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GC Analysis
Getting Started with
Solid Phase Microextraction
2
3
SPME for GC Analysis
4
Optimization of SPME Extraction Conditions
Fiber Coating Selection
Types of SPME Fiber Coatings When selecting the appropriate SPME fiber, consider the
physical and chemical properties of the compounds being
There are two types of SPME coatings: polymeric films analyzed. Figure 1 illustrates fiber coating selection
for absorption of analytes, and particles embedded in based on the molecular weight (MW) as an indicator for
polymeric films for adsorption of analytes (Table 1). the volatility of the analytes. Table 2 provides more
The absorbent type (film) fibers include those coated specific guidance for fiber selection based on analyte type.
with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyacrylate (PA),
and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In the case of the adsorptive fiber types, the Carboxen®/
PDMS fiber works well for low molecular weight, highly
The adsorbent type (particle) fibers contain porous volatile compounds. Regarding the PDMS-DVB fibers, the
particles such as divinylbenzene (DVB), Carboxen® more macro- and mesoporous DVB makes them better
(CAR), or a combination of both. Usually, PDMS is used suited for higher MW compounds than the Carboxen®,
as the binder. providing efficient extraction and desorption properties
Typically the adsorption on a particle is a stronger The DVB-Carboxen® fibers cover both areas and expand
and more efficient extraction mechanism, making the the MW range that can be analyzed with the same fiber;
particle fibers more suitable for trace analysis methods however, they have slightly lower capacity for lighter or
at lower concentrations. However, as they have a finite heavier compounds in comparison to the single sorbent
surface on the particle, the linear range is typically fibers.
smaller than the one from the film fibers. In the case of the absorptive PDMS fiber, the thinner film
is better suited for higher MW analytes than the 100 µm
PDMS fiber. Heavier analytes will be easier to desorb off
Coating Polarity
of the 7 µm compared to the 100 µm fiber.
Films – Absorption
7 µm PDMS
5
SPME for GC Analysis
6
Fiber Installation
To begin using SPME, attach the fiber assembly to the
SPME holder. The steps below describe the process for
inserting a fiber to a manual holder. C
1. Unscrew the black cylinder-like depth gauge from
the holder (A).
2. Unscrew the threaded end-cap (B) on the end of the
holder. F
3. Push the black plunger (C) forward through the Z-slot
on the base of the holder to expose the end of the
plunger. Note internal threads inside of the plunger
(D) will accept the threaded fiber assembly (E).
4. Screw the fiber assembly into the end of the plunger.
5. Retract the plunger by pulling it back through the D
Z-slot and slide the threaded end-cap over the needle.
Screw the threaded end-cap tightly onto the end of
holder.
6. Screw the black depth gauge onto the end of the
holder over the threaded end-cap. E
7. Test the holder/fiber by pushing the plunger forward
until the fiber is exposed from the protective needle.
Stop at the Z-slot (F) to hold the fiber in the exposed
position during sampling and injection in the GC. B
8. To retract the fiber, move the plunger out of the
Z-slot and draw it back.
7
SPME for GC Analysis
8
Agitation Method
Agitation / stirring of the sample facilitates the mass
transport between the sample and the fiber coating
(improving the kinetics), and therefore may provide
shorter extraction times as well as greater sensitivity
in pre-equilibrium extractions (see Extraction Time
section). There are a variety of agitation methods, each
having advantages and disadvantages. For reproducible
results, it is essential to maintain the same agitation
method and agitation intensity. Please refer to Table 5
to choose the one best suited for the application. Ultra-
sonication is not recommended as it heats the sample
uncontrollably and damages the fiber.
Advantages
Agitation Method Advantages Disadvantages
Extraction Time
The extraction time is a critical parameter in the SPME If reproducibility is the main objective, operate at or
sampling process. Figure 4 shows the typical relationship very close to equilibrium conditions (if performing the
of extraction time to analyte absorbed on the fiber. extraction manually), or in pre-equilibrium conditions
using an autosampler.
The optimum extraction time depends on the
objective(s) of the analysis. If the main goal is high
throughput, choose the shortest extraction time Pre-Equilibrium
possible, and work under pre-equilibrium conditions.
In this case, it is imperative to keep the extraction Time Control Not
time and agitation exactly the same for each sampling. As Critical.
