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REVIEWER
BY VICTORIA CHAN
vebchan@gmail.com
BIOLOGY PHYSICS
Photosynthesis Parallel Circuits
Respiration and Citric Acid Cycle Series Circuits
Dihybrid Cross The Toll Booth Analogy
Monohybrid Cross (Review)
General Classification of Plants
Parts of a Flower
Pollination
Monocots vs. Dicots
REFERENCES:
Reece, J.B., et al. 2014. Campbell Biology, 10th Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
Bueche, F.J., and Hecht, E. 1997. Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of College
Physics, 9th Ed. McGraw-Hill Companies
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND
• Conversion of light energy (from the sun) THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
to chemical energy • Cellular respiration is the process of
• Occurs in autotrophs (review: what are breaking down of food molecules to
autotrophs?)
produce more ATP
• Site of photosynthesis in plants is the • The waste products of respiration are
chloroplast carbon dioxide and water, which are the
raw materials of photosynthesis
MUST-KNOW: SUMMARY OF REACTIONS • Site of respiration is the mitochondria
Don’t forget the reactants and the products! (review: what is the function of the mitochondria? What is
produced in the mitochondria?)
CO2 + H2O + Light energy CH2O + O2 • The Citric Acid Cycle (a.k.a. Krebs Cycle)
Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light à Sugar + Oxygen
is one part of the respiration process
1. Pyruvate* enters the mitochondrion
2. Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA
• The complete, balanced equation is 3. Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy à C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Cycle as a raw material/reactant
• C6H12O6 is glucose 4. In the Citric Acid Cycle, further
oxidation of Acetyl CoA occurs
• It takes 6 rounds of photosynthesis
5. ATP is produced as a main product,
to produce glucose
and CO2 is a waste product. NADH
• There are two stages in photosynthesis: the and FADH2 undergoes electron
Light Reaction and the Calvin Cycle transport to produce more ATP.
*Pyruvate is a product of the breakdown of glucose (which
came from photosynthesis in plants, or eating of food in
animals)
y Yy Yy Rr Rr
r
4 4
Green and
! =1
Yellow and 4 4
round seed wrinkled seed Yellow and
round seed
ANSWER: Because one parent has both Note from Teacher Vicky: Use whatever method you are
dominant traits and the other has both comfortable with. However, the second method has more
benefits. First, you do not have to do FOIL method. Second, you
recessive traits, the offspring will be 100% do not need to make a 4x4 Punnett Square!
heterozygous:
LET’S PRACTICE!
QUESTION: Consider the offspring of the previous
Yellow and problem. What is the probability of getting a plant
round seed with green and round seeds when the said plant is
HOW DID WE GET THIS ANSWER? self-pollinated?
FAST METHOD:
Step 1: 2x2 Punnett Square PER TRAIT
I F YR I F yr
O yr SEED COLOR: SEED SHAPE:
O YR
I YR I yr Y y R r
O L YR O L yr
Y YY Yy R RR Rr
Step 2: Set up a 4x4 Punnett Square using the gametes
and fill up the Punnett Square.
y Yy yy r Rr rr
YR YR YR YR
yr
YyRr YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
Genotype: Phenotype: Genotype: Phenotype:
¼ YY 3/4 Yellow ¼ RR 3/4 Round
yr 2/4 Yy ¼ Green 2/4 Rr ¼ Wrinkled
YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
YyRr
¼ yy ¼ rr
SOLUTIONS:
Step 1: 2x2 Punnett Square
1. Which trait is dominant, purple or white?
2. What are the possible genotypes of the
SEED COLOR: SEED SHAPE: parents?
Y y R r 3. What is the genotype of the offspring?
Y YY Yy R RR Rr ANSWERS:
1. Since all offspring are color purple,
y Yy yy r Rr rr purple is the dominant trait.
2. Since we have established that all
Genotype: Phenotype: Genotype: Phenotype: offspring are purple, we must look for the
¼ YY 3/4 Yellow ¼ RR 3/4 Round
2/4 Yy
genotypes that will give out 100% purple
¼ Green 2/4 Rr ¼ Wrinkled
¼ yy ¼ rr offspring. This is only possible if both
parents are homozygous for purple, or if
Step 2: Multiply the probabilities one is homozygous for purple and the
3 3 9 other homozygous for white. Because
1. Round and yellow ! =
4 4 16 one parent is purple and the other is
white, the genotypes of the parents are
1 3 3 homozygous dominant (purple) and
2. Wrinkled and yellow
! = homozygous recessive (white).
4 4 16 3. The offspring is heterozygous, since we
have established that the parents are
3. Wrinkled and green
1 1 1
! = both homozygous – one is dominant,
4 4 16 and the other is recessive.
Non-Flowering/ Flowering/
Non-Seed Forming Seed-Forming
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Seeds are exposed/ Seeds are
naked a.k.a. seeds are enclosed in fruits
NOT enclosed in fruits
(e.g. pine tree)
Monocots Dicots
PARTS OF A FLOWER MUST-KNOW: FATES OF FLORAL STRUCTURES
(a.k.a. what happens to the parts after fertilization?)
A complete flower has all four basic floral
Ovary Fruit
organs, namely:
Ovule Seed
• Carpels – contains the ovary, style, and
stigma; sort of like the female parts of a
flower
• Stamens – contains the anther and
MONOCOTS vs. DICOTS
filament; sort of like the male parts of a MONOCOTS DICOTS
flower
SEEDS
• Petals – brightly-colored to attract
pollinators
• Sepals – encloses and protects unopened
floral buds
• Types of Pollination
• Abiotic (pollen carried by
wind) vs. Biotic (pollen
carried by insects of Figure 5 Pollination Fibrous root system Taproot system
animals) (Reece, et al., 2014)
RTOTAL = R1 + R2 + R3 +!
This implies that the equivalent resistance in If you add more toll booths, it will cause even
a series circuit is greater than the largest of more traffic.
the individual resistances. CASH
CASH
CASH
CASH
CASH
Figure 7 Parallel circuit (Bueche & Hecht, 1997)
R1=3Ω
R2=1Ω
R3=2Ω
SOLUTION:
Observe that Resistors 2 and 3 are connected in
series. Simply add the resistances to get the total
resistance for the two:
R2,3=R2+R3=1Ω+2Ω=3Ω