INTRODUCTION

In this laboratory, we present the different safety regulations and the electrical risks that
can be presented in practice. In addition, we will familiarize ourselves with some basic
concepts of electricity and measuring instruments for different electrical variables.

DEVELOPMENT
1. What is considered as low voltage and high voltage?
High voltage. It is used to transport high voltages over long distances, from power plants
to transformer substations. Its transportation is carried out using thick cables hanging
from large insulators subject to high metal towers. The high voltages are those that
exceed 25 kV (kilovolt).
2. What currents are dangerous in low voltage and high voltage?
All currents above 10mA are dangerous no matter what voltage you have.
3. What is the difference between DC and AC?
The direct current is that generated by the action of flowing electrons through a wire and
in a single direction by the action of an electric field because the electrons are repelled
by one pole of the magnetic field and attracted by the other, Based on using a magnetic
field, the same as in the previous case, but with a particularity, this magnetic field is
rotating, that is, that causes the electrons to change direction, thus creating conditions
that make the current more Stable and easier to transform.
4. Which of the two currents mentioned above is the most dangerous?
The current AC is more dangerous than the current DC because to produce the same
excitatory effects, the magnitude of the constant resistance DC flow will be two to four
times greater than that of the AC. That is, more direct current is needed to induce the
same damaging effects as the alternating current.
5. What is the resistance of the human body and what would happen to the
resistance if it gets wet or moistens the body?
Under dry conditions, the resistance offered by the human body may be as high as
100,000 Ohms. Wet or broken skin may drop the body's resistance to 1,000 Ohms,"
adding that "high-voltage electrical energy quickly breaks down human skin, reducing
the human body's resistance to 500 Ohms.
6. If the skin at the moment has a resistance of 5000 Ω and applies a voltage
of 110 volts which current would circulate, say what effect is present in the
human body?
𝑉 110𝑉
𝐼= →𝐼= → 𝐼 = 0.022𝐴; (22𝑚𝐴)
𝑅 5000Ω
With 22mA is near the threshold of respiratory paralysis.
 7. What safety standards are followed by the ITM laboratories?
Industrial electrical safety regulations.

LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
Triple Output DC Power Supplies

1. Power switch
2. Negative output terminal of the fixed 5V/3A output
3. Positive output terminal of the fixed 5V/3A output
4. Overload indicator LED for fixed 5V/3A output
5. Negative output terminal of the master output
6. Ground terminal of the master output
7. Positive output terminal of the master output
8. CC mode LED for the master to indicate constant current
9. CV mode LED for the master to indicate constant voltage
10. Master voltage adjustment knob with push/pull switch mechanism for series tracking
mode operation
11. Master current adjustment knob with push/pull switch mechanism for parallel mode
operation
12. Master voltage indicator display (3-digit green 0.56” LED)
13. Master current indicator display (3-digit red 0.56” LED)
14. Series mode indicator LED 8 15) Parallel mode indicator LED
15. Slave voltage indicator display (3-digit green 0.56” LED)
16. Slave current indicator display (3-digit red 0.56” LED)
17. Voltage adjustment knob for adjusting slave output voltage when master power is in CV
mode
18. Current adjustment knob for adjusting slave output current when master power is in CC
mode
19. Negative output terminal of the slave output
20. Ground terminal of the slave output
21. Positive output terminal of the slave output
22. CC mode LED for the slave to indicate constant current
23. CV mode LED for the master to indicate constant voltage
Data Sheet

MODEL 1672
OUTPUT PARAMETERS
Number of outputs Three (two variable and one fixed)
Range 0 to 32 VDC / 0 to 3 A (variable)
and 5 V / 3 A (fixed)
CONSTANT VOLTAGE MODE - VARIABEL OUTPUTS
Line Regulation <0.01% + 5 mV
Load Regulation <0.2% + 10 mV
Ripple & Noise <1 mVrms
CONSTANT CURRENT MODE - VARIABLE OUTPUTS
Line Regulation <0.2% + 5 mA
Load Regulation <0.2% + 8 mA
Ripple & Noise <3 mArms
TRACKING OPERATION
Slave Tracking Error < 0.5%+3 digits of the master
5V FIXED OUTPUTS
Voltage Accuracy 5 V ± 0.25 V
Ripple & Noise <1 mVrms
DISPLAY
Voltage 3 digits 0.56” Green LED
Current 3 digits 0.56” Red LED
Accuracy <0.1% + 3 digits
GENERAL
AC Input 115/230 V ± 10%, 50/60 Hz ± 10%
Operating Temperature 50 °F to 104 °F (10 °C to 40 °C)
Humidity 90% R.H.
Temperature Coefficient <300PPM / C° (voltage and current)
Dimensions (W x H x D) 9” x 6.7” x 12.2” (230 x 170 x 310 mm)
Weight 12.6 lbs (5.7 kg)
 Function Generators