If the time that the fiber is exposed during sampling Small change in time
varies, the concentration of the analyte on the fiber will Analyte results in small or
also vary, resulting in poor reproducibility. Therefore, Absorbed no change in analyte
when working under pre-equilibrium conditions, it is absorbed.
highly recommended to utilize SPME automation in Time Control Equilibrium
order to attain good reproducibility. Is Critical. Reached
If sensitivity is the most important factor, make sure Small change in
time results in
to operate at, or close to, equilibrium conditions. Use large change in
an extraction time after which the uptake of analyte analyte absorbed.
onto the fiber remains constant. Furthermore, the
equilibrium can be shifted to provide higher extraction Extraction Time
efficiencies by variation of temperature and sample
modification (ionic strength and pH). Figure 4. Effect of Extraction Time on Amount of Analyte Absorbed
9
SPME for GC Analysis
Sample Volume
Figure 5 shows the equation governing the equilibrium When selecting an appropriate sample volume, take
between analytes extracted by SPME and the initial into account the following:
concentration of analytes in the sample. This distribution
• Sample availability
is dependent on different parameters: the partition
coefficient of the analyte between the coating and the • System compatibility, in the case of automation
sample, the volume of the sample, and the volume (e.g. vial size, extraction conditions, etc.)
of the coating. In the case of large sample volumes
(greater than 10 mL), the amount of analyte extracted • Sufficient volume to cover the coating reproducibility
is not influenced by sample volume changes anymore. for direct immersion extraction
Therefore, the amount of analyte extracted increases • Sufficient headspace, in the case of headspace
with the sample size up to a point, after which the extraction, to avoid fiber spilling (sample droplets on
sensitivity does not increase with further increases in the fiber)
sample volume. This important aspect of SPME allows
for field analysis and in vivo analysis without having
to know the precise sample volume.
If
Kes Ve Vs C V
o s ›› Kes Ve
ne = then
ne = number of moles of
Kes Ve + V s analyte extracted at
Vs / (Kes Ve+Vs) = 1 equilibrium
10
Sample Matrix Modification
pH
Sensitivity of SPME is maximum when extracting neutral Fiber Coating Film Thickness pH
analytes that are not disassociated. Thus, pH modification PDMS 100 µm 2 to 10
can improve the method’s sensitivity for basic or acidic
PDMS 30 µm 2 to 11
compounds. When dealing with acidic compounds,
select a pH that is less than the pKa of the compound PDMS 7 µm 2 to 11
(minus two units or less). When dealing with basic PDMS/DVB (+OC) 65 µm (+ 10 µm) 2 to 11
compounds, select a pH that is greater than the pka of Polyacrylate 85 µm 2 to 11
the compound (plus two units or more).
Carboxen /PDMS
®
all 2 to 11
When performing headspace SPME (HS-SPME) the matrix PEG 60 µm 2 to 9
can be adjusted to any pH value without damaging the
DVB/CAR/PDMS 50/30 µm 2 to 11
fiber. If performing direct immersion SPME (DI-SPME)
care must be taken when adjusting the pH. Very low
Table 6. Recommended pH Range of Operation for the Respective SPME
and very high pH levels may damage the fiber coating. Fibers when Performing Direct Immersion SPME (DI-SPME)
Table 6 illustrates the recommended pH range of
operation for the respective SPME fibers when
performing DI-SPME.
11
SPME for GC Analysis
12
Desorption Condition Optimization
Desorption In GC Analysis
When desorbing analytes into the GC instrument, Recommended
factors to take into consideration include carrier gas Desorption Temperature
flow rate, desorption temperature, and desorption Fiber Coating Film Thickness (°C)
time. A high carrier gas flow rate, as well as the use of PDMS 100 µm 200 to 280
narrow bore liners in splitless mode during desorption is PDMS 30 µm 200 to 280
recommended for the best results. Please see the SPME
PDMS 7 µm 220 to 320
Product Offering section for recommended inlet liners.
