperature difference is a difference of temperature, each to the fourth
power.
11. What mode of heat transfer does not satisfy the thermodynamic definition of heat
transfer and why?
Convection heat transfer does not rigorously satisfy the thermodynamic
concept of heat or heat transfer because there is not a precise boundary across
which heat can flow and there is mass transfer mingled with the process.
Section 1-5
12. What are causes of diffusional mass transfer?

Diffusional mass transfer occurs due to a pressure difference or a pressure
gradient, due to a concentration or density difference or gradient, due to a
temperature difference or gradient, due to body forces on the mixture
components, due to forced or free convection currents, due to turbulent flow,
or due to phase change phenomena.
13. What is the difference between a concentration gradient and a density gradient?
Concentration is the number of moles in a prescribed volume while density is
the amount of mass in a prescribed volume. The gradients just reflect these two
definitions.
Class Quiz Questions
1. What is meant by an ideal or perfect gas?

A substance or material which behaves according to the equation =
2. What is meant by an incompressible material?
A material which does not change its volume when subjected to different
pressures or temperatures is called an incompressible material.
3. Define specific heat at constant volume.

Specific heat at constant volume, is =

2

4. Define specific heat at constant pressure.

Specific heat at constant pressure, , is =

5. What is the first law of thermodynamics for a system?
The first law of thermodynamics, in words, is heat minus work equals energy
change of the system.
6. What is flow work?
Flow work is the work done against a pressure when pushing a fluid, causing it
to move or flow. As an equation flow work is
7. What is thermal conductivity?
The defining equation for thermal conductivity is Fourier’s law of conduction;

, =

8. What is the convective heat transfer coefficient?
Newton’s law of heating or cooling is the defining equation for the convective
heat transfer coefficient ℎ; = ℎ |" − $ |
9. What is the relative humidity of air when it is at its dew point?
The relative humidity is 100 %.
Practice Problems
Section 1-3
1. Ten lbm of carbon dioxide gas are cooled from 1500F to 800F. The specific heat at
)*+ -./*0
constant volume is = 0.323 −
+ 1 where T is in Rankine degrees and is in
0
Btu/lbm· F. Determine the internal energy change for the cooling process.
Solution
The internal energy change for the cooling process is
T2 T2 540
 148 32045 
∆U = ∫ mcV dT = m ∫ cV dT = m ∫ 0.323 − + dT
T1 T1 610 
T T 2 
Using some integral calculus we have
540
 32045 
= m 0.323T − 148 ln T −
 T 2  610
  1 1 
= (10lbm ) 0.323 ( −700 F ) − 148ln
540
− 32045  − 
 610  540 610  
= 113.8 Btu
3

2. Two kg of water are heated from 150C to 3000C at 101 kPa. Determine the amount of
heat added during the process. Assume cP is 4.18 kJ/kg·K for liquid water and 1.86
kJ/kg·K for steam. Assume the heat of vaporization is 2258 kJ/kg at 101 kPa.
Solution
For the heat we have
Q = ∆Hn = m∆hn
and then
= m cP , water (T2 − T1 ) + hn fg + cP , steam 

= ( 2kg )  4.18 (100 − 15 ) + 2258 + 1.86 ( 300 − 100 ) 
∆Hn = 5970.6kJ
3. One hundred lbm of air in a pressure tank is cooled from 1800F and 160 psia to 800F
when the surroundings are at 700F. Determine the tank pressure at 800F.
Solution
Assume the tank is rigid so that the volume is constant and that the air behaves as an
ideal gas. Then
T   5400 R 
p1 p2
= p2 = p1  2
 T1  = (160 psia )  0  = 135 psia
T1 T2    640 R 
and
4. Steam is heated from 4 MPa, 4800C to 4 MPa, 6400C. Determine the heat added to the
steam per unit mass.
Solution
The heat added will be the increase in the steam’s enthalpy,

q = hn2 − hn1
The enthalpies may be read from a superheat steam table from a thermodynamics book
or approximated from Appendix Chart C-2
hn1 = 3390kJ / kg
hn2 = 3766kJ / kg
4

