Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
For Mobile
Communication
Names of Participants:
1) Mr. Patil Abhishek Sanjay.
2) Mr. Gurav Rahul Mohan.
Signature of Principal:
Speed: 64-144kb/sec
Third Generation (3G) Wireless Networks
3G (2000-2010 Year periods) wireless technology represents the convergence
of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that
includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important aspects
of 3G wireless technologies is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as
CDMA, GSM, and TDMA under one umbrella. The following three air interface
modes accomplish this result: wideband CDMA, CDMA2000 and the Universal
Wireless Communication (UWC-136) interfaces.
Speed: 144kb/sec-2mb/sec
The 3rd Generation mobile system will most likely grow out of the
convergence of enhanced 2nd generation mobile system greater than data transfer
speed and capacity and 1st generation satellite mobile system. Evolution to the current
generation mobile networks to 3g doesn’t necessarily mean seamless up gradation to
the existing infrastructure to the 3g. Evolution network to 3g should also be seen in
context of coexistence of 2g and 3g networks for some time with users able to roam
across the new and old networks , able to access 3g networks for some times with
users 3g services where 3g coverage is available. As mentioned before a 3g networks
from can have one of three optional air interface supporting one of the two GSM
MAP and IS-41 network architectures. This result in a range of choice for the existing
networks to evolve /migrate towards 3G possible convergence of TDMA and GSM
network with EDGE adds another variable to the overall migration paths. Another
variable to the overall migration paths. Another variable add complexity to his already
complex list of option are the time frames involved by the time some of 2.5 or 2,75
technologies go to field , we may see the emergency of 3g technologies also so a lot of
thought regarding the costs invalid and or viability of 2,5G technologies like EDGE
could be questioned. Before I talk about evolution paths of all the existing 2G mobile
wireless technologies let me briefly discuss the 3G network architecture and other
technology factor involved in the migration to 3G.
III. ARCHITECTURE
The 3g network will have layered architecture which will enable the efficient
delivery of voice and data service. Layered network architecture coupled with
standardized open interface, will make it possible for networks will operated introduce
and roll out new service quickly. These networks will have a connectivity layer at the
bottom providing support for high quality voice and delivery. Using IP or ATM or a
combination of both this layer will all data and voice info. The consist of the core
networks equipment like router, ATM switches and Transmission equipment. Other
equipment provides support for core bit stream of voice or data, providing Quos etc.
Note that in 3G networks, voice and data will not be treated separately which could
lead to reduction in operational costs of handling data separately from voice. The
application layer on top will provide open application service interfaces enabling
flexible services for which the end user will be willing to pay. These services will
include e-commerce, GPS and other differentiating services. In between the
application layer and the connectivity layer, will run the control layer with MSC
servers, support servers, HLR etc. these servers are needed to provide any service to a
subscriber.
MIGRATION STRATEGIES
The migration to 3G is not just based on evolving core networks and the radio
interface to IMT 2000 compliant systems. Migration towards 3G would also be based
on the following steps/technologies:
@ Networks upgrades in the form of EDGE, GPRS, IS-136, HDR etc.
Evolution to 2.5G basically will provide support for high-speed packet data. Though
these technologies are extensions to 2G rather than precursors to 3g these will have
major impact either by proving (or not) demand for specific services.
@Introduction trials to test infrastructure, handsets and application etc.
@Introduction of WAP-based services that bring the Web to the wireless
phone. In short-term WAP and, in longer term, XML will provide a standard
Framework for accessing wireless Internet content, Enabled by 2.5G/3G.
@The development of mobile Web portals.
@Development of micro browsers and operating systems.
@Wide acceptance of short-range wireless connectivity technologies like Blue
tooth etc.
EDGE is new time division multiplexing based radio access technology that
gives GSM and TDMA an evolutionary path towards 3G in 400, 800, 900, 1800, and
1900MHZ bands. It was proposed to ETSI in 1997 as an evolution to GSM. Although
EDGE rues GSM carrier bandwidth and time slot structured it is not restricted to use
in GSM cellular systems only. In fact, it can provide a generic air interface for higher
data rates. It provides an evolutionary path to 3G. Some call planning. But as with
GPRS, EDGE doesn’t provide any additional voice capacity. The initial EDGE
standard promised mobile data rates of 384 kbps. It allows data transmission speed of
384 kbps to be achieved when all eight timeslots are used. In fact, EDGE was
formerly called GSM384. This means maximum bit rate of 48 kbps per timeslot. Even
higher speeds may be available in good radio conditions. Actual rates will be lower
with rates falling as one goes away from the cell site. EDGE can also provide an
evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS by implementing now, the changes
in modulation that will be necessary for implementing UMTS later. Both High Speed
Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) and GPRS are based on something called Gaussian
minimum-shift keying (GMSK) which only yields moderate increase in data bit rates
per time slot. EDGE, on the other hand, is base on a new modulation technique is
called eight-phase-shift keying (8 PSK). It automatically adapts to radio
circumstances and thereby offers its highest rates in good propagation condition close
to the site of base station. This shift in modulation from GMSK to 8 PSK is the central
change with EDGE, which prepares the GSM world (and TDMA in general) for
UMTS.