Polyacrylate 85 µm 220 to 280
Regarding the desorption temperature, Table 7 lists
PEG 60 µm 200 to 250
the recommended temperature for each fiber coating
type. Typically particle fibers should be desorbed at PDMS/DVB (+OC) 65 µm (+ 10 µm) 200 to 270
high temperatures to ensure immediate release of the Carboxen®/PDMS all 250 to 310
volatile analytes. Determine the optimal desorption time DVB/CAR/PDMS 50/30 µm 230 to 270
by performing a desorption time profile, making sure
to desorb quantitatively and reproducible. Also, make Table 7. Recommended Desorption Temperatures for SPME Fiber Coatings
sure to test carry over by performing a consecutive
desorption of the coating and monitor for any targeted
peak detected.
Typically with SPME the initial oven temperature of
the GC is low (< 50 °C) to allow a refocussing of the
semi- and less volatile analytes at the column entrance
(hold for a minimum of 1.5 min). For more volatile
compounds, thicker GC column films (> 1 µm) are
recommended to ensure good peak shapes.
13
SPME for GC Analysis
Advances in SPME
the matrix components off of the fiber gives fewer For more information on overcoated SPME, please visit
Product Specification
interferences and decreases system fouling. SigmaAldrich.com/spme-ocf
Solid phase microextraction, using the Supelco™ SPME Portable SPME Portable Field Sampler
Field Sampler, is an economical and reliable way of concentrating,
SPME and
storing, Portable Fieldsamples
transporting Sampler of volatile and semivolatile Lock Pin Storage Hole
compounds in the field. After sampling, the SPME fiber is re- Plunger
The SPME portable field sampler provides an efficient
tracted into a protective outer needle. The needle is drawn within
and economical way of extracting and transporting
a replaceable sealing septum in the nosepiece and locked into
volatile and semivolatile compounds from the field.
place. The sampler – or samplers – then can be transported safely
Extracted compounds on the fiber are safely sealed off Depth Adjusting Slot
to the laboratory for analysis. The user has the option of immedi-
by a replaceable septum. The sampler can be reused
ately desorbing the analytes from the fiber and conducting the Plunger Lock Pin
up to 50-100 times (depending on the sample matrix), Plunger Lock Hole
analysis, or storing the analytes on the fiber for analysis at a later
and is disposed of when the fiber is no longer usable.
time.* The replaceable sealing septum in the nosepiece and the Depth Adjusting Lever
The portable field sampler also efficiently collects
highly retentive 100 µm PDMS (polydimethylsioxane) fiber Fiber Hub Viewing Window
organic compounds from air. Three fiber phases are
ensure that extracted pesticides remain on the fiber until they are
available: general purpose polydimethylsiloxane
thermally Needle Guide
(PDMS);desorbed (Table 1). ®The
PDMS/Carboxen forfiber canlevels
trace be reused many times
of volatiles;
–and
typically 50-100 extraction/desorption
PDMS/DVB for semi-volatiles and cycles – then
larger the entire
volatiles.
sampler is disposed of when the fiber is no longer usable.
Most of the components of the portable field sampler are made
from a durable polymer, but the nosepiece is aluminum, to act as
aTotemperature
see a videoshield
of theduring
portable field desorption
thermal sampler, visit
in the gas Nosepiece
(Sealing Septum Septum Access Port
SigmaAldrich.com/spme-videos
chromatograph. The five slots in the needle guide/depth gauge Inside)
and watch
provide “Portable
precise Field
control over how Sampler”
deep the needle is inserted into Septum-Piercing Needle
a sample container, or into the injection port during the fiber
desorption process. Fiber Attachment Needle
Fiber
Table 1. Recovery of Pesticides Extracted/Stored in Figure 7. SPME Portable
Field Sampler
SPME
14
Field Sampler is Much Higher than for Stored 797-0174
Water Samples
% Loss on Storage* % Loss on Storage
SPME Stored SPME Stored
Advances in SPME
15
SPME for GC Analysis
SPME Troubleshooting
The following section gives some helpful troubleshooting suggestions to combat factors that
may prove to be problematic in SPME extractions. Review these suggestions before performing
method development work. For a more complete troubleshooting guide, please visit
SigmaAldrich.com/SPME-troubleshoot
16
Blank Analysis
After conditioning the SPME fiber, it is advisable to run a fiber blank to gauge the amount
of background. Prior to running a fiber blank analysis, be sure that the GC column has been
thermally conditioned to the desired upper temperature of the method.