1. POWER Switch. Turns power on and off.

2. RANGE Switch. Selects output frequency range. Seven ranges from 1 Hz to 10MHz.
Switch indicates maximum frequency of range and is adjusted with COARSE
FREQUENCY control to 0.1 times the maximum. For example, if the 100 kHz range is
selected, the output frequency can be adjusted from 10kHz to 100kHz.
3. FUNCTION Switch. Selects sine, square, or triangle waveform at OUTPUT jack.
4. OUTPUT LEVEL Control. Controls the amplitude of the signal at the OUTPUT jack.
Output level can be decreased by approximately 20 dB with this control.
5. DC OFFSET Control. Enabled by the DC OFFSET Switch (14). Clockwise rotation
from center changes the DC offset in a positive direction while counterclockwise
rotation from center changes the DC offset in a negative direction.
6. OUTPUT Jack. Waveform selected by FUNCTION switch as well as the superimposed
DC OFFSET voltage is available at this jack.
7. TTL/CMOS Jack. TTL or CMOS square wave, depending on the position of the CMOS
LEVEL switch (15) is output at this jack. This output is independent of the OUTPUT
LEVEL and DC OFFSET controls.
8. CMOS LEVEL Control. Rotating this control clockwise increases the amplitude of the
CMOS square wave at the TTL/CMOS jack.
9. VCG/SWEEP Jack. Controlled by SWEEP EXT/INT Switch (12). When SWEEP EXT is
selected, jack is the Voltage Controlled Generator input and permits external control of
generator output frequency by a DC voltage input at this jack. A positive voltage will
decrease frequency.
10. DUTY CYCLE Control. Enabled by the DUTY CYCLE Switch (17). Rotation from
center position adjusts the duty cycle of the main OUTPUT signal.
11. -20 dB Switch. When engaged, the signal at the OUTPUT jack is attenuated by 20dB.
12. SWEEP INT/EXT Switch. When engaged (INT) enables the sweep mode of operation.
Sweep rate is controlled by SWEEP TIME control (18) and sweep magnitude is
controlled by the SWEEP WIDTH control (16). When released (EXT), allows external
control of generator output frequency by a DC voltage input at the VCG/SWEEP jack
(9).
13. SWEEP LIN/LOG Switch. When engaged (LOG) selects logarithmic sweep
characteristic and in the released (LIN) position selects a linear sweep characteristic.
14. DC OFFSET Switch. When engaged, enables operation of the DC OFFSET control
(5).
15. CMOS LEVEL Switch. When engaged, changes the TTL signal to CMOS signal at the
TTL/CMOS jack.
16. SWEEP WIDTH Control. Rotation determines sweep width by adjusting sweep stop
frequency.
17. DUTY CYCLE Switch. When engaged, enables operation of DUTY CYCLE control
(10).
18. SWEEP TIME Control. In sweep mode, rotation determines amount of time to sweep
from the start frequency to the stop frequency.
19. FINE FREQUENCY Control. Vernier adjustment of the output frequency for ease of
setting frequency.
20. COARSE FREQUENCY Control. Coarse adjustment of the output frequency from 0.1
to 1 times the selected range.
21. COUNTER DISPLAY. Displays frequency of internally generated waveform.
22. GATE LED. Indicates when the frequency counter display is updated. When the 100K
through 10M ranges are selected, the LED will flash 10 times per second (every 0.1
seconds). When the 10 through 10K ranges are selected, the LED will flash once every
second and when the 1 range is selected, the LED will flash every 10 seconds. As the
LED turns off, the display is updated.
23. Hz and KHz LED. Indicates whether the counter is reading in Hz or kHz.