Only one EDGE transceiver unit will need to be added to each cell. With most
vendors, it is envisioned that software upgrades to the BSCs and Base Station can be
carried out remotely. The new EDGE-capable transceiver can also handle standard
GSM traffic and will automatically switch to EDGE mode when needed. EDGE
capable terminal will also be needed - existing GSM terminals do not support the new
modulation techniques and will need to be upgraded to use EDGE network
functionality.
CDMA TO 3G
While GSM and TDMA operators have multiple choices ahead for progressing
to the next generation networks, CDMA operators have single path that truly builds
upon itself. Currently all North American CDMA networks are based on IS-95
(cdmaOne), which can be setup to provide data, rates uup to 14.4 kbps. The next step
is to have a software upgrade from IS-95A to IS-95b, which provides additional
capacity, and allow for up to 84 kbps packet data. (We might not see 84kbps but
instead 64kbps, initially). While this migration does not need any additional hardware
but as brought out by most operators may decide not to IS-95B because of two
reasons.
1. IS-95A in itself is relatively new and carriers have just launched their IS-
95A services.
2. BY the time Is-95B becomes available, 1XRTT will be ready.
IV. 3G NETWORK INFRASTRUCTRUE & PROTOCOL
LAYER
3G WIRELESS NETWORKS
3G wireless technology represent the convergence of various 2G wireless
telecommunication system into a single global system that included both terrestrial
and satellite components. One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless
technologies is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM,
and TDMA under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish
this result:
• Wideband CDMA:
User information bits are spread over artificially broadened bandwidth Bits are
multiplied by pseudorandom bit stream (chipping or spreading code) running many
times faster Bits-rate is increased bit ratio called spreading factor (ratio of chip rate to
original info rate) Correlation revivers store exact copies of all system’s chipping
codes Receivers uses same chipping code as transmitters to recover original user data
Amplitude of de-spread signal at receiver is increased by spreading factor relative to
interfering signals can be filtered like background noise, but number of users is
limited by tolerable noise level. and carrier, Each service provider can deploy multiple
carriers, each 5 MHz shared by d carrier, Each service provider can each 5 MHz
shared by ase station in network can use same carrier frequency because conversations
are assigned different spreading codes. Also, different propagation paths can be
resolved, overcoming multi path distortion Soft handoffs are possible Mobile stations
maintain simultaneous connections to different baser stations during handoff
Transmitter power must be strictly controlled so signals arrive at base station with
same strength Multiple real-time power control channels Base station measure power
from each mobile station and continuously send signals to regulate transmitter power.
W_CDMA maximum chip rate=3.84 mega chips/sec-> 5-Mhz modulated
carrier, Each service provider can deploy multiple carriers, each 5 MHz shared by
multiple subscribers W-CDMA is favored radio interface for 3G situations. Where
increased bandwidth can be tolerated Alternatives are favored where wideband is not
appropriate or possible.
• CDMA 2000:
CDMA2000 is also called multi carrier mode CDMA To provide 3G services
over TIA/EIA-41 systems which include IS-95 CDMA and IS-136 tdma Similar to
FDD form of W_CDMA except: 20-ms frame instead of 10 ms Slightly different
spreading rate=3 x IS - 95 rate.
• Universal Wireless Communication (UWC-136)Interfaces:
UWC-136 IMT-2000 proposal is family of tdma operating modes
Enhancements of existing TIA/EIA-136 30 KHz channel (designed IS-136+). Change
in modulation from 2 bits/symbol (qpsk class) to 3 bits/symbol (8 PSK class).
Effective data rate 45-50 kbps for 30 KHz channel. Additional wider 200 KHz
TDMA-based carrier for vehicular/outdoor (called IS-136HS outdoor) includes
GPRS, data rates up to 384 kbps. Timeframe is GSM based=4.615ms, 8 timeslot per
frame. 200 KHz carriers allow convergence of IS-136 TDMA and GSM. This
physical layer is referred to as EDGE. Additional 1.6 MHz TDMA bandwidth for
indoor (IS-136 HS indoor)> Data rates up to 2 Mb/s. TDMA frame=4.615 ms, 64 or 1
timeslot per frame.