and then
q = 3766kJ / kg − 3390kJ / kg = 376kJ / kg
5. Three hundred kg of water are heated from 200C to 800C and at constant pressure.
Determine the enthalpy change and the heat.
Solution
The enthalpy change is the heat so
Q = m∆hn = mcP ( T2 − T1 )
and then
= ( 300kg )( 4.18kJ / kg − K )( 80 − 20 K ) = 75, 240kJ
6. Mercury is heated from 1000F to vapor at 8000F. Assume hnfg is 122 Btu/lbm at 6760F
and use a cP of 0.032 Btu/lbm ·0F for liquid mercury and 0.015 for the vapor. Determine
the enthalpy change per unit mass and the heat per unit mass.
Solution
The enthalpy change will be the heat so that
∆hn = q = cP (Tsat − T1 ) + hn fg + cP.vapor (T2 − Tsat )
And then
∆hn = q = ( 0.032 Btu / lbm0 F )( 676 − 1000 F ) + 122 Btu / lbm + ( 0.015 )( 800 − 676 ) = 142.292 Btu / lbm
7. A refrigerator condenser is a heat exchanger that converts a refrigerant from a vapor to

a liquid at constant pressure and approximately constant temperature. If ammonia is
used as a refrigerant and 10 kg/s is condensed at 250C when the surrounding
temperature is 200C, determine the heat transfer from the refrigerant using data from
the Appendix Chart C-7.
Solution
The heat transfer is determined from the equation
5

i i i i
Q = Hn = m ∆hn = m hn fg
The enthalpies may be approximated from Chart C-7 or read from a thermodynamic
table of saturation properties of ammonia
hn fg = hng − hn f = 517kJ / kg − ( −650kJ / kg ) = 1167 kJ / kg
and then
i
Q = 11, 670kJ / s = 11.67 MW
8. Using the psychrometric chart Appendix Chart C-1, determine the vapor pressure of
water in air at 800F, 40% relative humidity. Also determine the humidity ratio, the
enthalpy, the dew point temperature and the wet bulb temperature.
Solution
For the air-water vapor mixture at 800F, 40% relative humidity, the dry bulb
temperature is 800F. Then, reading from the Chart C-1E
pv ≈ 0.2 psia
ϖ ≈ 60 grains / lbmdryair
hn ≈ 29.2 Btu / lbmdryair
Tdp ≈ 540 F
Twb ≈ 640 F
9. Ten m3/s of air at 00C, 80% relative humidity is heated to 250C. Determine the amount of
heat transfer required and the final relative humidity of the air. Determine the amount
of water required to increase the final relative humidity to 50% at 250C. How much
additional heat is then required to accomplish this humidification?
Solution
From the psychrometric Chart C-1
6

ϖ 1 = ϖ 2 ≈ 3.2 g / kgdryair
hn1 ≈ 10kJ / kgdryair
hn2 ≈ 35kJ / kgdryair
β 2 ≈ 17%
q = hn2 − hn1 ≈ 25kJ / kgdryair
i i
Q = qm
The mass flow is just
i i i
m =V ρ =V / v
And the volume flow rate, , is 10 m3/s. The specific volume is read from Chart C-1 as
about 0.775 m3/kg so that the heat transfer is
∆hn i ( 25kJ / kg ) (10m / s )

3
i
Q= V≈ = 322.6kJ / s
v 0.775m3 / kg
At 50% relative humidity and 250C the humidity ratio is about 10 g/kg from Chart C-1 so
that the amount of water needed to be added to the air is
 i 
mw = 
V  (ϖ 3 − ϖ 2 ) =  10  (10 − 3.2 ) = 87.7 g / s
i
v   0.775 
 
And the heat required for the humidification is
Q = m ( hn3 − hn2 ) ≈ (12.9kg / s )( 51.5kJ / kg − 35kJ / kg ) = 213kW

i i
10. Air at 1000F, 70% relative humidity is to be conditioned to 750F and 60% relative
humidity. Determine the partial pressure of the water vapor in the air at both states, the
amount of water removed per lbm of dry air, and the lowest temperature to which the
air must be cooled to accomplish this conditioning process.
Solution
From the psychrometric Chart C-1E the following properties are read:
7

ω1 ≈ 205 grains / lbmdryair
hn1 ≈ 56.2 Btu / lbmdryair
ω2 ≈ 78 grains / lbmdryair
pv1 ≈ 0.64 psia
pv 2 ≈ 0.26 psia
The amount of water removed is the difference in humidity ratios, or 205 - 78 = 127
grains/lbm dry air, or 0.18 lbm/lbm dry air. The lowest temperature to which the air
must be cooled is the dew point temperature, namely about 610F
11. One hundred kg of dry air is humidified by mixing with 1 kg steam at 300C. Determine
the partial pressure of the dry air and the steam if the total pressure is 100 kPa.
Solution
The humidity ratio is
pv pv
ω = 1kg 100kg = 0.01kg = 0.622 = 0.622
pda p − pv
Solving for the partial pressures,
Pv = 1.6 kPa and pda= 98.4 kPa.
12. For a real substance the enthalpy is function of temperature and pressure. Write an
integral equation that expresses the enthalpy change per unit mass of the substance
when the temperature and pressure change from T1 to T2 and p1 to p2.
Solution
We have
hn = f ( T , p )
∂hn ∂hn
dhn = dT + dp
∂T ∂p
And
T2 p2
∂hn ∂hn
∆hn = ∫ dT + ∫ dp
T1
∂T p1
∂p
8