Data Sheet

MODEL 4017A*
Frequency Characteristics
Waveforms Sine, Square, Triangle, ±Pulse, ±Ramp
Range 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz in 8 ranges
Resolution 5 digits
Tuning Range 10:01
Fine ±5% of coarse setting
Variable Duty Cycle 15:85:15 cont variable
Operating Modes Normal, sweep, VCG
Output Characteristics
Impedance 50 Ω ±10%
Level 20 V p-p Open circuit, 10V p-p into 50Ω
Amplitude Variable, 20 dB range typical
Attenuation -20 dB ±1dB
Preset ±0.1 V typ Variable: ±10V open-circuit ±5 into
DC Offset
50Ω
Sine Wave
Distortion ≤ 3% typical at 1 kHz
±5% (.45 dB) 0.1 Hz to 8 MHz
Flatness
±20% (2.0 dB) 8 MHz to 10 MHz
Square wave
Symmetry 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz <2%
Rise time ≤ 30 ns
Triangle Wave Linearity: ≥ 98% to 100 kHz
TTL Output
Level 0.8V to 2.4V
Rise time ≤ 20 nS
Duty Cycle 50% typical
CMOS Output
 Max. Frequency 2 MHz
Level 4V to 14V ±0.5 p-p cont. variable
Rise Time ≤ 120 nS
VCG (Voltage controlled generator)
Input Voltage 0-10V ±1V causes a 100:1 frequency change
Impedance 10kΩ ±5%
Sweep Operation
Mode LIN/LOG
Width 100:1 continuously variable
Rate 0.5 s to 30 s cont variable
Sweep Output 0 to 10 V
Start/Stop
NA
Frequencies
Frequency Counter
Accuracy Time base accuracy ±1 count
Time Base Accuracy ±10 ppm (23° ±5°C)
Display 5 digit LED
General
120/230 VAC ±10%, 50/60 Hz, internal jumper
Power Source
selectable
Dimensions 4.5 x 11.75 x 10.575" (140 x 298 x 264mm)
Weight 4 lbs. (1.8 kg)
*The model of laboratory is the 4017 however this model have the same characteristics
that model 4017A
 Oscilloscope

1. POWER Switch. Turns power on and off.

2. Multi-purpose knob controller
3. Common menu
4. Operation controls
5. Trigger control
6. Probe compensation signal output
7. EXT TRIG INPUT
8. Horizontal control
9. Analog signal input
10. Vertical control
11. Interface
12. DATA SHEET

MODEL UTD2062CE
General Characteristics
Power 100-240VAC, 45-440Hz
5.7-inch TFT LCD , QGVA
Display
(320×240)
Channels 2
Bandwidth 60MHz
Sampling Rate 1GS/s
Rise Time ≤5.8ns
Memory Depth 25kpts
Waveform Acquisition Rate ≥2000wfms/s
Waveform Acquisition Rate
2mV/div~5V/div
(V/div)
Timebase Range (s/div) 5ns/div~50s/div
Storage Setup, Wave, Bitmap
Edge, Pulse, Video,
Trigger Modes
Alternate
USB Device, USB Host,
Interface
Pass/Fail
 Digital Multimeters

1. Display
2. Range Switch Select manual ranging mode or changes
3. RS232 Switch. Press the button to show RS232 annunciator on LCD and to start
sending data to computer being connected
4. REL Δ Switch. Sets present reading as the zero reference
5. Peak Switch. Record the peak + or peak – value
6. Function/Range Switch. Selects function for autoranging modes and function and
range for manual ranging modes.
7. Type K receptacle. Input for type K thermocouple probe
8. 20 A Jack. Input for up to 20 A dc or ac current range. For measurements greater than
3 A high current test leads are recommended
9. mA Jack. Input for dc or ac current up to 400Ma
10. COM Jack. Input for common or reference test lead for all measurements. Connect to
earth ground or reference point not more than 500V MAX fron earth ground.
11. Input for dc and ac voltage, resistance, frequency, continuity or diode test
12. Shift Switch. Shift DCA/ACA, Ω/diode function
13. MIN/MAX Switch Activates maximum and minimum record feature
14. Hz Switch ACV/DCV OR ACA/DCA measurement, push Hz switch to read frequency
on display
15. Hold Switch. Activate data hold feature
 DATA SHEET