1. Create an appropriate GC method for SPME 7. Please note the fibers may introduce oxygen and
analysis of the samples. This same program will water into the GC which may produce extraneous
be used to run a blank analysis. The starting peaks.
temperature of the oven program should be low
8. Contact technical service to obtain assistance if the
enough to help focus the analytes onto the column
peaks are too large.
(generally a temperature of < 50 °C works in
most cases). After 1.5 - 5 minutes at the starting 9. Also consider running a vial blank by performing
temperature the column oven temperature can SPME on a capped, empty vial. Use the same SPME
be ramped at a rate(s) necessary to achieve the parameters as for the samples. This will help to
desired separation of analytes. For splitless gauge the level of background coming from the
injections (which are commonly used in SPME), septa used on the sample vials.
set the vent to open after 1 - 3 minutes.
10. Store conditioned fibers clean (not in the box) by
2. Insert the SPME fiber into the injection port at the flushing a vial with clean nitrogen and close with a
appropriate depth and start the GC. septum cap. “Inject” the fiber assembly into the
vial without exposing the fiber. The opening of the
3. Run the GC program until completed.
fiber will only be exposed to clean nitrogen. If this
4. There are typically some extraneous peaks in the is not possible, a small cap of any inert material
initial runs. e.g. Teflon® can be placed at the tip of the fiber
assembly to protect the inner SPME coating.
5. Repeat the step again to see if there is a reduction
Before using a stored fiber, perform a blank run to
in the size and number of peaks.
recondition and check for cleanliness. If the fiber
6. Depending upon the sensitivity of the instrument, assembly has not been used for several hours, it
the peaks may be extremely low in intensity. It is is best to desorb the fiber with the split vent open
important to run a known sample to determine if for several minutes prior to extraction (potentially
the background peaks are relevant for the analysis. perform a blank run also).
17
SPME for GC Analysis
SPME Troubleshooting
Fiber Specific Precautions, Solvent Cleaning, and Compatibility
Resources on SigmaAldrich.com/spme
Determine the type of fiber you need SPME fibers and their capacity for collection of • View our SPME video selection to learn how
according to the analyte, its molecular volatile and semi-volatile compounds. the SPME technique can meet your sample
weight and polarity. preparation needs.
• SPME Method Development for Food Analysis
• Basic Principles of Solid Phase Microextraction
(SPME) Method Development
• Developing Simplified Methods for Quantifying
Analytes using SPME
Instructional videos
SigmaAldrich.com/SPME-Videos
19
SPME for GC Analysis
20
SPME Product Offering and Related Products
SPME Fiber Holders for GC Analysis
Description Cat. No.
SPME Fiber Holders
For use with manual sampling 57330-U
For use with Varian Autosampler 57331
For use with CTC CombiPAL™, GERSTEL MPS2 and Thermo TriPlus Autosamplers
® ®
57347-U
* Ga – Needle gauge.
** Metal alloy fiber assemblies are provided 1/pk.
*** PDMS overcoated.
21
SPME for GC Analysis
22
BioSPME Fiber Probes and Tips for HPLC and Direct MS Analysis
Description Cat. No.
SPME-LC Fiber Probes
C18, pkg of 5 57281-U
SPME-LC Tips
C18, 96-tip array, pkg of 96 57234-U
PDMS/DVB, 96-tip array, pkg of 96 57248-U
IonSense® SPE-it Tips
C18 SPE-it Tips, pkg of 96 57264-U
PDMS/DVB SPE-it Tips, pkg of 96 57249-U
SPME Accessories
GC Inlet Liners
Description Cat. No.