Section 1-4
13. A Styrofoam ice chest is 2 cm thick. If the inside of the chest is at 00C and outside the
chest it is 250C, estimate the heat transfer by conduction through the Styrofoam per
unit area.
Solution
∆T  W 
( ) = 36.25 mW
i
qA = κ =  0.029 
250 C − 0
∆x 
0.02 m 2
mi K 
Where the thermal conductivity for Styrofoam is read from Table B.2
14. A concrete nuclear reactor containment wall has a temperature distribution given by
the equation
0
F
T ( x ) = 800 F − 400 x
0 2
ft 2
where x is in feet. Determine the heat transfer through the wall per unit area due to
conduction at the center of the wall, where x = 0.5 ft.
Solution
Using Fourier’s law of conduction
∂T ∂
= −κ ( 8000 F − 400 x 2 ) = −κ ( −800 x )
i
q A = −κ
∂x ∂x
Reading the thermal conductivity for reinforced concrete from Table B-2E and at x = 0.5
ft we find
i  Btu   0
F Btu
q A =  0.925  400  = 370
 hr ⋅ ft ⋅ F  
0
ft  hr i ft 2
15. A large 8 ft by 4 ft thermopane glass window loses 300 Btu/hr of heat when the inside
temperature is 700F. If the thermopane has an average thermal conductivity of 0.032
Btu/hr·ft·0F and is ½ inch thick, estimate the outside temperature of the window.
Solution
Using Fourier’s law of conduction we have
9

∆T Btu  Btu  2 70 F − T0
0
( )
i
Q = −κ A = 300 =  0.032  32 ft
∆x hr  hr ⋅ ft ⋅0 F  1/ 24 ft
T0 = 700 F − 12.20 F = 57.80 F
16. A cast iron frying pan ¼ inch thick is used to prepare some food on a stove top. If the
lower surface of the pan is at 6000F and the upper surface is 5000F, estimate the heat
transfer through the pan per unit area.
Solution
Using Fourier’s law of conduction and reading the value for thermal conductivity for cast
iron from Table B.2E,
i ∆T  Btu   1000 F  Btu

qA = κ =  22.54   = 108,192
∆x  hr ⋅ ft ⋅ F   1/ 48 ft 
0
hr
17. Wind blows at 50 m/s around a 5 cm diameter electric power line when the air
temperature is -100C. Estimate the heat loss of the power line per unit length if the
surface temperature of the power line is 50C.
Solution
Using Newton’s law of cooling and an approximate value from Table 1-4 for the
convective heat transfer coefficient,
 W 
q l = hπ D∆T = 180 2 0  ( 3.14159 )( 0.05m ) (150 C ) = 424
i W
 m ⋅ C m
18. Water at 600F flows through a copper tube of 1 inch inside diameter (ID) at
aspproximately 1 ft/s. Determine the heat transfer to the water per foot of tube length
if the inside surface temperature of the tube is 1800F.
Solution
convective heat transfer coefficient,
  1 
ft  (1200 F ) = 19, 352.2
Btu Btu
 ( 3.14159 ) 
i
q l = hπ D∆T =  616
 hr ⋅ ft ⋅ F 
2 0
 12  hr ⋅ ft
10

19. An automobile is moving on a highway at 100 km/hr. Estimate the heat loss per unit
area from the auto’s roof, which is at 300C, if the air temperature is 150C.
Solution
convective heat transfer coefficient for 30 m/s,
 W 
q A = h∆T ≈  75 2 0  (150 C ) = 1125 2
i W
 m ⋅ C m
20. Estimate the heat loss per unit area of a vertical south-facing wall of a large office
building when the air temperature is -100F and the wall temperature is 50F.
Solution
convective heat transfer coefficient for still air,
  0
 (15 F ) = 11.85
i Btu Btu
q A = h∆T =  0.79
 hr ⋅ ft ⋅ F 
2 0
hr ⋅ ft 2
21. A well-clothed person walks into a large auditorium that is empty. If the auditorium
walls are at an average temperature of 550F and the average surface temperature of the
person’s clothes is 850F, estimate the net radiation heat transfer between the person
and the auditorium walls. An average person can be assumed to have a surface area of
19.4 ft2 (1.8 m2).
Solution
Assuming black body radiation between the person and the auditorium walls,
 