MODEL 390A
Voltage
DC Ranges 400 mv, 4 V, 40 V, 400 V, 1000 V
AC Ranges 400 mv, 4 V, 40 V, 400 V, 750 V
Resolution 100 μV, 1 mV, 10 mV, 100 mV, 1 V
Basic DC Accuracy ±(0.1% rdg + 2 dgt)
Basic AC Accuracy ±(1.5% rdg +5 dgt) 500 Hz - 1 kHz
Overload Protection 1100 VDC or AC rms
Input Impedance 400 mV: >100 MΩ, 4V: 10 MΩ
Current
Ranges 400 μA, 4 mA, 40 mA, 400 mA, 20 A*
Resolution 0.1 μA, 1 μA, 10 μA, 100 μA, 10 μA
400 μA - 400 mA:±(1% rdg + 5 dgt)
DC Accuracy
20 A: ±(2% rdg + 3 dgt)
400 μA to 400 mA:±(1.5% rdg + 4 dgt) 20 A: ±(2.5%
AC Accuracy
rdg + 4 dgt)
μA/mA input:0.5 A/500 V fast blow ceramic fuse
Input Protection
20 A input: 20 A/600 A fast blow ceramic fuse
Max. Burden Voltage 500 mV (2 V on 4 mA, 400 mA ranges)
Resistance
Ranges 400 Ω, 4 kΩ, 40 kΩ, 400 kΩ, 4 MΩ, 40 MΩ
Resolution 100 mΩ, 1 Ω, 10 Ω, 100 Ω, 1 kΩ, 10 kΩ
400 Ω to 400 kΩ: ±(0.5% rdg + 4 dgt)
Accuracy 4 MΩ: ±(1% rdg + 5 dgt)
40 MΩ: ±(2% rdg + 5 dgt)
Open Circuit Voltage .-0.45 VDC typ. (-1.2 VDC on 400 Ω range)
Overload Protection 500 VDC or 500 AC rms
Tested at 1.2 mA, 3.0 VDC max. typical
Diode Test
±(1.5% rdg + 3 dgt) accuracy
Capacitance
4 nF. 40 nF, 400 nF, 4 μF, 40 μF, 400 μF, 4 mF, 40
Ranges
mF
1 pF, 10 pF, 100 pF, 1 nF, 10 nF, 100 nF, 1 μF, 10
Resolution
μF
4 nF: ±(3% rdg+20 dgt) 4 nF to 40 μF: ±(3% rdg
Accuracy +5dgt)
400 μFto 40 mF: ±(5% rdg + 10 dgt)
Test Voltage <1V
Overload Protection 500 VDC or AC rms
Frequency
Ranges 4 kHz, 40 kHz, 400 kHz, 4 MHz, 40 MHz
Resolution 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 100 Hz, 10 kHz, 100 kHz
Accuracy ±(0.1% rdg + 3 dgt)
1 Hz - 4 MHz: 1Vrms
Sensitivity
4 MHz - 40 MHz: >2 Vrms, <5 Vrms
 Minimum Pulse Width >25 ns
Duty Cycle Limits >30% & <70%
Overload Protection 500 VDC or 500 AC rms
Temperature
.-58° to +2372°F, 1F°,
Range, Resolution
(-50°to + 1300°C, 1C°)
±(0.8% rdg + 2°C) -50° - 400°C,
Accuracy
±(1% rdg + 2°C) 400° - 1300°C

PRACTICE
Voltage measurement

theoretical output error

0 0,009 0,009
2 2,009 0,009
4 4,05 0,05
6 6,06 0.06
8 8,02 0,02
10 10 0
12 12,01 0,01
14 14,01 0,01
16 16,08 0,08
18 18,05 0,05
20 20,03 0,03
22 22,02 0,02
24 24,04 0,04

The error obtained was probably presented by one of two reasons, the first by the
measurement instrument and its uncertainty (systematic error) and the second by the
calibration of the knob to regulate the voltage (accidental error), however the error is
below 10%.
CONCLUSION
1. Electrical contact accidents are rare but can be fatal.
2. The greater number of accidents generate important injuries in the hands.
3. The person fulfills the function of conductor to earth in a discharge.
4. Moisture lowers the body's electrical resistance and improves conductivity to
Earth.
5. It is possible to work on electrical equipment with low risk if they are placed
properly.
 LABORATORIO DE CIRCUITOS 1

SEGURIDAD ELECTRICA Y RIESGOS

INSTRUMENTOS DE MEDICION

Integrantes
ANA M. ARBOLEDA
JOSUE CHARRIS
FRANCINY CANO
FEDERICO FERREIRA

Profesor
Jairo Alberto Díaz

INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO METROPOLITADO

MEDELLIN
2017