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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPEN AND DISTANCE (UNAD)

Electromagnetic theory and waves

Unit 1 - Step 2

Activity:
Recognize the electrodynamic and waves applications

Group: 203058_3

Produced by:
William David Cárdenas Doria
Code: 10932634

Presented to: Wilmer Hernan Gutierrez

Course tutor

Place and Date: Corozal Sucre March 07, 2018

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Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions

using academic references to support the research:

1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an

example.
The relationship between driving current and displacement in a specific
medium is constant whose value depends on the parameters of the medium
and the frequency of the signal applied. The total current flowing through
the middle is the vector sum of the two components.

First we define the constants

1
𝜖 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 𝑦 𝜖0 = 𝑥 10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
𝜔𝜖
(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) material's ability to conduct an electric current.

𝜔 (𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦) measures angular displacement per unit time. Its

units are therefore degrees (or radians) per second.

𝜖 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦) Physical constant that describes the way an electric

field affects and it is affected by a medium.

Medium example: copper

σ = 5.8 ∗ 107 𝑆/𝑚

𝜖r = 1
𝑤 = 2𝜋 𝑓
La tangente de perdidas a 10khz:
𝜎 5.8 ∗ 107 𝑆/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = = 3.97 ∗ 1018
𝜔𝜖 2𝜋 ∗ 104 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 3.97 ∗ 1018

Lo cual da un angulo de pérdidas de:
𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 (3.97 ∗ 1018 ) = 90°
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Referenced:http://vitela.javerianacali.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11522/3277/
Electromagnetismo_ingenieria_electronica_Parte9Capitulo6.pdf?sequence=1
2&isAllowed=y

Referenced:http://rxiv.org/pdf/1501.0170v3.pdf

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity in

electromagnetic waves propagation?

Phase of the electromagnetic waves velocity depends solely of the

electromagnetic properties of the medium where it is spread and not
displacement relative between observers, which clearly violates the known
laws of mechanics. This observation gave rise to the so-called special theory
of relativity, whose statement key was published in the year of 1905, by
Albert Einstein
Propagation speed can be measured as the time needed for that at the same
point in space is again presented a cross by zero or maximum signal.
This condition is satisfied, provided that:

𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑥√𝜇𝜀 = 𝑘
Where deducted is
1 1
𝑥− 𝑡−𝜔 𝑘
√𝜇𝑠 √𝜇𝑠
Deriving the displacement with respect to time is
𝑑𝑥 1
=
𝑑𝑡 √𝜇𝑠
This makes the scroll speed of the wave, known as phase velocity too.
1
𝑣𝑝 =
√𝜇𝑠
The speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is a universal constant with
a value it is:
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1
𝑐0 =
√𝜇0 𝜖0
Replacing:
1
𝑐0 = = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠
10−7 𝐻 1
√4𝜋 ∗ ∗ ∗ 10−9
𝑚 36𝜋

In the case of non-magnetic perfect dielectric phase velocity is:

1 1
𝑣𝑝 = =
√𝜇𝜖 √𝜇0 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0
Therefore:
𝑐0
𝑣𝑝 =
√𝜖 𝑟
Referenced:http://vitela.javerianacali.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11522/3277/
Electromagnetismo_ingenieria_electronica_Parte9Capitulo6.pdf?sequence=1
2&isAllowed=y

Referenced:http://rxiv.org/pdf/1501.0170v3.pdf

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in

At VHF frequencies and higher are considered those

propagation mechanisms in that the most important
contribution comes from the combination of vision Ray
direct (propagation in free space), reflected on the Earth's
surface and Ray Ray diffracted by the irregularities of the
terrain, or the curvature of the Earth. In the
free space
most of the cases, especially in the microwave bands,
required visual link between the antennas with what the
scope is limited to the line of the horizon. In this section is
study on the phenomena of reflection, diffraction, together
with phenomena due to the presence of the troposphere:
attenuation and tropospheric refraction.
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Maxwell's equations give rise to Harmonic solutions which

were found for the first time by James Clerck Maxwell, in
1884. Based on these solutions Maxwell
He predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and
discovered that signals can be transmitted
over long distances without having necessarily physical
media for the transmission.
In the year 1887, Einrich Hertz discovered the waves
perfect dielectrics
predicted by Maxwell and showed that the electricity can
be transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, which
propagate to the speed of light and have also many of their
properties.
This is the beginning of wireless telephony, radio, TV,
telemetry, among others many marvels of modern life.
Perfect dielectrics: not present driving current, therefore,
they do not possess losses by Joule effect. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 0 𝛿 = 0
Good drivers: current polarization is presented, therefore,
have accumulation of cargo, or capacitive effects but is
much more significant the driving current and Joule effect
good conductors
𝜋
losses. 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =→ ∞ 𝛿 → 2

In a good conductor loss tangent is very high (>10), under these

conditions, the loss angle approximates to. 0 90°

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4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical

application of every type of radiation.
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5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information give us

about the electromagnetic waves behavior?

The speed of light in transparent material or other meansmay be different th

an the speed of light in empty space, and depends on thefeature of the mate
rial and the frequency of the light. The relationshipbetween the two speeds, c
/cb, It corresponds to the index of refraction, nb = c/cb. Forexample for the
yellow line NA (sodium D line, 589.3 nm): n air = 1.0003; n water = 1.33;
glass n = 1.5 - 1.9.
Refractive index = Index of refraction
Refractive index is a dimensionless physical quantity, which is specific for a
certain medium, and its value characterizes the speed of light in this
medium. We distinguish between the relative and absolute refractive index.

Referenced: http://ubi.lf1.cuni.cz/file/5807/task11B.pdf

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are they
used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and where
are they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain practical
models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?

Plane Wave: A wave whose surfaces of constant phase are infinite parallel
planes normal to the direction of propagation. (188) 2. An electromagnetic
wave that predominates in the far-field region of an antenna, and has a
wavefront that is essentially in a plane. (188) Note: In free space, the
characteristic impedance of a plane wave is 377 .