Agilent®/HP Inlet Liners, Direct (SPME) Type
Straight Design (unpacked), 78.5 mm length x 6.5 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2637501
Straight Design (unpacked), 78.5 mm length x 6.5 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2637505
Straight Design (unpacked), 78.5 mm length x 6.5 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 25 2637525
PerkinElmer Inlet Liners, Direct (SPME) Type
®
Straight Design (unpacked), 92 mm length x 6.35 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2631205
Shimadzu™ Inlet Liners, Direct (SPME) Type
Straight Design (unpacked), 95 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2633901
Straight Design (unpacked), 95 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2633905
Straight Design (unpacked), 95 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 25 2633925
Straight Design (unpacked), 99 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2633501
Straight Design (unpacked), 99 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2633501
Straight Design (unpacked), 127 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2632901
Straight Design (unpacked), 127 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2632901
Varian® Inlet Liners, Direct (SPME) Type
Straight Design (unpacked), 54 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.8 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2637801
Straight Design (unpacked), 54 mm length x 5.0 mm O.D. x 0.8 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2637805
Straight Design (unpacked), 54 mm length x 4.6 mm O.D. x 0.8 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2636401
Straight Design (unpacked), 54 mm length x 4.6 mm O.D. x 0.8 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2636405
Straight Design (unpacked), 54 mm length x 4.6 mm O.D. x 0.8 mm I.D., pkg of 25 2636425
Straight Design (unpacked), 74 mm length x 6.35 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 1 2635801
Straight Design (unpacked), 74 mm length x 6.35 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 5 2635805
Straight Design (unpacked), 74 mm length x 6.35 mm O.D. x 0.75 mm I.D., pkg of 25 2635825
23
SPME for GC Analysis
Sampling Accessories
Description Cat. No.
SPME Sampling Stand
Corning® hotplate and stirrer with digital display AC input 120 V, US 3-pin plug, plate L × W 5 in. × 7 in. CLS6795420D
Corning® hotplate and stirrer with digital display AC input 230 V AC (CEE7-7 plug), plate L × W 5 in. × 7 in. CLS6798420D
Heater block for 28 mm diameter vials for use with 28 mm diameter vials 33313-U
IKA® ETS-D5 temperature controller electronic contact thermometer with 3 operating modes, stainless steel, 1/cs Z645125
Spinbar® magnetic stirring fleas blue, L × diam. 10 mm × 3 mm Z118877
SPME Sampling Stand for use with 4 mL vials 57333-U
SPME Sampling Stand for use with 15 mL vials 57357-U
SPME sampling stand holder & rod assembly for use with SPME Sampling Stand 57364-U
Thermometer L 5 in., parameter -10-110 °C temperature 57332
Vial puck, 15 mL, for SPME Sampling Stand made to hold 8 × 15 mL vials 57358-U
24
Vials
Description Cat. No.
Vials for Varian® 8200 Autosampler - 2 mL, 10 mL
Crimp Top
Crimp seals with Viton® septa silver aluminum seal, seal diam. 20 mm, black Viton® septum, thickness 0.76 mm, pkg of 36 33146-U
Crimp seals with Viton septa silver aluminum seal, diam. 20 mm, open center, 8 mm center hole, black Viton septum,
® ®
27245
thickness 0.76 mm, pkg of 100
Crimp seals with Viton® septa aluminum seal, open center, seal diam. 20 mm, 8 mm center hole, black Viton® septum, 28298-U
diam. × thickness 20 mm × 0.76 mm, pkg of 288
Vials, crimp top, for Thin Seal volume 10 mL, clear glass vial, O.D. × H 23 mm × 46 mm, crimp top (0.125 in. thick) for thin septa, 27385
pkg of 36
Screw Top
Vials, screw top with black polypropylene hole cap (10-425 thread), large opening, pre-assembled volume 2 mL, clear glass vial, 27531
red PTFE/silicone septum, pkg of 100
Vials, screw top with black polypropylene hole cap (10-425 thread), large opening, pre-assembled volume 2 mL, amber glass vial, 27532
red PTFE/silicone septum, pkg of 100
Headspace Vials for CTC Autosampler - 10 mL, 20 mL
Crimp Top