Q = A1σ (T14 − T24 ) = (19.4 ft 2 )  0.174 x10−8 4 (
5454 R − 5154 R ) = 603.5
i Btu Btu
 hr ⋅ ft ⋅ R 
2 0
hr
22. A mercury-in-glass thermometer reads an outside temperature of 200C. If the sky and
surroundings of the thermometer have an average surface temperature of 50C, estimate
the net radiation per unit area from or to the thermometer.
11

Solution
Assuming black body radiation
q A = σ (Ttherm ) ≈  4.67 x10−8 mW2 K 4  ( 2934 − 2784 ) = 79.2 mW2
i
4
− Tsky
4
The radiation is from the thermometer to the sky and surroundings.
23. The surface of the sun seems to be about 10,0000F. What would you guess the rate of
heat emission from the sun to be for an area of the sun that measures 1 ft2?
Solution
 
4 (
10, 4600 R ) = 20.9 x106
i Btu 4 Btu
q A ≈ σ T 4 =  0.174 x10−8
 hr ⋅ ft ⋅ R 
4 0
hr ⋅ ft 2
24. A radiation pyrometer is a device that uses radiant heat to measure the temperature of
a surface. Assume that a pyrometer has a surface area of 5 cm2 and is at a temperature
of 200C when directed towards a furnace opening having a temperature of 11000C.
Estimate the net rate of heat transfer towards the pyrometer if black body radiation is
assumed.
Solution
 W 
Q = σ A (T14 − T24 ) =  5.67 x10 −8 2 4  ( 0.0005m 2 )(13734 − 2934 K 4 )
i
 m ⋅K 
i
Q = 100.5W
Section 1-5
25. Predict the concentration of ammonia in air 5 mm from an interface of vapor ammonia
and air if the interface area is 1500 mm2 and the evaporation rate is found to be 0.002
g/min. Assume the ammonia and air are at 200C.
12

Solution
Assume the evaporation rate of ammonia occurs where the ammonia is a liquid and its
concentration is 100%. Using Table B-3 the density is 602 kg/m3. The diffusivity from
Table 1-5 is about 0.236 cm2/s. Then, using Fick’s law
6
= −2 345

 kg   cm 2   Ψ − 1 
= − (1.5 x10−3 m2 )  602 3   0.236
i g
m = 0.002  
min  m  s   5mm 
Ψ = 0.99992 = 99.9992%
26. Liquid mercury is contained in a lead beaker as shown in Figure 1-14. Estimate the
amount of mercury that migrates by diffusion into the beaker after 48 hours if the
concentration of mercury is 2% at a distance 0.01 cm into the beaker wall from the
inside surface. Assume that the system is at 200C and neglect evaporation to air.
Solution
Assume the mercury has 100% concentration at the surface of the beaker. Then the
density of diffusing mercury is 12,816 kg/m3. The approximate value for the diffusivity of
mercury into lead is given in Table 1-5. Using Fick’s law
Δ8
= −2 345
Δ9
13

 kg   m 2   1.0 − 0.02 
m =  12,816 3  (π )( 0.1m )( 0.08m )  2.5 x10−19
i
 
 m   s   0.01cm 
i kg kg
m = 7.89 x10−13 = 2.84 x10 −9
s hr
In 48 hours, roughly the amount of mercury diffusing is 2.84 x 48 x 10-9 = 136 x 10-9 kg =
0.136 mg mercury.
27. A 4 ft radius spherical container holds helium gas at 20 psia and 950F. Estimate the
amount of helium lost through diffusion in 24 hours if the sphere is made of silicon
dioxide, SiO2 (glass) and if it is assumed that at a point 1/8 inches into the container wall
from the inside the concentration of helium is zero.
Solution
The density of helium may be read from Table B-3E, 0.0101 lbm/ft3 at 800F. The
diffusivity is, from Table 1-5, 2.4 x 10-10 cm2/s = 0.372 x 10-10 in2/s = 0.258 x 10-12 ft2/s.
Assume the helium’s concentration is 1, 100% at the inside surface and zero at the
outside. Then, using Fick’s law
Δ8
= −2 345
Δ9
 lbm  2 ft 2   1 
m =  0.0101 3  ( 4π )( 4 ft )  0.258 x10−12
i
 