With each new generation of technology, the services, which can deploy on
them become more and more wide ranging and truly limited only by imagination. We
are reaching that stage with 3g. From first generation where only Analog voice can be
transferred While in second generation it becomes digital but cannot able to provide
Data transfer after that 2.5 generation one can able to send single message on handset
which is also known as a SMS kind of thing while 3G will provide voice as well as
DATA Transfer with very high speed. The infrastructure and detail description of this
section done later.
Generation Type Time Description
ATM (fast packet switching) principles Packets (“cells”) are fixed length to
simplify switching (pipelining effect through switch) - 53 bytes = 48 byte data +5 byte
header. Users can send cells whenever data is ready (“Asynchronous”). It supports
variable rate interfaces connection oriented, here cell follow virtual circuit & routing
decision is made once, at time of connection establishment. Switch performs simple
table lookup of VC. Main function of cell header is identification of VC. Here no link
level error control (except cell header) Error control of data can be done end-to-end
responsibility of users. No acknowledgments, retransmissions, packet sequence
numbers. No link level flow control (e.g. sliding window) no feedback -type control to
slow sown packet forwarding. Traffic control is “open loop”; virtual circuit is
accepted or rejected at VC setup, not flow controlled thereafter. ATM switches are
designed for delay, high throughput Quos (cell delay and loss) and throughput are
guaranteed through traffic control (admission control) flexible public network
supporting all types of real-time and non real-time services.
VI. FEATURE OF 3G.
3G, as third generation cell phone system are popularly called, promises to
bring a multimedia and internet to the mobile In short, a 3g device would be mobile
and offer most functionality that the PC does today. It will look and work as that of a
personal assistance or simple palmtop but connect to a internet continuously in order
to access a global source of information and also to provide entertainment.
• PACKET EVERYWHERE
With third generation (3G), the information in split into separate but related
“packet” before being transmitted and reassembled at the receiving end. Packet
switching is similar to a jigsaw puzzle the image the puzzle represents is divided into
pieces at the manufacturing factory and put into a plastic bag. During transporting of
the new boxed jigsaw from the factory and to the end user. The pieces get jumped up,
when the recipient empties the bag with all the pieces are all related and fit together,
but the way they are transported and assembled varies.
Packet switched data format are much more common than their circuit switched
counterparts. Other example of packet based data standards include TCP/IP, x, 25,
frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM). As such whilst packet switching
is now to the GSM World, it is well established elsewhere. In the mobile world ,
CDPD (cellular Digital Packet Data) PDCP (Personal Digital Cellular Packet),
General packer radio Service (GPRS) and wireless and x.2.5 technologies have been
in the operation several years x.2.5 is the international public access packet radio data
network standard.
• INTERNET EVERYWHERE
• HIGH SPEED.
Third Generation {3g} facilitates several new applications that have not
previously been readily available over mobile networks due to the limitation in data
transmission speed. These application ranges from web browsing to the file transfer to
home automation the ability to remotely access and control in house application and
machines. Because of the bandwidth increase these applications will be even more
easily available with 3g then they were previously with interim technologies such as
GPRS.
• SERVICE ACCESS
• 3G DATA RATES
• HIGH MOBILITY
144 KBPS for rural outdoor mobile use. This data rate is available for
environments in which the 3G user is travelling more than 120 kilometers per hour in
outdoors environments. Let us hope that the 3G user is in a train and not driving along
and trying to use their 3G terminal at such speed.
• FULL MOBILITY
384 Kbps for pedestrian’s users traveling less than 120 kilometers per hours in
urban outdoor environments.
• LIMITED MOBILITY
At least 2 mbps with low mobility (less than 10 kilometers per hours) in
stationary indoor and short range outdoor environments these kinds of maximum data
rates that are often talked about when illustrating the potential for 3G technology will
only therefore be available in stationary indoor environments.