Headspace vial, beveled top, rounded bottom volume 10 mL, clear glass vial beveled finish, O.D. × H 22.6 mm × 46 mm, round 27294
bottom, pkg of 100
Headspace vial, beveled top, rounded bottom volume 20 mL, clear glass vial beveled finish, O.D. × H 22.6 mm × 75 mm, pkg of 100 27296
Vials, crimp top, for Thin Seal volume 20 mL, clear glass vial (flat top), closure type, crimp top vial, O.D. × H 22.5 mm × 75.5 mm, SU860104
pkg of 100
Crimp seals (magnetic) with PTFE/silicone septa, pkg/100 silver steel (magnetic, with 5 mm center hole), PTFE/silicone, 27300
seal diam. × total thickness 20 mm × 3 mm, pkg of 100
Crimp seals with Viton® septa silver seal, magnetic (with 8 mm center hole), diam. × thickness 20 mm × 1.0 mm, SU860106
black Viton® septum, pkg of 100
Screw Top
Headspace vial, screw top, rounded bottom (vial only) volume 10 mL, clear glass vial, thread 18, O.D. × H 22.5 mm × 46 mm, SU860099
pkg of 100
Headspace vial, screw top, rounded bottom (vial only) volume 10 mL, amber glass vial, thread 18, O.D. × H 22.5 mm × 46 mm, SU860100
pkg of 100
Headspace vial, screw top, rounded bottom (vial only) volume 20 mL, clear glass vial, thread 18, O.D. × H 22.5 mm × 75.5 mm, SU860097
pkg of 100
Headspace vial, screw top, rounded bottom (vial only) volume 20 mL, amber glass vial, thread 18, O.D. × H 22.5 mm × 75.5 mm, SU860098
pkg of 100
Magnetic Screw Cap for Headspace Vials, 18 mm thread PTFE/silicone septum (white PTFE/transparent blue silicone), SU860101
septum thickness 1.3 mm, pkg of 100
Magnetic Screw Cap for Headspace Vials, 18 mm thread PTFE/silicone septum (white PTFE/blue silicone), septum thickness 1.5 mm, SU860103
pkg of 100
Vials for SPME Sampling Stand - 4 mL, 15 mL
Vials, screw top, amber glass (vial only) volume 4 mL, amber glass vial, thread 13-425, pkg of 100 27115-U
Vials, screw top, clear glass (vial only) volume 4 mL, clear glass vial, O.D. × H × I.D. 15 mm × 45 mm × 8 mm, thread 13-425, pkg of 10 27111
Vials, screw top, silane-treated volume 4 mL, clear glass vial, O.D. × H × I.D. 15 mm × 45 mm × 8 mm, thread 13-425, pkg of 100 27114
Vials, screw top, silane-treated volume 4 mL, amber glass vial, O.D. × H × I.D. 15 mm × 45 mm × 8 mm, thread 13-425, pkg of 100 27217
Vials, screw top, silane-treated volume 4 mL, clear glass vial, O.D. × H × I.D. 15 mm × 45 mm × 8 mm, thread 13-425, pkg of 1000 27220-U
Vials, screw top with phenolic open-top cap, pre-assembled volume 4 mL, clear glass vial, O.D. × H 15 mm × 45 mm, 27136
tan PTFE /silicone septum, pkg of 100
Vials, screw top with phenolic open-top cap, pre-assembled volume 15 mL, clear glass vial, O.D. × H 21 mm × 70 mm, 27159
tan PTFE /silicone septum, pkg of 100
Vials, screw top with phenolic open-top cap, pre-assembled volume 4 mL, amber glass vial, O.D. × H 15 mm × 45 mm, 27006
tan PTFE /silicone septum, pkg of 100
Vials, screw top with phenolic open-top cap, pre-assembled volume 15 mL, amber glass vial, O.D. × H 21 mm × 70 mm, 27008
tan PTFE /silicone septum, pkg of 100
Screw cap, phenolic, with open center black phenolic cap, for use with 4 mL vial with 13-425 thread, pkg of 100 27120-U
Septa, Viton black Viton®, diam. × thickness 11 mm × 0.060 in., for use with 4 mL vial, pkg of 100 27351
Septa, white PTFE/silicone diam. × thickness 11 mm × 0.075 in., for use with 4 mL vial, pkg of 100 27356
25
SPME for GC Analysis
GC Capillary Columns
For our comprehensive offering on capillary GC columns including the SLB®-5ms for GC/MS and
the innovative Ionic Liquid (IL) columns, visit us at SigmaAldrich.com/gc-columns
Acknowledgments
We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to our friends and colleagues at the University
of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, especially Prof. Janusz Pawliszyn and Dr. Emanuela Gionfriddo
for their valuable expertise and advice.
26
SLB® IL (i-series)
Columns for Polar
Analytes
Now You Can Have Selectivity
AND Inertness
Our highly innovative SLB® IL (i-series)
columns provide:
• Easier identification
• Improved sensitivity
• Better accuracy of amount
SigmaAldrich.com
SigmaAldrich.com/spme
© 2018 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. MilliporeSigma, the vibrant M,
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