 ft   s   1/ 96 ft 
i lbm lbm
m = 50.297 x10−12 = 0.181x10−6
s hr
28. Water in a tightly closed flask evaporates at a rate of 0.00038 lbm/hr. Estimate the
specific humidity of the air 1 inch above the liquid water-air surface if the dry bulb
temperature is 700F. The water-air surface is 3 in2.
Solution
Assume the water has a density of 0.001579 lbm/ft3, using saturated vapor data from
Table B-6E at 800F since Table B-6E does not list values for 700F. From Table 1-5 the
approximate diffusivity of water into air is 0.256 cm2/s = 0.000277 ft2/s. Using Fick’s law
Δ8
= −2 345
Δ9
14

i  lbm   3 2   ft 2   1 − Ψ  lbm
m =  0.001579 3   ft   0.000277   = 0.00038
 ft   144  s   1/ 12 ft  hr
lbmw mw mw
Ψ = 0.031 = =
lbmt mT mw + mda
0.031( mw + mda ) = mw
0.969mw = 0.031mda
mw 0.031
ω= = = 0.032
mda 0.969
Section 1-6
29. Determine the number of boundary and initial conditions needed to solve the
differential equation.
∂ 2T (x, y, t) ∂ 2T ( x, y, t ) g  1  ∂T ( x, y, t )
+ + = 
∂x 2 ∂y 2 κ α  ∂t
Solution
Four (4) boundary conditions need to be specified; 2 for T=f(x) and 2 for T=f(y).
One initial or time condition for T=f(t)
d 2T (r)  1  dT (r)
+  =0
dr 2  r  dr
Solution
Two (2) boundary conditions needed
 ∂T (x, y, t) ∂T ( x, y, t )  ∂ 2 T(x, y, t)
ρ cP  u +v  = κ
 ∂x dy  ∂y 2
15

Solution
Three boundary conditions needed, 1 for T(x) and 2 for T(y)
One initial or time condition needed for T(t)
 ∂u (x, y) ∂v( x, y )  ∂p ∂ 2u (x, y)

ρ u +v  = − +
 ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y 2
Solution
Four (4) boundary conditions needed; two for u(x), one for v(y), and one for p(x).
16

Solution Manual For Heat and Mass Transfer 2nd Edition by Rolle

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Solution Manual For Heat and Mass Transfer 2nd Edition by Rolle

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Heat and Mass Transfer

1. What is meant by a system? By a body?

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

9. What are the three modes of heat transfer?

12. What are causes of diffusional mass transfer?

Class Quiz Questions

1. What is meant by an ideal or perfect gas?

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

The internal energy change for the cooling process is

Using some integral calculus we have

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

For the heat we have

= m cP , water (T2 − T1 ) + hn fg + cP , steam 

The heat added will be the increase in the steam’s enthalpy,

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

q = 3766kJ / kg − 3390kJ / kg = 376kJ / kg

The enthalpy change is the heat so

= ( 300kg )( 4.18kJ / kg − K )( 80 − 20 K ) = 75, 240kJ

The enthalpy change will be the heat so that

∆hn = q = cP (Tsat − T1 ) + hn fg + cP.vapor (T2 − Tsat )

7. A refrigerator condenser is a heat exchanger that converts a refrigerant from a vapor to

The heat transfer is determined from the equation

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

hn fg = hng − hn f = 517kJ / kg − ( −650kJ / kg ) = 1167 kJ / kg

From the psychrometric Chart C-1

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Heat-and-Mass-Transfer-2nd-Edition-by-Rolle

The mass flow is just

∆hn i ( 25kJ / kg ) (10m / s )

And the heat required for the humidification is

Q = m ( hn3 − hn2 ) ≈ (12.9kg / s )( 51.5kJ / kg − 35kJ / kg ) = 213kW

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The humidity ratio is

Solving for the partial pressures,

Pv = 1.6 kPa and pda= 98.4 kPa.

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Using Fourier’s law of conduction

Using Fourier’s law of conduction we have

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i ∆T  Btu   1000 F  Btu

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Assuming black body radiation

The radiation is from the thermometer to the sky and surroundings.

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One initial or time condition for T=f(t)

Two (2) boundary conditions needed

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Three boundary conditions needed, 1 for T(x) and 2 for T(y)

One initial or time condition needed for T(t)

 ∂u (x, y) ∂v( x, y )  ∂p ∂ 2u (x, y)

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