Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Instructor:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohamad Yusri Aman
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
1
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE ON:
HIGHWAY SURFACE
Stagnant pools of water on the road can:
slow down traffic
cause accidents due to skidding and low visibility
HIGHWAY STRUCTURE
Surface run-offs and subsoil moisture can reduce the strength of the
construction materials:
High moisture content in the subgrade will reduce the stability of the soil,
leading to pavement failure.
Prolonged contact with water can cause stripping of aggregates from the
bituminous pavement, leading to the formation of potholes which slows down
traffic and cause a damages to vehicles.
SOIL
Excess moisture content in the underlying soil can increase the weight of the soil
and increase stress conditions. These are the two main reasons for failure of
slopes and embankment foundations.
4
2
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Flexible Pavements are prone
to waves and corrugations due Rigid Pavements are prone
to poor drainage: to failures caused by mud-pumping:
3
CATEGORIES OF HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
Highway drainage can be categorized as
Surface Drainage
Cross Drainage
Subsurface Drainage 7
Besides this, it should also include longitudinal channels (ditches), culverts and
bridges to provide for the discharge of surface water.
For urban highways, adequate transverse and longitudinal slopes are needed.
Longitudinal drains are usually underground pipe drains.
Transverse Slope
Curbs and
Surface Drainage Longitudinal Slope
Gutters
Longitudinal
Channels 8
4
SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
TRANSVERSE SLOPE
To facilitate the removal of surface water from the pavement surface in the shortest
possible time.
Roads have a slightly convex profile – the middle is higher than the edges.
The inclination of the slope depends on the type of pavement and amount of rainfall.
To facilitate the removal of water along the longitudinal channels that run along the
side of the road.
Slopes not less than 0.2% are provided for highways in very flat terrain and 0.3%
on suitably crowned pavement. A minimum of 0.5% is recommended for curbed
pavements.
10
5
SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
LONGITUDINAL CHANNELS
Longitudinal channels or ditches are constructed along the sides of highways to collect
and transport surface water to nearby drainage channels or natural waterways
(streams or rivers).
11
Curbs help to control drainage by restricting the flow of surface water and
transporting the water into underground channels.
12
6
SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
GULLY AND SCUPPER DRAIN
13
(2) Seepage
from road (3) Surface water that permeates through
shoulders cracks and joints in the road pavement
Subgrade
14
7
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Subsurface drainage plays an integral part in the overall highway drainage system.
Longitudinal drains
15
Consists of pipes laid in trenches within the pavement structure parallel to the
centreline of the highway.
The function of these pipes is to lower the water table below the pavement
structure by removing any water that is seeping through.
8
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
TRANVERSE DRAINS
The function is to remove the groundwater that has infiltrated through the joints of
the pavements.
17
Drainage layers consist of coarse material which allows water to flow from fine
grain material of subgrade soil to the coarse drainage layer, and finally to
permeable pipes laid within the layer.
The size and spacing of this subsurface drainage depends on the quantity of water
discharge, type of soil and type of drains used.
However, one disadvantage is that the fine soil may be transmitted to the coarse
soil and eventually clogging the voids of the coarse soil.
18
9
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
DRAINAGE BLANKET
19
Cross drainage culverts allow water from a stream to move from one side of the
road to the other without crossing the road surface.
These culverts should be placed at regular intervals along grades, below banked
seepages, and where water will run directly onto log landings or forest roads and
trails.
Culverts need to be kept free of debris at all times. Otherwise, they will clog up and
become innefective.
20
10
CROSS DRAINAGE SYSTEM
CROSS DRAINAGE CULVERT
Types of culverts:
DRAINAGE DETERIORATION
There are no specific drainage deterioration types in highways.
Damages can be triggered by heavy loads imposed, for example, heavy machinery
in construction works may impose load pressure to a subsurface drainage, causing the
drain pipes to be crushed or slightly damaged.
Damaged gully
22
11
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
One of the many tasks in Highway Maintenance is maintaining and repairing
drainage systems.
DRAINAGE INSPECTION
23
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Pending or delayed runoff of surface water allows seepage into the pavement structure
unless the surface is tightly sealed.
d) Erosion control
24
12
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Surface Drainage Maintenance
1) Mark and correct areas where pending (delayed runoff) occurs on surfaced
areas.
3) Control entry of storm water through pavement by sealing joints and cracks.
6) Sweep and clean roads to prevent collection of debris in gutters and inlets,
which could cause delay in the removal of surface water
25
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Shoulder Maintenance
Shoulders should be smooth and graded to ensure the water drains from the
surfaced
It is important to keep shoulders bladed flush to the edge of the pavement (or
slightly
below).
Slope away from the pavement to prevent water seepage into the
subgrade.
26
13
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
It is essential to maintain ditches as to line and grade, and also correct sags and
minor
27
DRAINAGE MAINTENANCE
Culvert Maintenance
Culverts should be clear from debris and sediment to prevent water from undermining
the culverts.
Culvert inspection must be done frequently to determine whether they are functioning
properly.
28
14
HILL ROAD MAINTENANCE
29
Slope Maintenance
Maintain a positive slope in the
backfill area next to the road.
The recommended slope is 1 ft within
the first 10 ft of the foundation.
Plant trees on the slopes to prevent
soil erosion caused by rains.
30
15
SLOPE STABILITY
Stabilizing Methods
31
16
Sekian Terima Kasih
Setiap Maklumbalas Boleh Di
Hantar Kepada :
mdyusri@uthm.edu.my
33
17