VII. ADVANTAGES OF 3G
1} Video Conferencing anywhere anytime
2} Multimedia application
3} High speeds Data Transfer
4} Flexibility in service
5} Location based service
• AUDIO
Audio or video the internet is download (transferred) store and played) or
streamed (Played as it is being sent but not store). The later tends to be lower quality
then the former. Content is transferred is using various different compression
Algorithms such as those from Microsoft of real networks or the MPEG-1 Audio
layer 3 (Better known as MP3) protocol. In fact mp3 is a code –a compression
decompression algorithm. Mp3 was invented in 1987 in Germany and approved by
the moving picture expert Group a part of the international Organization for
standardization in 1992 with 3G MP3 fills will be downloaded over the air directly to
your phone via a dedicated server. There are numerous business models to allow
both the network providers as well as the copy right owners of the mp3 material to
benefit financially. Mobile streams expect that the integration of mobile telephone
with everyday consumer products will emerge within the test four years to the extent
that we will be able to retrieve data be it voice internet or music any time any place
though the text next g enervation of mobile devices. The area of downloading
multimedia connect form the internet over fixed telecommunication and cable links to
pc is only just beginning and is depending upon bandwidth to a large degree with
quality of image and available of service inversely proportionate to the amount
available bandwidth.
Due to bandwidth constraints, currently users go online and download files to
their portable device over the fixed network which are then watched and listen to a
later date there is no real time audio and video streaming over mobile network since
even short voice clips occupy large file sized. High speed mobile data service is
needed to enable mobile audio applications. The higher the bandwidth the better
hence attractiveness of 3G for mobile multimedia application such as mobile audio
and video.
• STILL IMAGES
Still images such as photograph picture letters postcards, greeting cards,
presentation and static web pages can be sent and received over the mobile networks
just as they are across fixed telephone networks.
Two variables affect the usability of such application bandwidth and time and
they are inversely related. The faster the bandwidth the less time is needed to transmit
images and vice versa. This is the reason why transmission of the image based rather
than textural information has not been a popular no voice mobile application until
now it takes too long given the slow data transmission speed that they were available
prior to the introduction of mobile packet data.
Once captured images can then sent directly to internet sites allowing near real
time desktop publishing. The size of the file of a picture depends on the resolution and
type of compression. Typically each picture is between 50k and 100k in the JPG
format. This can be transmitted quickly using mobile packet data.
Still image transmission is a much touted application for lower packet data
service such as GRPS and bound. Many people see still images as a killer compelling
application for GPRS.
• MOVING IMAGES
Sending the images in a mobile environment has several vertical market
application including (monitor sensor triggered) monitoring parking lots or building
sites for intrudes or thieves and sending images of patients form an Ambulance to a
hospital. Videoconferencing application in which terms of the distributed sales people
can have a regular sales meeting without having to go to a particular physical
location, is a another application for moving images that is the similar to the
document sharing collaborative working applications reviewed below. Skeptics
argue with me that vertical markets don’t need video and consumers don’t want it
however, with the internet becoming a more multimedia environment 3G will be able
to displaying those images and accessing web services.
The transmission of moving images is one of the applications that the GRPS
and 3g terminal and infrastructure vendors routinely and repeatedly tout as a
compelling application area that will be enabled by greater data rates. And they are
not incorrect to do so. However it must be noted that even demonstrations of one
megabytes of data over the air using Microsoft net meeting to perform a
videoconference facility do not deliver smooth broadcast quality video images.
However improving compression techniques should allows acceptable quality video
images to be transmitted using 64 kbps of bandwidth.
As such whiles we are confident that still images such as picture and postcards
will be a significant application for GRPS, moving the images boot be of high enough
quality initially to the communication above the medium. Users could spend all their
time adjusting the size of the images on their screen and trying to work out what they
are seeing.
This is where 3G comes in once again the bandwidth uplift it enables allows
for high quality image transmission over the mobile network. As such we see all
moving video and image transmission application migrating to the 3G is here full
length moves could be downloadable from internet sites.
• DOWNLODING SOFTWERE.
In the twenty first century , software will increasingly be downloading
electronic from the internet rather than purchased as boxed product in store this is like
file transfer application that involve downloading the software itself. You might for
example need WinZip or adobe acrobat to read a file and can download that over the
3G network to your 3G terminal.
Downloading software has several advantages because it is.
@ Environmentally friendly there is no packaging to throw away or store
@ Quick and convenient downloading products are delivered direct to your
computing
Device it arrives in minutes not days
@ Value for money you pay no delivery charges
IX. CONCLUSION
In this seminar I have tried to put the generation of mobile networks i.e. 3G is really
going to be something different which humans haven’t thought of. It offers data transfer at
the level that is not reached by the first and the second generation mobile networks. At the
same time, the technology changes. 3G has several new and improved features. It will have
increased data rates meaning that larger e-mail attachments will transfer more quickly. There
will be audio and video streaming capabilities as well as microphones for surround sound
recording.
Naturally, fusion of Internet and mobile telecommunication starts in the third
generation.